The Dodecanese and the Ahhiyawa question
Identifieur interne : 000399 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000398; suivant : 000400The Dodecanese and the Ahhiyawa question
Auteurs : R. Hope SimpsonSource :
- The Annual of the British School at Athens [ 0068-2454 ] ; 2003-11.
Abstract
The recently reaffirmed identifications of Millawanda (= Miletos) and Apasa (= Ephesos) in the Hittite archives also confirm that interaction between Ahhiyawa and the Hittites was mainly in South-West Anatolia. Since Ahhiyawa was ‘across the sea’ from there, it is now shown to have been one of the ‘kingdoms’ of Mycenaean Greece. The Dodecanese Islands have been proposed, where a population increase may have been accompanied by immigration from the Argolid. But, even if combined with part of the Anatolian mainland opposite, the Dodecanese would not have been sufficiently important, since at least one king of Ahhiyawa was addressed as an equal by a Hittite Great King. Of the other suggested identifications, only Mycenae possessed the power and international status indicated. The Dodecanese seem marked as ‘the islands’, mentioned in the Hittite texts both as belonging to Ahhiyawa and as a haven for persons fleeing Hittite retribution.
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DOI: 10.1017/S0068245400016853
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Hope Simpson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Classics, Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:53536125F66187E8EA195407BF943EC78698E90B</idno><date when="2003" year="2003">2003</date><idno type="doi">10.1017/S0068245400016853</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/53536125F66187E8EA195407BF943EC78698E90B/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000399</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000399</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">The Dodecanese and the Ahhiyawa question</title><author><name sortKey="Simpson, R Hope" sort="Simpson, R Hope" uniqKey="Simpson R" first="R. Hope" last="Simpson">R. Hope Simpson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Classics, Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">The Annual of the British School at Athens</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Annu. Br. Sch. Athens</title><idno type="ISSN">0068-2454</idno><idno type="eISSN">2045-2403</idno><imprint><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><pubPlace>Cambridge, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2003-11">2003-11</date><biblScope unit="volume">98</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="203">203</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="237">237</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0068-2454</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0068-2454</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">The recently reaffirmed identifications of Millawanda (= Miletos) and Apasa (= Ephesos) in the Hittite archives also confirm that interaction between Ahhiyawa and the Hittites was mainly in South-West Anatolia. Since Ahhiyawa was ‘across the sea’ from there, it is now shown to have been one of the ‘kingdoms’ of Mycenaean Greece. The Dodecanese Islands have been proposed, where a population increase may have been accompanied by immigration from the Argolid. But, even if combined with part of the Anatolian mainland opposite, the Dodecanese would not have been sufficiently important, since at least one king of Ahhiyawa was addressed as an equal by a Hittite Great King. Of the other suggested identifications, only Mycenae possessed the power and international status indicated. The Dodecanese seem marked as ‘the islands’, mentioned in the Hittite texts both as belonging to Ahhiyawa and as a haven for persons fleeing Hittite retribution.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>cambridge</corpusName><author><json:item><name>R. 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Hope</forename><surname>Simpson</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Classics, Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario</affiliation></author><idno type="istex">53536125F66187E8EA195407BF943EC78698E90B</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/6GQ-42BF09K2-K</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1017/S0068245400016853</idno><idno type="PII">S0068245400016853</idno><idno type="article-id">01685</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j">The Annual of the British School at Athens</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Annu. Br. Sch. Athens</title><idno type="pISSN">0068-2454</idno><idno type="eISSN">2045-2403</idno><idno type="publisher-id">ATH</idno><imprint><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><pubPlace>Cambridge, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2003-11"></date><biblScope unit="volume">98</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="203">203</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="237">237</biblScope></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2003</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract style="normal"><p>The recently reaffirmed identifications of Millawanda (= Miletos) and Apasa (= Ephesos) in the Hittite archives also confirm that interaction between Ahhiyawa and the Hittites was mainly in South-West Anatolia. Since Ahhiyawa was ‘across the sea’ from there, it is now shown to have been one of the ‘kingdoms’ of Mycenaean Greece. The Dodecanese Islands have been proposed, where a population increase may have been accompanied by immigration from the Argolid. But, even if combined with part of the Anatolian mainland opposite, the Dodecanese would not have been sufficiently important, since at least one king of Ahhiyawa was addressed as an equal by a Hittite Great King. Of the other suggested identifications, only Mycenae possessed the power and international status indicated. The Dodecanese seem marked as ‘the islands’, mentioned in the Hittite texts both as belonging to Ahhiyawa and as a haven for persons fleeing Hittite retribution.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="gr" style="translated"><p></p></abstract></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2003-11">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus cambridge not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.2 20060430//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article dtd-version="2.2" article-type="research-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ATH</journal-id><journal-title>The Annual of the British School at Athens</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>Annu. Br. Sch. Athens</abbrev-journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0068-2454</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2403</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Cambridge, UK</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0068245400016853</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">S0068245400016853</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">01685</article-id><title-group><article-title>The Dodecanese and the Ahhiyawa question<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn01"><sup>1</sup></xref></article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="left-running">R. HOPE SIMPSON</alt-title><alt-title alt-title-type="right-running">THE DODECANESE AND THE AHHIYAWA QUESTION</alt-title><fn-group><fn id="fn01" symbol="1"><label><sup>1</sup></label><p><italic>Acknowledgements</italic>. This article has been made possible only by the previous work of the many scholars who have made contributions on this subject both in the study and in the field. I once again record my debt to my former collaborators in the Dodecanese venture, Mr and Mrs J. F. Lazenby and my wife Mrs W. J. Hope Simpson, and to my former colleague O. T. P. K. Dickinson. I am grateful also to Miss G. Coulthard, Executive Editor of <italic>Anatolian Studies</italic>, and to two anonymous referees for that journal, who gave important advice and guidance. I gratefully acknowledge the continuing support of Queen's University at Kingston, where the manuscript was prepared for publication by C. Trainor and the maps were compiled by Ms S. H. Fitzgibbon. Special thanks are due also to Mrs T. M. Smith, Administrative Assistant of the Department of Classics. I am gready indebted to the successive Editors of the Annual, C. B. Mee and V. Webb for their generous assistance, and I thank the anonymous reader for some valuable corrections.</p><p>Abbreviations:</p><p><italic>Aegean and Orient</italic> = E. H. Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds), <italic>The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millenium B.C. (Aegaeum, 18; Liège, 1998).</italic></p><p><italic>AfO</italic> = <italic>Archiv für Orientforschung</italic>.</p><p>Benzi, <italic>Rodi</italic> = M. Benzi, <italic>Rodie la civiltà micenea</italic> (Rome, 1992).</p><p>Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> = T. R. Bryce, <italic>The Kingdom of the Hittites</italic> (Oxford, 1998).</p><p>Cline, <italic>SWDS</italic> = E. H. Cline, <italic>Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea. International Trade and the Late Bronze Age Aegean</italic> (BAR S 591; Oxford, 1994).</p><p><italic>CTH</italic> = E. Laroche, <italic>Catalogue des textes hittites</italic> (Paris, 1971)</p><p>Davis 1992 = J. L. Davis, ‘Review of Aegean prehistory I: the islands of the Aegean’, <italic>AJA</italic> 96 (1992), 669–756.</p><p>Dickinson, <italic>ABA</italic> = O. Dickinson, <italic>The Aegean Bronze Age</italic> (Cambridge, 1994).</p><p>Dietz and Papachristodoulou = S. Dietz and I. Papachristodoulou (eds), <italic>Archaeology in the Dodecanese</italic> (Copenhagen, 1988).</p><p><italic>Dodecanese I, II, III</italic> = R. Hope Simpson and J. F. Lazenby, ‘Notes from the Dodecanese’, <italic>BSA</italic> 57 (1962), 154–75 (<italic>I</italic>), 65 (1970), 44–77 (<italic>II</italic>), 68 (1973), 127–79 (<italic>III</italic>).</p><p><italic>EMC/CV</italic> = <italic>Echos du Monde Classique/Classical Views</italic> (Classical Association of Canada).</p><p><italic>῾Εργον YΠΠΟ = ῾Εργον η Yπουργείον Πολιτισμού</italic>.</p><p>French and Wardle = E. B. French and K. A. Wardle (eds), <italic>Problems in Greek Prehistory</italic> (Bristol, 1988).</p><p><italic>FsAlp</italic> = H. Otten, E. Akurgal, H. Ertem, and A. Suel (eds), <italic>Hittite and Other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in Honour Sedat Alp</italic> (Ankara, 1992).</p><p><italic>FsDothan</italic> = S. Gitin, A. Mazar and E. Stern (eds), <italic>Mediterranean Peoples in Transition, Thirteenth to Tenth Centuries BCE, in Honour of Trude Dothan</italic> (Jerusalem, 1998).</p><p><italic>FsWiener</italic> = <italic>Meletemata: Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener</italic>, (Aegaeum, 20; Liège, 1999).</p><p><italic>GAC</italic> = R. Hope Simpson and O. T. P. K. Dickinson, <italic>A Gazetteer of Aegean Civilisation in the Bronze Age</italic>, i; <italic>The Mainland and Islands</italic> (SIMA 52; Göteborg, 1979).</p><p>Garstang and Gurney 1959 = J. Garstang and O. R. Gurney, <italic>The Geography of the Hittite Empire</italic> (London, 1959)</p><p>Güterbock 1983 = H. G. Güterbock, ‘The Hittites and the Aegean world: Part 1. The Ahhiyawa problem reconsidered’, <italic>AJA</italic> 87 (1983), 133–8.</p><p>Hawkins 1998 = J. D. Hawkins, ‘Tarkasnawa King of Mira, “Tarkondemos”, Boğazköy sealings and Karabel’, <italic>Anat. Stud.</italic> 48 (1998), 1–31.</p><p><italic>JAOS</italic> = <italic>Journal of the American Oriental Society</italic>.</p><p><italic>JEOL</italic> = <italic>Jaarbericht van het Voorasiatisch—Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux</italic>.</p><p><italic>KBo</italic> = <italic>Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi</italic> (Leipzig and Berlin).</p><p><italic>KUB</italic> = <italic>Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi</italic> (Berlin).</p><p>Mee 1998 = C. B. Mee, ‘Anatolia and the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age’, in <italic>Aegean and Orient</italic>, 137–48.</p><p>Melas 1985 = E. M. Melas, <italic>The Islands of Karpathos, Saros and Kasos in the Neolithic and Bronze Age</italic> (SIMA 68; Göteborg, 1985).</p><p><italic>MG</italic> = R. Hope Simpson, <italic>Mycenaean Greece</italic> (Park Ridge, 1981).</p><p><italic>Minoan Thalassocracy</italic> = R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds), <italic>The Minoan Thalassocracy</italic> (Stockholm, 1984).</p><p>Mountjoy 1998 = P. A. Mountjoy, ‘The East Aegean–West Anatolian interface in the Late Bronze Age: Mycenaeans and the Kingdom of Ahhiyawa’, <italic>Anat. Stud.</italic> 48 (1998), 33–67.</p><p><italic>MVAG</italic> = <italic>Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch—Agyptischen Gesellschaft</italic>.</p><p>Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic> = W.-D. Niemeier, ‘The Mycenaeans in Western Anatolia and the problem of the origins of the Sea Peoples’, in <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 17–65.</p><p>Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic> = W.-D. Niemeier, ‘Mycenaeans and Hittites in war in Western Asia Minor’, in <italic>Polemos</italic>, 141–55.</p><p><italic>PDIA</italic> = Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens.</p><p><italic>Polemos</italic> = R. Laffineur (ed.), <italic>Polemos</italic> (Aegaeum, 19; Liège, 1999).</p><p><italic>Politeia</italic> = R. Laffineur and W.-D. Niemeier (eds), <italic>Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age</italic> (Aegaeum, 12; Liège, 1995).</p><p><italic>RBA</italic> = C. B. Mee, <italic>Rhodes in the Bronze Age</italic> (Warminster, 1982).</p><p><italic>Role of the Ruler</italic> = P. Rehak (ed.), <italic>The Role of the Ruler in the Prehistoric Aegean</italic> (Aegaeum, 11; Liège, 1995).</p><p>Shelmerdine 1997 = C. W. Shelmerdine, ‘Review of Aegean prehistory VI: the Palatial Bronze Age of the southern and central Greek mainland’, <italic>AJA</italic> 101 (1997), 537–85.</p><p><italic>StBoT</italic> = <italic>Studien zu den Boğazköy—Texten</italic>.</p><p><italic>Thalassa</italic> = R. Laffineur and L. Basch (eds), <italic>Thalassa: L'Égée prehistorique et la mer, Aegaeum</italic> 7 (Liège, 1991).</p><p>Wace and Blegen = C. W. Zerner <italic>et al.</italic> (eds), <italic>Wace and Blegen: Pottery as Evidence for Trade in the Aegean Bronze Age, 1939–1989</italic> (Amsterdam, 1993).</p></fn></fn-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib><name><surname>Simpson</surname><given-names>R. Hope</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Classics</addr-line>, <institution>Queen's University at Kingston</institution>, <addr-line>Ontario</addr-line></aff><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>2003</year></pub-date><volume>98</volume><fpage seq="7">203</fpage><lpage>237</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 2003</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2003</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Council, British School at Athens</copyright-holder></permissions><abstract abstract-type="normal"><p>The recently reaffirmed identifications of Millawanda (= Miletos) and Apasa (= Ephesos) in the Hittite archives also confirm that interaction between Ahhiyawa and the Hittites was mainly in South-West Anatolia. Since Ahhiyawa was ‘across the sea’ from there, it is now shown to have been one of the ‘kingdoms’ of Mycenaean Greece. The Dodecanese Islands have been proposed, where a population increase may have been accompanied by immigration from the Argolid. But, even if combined with part of the Anatolian mainland opposite, the Dodecanese would not have been sufficiently important, since at least one king of Ahhiyawa was addressed as an equal by a Hittite Great King. Of the other suggested identifications, only Mycenae possessed the power and international status indicated. The Dodecanese seem marked as ‘the islands’, mentioned in the Hittite texts both as belonging to Ahhiyawa and as a haven for persons fleeing Hittite retribution.</p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="translated" xml:lang="GR"><p><inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S0068245400016853_inline1"></inline-graphic></p></abstract><counts><page-count count="35"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta><meta-name>pdf</meta-name><meta-value>S0068245400016853a.pdf</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>dispart</meta-name><meta-value>Articles</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front><back><fn-group><fn id="fn02" symbol="2"><label><sup>2</sup></label><p>The bibliography in <italic>Dodecanese I–III</italic> has been supplemented by Mee in <italic>RBA</italic> and by Davis 1992. More recent references are given in <italic>AR</italic>, annually for Greece (up to 1989 by H. W. Catling, and subsequently by E. French, followed by R. A. Tomlinson and, from 1996, by D. J. Blackman). Reports on Asia Minor are given by <citation id="ref001" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Mitchell</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name> in <source>AR</source>
<volume>31</volume> (<year>1984</year>–<year>1985</year>), <fpage>70</fpage>–<lpage>105</lpage></citation>, 36 (1989–90), 83–131 and 45 (1998–9), 125–91. For Anatolia in general, there are annual reports in <italic>AJA</italic> (up to 1993 by M.J. Mellink and subsequently by M.-H. Gates). In addition to the publications listed (and abbreviated) in n. 1 above, the following are also significant: <citation id="ref002" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Beckman</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <source>Hittite Diplomatic Texts</source> (<publisher-loc>Atlanta</publisher-loc>, <year>1996</year>)</citation>; <citation id="ref003" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bryce</surname><given-names>T. R.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The nature of Mycenaean involvement in western Anatolia</article-title>’, <source>Historia</source>, <volume>38</volume> (<year>1989</year>), <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>21</lpage></citation>; <citation id="ref004" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Dietz</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, <source>Excavations and Surveys in Southern Rhodes: The Mycenaean Period. Lindos</source>, <volume>iv/i</volume> (<publisher-loc>Copenhagen</publisher-loc>, <year>1984</year>)</citation>; <citation id="ref005" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Furumark</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The settlement at Ialysos and Aegean history 1550–1400 B.C.</article-title>’, <source>Op. Arch.</source>
<volume>6</volume> (<year>1950</year>), <fpage>150</fpage>–<lpage>271</lpage></citation>; <citation id="ref006" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Jacopi</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Nuovi scavi nella necropoli micenea di Jaliso</article-title>’, <source>ASA</source>
<volume>13–14</volume> (<year>1930</year>–<year>1931</year>), <fpage>243</fpage>–<lpage>345</lpage></citation>; <citation id="ref007" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Karantzali</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Ponting</surname><given-names>M. J.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>ICP-AES Analysis of some Mycenaean vases from the cemetery at Pylona, Rhodes</article-title>’, <source>BSA</source>
<volume>95</volume> (<year>2000</year>), <fpage>219</fpage>–38</citation>; <citation id="ref008" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Maiuri</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Jaliso—Scavi della Missione Archaeologica Italiana a Rodi (Parte I e II)</article-title>’, <source>ASA</source>
<volume>6–7</volume> (<year>1923</year>–<year>1924</year>), <fpage>83</fpage>–<lpage>341</lpage></citation>; <citation id="ref009" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Mee</surname><given-names>C. B.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Aegean Trade and Settlement in Anatolia in the Second Millennium B.C.</article-title>’, <source>Anat. Stud.</source>
<volume>28</volume> (<year>1978</year>), <fpage>121</fpage>–56</citation>; <citation id="ref010" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Milojčić</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name>, <source>Samos I: Die prähistorische Siedlung unter dem Heraion</source> (<publisher-loc>Bonn</publisher-loc>, <year>1961</year>)</citation>; <citation id="ref011" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Monaco</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Scavi nella zona micenea di Jaliso</article-title>’, <source>Clara Rhodos</source>, <volume>10</volume> (<year>1941</year>), <fpage>41</fpage>–<lpage>185</lpage></citation>; <citation id="ref012" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Morricone</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Eleona e Langada: Sepolcreti della Tarda Eta del Bronzo a Coo</article-title>’, <source>ASA</source>
<volume>43–4</volume> (<year>1965</year>–<year>1966</year>)</citation>, 5–311; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref012">id.</xref>, ‘Coo: scavi e scoperte nel “Serraglio” e in località minori (1935–1943)’, <italic>ASA</italic> 50–1 (1972–3), 139–396; <citation id="ref013" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Stubbings</surname><given-names>F. H.</given-names></name>, <source>Mycenaean Pottery from the Levant</source> (<publisher-loc>Cambridge</publisher-loc>, <year>1951</year>)</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn03" symbol="3"><label><sup>3</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998.</p></fn><fn id="fn04" symbol="4"><label><sup>4</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998.</p></fn><fn id="fn05" symbol="5"><label><sup>5</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 1–13, 18–24 and passim, cf. Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic> 19–20, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 141–4, with refs. Prior to Hawkins's discovery, the political geography of western Anatolia had already been clarified by two inscriptions of the reign of Tudhaliya IV, the bronze tablet in Hittite cuneiform found near the Sphinx Gate at Hattusa, and the Luwian hieroglyphic inscription of the Hittite pool at Yalburt near Konya. Cf. H. Otten, <italic>Die Bronzetafel aus Boğazköy: ein Staatsvertrag Tuthalijas IV (StBoT</italic> Supp. 1; 1998); P. H. J. Houwink ten Cate, ‘The bronze tablet of Tudhaliya and its geographical and historical relations’, <italic>Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete</italic>, 82 (1992), 233–70; F. C. Woudhuizen, ‘The Late Hittite Empire in the light of the recently discovered Luwian hieroglyphic texts’, <italic>Journal of Indoeuropean Studies</italic>, 22 (1994), 53–81. From the evidence of these inscriptions, the Late Bronze Age kingdom of Tarhuntassa is located in the later Rough Cilicia and western Pamphylia. By inference, the kingdom of Arzawa must lie to north of these. It had long been recognized that the position of the reliefs and inscriptions at the Karabel Pass mark this as a border, e.g. by H. G. Güterbock, ‘Das dritte Monument am Karabel’, <italic>Ist. Mitt.</italic> 17 (1967), 70. Hawkins's new readings of the Luwian hieroglyphic inscription of rock relief A at Karabel now confirm this as the northern border of Mira, and by inference also confirm the identification of Ephesos as Apasa, capital of Arwawa, later replaced by Mira.</p></fn><fn id="fn06" symbol="6"><label><sup>6</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998,2, 17 n. 79, 26–31, cf. Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 144</p></fn><fn id="fn07" symbol="7"><label><sup>7</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 1, 10, 14, 22–5.</p></fn><fn id="fn08" symbol="8"><label><sup>8</sup></label><p>Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 20–5, lists and illustrates (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref013">ibid.</xref>, figs. 2–5) the locations previously suggested and their various advocates, cf. Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 143–4.</p></fn><fn id="fn09" symbol="9"><label><sup>9</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 1–2, 30–1; Mountjoy 1998, 49 n. 126.</p></fn><fn id="fn10" symbol="10"><label><sup>10</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 2.</p></fn><fn id="fn11" symbol="11"><label><sup>11</sup></label><p>Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> pp. xiii f., 408–15 (Appendix I: Chronology); Mountjoy 1998, 46–7 and table I, cf. O. R. Gurney, <italic>The Hittites</italic> (New York, 1990), table on p. 181. A time span of <italic>c</italic>. 1400 to <italic>c</italic>. 1360 for the reigns of Tudhaliya I/II and Arnuwanda I combined seems an appropriate compromise.</p></fn><fn id="fn12" symbol="12"><label><sup>12</sup></label><p>Shelmerdine 1997, 539–41 with refs.</p></fn><fn id="fn13" symbol="13"><label><sup>13</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 47. E. H. Cline, ‘Aššuwa and the Achaeans: the “Mycenaean” sword at Hattušas and its possible implications’, <italic>BSA</italic> 91 (1996), 137–51, esp. 141 n. 28, adopted an earlier date, i.e. <italic>c</italic>. 1450–1420, for Tudhaliya II; but this was prior to the ‘deletion’ of Tudhaliya I and Hattusili II. Cline, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref013">ibid.</xref>, 137 n. 3, lists the primary publications of the sword.</p></fn><fn id="fn14" symbol="14"><label><sup>14</sup></label><p>P. I. Kuniholm <italic>et al.</italic>, ‘Anatolian tree rings and the absolute chronology of the eastern Mediterranean, 2220–718 B.C.’, <italic>Nature</italic>, 381 (27 June 1996), 780–3, cf. Shelmerdine 1997, 539–41; C. Pulak, ‘The Uluburun shipwreck’, in S. Swiny <italic>et al.</italic> (eds), <italic>Res Maritimae: Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean from Prehistory to Late Antiquity</italic> (Nicosia, 1997), 233–62 esp. 250 with refs., 257 (correcting the date of <italic>c</italic>. 1316 BC formerly given); cf. Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 150 with refs., and G. F. Bass, ‘Sailing between the Aegean and the Orient in the second millennium B.C.’ in <italic>Aegean and Orient</italic>, 183–92, esp. 184 nn. 5, 7. Reports of the 1984, 1985 and 1986 campaigns at Ulu Burun are given by G. F. Bass, in <italic>AJA</italic> 90 (1986), 269–96, by C. Pulak, in <italic>AJA</italic> 92 (1988), 1–32 and by G. F. Bass <italic>et al.</italic>, in <italic>AJA</italic> 93 (1989), 1–29. [see now, however, the discussion of LHIIIA2 by M. H. Wiener (this volume).]</p></fn><fn id="fn15" symbol="15"><label><sup>15</sup></label><p>Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 59–63, discusses a wide and catholic range of possibilities for the interpretation of Ahhiyawa. But the choice indicated is a dominant kingdom with an <italic>enduring</italic> power base, cf. Mee 1998, 142–3 esp. n. 90.</p></fn><fn id="fn16" symbol="16"><label><sup>16</sup></label><p>E. Forrer, ‘Vorhomerische Griechen in der Keilschrifttexten von Boghazköi’, <italic>Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesdkchaft</italic> 63 (1924), 1–22; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref013">id.</xref>, ‘Die Griechen in den Boghazhöi-Texten’, <italic>Orientalische Literaturzeitung</italic>, 27 (1924), 113–18. He argued that there had been an archaic form of Achaia, namely ‘Achaiwia’, and that this was written as ‘Ahhiyawa’ in Hittite. Although the Homeric name for the land of the Achaians was Achaiis, the <italic>root</italic> of the word appears to be the same, or at least sufficiently similar to be recognizable, even in the medium of a foreign tongue. Nevertheless, this question continues to be the subject of philological discussion, e.g. <citation id="ref014" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Finkelberg</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>From Ahhiyawa to Achaioi</article-title>’, <source>Glotta</source>, <volume>66</volume> (<year>1988</year>), <fpage>127</fpage>–34</citation>; cf. Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 59–60.</p></fn><fn id="fn17" symbol="17"><label><sup>17</sup></label><p>Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 20–1 and fig. 3, lists the proponents of this hypothesis. The earliest was <citation id="ref015" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Hrozný</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Hethiter und Griechen</article-title>’, <source>Archiv orientální</source>, <volume>1</volume> (<year>1929</year>), <fpage>323</fpage>–43</citation>. His arguments were rather weak (as Page remarks); but the case for Rhodes was made more forcefully by <citation id="ref016" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Laurenzi</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Rodi e l'Asia degliittiti</article-title>’, <source>Nuova Antologia</source>, <volume>75</volume> (<year>1940</year>), <fpage>327</fpage>–80</citation>. The arguments were presented more fully by <citation id="ref017" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Völkl</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Achijawa</article-title>’, <source>La Nouvelle Clio</source>, <volume>4</volume> (<year>1952</year>), <fpage>329</fpage>–59</citation>, and most cogently by <citation id="ref018" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Page</surname><given-names>D. L.</given-names></name>, <source>History and the Homeric Iliad</source> (<publisher-loc>Berkeley and Los Angeles</publisher-loc>, <year>1959</year>), <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>40</lpage></citation> (although new readings and interpretations of the Hittite texts have rendered obsolete some of his discussion).</p></fn><fn id="fn18" symbol="18"><label><sup>18</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, esp. 33–45.</p></fn><fn id="fn19" symbol="19"><label><sup>19</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref018">Ibid.</xref>, 50, ‘Iolkos, which new excavation has now suggested was Dimini, with harbours at Volos and Pefkakia on the Gulf of Pagasae, should not be disregarded.’ But the tholos tombs at Dimini (<italic>GAC</italic> 275, H3) are not very imposing (D. 8.3 m, 8.5 m), and the tholos tomb at Volos: Kastro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref018">Ibid.</xref>, 273, H1), although large (D. 10 m), is not especially well built. The successive large buildings at die Volos site, although they have been characterized as palaces, are not impressive. The new work at Dimini is summarized by <citation id="ref019" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Adrimi-Sismani</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, ‘Μυκηναϊκός οικισμός στο Δίμενι’, in Conference on Ancient Thessaly in Memory of D. Theochares (<publisher-loc>Athens</publisher-loc>, <year>1992</year>), <fpage>227</fpage>–78</citation>. The recent excavations at Pefkakia are discussed by A. Efstathiou, ‘Νεώτερες Ανασκαφικές ´Ερευνές στην ευρυτέρη περιόχη της Μάγουλας ‘‘Πευκάκια’’’, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref019">Ibid.</xref>, 279–85, cf. <italic>GAC</italic> 274, H2. The Dimini site is now known to have been extensive, including a road flanked by remains of five Mycenaean houses. It may be compared with the Mycenaean settlement at Nichoria in Messenia, W. A. McDonald and N. Wilkie (eds), <italic>Excavations at Nichoria II: The Bronze Age Occupation</italic> (Minneapolis, 1992), esp. 231–769, cf. Shelmerdine 1997, 549–50.</p></fn><fn id="fn20" symbol="20"><label><sup>20</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 51, ‘pottery is not a political indicator’, and Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 26, ‘Mycenaean pots do not necessarily translate into Mycenaean people’; cf. C. Gates, ‘The Mycenaeans and their Anatolian frontier’, in <italic>Politeia</italic>, 259–98. esp. 290, 293.</p></fn><fn id="fn21" symbol="21"><label><sup>21</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 35–8, 43–5; Mee 1998, 138–41. Mee, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref019">Ibid.</xref>, 138, cites various Mycenaean finds from western Anatolia ‘which may be the result of occasional or indirect trade contacts’, at Mylasa, Kusądasi, Tire-Ahmetler, Çerkes Sultaniye, Akbük, Erythrae, and Old Smyrna, cf. Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 26.</p></fn><fn id="fn22" symbol="22"><label><sup>22</sup></label><p>Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 142 and n. 14. The 1996 excavations by S. Erdemgil and M. Büyükkolanci, <italic>Müze Kurtarma Kazilari Semineri</italic>, 8 (Ankara, 1998), 69–83, are summarized by <citation id="ref020" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Mitchell</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, <source>AR</source>
<volume>45</volume> (<year>1998</year>–<year>1999</year>), <fpage>150</fpage>–1</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn23" symbol="23"><label><sup>23</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 36. <citation id="ref021" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Gültekin</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Baran</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Selçuk tepesinde bulunan Miken mezari/The Mycenaean grave found at the hill of Ayasuluk</article-title>’, <source>Türk. Ark. Derg.</source>
<volume>13/2</volume> (<year>1964</year>), <fpage>122</fpage>–33</citation>; <citation id="ref022" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Mellink</surname><given-names>M. J.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Archaeology in Asia Minor</article-title>’, <source>AJA</source>
<volume>68</volume> (<year>1964</year>), <fpage>157</fpage>–8</citation>; Mee (1998), 139–40. The Artemision finds have inspired belief that the Sanctuary of the Ephesian Artemis may have had a Bronze Age precursor, cf. <citation id="ref023" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bammer</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Geschichte—neu geschrieben: Mykene im Artemision von Ephesos</article-title>’, <source>ÖJh</source>
<volume>63</volume> (<year>1994</year>), Beiblatt, <fpage>28</fpage>–<lpage>39</lpage></citation>; and U. Muss, <italic>Das Artemision von Ephesos</italic> supp. 10 to <citation id="ref024" citation-type="journal"><source>Antike Welt</source>, <volume>27</volume> (<year>1996</year>), <fpage>25</fpage>–8</citation>; <citation id="ref025" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bammer</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, <source>Anat. Stud.</source>
<volume>40</volume> (<year>1990</year>), <fpage>141</fpage>–2</citation> and pl. 5 <italic>a, c—d</italic>; Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 142.</p></fn><fn id="fn24" symbol="24"><label><sup>24</sup></label><p>Mee 1998, 140. Mountjoy 1998, 35–6, discusses the tomb group acquired by Manisa Museum from an antiquities dealer, and published by <citation id="ref026" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Ersoy</surname><given-names>Y. E.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Finds from Menemen-Panaztepe in the Manisa Museum</article-title>’, <source>BSA</source>
<volume>83</volume> (<year>1988</year>), <fpage>55</fpage>–<lpage>82</lpage></citation>. Annual preliminary reports of the excavations here are given by A. Erkanal, and notices are given in <italic>AJA</italic> by M. Mellink and (after 1993) by M.-H. Gates, as listed by Mee 1998, 140 n. 46 and by Mountjoy 1998, 35 n. 42.</p></fn><fn id="fn25" symbol="23"><label><sup>23</sup></label><p><citation id="ref027" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bridges</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The Mycenaean tholos tomb at Kolophon</article-title>’ <source>Hesperia</source>
<volume>43</volume> (<year>1974</year>), <fpage>264</fpage>–6 and pl. 52</citation>; Mee 1998, 140.</p></fn><fn id="fn26" symbol="26"><label><sup>26</sup></label><p><citation id="ref028" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Ersoy</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name>, <source>Klazomenai Myken Keramiği</source> (<publisher-loc>Ankara</publisher-loc>, <year>1983</year>)</citation>; Mee (n. 2), 125; <citation id="ref029" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Gates</surname><given-names>M.-H.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Archaeology in Turkey</article-title>’, <source>AJA</source>
<volume>99</volume> (<year>1995</year>), <fpage>222</fpage></citation>; Mee 1998, 140; Mountjoy 1998, 35.</p></fn><fn id="fn27" symbol="27"><label><sup>27</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 50, cf. Hawkins 1998 <italic>passim</italic>. As Mountjoy points out, this rules out the former suggestion of C. Gates (n. 20), 296, that Ahhiyawa may have included these places, together with <italic>all</italic> settlements with Mycenaean-type pottery in this Aegean coastal zone, from Mennemen down to Müsgebi.</p></fn><fn id="fn28" symbol="28"><label><sup>28</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, esp. 34–45; <italic>GAC</italic> 364–7; <italic>Dodecanese I–III, passim</italic>. Kalymnos: M. Benzi, ‘The Late Bronze Age pottery from the Vathy Cave, Kalymnos’, in Wace and Blegen, 275–88, esp. 281–3 (Minoan pottery replaced by Mycenaean in LH III A2–B). Astypalaia: the chamber tombs at Armenochori: Patelles (<italic>GAC</italic> 364) are described by <citation id="ref030" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Zervoudakis</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name>, <source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>26</volume> (<year>1971</year>), Chr. <fpage>549</fpage>–51</citation>, cf. <citation id="ref031" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Konstantinopoulos</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <source>AAA</source>
<volume>6</volume> (<year>1973</year>), <fpage>120</fpage></citation>, 124 and <italic>Dodecanese III</italic>, 159–62. The numerous LH III A2–C vases are not yet fully published, but unpublished notes by C. B. Mee are mentioned by <citation id="ref032" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>MacDonald</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Problems of the twelfth century B.C. in the Dodecanese</article-title>’, <source>BSA</source>
<volume>81</volume> (<year>1986</year>), <fpage>125</fpage>–51 esp</citation>. 148, cf. <italic>RBA</italic> 89 n. 145, commenting on the ‘impressive’ LH III B pottery here; and some of the vases are described by Mountjoy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref032">Ibid.</xref> More recently, two Mycenaean chamber tombs with LH III A2–B pottery were discovered at Synkairos, between Steno and Trito Marmari, on the north coast of Astypalaia, C. Doumas, ‘Αστυπάλαια’, <italic>A. Delt.</italic> 30 (1975), Chr. 372, cf. <citation id="ref033" citation-type="journal"><source>AR</source>
<volume>30</volume> (<year>1983</year>–<year>1984</year>), <fpage>70</fpage></citation>, fig. 135, Davis 1992, 752 n. 252 and Mountjoy 1998, 39.</p></fn><fn id="fn29" symbol="29"><label><sup>29</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 37–9; cf. Melas 1985, 176–81.</p></fn><fn id="fn30" symbol="30"><label><sup>30</sup></label><p><italic>GAC</italic> 358. But Melas 1985, 43–4, 78–9 figs. 42 and 107–8 (nos. 1268, 1270, 1271), regards even these as Minoan. Melas classifies die two kylikes (<italic>BMC</italic> A 974 and A 975 = his nos. 1270 and 1271) as LM III A2/III B rather than LH III A2, although he admits, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref033">Ibid.</xref>, 43–4, that a Rhodian origin is possible, and classifies the sword (<italic>BMC</italic> Bronzes no. 46 = his no. 1273) as LH III A2–B1. He assigns the bull's head rhyton (<italic>BMC</italic> A 971 = his no. 1268) to LM III A2, without further argument, despite the Rhodian parallel adduced in <italic>GAC</italic>
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref033">Ibid.</xref></p></fn><fn id="fn31" symbol="31"><label><sup>31</sup></label><p>Makeli: <citation id="ref034" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Charitonides</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, ‘Θαλαμοειδὴς τάφος Καρπάθου’, <source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>17</volume> (<year>1961</year>/<year>1962</year>)</citation>, Mel. 32–76; Melas 1985, 28, 52–4 (A6 Anemomiloi-Makeli) and figs. 64–70, 113–40. Vonies: <citation id="ref035" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Zachariadou</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name>, ‘Θαλαμοειδὴς τάφος στὴν Αρκάσα Καρπάθου’, <source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>33</volume> (<year>1978</year>), Mel. <fpage>249</fpage>–95</citation>; Melas 1985, 39–40, 70–5 (E 40 Vonies) and figs. 91–103; cf. <citation id="ref036" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Sampson</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, ‘᾿Αρκάσα Καρπάθου’, A. Delt. <volume>34</volume> (<year>1979</year>), Chr. <fpage>459</fpage>–60</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn32" symbol="32"><label><sup>32</sup></label><p>Melas 1985, 28, 176–81 with table 1, estimates the relative proportions of Minoan and Mycenaean pottery found on Karpathos and Kasos from LM II/III A1 to LH III C. Melas agrees with Mee (<italic>RBA</italic> esp. 12–13, 16, 82, 86) that Mycenaean imports, and Mycenaean immigrants, probably came to Karpathos from the Argolid via Rhodes. Twenty Mycenaean sherds from Pigadia on Karpathos, analysed (by OES) by R. Jones of die Fitch Laboratory in the British School of Athens, were said to be ‘of Argolic composition.’ Further, and more secure evidence is provided by two Mycenaean vases from Makeli included in the analysis (by ICP-AES) of vases from the cemetery at Pylona on Rhodes, in Karantzali and Ponting (n. 2), discussed below (n. 147). It was deduced that the Karpathos vases also were ‘imported from Mainland/Argolid.’ These vases from Makeli are: (1) the LH III A1 ‘Bucranium jug’, <italic>BSA</italic> 95 (2000), pl. 43 <italic>d</italic> (BE 423) = Melas 1985, fig. 119 (C22); (2) the LH III A/B krater sherd (s), <citation id="ref037" citation-type="journal"><source>BSA</source>
<volume>95</volume> (<year>2000</year>)</citation>, pl. 44 <italic>a</italic> (BE 419) = Melas 1985, fig. 135 (C82); cf. Karantzali and Ponting (n. 2), 229–30, 237 and S. Charitonides (n. 31), 45,62, pl. 16 <italic>a</italic>, pl. 25 <italic>e</italic>. In addition to the LH III A and LH III B surface sherds from the Xenona site at Pigadia (<italic>Dodecanese I</italic>, 160–1 and <italic>Dodecanese II</italic>, 68–9), excavations are now reported at the nearby Tsekou-Trebela plot. The remains include <citation id="ref038" citation-type="journal">‘<article-title>a room with heaped utilitarian pottery and imported LH III A2–III B pottery</article-title>’, <source>AR</source>
<volume>47</volume> (<year>2000</year>–<year>2001</year>), <fpage>122</fpage></citation>, <citation id="ref039" citation-type="other"><name><surname>citing</surname></name>
<italic>́Εργον YΠΠΟ</italic> 3 (<year>1999</year>), <fpage>155</fpage>–6</citation>; cf. Melas 1985, esp. 27–30, figs. 7–8 for the Pigadia area. Kasos: Mycenaean surface sherds from Poli are classified as LH III B or LH III C, Melas 1985, 49–50, 83, cf. <italic>Dodecanese II</italic>, 69–70. The Ephorate of Caves has now provided proof of MM and Mycenaean use of die Ellinokamara cave, <citation id="ref040" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Sakellarakis</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name>, Σπήλαιο Ελληνοκαμάρας’, A. Delt. <volume>37</volume> (<year>1982</year>), Chr. <fpage>417</fpage></citation>, and <citation id="ref041" citation-type="journal"><source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>42</volume> (<year>1987</year>), Chr. <fpage>692</fpage>–4</citation>; cf. <italic>Dodecanese II</italic>, 71–3, Melas 1985, 48, 82, 165, and <citation id="ref042" citation-type="journal"><source>AR</source>
<volume>4</volume> (<year>1993</year>–<year>1994</year>), <fpage>69</fpage>–<lpage>70</lpage></citation> (the blocking wall at the entrance is assigned to the 3rd or 2nd c. BC).</p></fn><fn id="fn33" symbol="33"><label><sup>33</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 37–45 and <italic>passim</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn34" symbol="34"><label><sup>34</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref042">Ibid.</xref>, 51.</p></fn><fn id="fn35" symbol="35"><label><sup>35</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref042">Ibid.</xref>, 50.</p></fn><fn id="fn36" symbol="36"><label><sup>36</sup></label><p><italic>KBo</italic> III. 4 ii 22–32 (Ten Year Annalis of Mursili II), discussed below (with nn. 72–4) in the section on ‘The Islands’ in the Hittite texts.</p></fn><fn id="fn37" symbol="37"><label><sup>37</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 47, 50.</p></fn><fn id="fn38" symbol="38"><label><sup>38</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 30 n. 202; Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 151 n. 103.</p></fn><fn id="fn39" symbol="39"><label><sup>39</sup></label><p><italic>KUB</italic> xxvi, 91, lines 5′–7′ (obverse), discussed below (with nn. 69–71) in the section on ‘The Islands’ in the Hittite texts.</p></fn><fn id="fn40" symbol="40"><label><sup>40</sup></label><p><italic>GAC</italic> 368–9. Both the built tomb at the Heraion site and the Myloi chamber tomb contained Mycenaean pottery, LH III A at Myloi, and probably LH III A in the Heraion tomb; <citation id="ref043" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Miljčić</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name>, <source>Samos I</source> (<publisher-loc>Bonn</publisher-loc>, <year>1961</year>), <fpage>25</fpage>–6</citation>, 70, pl. 25; <citation id="ref044" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Zapheiropoulos</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Σάμος</article-title>’, <source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>16</volume> (<year>1960</year>), Chr. <fpage>249</fpage></citation>. The Myloi tomb, although small, is of canonical Mycenaean type.</p></fn><fn id="fn41" symbol="41"><label><sup>41</sup></label><p>e.g. Mountjoy 1998, 35–6; Mee 1998, 137; Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 27–30.</p></fn><fn id="fn42" symbol="42"><label><sup>42</sup></label><p>W. Voigtländer, ‘Umrisse eines vor- und früh- geschichtlichen Zentrum an der karisch-ionischen Küste’, <italic>AA</italic> (1986), 613–67, esp. 623–4, 650, 653, fig. 25; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref044">id.</xref>, ‘Akbük-Teichiussa: zweiter Vorbericht-Survey 1985/86’, <italic>AA</italic> (1988), 567–625 esp. 205.</p></fn><fn id="fn43" symbol="43"><label><sup>43</sup></label><p>See nn. 173–4 below.</p></fn><fn id="fn44" symbol="44"><label><sup>44</sup></label><p><citation id="ref045" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bass</surname><given-names>G. F.</given-names></name>, <source>AJA</source>
<volume>67</volume> (<year>1963</year>), <fpage>352</fpage>–7</citation>; <citation id="ref046" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Boysal</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name>, <source>Türk Ark. Derg</source>. <volume>13</volume> (<year>1964</year>), <fpage>81</fpage>–5</citation> and 14 (1965), 123–4; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref046">id.</xref>,, <italic>Belleten</italic>, 31 (1967), 81–5; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref046">id.</xref>, <italic>Anadolu</italic>, 11 (1967), 1–9, 31–9, 45–56, and 15 (1971), 63; <citation id="ref047" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Boysal</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name>, <source>Katalog der Vasen im Museum von Bodrum; i: Mykenisch-Protogeometrisch</source> (<publisher-loc>Ankara</publisher-loc>, <year>1969</year>), <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>28</lpage></citation>, pls. 1–33; <italic>MG</italic> 207; Mee (n. 2), 137–42; Mountjoy 1998, 35–6 and <italic>passim</italic>; Mee 1998, 138–9 and 147–8 (comments by G. F. Bass).</p></fn><fn id="fn45" symbol="45"><label><sup>45</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 36–7; Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 31–6 and passim; Mee 1998, 138–41.</p></fn><fn id="fn46" symbol="46"><label><sup>46</sup></label><p>M. Benzi, ‘I Micenei a Iasos’, in <italic>Studi su Iasos di Caria, B. d. A.</italic> supp. to 31–2 (1985), 29–34; Mee (n. 2), 129–31; Mee 1998, 139; Mountjoy 1998, 35–6. A brief summary and a map of the site were provided by <citation id="ref048" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Cook</surname><given-names>J. M.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Blackman</surname><given-names>D. J.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Archaeology in Western Asia Minor 1965–70</article-title>’, <source>AR</source>
<volume>17</volume> (<year>1970</year>–<year>1971</year>), <fpage>46</fpage>–7</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn47" symbol="47"><label><sup>47</sup></label><p><italic>MG</italic> 207, cf. Mee 1998, 139.</p></fn><fn id="fn48" symbol="48"><label><sup>48</sup></label><p>Mee, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref048">Ibid.</xref>,</p></fn><fn id="fn49" symbol="49"><label><sup>49</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 36 n. 62, citing Benzi (n. 46); cf. Mee 1998, 139, also citing Benzi for ‘the presence of kraters, kylikes, and deep bowls in the micaceous fabric which is so common in western Anatolia.’</p></fn><fn id="fn50" symbol="50"><label><sup>50</sup></label><p>B. and W.-D. Niemeier, ‘Milet 1994–1995. Projekt “Minoisch-mykenisches bis protogeometrisches Milet”: Zielseteung und Ausgrabungen auf dem Stadionhügel und am Athenatempel’, <italic>AA</italic> (1997), 189–284, summarized by <citation id="ref049" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Mitchell</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, in <source>AR</source>
<volume>45</volume> (<year>1998</year>–<year>1999</year>), <fpage>151</fpage>–3</citation>, cf. Mountjoy 1998, 33–7.</p></fn><fn id="fn51" symbol="51"><label><sup>51</sup></label><p>Mee 1998, 139; Mountjoy 1998, 35–45; Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 40; cf. <citation id="ref050" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Stubbings</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name>, <source>Mycenaean Pottery from the Levant</source> (<publisher-loc>Cambridge</publisher-loc>, <year>1951</year>), <fpage>23</fpage></citation> and Furumark (n. 2), 202.</p></fn><fn id="fn52" symbol="52"><label><sup>52</sup></label><p><italic>MG</italic> 207–8. The new evidence from the 1994–5 excavations for Minoan and Mycenaean Miletos is discussed in Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 27–40. The plan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref050">Ibid.</xref>, fig. 11, shows the excavated portion of the LH III B circuit wall in the area of the later Temple of Athena.</p></fn><fn id="fn53" symbol="53"><label><sup>53</sup></label><p>Mee 1998, 139 n. 35, citing W. Voigtländer, ‘Zur Topographie Milets: ein neues Modell zur antiken Stadt’, <italic>AA</italic> (1985), 82, 87, fig. 10.</p></fn><fn id="fn54" symbol="54"><label><sup>54</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 17. It has, of course, been surmised (by several scholars) that the local inhabitants were Carians, cf. e.g. E. Melas, ‘The Dodecanese and W. Anatolia in prehistory: interrelationships, ethnicity and political geography’, <italic>Anat. Stud.</italic> 38 (1988), 114 with refs; cf. C. Gates (n. 20), 293.</p></fn><fn id="fn55" symbol="55"><label><sup>55</sup></label><p>Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 38 with refs., cf. Mee 1998, 139. References prior to 1978 are given in the important discussion by Mee (n. 2), 135–6. A. Mallwitz, ‘Zur mykenischen Befestigung von Milet’, <italic>Ist. Mitt.</italic> 9–10 (1959–60), 67–76 esp. 74–5, cited supposed Hittite prototypes. <citation id="ref051" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Voigtländer</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Die mykenische Stadtmauer von Milet und einzelne wehranlagen der späten Bronzezeit</article-title>’, <source>Ist. Mitt.</source>
<volume>25</volume> (<year>1975</year>) <fpage>17</fpage>–<lpage>34</lpage> esp. 30–1</citation>. suggested the Kastenmauer system.</p></fn><fn id="fn56" symbol="56"><label><sup>56</sup></label><p><citation id="ref052" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Schiering</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Milet: Eine Erweiterung der Grabung östlich des Athena-Tempels</article-title>’, <source>Ist. Mitt.</source>
<volume>29</volume> (<year>1979</year>), <fpage>77</fpage>–<lpage>108</lpage> esp. 80–2</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn57" symbol="57"><label><sup>57</sup></label><p><citation id="ref053" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Philippaki</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name>, ‘Η ἀκρόπολις τοῡ ῾Αγίου ᾿Ανδρέου Σίφνου’, <source>AAA</source>
<volume>6</volume> (<year>1973</year>), <fpage>93</fpage>–<lpage>103</lpage></citation>; ead., ‘᾿Ανασκαφὴ άκροπόλεως ῾Αγ.̍Ανδρέου Σίφνου’, <italic>PAE</italic> (1978), 192–4; and reports by her in <italic>Ergon</italic> from 1975 to 1980, cited in <italic>AR</italic> from 1975–6 to 1981–2. The main walls are of the LH III B period, and feature eight towers, each up to 3 m wide, at irregular intervals, projecting <italic>c</italic>. 2 m from the curtain wall.</p></fn><fn id="fn58" symbol="58"><label><sup>58</sup></label><p>The small inner enceinte at Ktouri (<italic>GAG</italic> 290–1, no. H 51), with its five small turrets or buttresses, is also of LH III B date (cf. <italic>MG</italic> 169), as established in trial excavations by Y. Béquignon, <italic>BCH</italic> 56 (1932), 122–37, esp. sketch plan, 127 fig. 24.</p></fn><fn id="fn59" symbol="59"><label><sup>59</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 47; <italic>contra</italic> Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 153, but, as he says, ‘The dead […] continued to be buried in the Degirmentepe cemetery in Mycenaean chamber tombs with mostly Mycenaean grave goods’, cf. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref053">id.</xref>, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 36, figs. 10–11.</p></fn><fn id="fn60" symbol="60"><label><sup>60</sup></label><p>Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 39, with refs. and photos 15–6.</p></fn><fn id="fn61" symbol="61"><label><sup>61</sup></label><p>Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 153–4 with refs. and pl. xv <italic>c</italic>, cf. Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 39–40.</p></fn><fn id="fn62" symbol="62"><label><sup>62</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 28.</p></fn><fn id="fn63" symbol="63"><label><sup>63</sup></label><p>Cf. the list of texts, assembled in Cline, <italic>SWDS</italic> 121–5, C2–C36, in which Ahhiyawa is mentioned.</p></fn><fn id="fn64" symbol="64"><label><sup>64</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 48; <citation id="ref054" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Singer</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Western Anatolia in the thirteenth century BC according to the Hittite sources</article-title>’, <source>Anat. Stud.</source>
<volume>33</volume> (<year>1983</year>), <fpage>205</fpage>–17 esp. 209–10</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn65" symbol="65"><label><sup>65</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 47. This text is commonly referred to as the <italic>Indictment of Madduwatta</italic>, published as <italic>KUB</italic> XIV. 1 + <italic>KB</italic> XIX. 38 (<italic>CTH</italic> 147), and edited by A. Goetze, <italic>Muddawattas, MVAG</italic> 32. 1 (Leipzig, 1927, reprinted Darmstadt, 1967). The reassignment of this text (and others) to Tudhaliya I/II and Arnuwanda I is discussed by Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 141 and Appendix I.</p></fn><fn id="fn66" symbol="66"><label><sup>66</sup></label><p>Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 141–9; Hawkins 1998, 25, 30; Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 146–9.</p></fn><fn id="fn67" symbol="67"><label><sup>67</sup></label><p>Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 144.</p></fn><fn id="fn68" symbol="68"><label><sup>68</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 30, cf. 22, 25.</p></fn><fn id="fn69" symbol="69"><label><sup>69</sup></label><p><italic>KUB</italic> XXVI. 91, ed. <citation id="ref055" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Sommer</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name>, <source>Die Ahhiyava-Urkunden</source> (<publisher-loc>Munich</publisher-loc>, <year>1932</year>), <fpage>268</fpage>–71</citation>; Cline, <italic>SWDS</italic> 121; <citation id="ref056" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Cline</surname><given-names>E. H.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Aššuwa and the Achaeans: the “Mycenaean” sword at Hattušas and its possible implications</article-title>’, <source>BSA</source>
<volume>91</volume> (<year>1996</year>), <fpage>137</fpage>–51 esp. 145–6</citation>; Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 144–7.</p></fn><fn id="fn70" symbol="70"><label><sup>70</sup></label><p>Cline (n. 69); Niemeier, loc. cit.</p></fn><fn id="fn71" symbol="71"><label><sup>71</sup></label><p><italic>KUB</italic> XXVl. 91, obverse lines 5′–7′.</p></fn><fn id="fn72" symbol="72"><label><sup>72</sup></label><p>The Annals of Mursili II are catalogued as <italic>CTH</italic> 61, ed. <citation id="ref057" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Goetze</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, <source>Die Annalen des Mursilis, MVAG</source>
<volume>38</volume> (<publisher-loc>Leipzig</publisher-loc>, <year>1933</year></citation>, reprinted Darmstadt, 1967) cf. Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 206–40, Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 150–1.</p></fn><fn id="fn73" symbol="73"><label><sup>73</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 22; The text is from the Ten-Year Annals, <italic>KBo</italic> III. 4 ii 22–32 = Goetze (n. 72), 50–1. Hawkins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref057">Ibid.</xref>, 14 n. 44, comments, ‘The historically very important recognition of <italic>gursauwananza</italic> as “islands” (dat. plur.) is relatively recent’; cf. Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 211 n. 13. The interpretation is due to <citation id="ref058" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Starke</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Die keilschriftluwischen Wörter für Insel und Lampe</article-title>’, <source>Zeitschrifi für vergleichende Sprachforschung</source>, <volume>95</volume> (<year>1981</year>), <fpage>142</fpage>–52</citation>; cf. Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 151 n. 103.</p></fn><fn id="fn74" symbol="74"><label><sup>74</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 30 n. 202; Niemeier, loc. cit.; Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 209–14.</p></fn><fn id="fn75" symbol="75"><label><sup>75</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 50–1, cf. 46–8. Cf. the section ‘Chronology’ here above (with nn. 12–14).</p></fn><fn id="fn76" symbol="76"><label><sup>76</sup></label><p><italic>KUB</italic> XIV. 15 I 23–6 = Goetze (n. 72), 36–9; Hawkins 1998, 10 n. 25, 14–16, 28; Mountjoy 1998, 45–8; Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 150–1; Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 209–10. The third year of Mursili's reign, either 1319/18 or 1315/14 BC, would be at or near the end of the LH III A2 period.</p></fn><fn id="fn77" symbol="77"><label><sup>77</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 14.</p></fn><fn id="fn78" symbol="78"><label><sup>78</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 47 (inter alia).</p></fn><fn id="fn79" symbol="79"><label><sup>79</sup></label><p>Güterbock 1983, 134–5; Goetze (n. 72), 36–9. The various interpretations are discussed by <citation id="ref059" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Heinhold-Krahmer</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, <source>Arzawa, Untersuchungen zu seiner Geschichte nach den hethitischen Quellen</source> (<publisher-loc>Heidelburg</publisher-loc>, <year>1977</year>), <fpage>97</fpage>–<lpage>100</lpage></citation>. She also prefers Goetze's interpretation, which is assumed by Niemeier, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref059">ibid</xref>, and by Bryce, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref059">Ibid.</xref> Bryce, however, here categorizes Millawanda as at this time ‘a Hittite subject state on the Aegean coast’, although he follows Goetze's reading of the text: ‘But when it was spring, because Uh[haziti joined the side of the king of the Land of Ahhiyawa], and the Land of Millawanda [had gone over] to the king of the Land of Ahhi[yawa…I sent] forth Gulla and Malaziti and troops [and chariots]; and they destroyed [the Land of Millawanda].’ (version given by Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 210, but with his restorations bracketed, as in Cline, <italic>SWDS</italic> 122. The translation ‘smote’ instead of ‘destroyed’ is recommended by the anonymous reader).</p></fn><fn id="fn80" symbol="80"><label><sup>80</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 10, 14–16, 22–5, and <italic>passim</italic>; Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 210–14, cf. Heinhold-Krahmer (n. 79), 136–47, 211–19.</p></fn><fn id="fn81" symbol="81"><label><sup>81</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 36, 47; Hawkins 1998, 28 n. 174; Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 150–1, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 30–40; B. and W.-D. Niemeier (n. 50), 201–5, 246–8.</p></fn><fn id="fn82" symbol="82"><label><sup>82</sup></label><p>Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 244–5, recognizes that Milawata (Millawanda) was no longer under Hittite control at the time of the Tawagalawa Letter. But he also assumes that it ‘had previously belonged to Hatti, and that in the third year of Mursili II's reign Hittite control had been re-established over it when it had attempted to form an alliance with Ahhiyawa’. Bryce attempts to resolve the difficulty (occasioned in part by his own assumption, <italic>KH</italic> 209, that Millawanda had been previously under Hittite dominion) by assigning a supposed role here to Muwatalli, Mursili's son and successor: ‘But subsequently, perhaps during Muwatalli's reign, Milawata had become subject to Ahhiyawa. It is possible that Muwatalli had agreed to relinquish the vassal kingdom, which had by now assumed a predominandy Mycenaean character, in the hope that this would satisfy Ahhiyawan territorial ambitions on the Anatolian mainland, and in return, perhaps, for a guarantee from the Ahhiyawan king of co-operation in maintaining a general stability within the region.’ Bryce here also introduces a fragmentary text, <italic>KUB</italic> XXXI. 29 (<italic>CTH</italic> 214.16), ed. Sommer (n. 69) 328 (cf. Cline, <italic>SMWS</italic> 123, no. C10), which has been attributed conjecturally to Muwatalli's reign. The surviving portion of die text refers to Tarhuntassa, Mira, and Ahhiyawa. But there is no proof either of the date of this text or that it ‘indicates boundaries’, still less that it ‘probably defined the limits of Ahhiyawan-controlled territory in Anatolia.’</p></fn><fn id="fn83" symbol="83"><label><sup>83</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 51 cf. 47 n. 110; Hawkins 1998, 21, 26 and <italic>passim</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn84" symbol="84"><label><sup>84</sup></label><p><italic>KUB</italic> XIV. 3 (<italic>CTH</italic> 181), ed. (with translation into German) <citation id="ref060" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Sommer</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name>, <source>Die Ahhiyavā-Urkunden</source> (<publisher-loc>Munich</publisher-loc>, <year>1932</year>), <fpage>2</fpage>–<lpage>194</lpage></citation>, partly translated into English by Garstang and Gurney 1959, 111–14. The walls of Miletos are discussed here above, with nn. 55–9.</p></fn><fn id="fn85" symbol="85"><label><sup>85</sup></label><p>Güterbock 1983, 135; <citation id="ref061" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Heinhold-Krahmer</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Untersuchungen zu Piyamaradu (Teil I)</article-title>’, <source>Orientalia</source>, <volume>52</volume> (<year>1983</year>), <fpage>81</fpage>–<lpage>97</lpage></citation>; Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 321–4; Hawkins 1998, 17, 25–8.</p></fn><fn id="fn86" symbol="86"><label><sup>86</sup></label><p>Cf. Mountjoy 1998, 46.</p></fn><fn id="fn87" symbol="87"><label><sup>87</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 47 and discussion above, with nn. 55–61.</p></fn><fn id="fn88" symbol="88"><label><sup>88</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 17; Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 321–4; Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 151–2; <citation id="ref062" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Gurney</surname><given-names>O. R.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The Annals of Hattusili III</article-title>’, <source>Anat. Stud.</source>
<volume>47</volume> (<year>1997</year>), <fpage>127</fpage>–39</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn89" symbol="89"><label><sup>89</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1988, 28 n. 176, reading ‘before the frontier.’</p></fn><fn id="fn90" symbol="90"><label><sup>90</sup></label><p>Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 322, ‘he entered Millawanda’; Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 152 ‘when Hattusili arrived in Millawanda’ is noncommittal.</p></fn><fn id="fn91" symbol="91"><label><sup>91</sup></label><p>Bryce, loc. cit., cf. Hawkins, loc. cit., ‘he seems to have accepted that it lay under the authority of the king of Ahhiyawa’.</p></fn><fn id="fn92" symbol="92"><label><sup>92</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 48.</p></fn><fn id="fn93" symbol="93"><label><sup>93</sup></label><p>Garstang and Gurney 1959, 112 (I. 53–74); Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 151–2.</p></fn><fn id="fn94" symbol="94"><label><sup>94</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 26, 30, n. 202.</p></fn><fn id="fn95" symbol="95"><label><sup>95</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref062">Ibid.</xref>, 30 n. 205.</p></fn><fn id="fn96" symbol="96"><label><sup>96</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 51.</p></fn><fn id="fn97" symbol="97"><label><sup>97</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref062">Ibid.</xref>, 46.</p></fn><fn id="fn98" symbol="98"><label><sup>98</sup></label><p><italic>KUB</italic> XIX. 55 (<italic>CTH</italic> 182), translated by Garstang and Gurney 1959, 114–5, and joined with <italic>KUB</italic> XLVIII. 90 by H. A. Hoffner, ‘The Milawata Letter augmented and reinterpreted’, in <italic>Procedings of the 28th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Vienna 1981 (AfO</italic> supp. 19; 1982), 130–7; <citation id="ref063" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bryce</surname><given-names>T. R.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>A reinterpretation of the Milawata Letter in the light of the new join-piece</article-title>’, <source>Anat. Stud.</source>
<volume>35</volume> (<year>1985</year>), <fpage>13</fpage>–<lpage>23</lpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn99" symbol="99"><label><sup>99</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 1–13, 18–19, 28 and passim. But the text does not provide any evidence that Millawata (Millawanda) was here ‘the object of raids by the Hittite king and the addressee’, as inferred by Mountjoy 1998, 48, citing Singer (n. 64), 207. As Hawkins says, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref063">Ibid.</xref>, 19 n. 89, the verb describing the action (written DU-<italic>u-en</italic>, i.e. ‘we DU-ed’) can not be interpreted with certainty.</p></fn><fn id="fn100" symbol="100"><label><sup>100</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 19.</p></fn><fn id="fn101" symbol="101"><label><sup>101</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref063">Ibid.</xref>, 19 n. 92.</p></fn><fn id="fn102" symbol="102"><label><sup>102</sup></label><p>As suggested by Bryce (n. 98) and Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 339–42, cf. Mee 1998, 143.</p></fn><fn id="fn103" symbol="103"><label><sup>103</sup></label><p>Bryce's former theory (n. 98), that the Hittites had now regained possession of Millawanda, is thus undermined by Hawkins's discoveries, cf. Mountjoy 1998, 48. These have now also partly superseded the discussions in Mee 1998, 143 and Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 153–4. The <italic>archaeological</italic> indications adduced, for a Hittite presence in Miletos at this time, are extremely tenuous, as is demonstrated above, with nn. 55–61.</p></fn><fn id="fn104" symbol="104"><label><sup>104</sup></label><p><italic>Pace</italic> Mountjoy 1998, 48.</p></fn><fn id="fn105" symbol="105"><label><sup>105</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref063">Ibid.</xref>, 45, 50.</p></fn><fn id="fn106" symbol="106"><label><sup>106</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref063">Ibid.</xref>, 48, 51, cf. Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 322, ‘its local ruler Atpa’.</p></fn><fn id="fn107" symbol="107"><label><sup>107</sup></label><p>Mee 1998, 143, ‘Atpas, the Ahhiyawan vassal ruler of Millawanda.’</p></fn><fn id="fn108" symbol="108"><label><sup>108</sup></label><p>Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 323, 331, cf. Mee 1998, 143 n. 89.</p></fn><fn id="fn109" symbol="109"><label><sup>109</sup></label><p>Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 61, 140–9 (Madduwatta), 213–14 and <italic>passim</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn110" symbol="110"><label><sup>110</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, esp. 1–2, 15–19, 28–9.</p></fn><fn id="fn111" symbol="111"><label><sup>111</sup></label><p>C. B. Mee, ‘A Mycenaean thalassocracy in the eastern Aegean?’, in French and Wardle, 301–4.</p></fn><fn id="fn112" symbol="112"><label><sup>112</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 47; Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 146–7. Presumably the ‘100 chariots’ should be regarded as a round figure rather than as a precise count.</p></fn><fn id="fn113" symbol="113"><label><sup>113</sup></label><p>Mee 1998, 142.</p></fn><fn id="fn114" symbol="114"><label><sup>114</sup></label><p>Cf. Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 147, ‘an effective seagoing capacity’.</p></fn><fn id="fn115" symbol="115"><label><sup>115</sup></label><p>Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 146–7.</p></fn><fn id="fn116" symbol="116"><label><sup>116</sup></label><p>Hawkins 1998, 25–8.</p></fn><fn id="fn117" symbol="117"><label><sup>117</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 51, cf. 48; Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 152, citing Singer (n. 64), 213 and <citation id="ref064" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bryce</surname><given-names>T. R.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Ahhiyawans and Mycenaeans—an Anatolian viewpoint</article-title>’, <source>OJA</source>
<volume>8</volume> (<year>1989</year>), <fpage>297</fpage>–<lpage>310</lpage> esp. 301</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn118" symbol="118"><label><sup>118</sup></label><p>Garstang and Gurney 1959, 111 (I. 1–15); Mountjoy 1998, 48; Hawkins 1998, 25–6; Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 321–2. Bryce surmises that ‘loyalties amongst the Lukka people seem to have been divided’, and he suggests that a large group of Lukka rebels had ‘sought asylum with Tawagalawa.’ If so, their movement also would have been subject to the same difficulties of land travel in this region. But in any case, there is no direct support for Bryce's conjecture. The text (I. 1–15) clearly indicates that both Tawagalawa and the Hittite king came <italic>to</italic> the Lukka lands, and in response to calls for aid, i.e. for protection against Pijamaradu's raids. Although Tawagalawa and the Hittite king acted <italic>separately</italic>, and obviously travelled by different routes (Tawagalawas probably mainly by sea), in this episode at least they appear to have been ‘on the same side’, whatever Tawagalawa's or Ahhiyawan, motives may have been, Bryce <italic>KH</italic> 323–4, cf. 61–2, 336–9.</p></fn><fn id="fn119" symbol="119"><label><sup>119</sup></label><p><italic>KUB</italic> XXII. 13 (<italic>CTH</italic> 22.4), now securely dated to the reign of Tudhaliya IV, on the basis of evidence from the bronze tablet (n. 5 above) concerning the duration of the reign of Masturi, the previous vassal king of the Seha River Land; Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 336–9; Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 152–3; Hawkins 1998, 20, 30 n. 206. The passage concerned is interpreted by H. G. Güterbock, ‘A new look at one Ahhiyawa text’, <italic>FsAlp</italic>, 235–43, esp. 242, to read, ‘…[Tarhunaradu] made war, and relied on the king of Ahhiyawa…’. This interpretation now supersedes the tentative reading offered previously by F. Sommer (n. 84), 315, Vs 5, 317, which would give ‘… [Tarhunaradu] made war, (and) the king of Ahhiyawa retreated…’, cf. Garstang and Gurney, 1959, 120–1 ‘…And the King of Ahhiyawa withdrew…’. Sommer's version would imply that the king himself was physically present at the scene, i.e. actually in western Asia Minor. This indeed seems unlikely; and, if this had actually been the case, surely a matter of such importance, i.e. the presence of a king, would have been recorded.</p></fn><fn id="fn120" symbol="120"><label><sup>120</sup></label><p><italic>KUB</italic> XXIII (+) (<italic>CTH</italic> 105), edited, with German translation, by <citation id="ref065" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Kühne</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Otten</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <source>Der Sausgamuwa-Vertrag, StBoT</source>
<volume>16</volume> (<year>1971</year>)</citation>; English translation by <citation id="ref066" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Beckman</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <source>Hittite Diplomatic Texts</source> (<publisher-loc>Atlanta</publisher-loc>, <year>1996</year>), <fpage>98</fpage>–<lpage>102</lpage></citation>; Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 342–4; Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 153.</p></fn><fn id="fn121" symbol="121"><label><sup>121</sup></label><p>Güterbock 1983, 136, 138; Mountjoy 1998, 48–9; Mee 1998, 143; cf. Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 343 n. 63 (noting as unlikely the alternative restoration and interpretation of this passage [i.e. reading ‘warship’ instead of ‘ship of Ahhiyawa’] by <citation id="ref067" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Steiner</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <source>Ugarit-Forschungen</source>
<volume>21</volume> [<year>1989</year>] <fpage>393</fpage>–<lpage>411</lpage></citation>); Cline, <italic>SWDS</italic> 71–4; <citation id="ref068" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Cline</surname><given-names>E. H.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>A Possible Hittite Embargo against the Mycenaeans</article-title>’, <source>Historia</source>
<volume>40</volume>/<issue>1</issue> (<year>1991</year>), <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage></citation>. Cline suggests that the Hittites may have placed a more general trade embargo on goods carried by the Mycenaeans. If this were so, a <italic>specific</italic> embargo in the Sausgamuwa Treaty would be merely a reminder or reinforcement. But, as Mee points out, political conditions, especially in western Asia Minor, would have made overland trade unattractive, in any case (in addition to the physical difficulties of the terrain).</p></fn><fn id="fn122" symbol="122"><label><sup>122</sup></label><p>Bryce, <italic>NH</italic> 343, inter alia.</p></fn><fn id="fn123" symbol="123"><label><sup>123</sup></label><p>Güterbock 1983, 138; Mountjoy 1998, 48–9; Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 343–4. Bryce maintains that Tudhaliya IV did indeed regard Ahhiyawa as no longer important. This hypothesis at least partly depends on the assumption that Ahhiyawa had by now lost control of Millawanda (Miletos). But, as is shown above (with nn. 98–103), this assumption is now invalidated by the implications of Hawkins' discoveries at Karabel.</p></fn><fn id="fn124" symbol="124"><label><sup>124</sup></label><p>Güterbock 1983, 135–6.</p></fn><fn id="fn125" symbol="125"><label><sup>125</sup></label><p>Garstang and Gurney 1959, 113.</p></fn><fn id="fn126" symbol="126"><label><sup>126</sup></label><p>Hawkins (pers. comm).</p></fn><fn id="fn127" symbol="127"><label><sup>127</sup></label><p>Page (n. 17), 10–15, graphically illustrates the ability of Pijamaradu to act with impunity, from his base in Ahhiyawa, beyond Hittite reach; cf. Mountjoy 1998, 48, 51. Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 322–4, cf. 61–2, presents a more sinister view of Ahhiyawan involvement in western Asia Minor, cf. Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 154 and Mee 1998, 143. Mee remarks that Mycenaean activities here ‘were clearly disruptive and apparently motivated by political rather than economic expediency.’ (Mee is of course, here assuming a Mycenaean = Ahhiyawa equation, as are Mountjoy and Cline at least, if not also Bryce.)</p></fn><fn id="fn128" symbol="128"><label><sup>128</sup></label><p>This can be deduced from the context itself, and from the obvious frustration experienced by the Hittite Great King, ‘bleating in cuneiform across the wine-dark sea’, Page (n. 17), 15, cf. <italic>Dodecanese III</italic>, 174, 5.</p></fn><fn id="fn129" symbol="129"><label><sup>129</sup></label><p>Cf. n. 17 above.</p></fn><fn id="fn130" symbol="130"><label><sup>130</sup></label><p>Rhodes: Mycenaean cemeteries were listed by Mee in <italic>RBA</italic>. Additional data are provided by S. Dietz (n. 2), and cf. M. Benzi, ‘Mycenaean Rhodes: A Summary’ in Dietz and Papachristodoulou, 59–62 and Benzi, <italic>Rodi passim</italic>. More recent finds are discussed below, with nn. 147–50. Kos: Mycenaean cemeteries were listed in <italic>Dodecanese I</italic>, 169–72 and <italic>Dodecanese II</italic>, 55–6, 60, 62. Subsequent finds are discussed below, with nn. 167–71.</p></fn><fn id="fn131" symbol="131"><label><sup>131</sup></label><p><italic>Dodecanese III</italic>, 133–7, 140–3, 145, 147–8.</p></fn><fn id="fn132" symbol="132"><label><sup>132</sup></label><p><italic>AR</italic> 41 (1994–5), 60.</p></fn><fn id="fn133" symbol="133"><label><sup>133</sup></label><p>Melas 1985 <italic>passim</italic>, cf. <italic>AR</italic> 28 (1981–2), 62.</p></fn><fn id="fn134" symbol="134"><label><sup>134</sup></label><p><citation id="ref069" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Melas</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Explorations in the Dodecanese. New prehistoric and Mycenaean finds</article-title>’, <source>BSA</source>
<volume>83</volume> (<year>1988</year>), <fpage>283</fpage>–<lpage>311</lpage></citation>, esp. 309–11 (comments on the advantages enjoyed by ‘the individual field walker’).</p></fn><fn id="fn135" symbol="135"><label><sup>135</sup></label><p><italic>Dodecanese I–III passim</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn136" symbol="136"><label><sup>136</sup></label><p><italic>Dodecanese I</italic>, 169–72; <italic>Dodecanese II</italic>, 55–63.</p></fn><fn id="fn137" symbol="137"><label><sup>137</sup></label><p>Sailing in the Late Bronze Age is discussed by H. S. Georgiou in <italic>Thalassa</italic>, 61–72; cf. G. F. Bass, ‘Sailing between the Aegean and the Orient in the second millennium B.C.’, in <italic>Aegean and Orient</italic>, 183–92 for the nature of the commerce and those involved.</p></fn><fn id="fn138" symbol="138"><label><sup>138</sup></label><p>Cf. J. Crouwel, ‘Fighting on land and sea in Late Mycenaean times’, in <italic>Polemos</italic>, 455–64 and M. Wedde, ‘War at sea: the Mycenaean and Early Iron Age oared galley’, in <italic>Polemos</italic>, 465–78. There is also a brief discussion by <citation id="ref070" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Mountjoy</surname></name>, in <name><surname>Mountjoy</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Ponting</surname><given-names>M. J.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The Minoan Thalassocracy reconsidered: provenance studies of LH II A/LM I B pottery from Phylakopi, Ay. Irini and Athens</article-title>’, <source>BSA</source>
<volume>95</volume> (<year>2000</year>), <fpage>141</fpage>–84</citation>, esp. 178–80. The notes on rowing here are apposite, but any inferences from the Thera ship frescoes must be regarded with caution. The times of modern kayak paddling, although interesting, are not sufficiently relevant. And ‘hearsay’ evidence can be unreliable. It is difficult to believe that the <italic>same</italic> time, 10 hours, would be needed for rowing from Kythera to Antikythera as from Antikythera to Chania, since the latter distance is almost twice the former. And, even if, as Georgiou (n. 137) maintains, Late Bronze Age ships were designed to sail windwards, sailing against a <italic>strong</italic> head wind would obviously be slower, or even impossible, without the aid of oars.</p></fn><fn id="fn139" symbol="139"><label><sup>139</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 50–1.</p></fn><fn id="fn140" symbol="140"><label><sup>140</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref070">Ibid.</xref></p></fn><fn id="fn141" symbol="141"><label><sup>141</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref070">Ibid.</xref>, cf. <italic>RBA</italic> 85, ‘the narrow Marmaris channel.’</p></fn><fn id="fn142" symbol="142"><label><sup>142</sup></label><p>Cf. Crouwel (n. 137) and Wedde (n. 137).</p></fn><fn id="fn143" symbol="143"><label><sup>143</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 50–1, cf. <italic>RBA</italic> 84.</p></fn><fn id="fn144" symbol="144"><label><sup>144</sup></label><p>Mountjoy loc. cit.</p></fn><fn id="fn145" symbol="145"><label><sup>145</sup></label><p><citation id="ref071" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Zangger</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name>
<etal></etal>, ‘<article-title>The Pylos Regional Archaeological Project, Part II: landscape evoloution and site preservation</article-title>’, <source>Hesp.</source>
<volume>66</volume> (<year>1997</year>), <fpage>549</fpage>–<lpage>641</lpage></citation>, esp. 613–23.</p></fn><fn id="fn146" symbol="146"><label><sup>146</sup></label><p><italic>Dodecanese III</italic>, 151, cf. <italic>RBA</italic> 84.</p></fn><fn id="fn147" symbol="147"><label><sup>147</sup></label><p>Karantzali and Ponting (n. 2); E. Karantzali, ‘New Mycenaean finds from Rhodes’, in <italic>FsWiener</italic>, 403–8; ead., <italic>The Mycenaean Cemetery at Pylona on Rhodes</italic> (BAR, forthcoming), cf. <citation id="ref072" citation-type="journal"><source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>48</volume> (<year>1993</year>)</citation>, Chr. 542–3, 49 (1994), Chr. 782, 50 (1995), Chr. 801, <citation id="ref073" citation-type="journal"><source>AR</source>
<volume>45</volume> (<year>1998</year>–<year>1999</year>), <fpage>111</fpage>–12</citation>, 46 (1999–2000), 126–7, 47 (2000–1), 124–5.</p></fn><fn id="fn148" symbol="148"><label><sup>148</sup></label><p>Karantzali, in <italic>FsWiener</italic>, 407. For Ambelia cf. <italic>Dodecanese III</italic>, 151 n. 145.</p></fn><fn id="fn149" symbol="149"><label><sup>149</sup></label><p>Dietz (n. 2). Several tomb groups from southern Rhodes, whose finds are divided between Turkish and Danish museums, have been here reconstituted in print. Further finds, from the Mycenaean cemetery of Trapezies near Apollakia, of LH III A2 (early) to LH III C sherds, include part of a large alabastron of late LH III A2, <citation id="ref074" citation-type="journal"><source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>48</volume> (<year>1993</year>)</citation>, Chr. 443 and pl. 162 <italic>d</italic>, cf. <italic>AR</italic> 45 (1998–9), 111.</p></fn><fn id="fn150" symbol="150"><label><sup>150</sup></label><p><citation id="ref075" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Mountjoy</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Mycenaean pottery from south Rhodes</article-title>’, <source>PDIA</source>
<volume>1</volume> (<year>1995</year>), <fpage>21</fpage>–<lpage>35</lpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn151" symbol="151"><label><sup>151</sup></label><p><italic>Dodecanese III</italic>, 143, 155; <italic>RBA</italic> 3.</p></fn><fn id="fn152" symbol="152"><label><sup>152</sup></label><p><italic>Dodecanese III</italic>, 135–7 with refs. to the excavations by Sir Alfred Biliotti, A. Maiuri (n. 2), and G. Jacopi (n. 2); <italic>GAC</italic> 348–9; <italic>RBA</italic> esp. 21, 27; Mountjoy 1998, 35, 45, 51 and passim. The cemeteries were in use from LH HI B to LH III C. The LH III A2 and LH III B gold was mainly in the form of rosettes and beads, and mainly from four tombs.</p></fn><fn id="fn153" symbol="153"><label><sup>153</sup></label><p>The main excavations by G. Monaco (n. 2) were reinterpreted by A. Furumark (n. 2); cf. M. Benzi, ‘Mycenaean pottery later than LH III A1 from the Italian excavations at Trianda on Rhodes’, in Dietz and Papachristodoulou, 39–55; Davis 1992, 751 n. 247; <italic>Dodecanese III</italic>, 135 nn. 41–2; <italic>RBA</italic> 4–7 and <italic>passim</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn154" symbol="154"><label><sup>154</sup></label><p><citation id="ref076" citation-type="journal"><source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>43</volume> (<year>1988</year>)</citation>, Chr. 614–15, cf. <citation id="ref077" citation-type="journal"><source>AR</source>
<volume>41</volume> (<year>1994</year>–<year>1995</year>), <fpage>59</fpage>–<lpage>60</lpage></citation>. Further finds of Mycenaean pottery at Trianda, and at Kremasti nearby, are reported in <italic>A. Delt.</italic> 48 (1993), Chr. 529–30, 533–6, cf. <citation id="ref078" citation-type="journal"><source>AR</source>
<volume>45</volume> (<year>1998</year>–<year>1999</year>), <fpage>110</fpage>–11</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn155" symbol="155"><label><sup>155</sup></label><p>Benzi (n. 153), 53–4.</p></fn><fn id="fn156" symbol="156"><label><sup>156</sup></label><p><italic>Dodecanese III</italic>, 130, 136, with sketch map, fig. 2. On the acropolis itself there is no definite evidence of Late Bronze Age habitation. But MM settlement here is attested, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref078">Ibid.</xref>, with refs., and cf. now M. Benzi, ‘Evidence for a Middle Minoan settlement on the acropolis of Ialysos (Mt. Philerimos)’, in <italic>Minoan Thalassocracy</italic>, 94–104.</p></fn><fn id="fn157" symbol="157"><label><sup>157</sup></label><p>Some surface finds, including ‘traces of rough walls’, appear to indicate Mycenaean <italic>habitation</italic> on and around the knoll of Moschou Vounara, <italic>Dodecanese III</italic>, 137, cf. also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref078">Ibid.</xref>, 130 for the ancient traditions concerning a former (lost) city Άχαία ‘in the territory of Ialysos.’ Cf. also T. Marketou, ‘New evidence on the topography and site history of prehistoric Ialysos’, in Dietz and Papachristodoulou, 27–33.</p></fn><fn id="fn158" symbol="158"><label><sup>158</sup></label><p>L. Morricone, ‘Coo’ (n. 2), 388–96; <italic>RBA</italic> 86–8; Mountjoy 1998, 33–5.</p></fn><fn id="fn159" symbol="159"><label><sup>159</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 51.</p></fn><fn id="fn160" symbol="160"><label><sup>160</sup></label><p>Morricone (n. 158), 389.</p></fn><fn id="fn161" symbol="161"><label><sup>161</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 51, paraphrasing <italic>RBA</italic> 87. The Seraglio has been described as ‘a major port’ in I.M I A, cf. e.g. Mountjoy and Ponting (n. 138), 179.</p></fn><fn id="fn162" symbol="162"><label><sup>162</sup></label><p><italic>Dodecanese III</italic>, 155 n. 168.</p></fn><fn id="fn163" symbol="163"><label><sup>163</sup></label><p>Davis 1992, 750 and n. 236, summarizes the reports of rescue excavations by <citation id="ref079" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Papachristodoulou</surname><given-names>I. Ch.</given-names></name>, in <source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>34</volume> (<year>1979</year>)</citation>, Chr. 452–4, 456–7, 35 (1980), Chr. 552–3, 36 (1981), Chr. 409, 38 (1983), Chr. 396 and by <citation id="ref080" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Kantzia</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name> in <source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>39</volume> (<year>1984</year>)</citation>, Chr. 329–30. Subsequent finds include Mycenaean and Minoan levels below the Sanctuary of Demeter, <citation id="ref081" citation-type="journal"><source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>42</volume> (<year>1987</year>)</citation>, Chr. 70, and buildings of these periods and four prehistoric levels, <citation id="ref082" citation-type="journal"><source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>45</volume> (<year>1990</year>)</citation>, Chr. and 46 (1991), Chr. 486–9. Brief notices of these and other Mycenaean finds in the Seraglio area and vicinity are given in <citation id="ref083" citation-type="journal"><source>AR</source>
<volume>40</volume> (<year>1993</year>–<year>1994</year>), <fpage>70</fpage></citation>, 42 (1995–6), 38, 43 (1996–7), 99, and 46 (1999–2000), 123. Macdonald (n. 28), 142 n. 86 points out that there is a LH III B floor deposit at the Seraglio site, citing Mee (<italic>RBA</italic> 88) and Morricone (n. 158), 277–9.</p></fn><fn id="fn164" symbol="164"><label><sup>164</sup></label><p><citation id="ref084" citation-type="journal"><source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>35</volume> (<year>1980</year>)</citation>, Chr. 553.</p></fn><fn id="fn165" symbol="165"><label><sup>165</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref084">Ibid.</xref>, cf. Davis 1992, 750 n. 236 and <citation id="ref085" citation-type="journal"><source>AR</source>
<volume>35</volume> (<year>1988</year>–<year>1989</year>), <fpage>110</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn166" symbol="166"><label><sup>166</sup></label><p><italic>Dodecanese I</italic>, 169–72; <italic>Dodecanese II</italic>, 55–63.</p></fn><fn id="fn167" symbol="167"><label><sup>167</sup></label><p>G. Aleura et al., ‘᾿Ανασκαφὴ στην Καρδαμαίνα (Αρχαία Αλάσαρνα) της Κώ’, <italic>Arch. Eph.</italic> (1985), Chr. 1–18, esp. 18. During the excavation of the Apollo shrine at ancient Halasarna, a sequence of deposits was found, said to run continuously from LH III A1 to Greek and Roman times, cf. <citation id="ref086" citation-type="journal"><source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>37</volume> (<year>1982</year>)</citation>, Chr. 396, <citation id="ref087" citation-type="journal"><source>AR</source>
<volume>37</volume> (<year>1990</year>–<year>1991</year>), <fpage>65</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn168" symbol="168"><label><sup>168</sup></label><p><citation id="ref088" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Papazoglou</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name>, ‘Μυκηναϊκός θαλαμωτός τάφος στο Κάστελλο Κω’, <source>AAA</source>
<volume>14</volume> (<year>1981</year>), <fpage>62</fpage>–<lpage>75</lpage></citation> and <citation id="ref089" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Papachristodoulou</surname><given-names>I. Ch.</given-names></name>, ‘Καστέλλες’, A. Delt. <volume>34</volume> (<year>1979</year>)</citation>, Chr. 458–9; cf. Mountjoy 1998, 43 n. 92.</p></fn><fn id="fn169" symbol="169"><label><sup>169</sup></label><p>‘Erakles’ is the district near Cape Psalidi (4 km east of Kos town) where an Archaic and Classical sanctuary is being excavated, <citation id="ref090" citation-type="other">᾿Εργον YΠΠΟ 1 (<year>1997</year>), <fpage>121</fpage></citation>, 2 (1998), 139, 3 (1999), 155. A Mycenaean tomb here with LH III A2–B pottery had been destroyed previously during road construction, <citation id="ref091" citation-type="journal"><source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>48</volume> (<year>1993</year>)</citation>, Chr. 553. Mycenaean pottery has now been found in lower levels at the sanctuary, associated with building remains, cf. <citation id="ref092" citation-type="journal"><source>AR</source>
<volume>45</volume> (<year>1998</year>–<year>1999</year>), <fpage>107</fpage></citation>, 47 (2000–1), 123.</p></fn><fn id="fn170" symbol="170"><label><sup>170</sup></label><p><citation id="ref093" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Papachristodoulou</surname><given-names>I. Ch.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Μεσαριά</article-title>’, <source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>34</volume> (<year>1979</year>)</citation>, Chr. 457–8, cf. Papazoglou (n. 168), 65–6 and n. 9. The vases were said to date the grave to the LH III B/C transitional period, but the illustration suggests a LH III B1 date, cf. <citation id="ref094" citation-type="journal"><source>AR</source>
<volume>34</volume> (<year>1987</year>–<year>1988</year>), <fpage>78</fpage></citation> fig. 116.</p></fn><fn id="fn171" symbol="171"><label><sup>171</sup></label><p>L. Morricone, ‘Eleona e Langada’ (n. 2).</p></fn><fn id="fn172" symbol="172"><label><sup>172</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 35, cf. <italic>RBA</italic> 87–9. An apparent increase in numbers on Kos is in contrast with an apparent decrease at lalysos.</p></fn><fn id="fn173" symbol="173"><label><sup>173</sup></label><p><citation id="ref095" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Mellink</surname><given-names>M. J.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Archaeology in Asia Minor</article-title>’, <source>AJA</source>
<volume>82</volume> (<year>1978</year>), 321, <fpage>324</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn174" symbol="174"><label><sup>174</sup></label><p>Ead., <citation id="ref096" citation-type="journal">‘<article-title>Archaeology in Asia Minor</article-title>’, <source>AJA</source>
<volume>73</volume> (<year>1969</year>), <fpage>241</fpage></citation>; <citation id="ref097" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Cook</surname><given-names>J. M.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Blackman</surname><given-names>D. J.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Archaeology in western Asia Minor</article-title>’, <source>AR</source>
<volume>17</volume> (<year>1970</year>–<year>1971</year>), <fpage>53</fpage></citation>, cf. <citation id="ref098" citation-type="journal"><source>Anat. Stud.</source>
<volume>19</volume> (<year>1969</year>), <fpage>18</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn175" symbol="175"><label><sup>175</sup></label><p>Kalymnos: <italic>Dodecanese I</italic>, 172–3; Benzi (n. 28); <italic>RBA</italic> 89; Mountjoy 1998, 34, 37–43 and passim; <citation id="ref099" citation-type="journal"><source>AR</source>
<volume>30</volume> (<year>1983</year>–<year>1984</year>), <fpage>70</fpage></citation> (four LH tombs with pottery, according to the Greek press) Astypalaia: <italic>Dodecanese III</italic>, 159–68. The Armenochori and Synkairos chamber tombs are discussed above, with nn. 28, 33.</p></fn><fn id="fn176" symbol="176"><label><sup>176</sup></label><p>Patmos: <italic>Dodecanese II</italic>, 48–51. Leros: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref099">Ibid.</xref>, 52–4.</p></fn><fn id="fn177" symbol="177"><label><sup>177</sup></label><p>Lipsoi: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref099">Ibid.</xref>, 51–2. Nisyros: <italic>Dodecanese I</italic>, 169; Melas (n. 134), 284, 286–92. In the area of Mandraki, the centre of modern Nisyros, on its north coast, Melas found surface sherds which are probably Mycenaean at four separate locations.</p></fn><fn id="fn178" symbol="178"><label><sup>178</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 36.</p></fn><fn id="fn179" symbol="179"><label><sup>179</sup></label><p><italic>Dodecanese III</italic>, 178, cf. Mee 1998, 140–7 and Mountjoy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref099">Ibid.</xref>; cf. also the discussion above, with nn. 44–5.</p></fn><fn id="fn180" symbol="180"><label><sup>180</sup></label><p><italic>Dodecanese II</italic>, 63–4, cf. <italic>Dodecanese I</italic>, 168–9.</p></fn><fn id="fn181" symbol="181"><label><sup>181</sup></label><p>Melas (n. 134), 295 (Panormitis I), 298 (Panormitis VI).</p></fn><fn id="fn182" symbol="182"><label><sup>182</sup></label><p><citation id="ref100" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Sampson</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, ‘Μινωικά από την Τήλο’, AAA <volume>13</volume> (<year>1980</year>), <fpage>68</fpage>–<lpage>73</lpage></citation>. A group of MM III/LM I pottery (mainly conical cups) was discovered accidentally during the opening of a farm track at Garipa, <italic>c</italic>. 1 km north of Eristos bay, on the south coast and south of Megalochorio. Melas (n. 134), 293–4 also believes that the Kastro at Megalochorio ‘was not neglected in prehistoric times’, cf. <italic>Dodecanese II</italic>, 63, 65–8, with figs. 9–10.</p></fn><fn id="fn183" symbol="183"><label><sup>183</sup></label><p>Melas (n. 134), 307. The site is near the chapel of Agioi Anargyroi, to the north-east of Pontamo bay, cf. <italic>Dodecanese III</italic>, 156–7, with fig. 6.</p></fn><fn id="fn184" symbol="184"><label><sup>184</sup></label><p>For the date cf. nn. 14 and 76 above.</p></fn><fn id="fn185" symbol="185"><label><sup>185</sup></label><p>Discussed above in the section on ‘The Islands’ in the Hittite texts, with nn. 69–74.</p></fn><fn id="fn186" symbol="186"><label><sup>186</sup></label><p>Cf. n. 20 above.</p></fn><fn id="fn187" symbol="187"><label><sup>187</sup></label><p>Mountjoy, in Mountjoy and Ponting (n. 138), esp. 184, summarizes the controversy concerning the (supposed) ‘Minoan Thalassocracy’, and concludes that, ‘if a Minoan thalassocracy existed in LM I A, it did not survive into LM I B’.</p></fn><fn id="fn188" symbol="188"><label><sup>188</sup></label><p>Mountjoy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref100">Ibid.</xref>, and Mountjoy 1998, 33–4, 51; Mee 1998, 137–8; Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 27–30.</p></fn><fn id="fn189" symbol="189"><label><sup>189</sup></label><p>Mountjoy and Ponting (n. 138), 183–4.</p></fn><fn id="fn190" symbol="190"><label><sup>190</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 34, 37–9; cf. discussion above, with nn. 29–32.</p></fn><fn id="fn191" symbol="191"><label><sup>191</sup></label><p>Benzi (n. 28), cf. Mee 1998, 138 and Mountjoy 1998, 34–5.</p></fn><fn id="fn192" symbol="192"><label><sup>192</sup></label><p>Mountjoy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref100">Ibid.</xref>, cf. <italic>RBA</italic> 83–6.</p></fn><fn id="fn193" symbol="193"><label><sup>193</sup></label><p>Cf. nn. 29–32 above.</p></fn><fn id="fn194" symbol="194"><label><sup>194</sup></label><p><italic>RBA</italic> 84; Mee (n. 111), 302–3 (noting Mycenaean burial practices adopted in the eastern Aegean); Mee 1998, 140–1; Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 41 (noting the <italic>undecorated</italic> Mycenaean domestic pottery on Rhodes and Kos); Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 148–9, esp. nn. 79–80; <italic>contra</italic> Mountjoy 1998, 36–7.</p></fn><fn id="fn195" symbol="195"><label><sup>195</sup></label><p><citation id="ref101" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>R. E.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Mee</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Spectrographic analysis of Mycenaean pottery from Ialysos: results and implications</article-title>’, <source>JFA</source>
<volume>5</volume> (<year>1978</year>), <fpage>461</fpage>–70</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn196" symbol="196"><label><sup>196</sup></label><p>Karantzali and Ponting (n. 2).</p></fn><fn id="fn197" symbol="197"><label><sup>197</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref101">Ibid.</xref>, esp. 224–35.</p></fn><fn id="fn198" symbol="198"><label><sup>198</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref101">Ibid.</xref>, 235; cf. <italic>RBA</italic> 86 (LH III A1 and LH III A2 pottery on Rhodes thought to be mainly imported from the Peloponnese).</p></fn><fn id="fn199" symbol="199"><label><sup>199</sup></label><p>Guterbock 1983, 136; Singer (n. 64), 210, 213; <citation id="ref102" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Güterbock</surname><given-names>H. G.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Wer war Tawagalawa?</article-title>’, <source>Orientalia</source>, <volume>59</volume> (<year>1990</year>), <fpage>157</fpage>–65</citation>; Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 152 with refs.; Mountjoy 1998, 48; Hawkins 1998, 17, 26.</p></fn><fn id="fn200" symbol="200"><label><sup>200</sup></label><p>Garstang and Gurney 1959, 112–3 (II. 58–III. 6). The charioteer, Dabalatarhunda, had married into the family of the Hittite queen; and, as is argued by Hawkins 1998, 17 n. 71, this queen is presumably Puduhepa (for Puduhepa cf. Bryce, <italic>KH</italic> 292–325, esp. 319–20, 325).</p></fn><fn id="fn201" symbol="201"><label><sup>201</sup></label><p>Arguments against the identification of Ahhiyawa with Rhodes were presented independently (and simultaneously) by <citation id="ref103" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Iakovides</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, ‘Rhodes and Ahhiyava’, in <name><surname>Karageorghis</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name> (ed.), <source>Acts of the International Symposium ‘The Mycenaeans in the Eastern Mediterranean’</source>, (<publisher-loc>Nicosia</publisher-loc>, <year>1973</year>), <fpage>189</fpage>–92</citation> and by R. Hope Simpson and J. F. Lazenby in <italic>Dodecanese III</italic>, 174–9.</p></fn><fn id="fn202" symbol="202"><label><sup>202</sup></label><p>As argued by Iakovides, loc cit., cf. <citation id="ref104" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Niemeier</surname></name>, <source>FsDothan</source>
<volume>44</volume>. Mee <year>1998</year>, <fpage>143</fpage></citation>, also dismisses, on similar grounds, Gates's proposal (n. 20), that Ahhiyawa consisted of ‘the Mycenaean settlements in the eastern Aegean and western Anatolia’, cf. n. 27 above for a different reason given.</p></fn><fn id="fn203" symbol="203"><label><sup>203</sup></label><p>Mountjoy 1998, 37.</p></fn><fn id="fn204" symbol="204"><label><sup>204</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref104">Ibid.</xref>, 51, ‘The language spoken would presumably have been Luvian’ (as suggested by J. G. McQueen). But the inhabitants of the Dodecanese at least probably spoke Greek, even if for some it was a ‘second language’. And a native Carian dialect of some kind would seem more likely for those on the coast of Asia Minor opposite, cf. n. 54 above.</p></fn><fn id="fn205" symbol="205"><label><sup>205</sup></label><p><italic>GAC</italic> passim, esp. 278–9, and for the recent evidence Shelmerdine 1997, esp. 550–4, with refs.</p></fn><fn id="fn206" symbol="206"><label><sup>206</sup></label><p>Shelmerdine 1997, 541–50, 571–3.</p></fn><fn id="fn207" symbol="207"><label><sup>207</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref104">Ibid.</xref>, 550–4, with refs. The 1999 investigations by the Swedish Institute at the Mastos hill Berbati provide a graphic example of this increase in the LH III period, as reported by <citation id="ref105" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Wells</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name>, in <source>AR</source>
<volume>46</volume> (<year>1999</year>–<year>2000</year>), <fpage>34</fpage>–5</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn208" symbol="208"><label><sup>208</sup></label><p>Shelmerdine 1997, 553.</p></fn><fn id="fn209" symbol="209"><label><sup>209</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref105">Ibid.</xref>, 557–62; Dickinson, <italic>ABA</italic> 77–86; J. C. Wright, ‘From Chief to King in Mycenaean Greece’, in <italic>Role of the Ruler</italic>, 63–80; Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 44; Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 148–9; J. Bennet, ‘Space through time: diachronic perspectives on the spatial organization of the Pylian state’, in <italic>Politeia</italic>, 63–75.</p></fn><fn id="fn210" symbol="210"><label><sup>210</sup></label><p><citation id="ref106" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Iakovides</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, <source>Γλάς I</source> (<publisher-loc>Athens</publisher-loc>, <year>1989</year></citation>) and <citation id="ref107" citation-type="book"><source>Γλάς II</source> (<publisher-loc>Athens</publisher-loc>, <year>1998</year>), esp. 199–204, <fpage>275</fpage>–8</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn211" symbol="211"><label><sup>211</sup></label><p>Sheimerdine 1997, 543 with refs., esp. <citation id="ref108" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Iakovides</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Das Werk Klaus Kilians</article-title>’, <source>AM</source>
<volume>108</volume> (<year>1993</year>), <fpage>9</fpage>–<lpage>27</lpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn212" symbol="212"><label><sup>212</sup></label><p>Shelmerdine 1997, 543–5, 564–5 with refs. For the most recent excavations cf. <citation id="ref109" citation-type="journal"><source>AR</source>
<volume>43</volume> (<year>1996</year>–<year>1997</year>), <fpage>27</fpage>–9</citation>, 44 (1997–8), 31–2, 45 (1998–9), 28, 47 (2000–1), 28–9.</p></fn><fn id="fn213" symbol="213"><label><sup>213</sup></label><p><citation id="ref110" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Dickinson</surname></name>, <source>ABA</source>
<volume>154</volume>, <fpage>157</fpage></citation>; Shelmerdine 1997, 542, 559–60, 580–4.</p></fn><fn id="fn214" symbol="214"><label><sup>214</sup></label><p>Shelmerdine 1997, 543–5.</p></fn><fn id="fn215" symbol="215"><label><sup>215</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref110">Ibid.</xref>, 559–62, citing in particular <citation id="ref111" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Driessen</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <source>An Early Destruction in the Mycenaean Palace at Knossos: A New Interpretation of the Excavation Field Notes of the South-East Area of the West Wing (Acta Arch Lou</source>. Monograph <volume>2</volume>; <publisher-loc>Leuven</publisher-loc>, <year>1990</year></citation>). Shelmerdine here comments also on Mycenaean artefacts and practices in Crete at this time, especially in the Cretan ‘Warrior Graves.’</p></fn><fn id="fn216" symbol="216"><label><sup>216</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref111">Ibid.</xref>; Cline, <italic>SWDS</italic> esp. 9–11, 16 table 6; Dickinson, <italic>ABA</italic> 250–6; <citation id="ref112" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Gale</surname><given-names>N. H.</given-names></name> (ed.) <source>Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean</source> (<publisher-name>SIMA</publisher-name>
<volume>90</volume>; <publisher-loc>Jonsered</publisher-loc>, <year>1991</year></citation>).</p></fn><fn id="fn217" symbol="217"><label><sup>217</sup></label><p><citation id="ref113" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Cline</surname><given-names>E. H.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Amenhotep III and the Aegean: a reassessment of Egypto-Aegean relations in the 14th century B.C.</article-title>’, <source>Orientalia</source>, <volume>56</volume> (<year>1987</year>), <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>36</lpage></citation>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref113">id.</xref>, ‘An unpublished Amenhotep III faience plaque from Mycenae’, <italic>JAOS</italic> 110 (1990), 200–12; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref113">id.</xref>, ‘My Brother, My Son: rulership and trade between the Late Bronze Age Aegean, Egypt and the Near East’, in <italic>Role of the Ruler</italic>, 143–50. Other related publications by Cline are listed in Shelmerdine 1997, 562 n. 152 and in Cline, <italic>SWDS</italic> 284–5. Cline, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref113">Ibid.</xref>, 38–9, also discusses the list of place names on a statue base from Kom-el-Hetan, which also relate to contacts of Amenhotep III with the Aegean.</p></fn><fn id="fn218" symbol="218"><label><sup>218</sup></label><p>Shelmerdine 1997, 562.</p></fn><fn id="fn219" symbol="219"><label><sup>219</sup></label><p><citation id="ref114" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Schofield</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Parkinson</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Of helmets and heretics: a possible Egyptian representation of Mycenaean warriors on a papyrus from El-Amarna</article-title>’, <source>BSA</source>
<volume>89</volume> (<year>1994</year>), <fpage>157</fpage>–70</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn220" symbol="220"><label><sup>220</sup></label><p>Shelmerdine (1997), 561–2, esp. n. 151; Cline, <italic>SWDS</italic> 10–11; <citation id="ref115" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Cadogan</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, ‘Patterns in the distribution of Mycenaean pottery in the east Mediterranean’, in <name><surname>Karageorghis</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name> (ed.), <source>Acts of the International Archaeological Symposium ‘The Mycenaeans in the Eastern Mediterranean’</source> (<publisher-loc>Nicosia</publisher-loc>, <year>1973</year>), 166–74, esp. <fpage>172</fpage></citation>, ‘with LH/LM III A2 the Minoans seem to have virtually dropped out of the Aegean trade with the Eastern Mediterranean’; cf. <citation id="ref116" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Leonard</surname><given-names>A.</given-names><suffix>Jr.</suffix></name>, <source>An Index to the Late Bronze Age Aegean Pottery from Syria-Palestine</source> (<publisher-name>SIMA</publisher-name>
<volume>114</volume>; <publisher-loc>Jonsered</publisher-loc>, <year>1994</year></citation>).</p></fn><fn id="fn221" symbol="221"><label><sup>221</sup></label><p>Cline, <italic>SWDS</italic> 10; cf. <citation id="ref117" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>R. F.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Greek and Cypriot Pottery</article-title>’, <source>FLOP</source>
<volume>1</volume> (<year>1986</year>), <fpage>542</fpage>–71</citation>; <citation id="ref118" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Mommsen</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>
<etal></etal>, ‘<article-title>Provenance determination of Mycenaean sherds found in Tell el Amarna by Neutron Activation Analysis</article-title>’, <source>JAS</source>
<volume>19</volume> (<year>1992</year>), <fpage>295</fpage>–<lpage>302</lpage></citation>. Cf. now also <citation id="ref119" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Mountjoy</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Mommsen</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Mycenaean pottery from Quanur-Piramesse, Egypt</article-title>’, <source>BSA</source>
<volume>96</volume> (<year>2001</year>), <fpage>123</fpage>–55</citation> (also using NNA).</p></fn><fn id="fn222" symbol="222"><label><sup>222</sup></label><p><citation id="ref120" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Cline</surname></name>, <source>SWDS</source>
<volume>10</volume>, <fpage>16</fpage> table 6</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn223" symbol="223"><label><sup>223</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">Ibid.</xref>, 10, 25–6; Shelmerdine 1997, 562.</p></fn><fn id="fn224" symbol="224"><label><sup>224</sup></label><p>The alternatives are discussed in Cline, <italic>SWDS</italic> 25–6, cf. Shelmerdine 1997, 562 n. 154. Cline notes ‘the abraded nature of the surface on many of the cylinder seals, suggesting either previous or imminent reuse.’ An interesting, although perhaps bizarre, explanation was proposed by <citation id="ref121" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Porada</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The cylinder seals found at Thebes in Boeotia</article-title>’, <source>AfO</source>
<volume>28</volume> (<year>1980</year>), <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>70</lpage>, 70, esp. 68–70</citation>. The suggestion here is that Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria, when his country was under a trade embargo imposed by the Hittites during the 13th c. BC, sent a gift of one mina of lapis lazuli, in the form of carved and blank cylinder seals, to the Mycenaean king at Thebes, in the hope of procuring an ally during this difficult time.</p></fn><fn id="fn225" symbol="225"><label><sup>225</sup></label><p>Mee 1998, 142–3, ‘Could Ahhiyawa also have been a maritime confederacy which was led by one of the mainland Mycenaean states, such as Mycenae?’ But Mee, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref121">Ibid.</xref>, n. 90, also suggests that the location of Ahhiyawa itself did not fluctuate, cf. n. 15 here above.</p></fn><fn id="fn226" symbol="226"><label><sup>226</sup></label><p>Shelmerdine 1997, 542, 567–70, recent Linear B discoveries and studies.</p></fn><fn id="fn227" symbol="227"><label><sup>227</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref121">Ibid.</xref>, 550–4 for evidence from the recent intensive surveys (cf. n. 207 above). At Korakou two walls of LH III B–C date, forming an angle (i.e. part of a house), were found <italic>c</italic>. 700 m distant from <citation id="ref122" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Blegen's</surname></name> excavations, <source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>37</volume> (<year>1982</year>), Chr. 101</citation>, cf. <citation id="ref123" citation-type="journal"><source>AR</source>
<volume>37</volume> (<year>1990</year>–<year>1991</year>), <fpage>17</fpage></citation>. This suggests an even greater extent for Mycenaean Korakou (<italic>MG</italic> 33 no. A51; the mound itself is <italic>c.</italic> 260 by 115 m). Other large Mycenaean settlements in the Corinthia are Blegen's Gonia (<italic>MG</italic> 34 no. A57, occupying much of an extensive plateau) and ‘Perdikaria’ (<italic>MG</italic> 34 no. A59). Blegen's ‘Perdikaria’ is in fact the ‘Rachi Boska’ plateau recendy re-explored by the Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey, under <citation id="ref124" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Gregory</surname><given-names>Timothy</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Hemans</surname><given-names>Fritz</given-names></name>, <source>AR</source>
<volume>46</volume> (<year>1999</year>–<year>2000</year>), <fpage>25</fpage>–6</citation>, who have obviously rediscovered Blegen's stretch of Cyclopean wall, on a north terrace here.</p></fn><fn id="fn228" symbol="228"><label><sup>228</sup></label><p><citation id="ref125" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Mylonas</surname><given-names>G. E.</given-names></name>, <source>Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age</source> (<publisher-loc>Princeton</publisher-loc>, <year>1966</year>), <fpage>86</fpage>–8</citation>; <italic>MG</italic> 11, 15–17, 27, 34; R. Hope Simpson, ‘The Mycenaean highways’, <italic>EMC/CV</italic> 42 = n.s. 17 (1998), 239–60, esp. 260 n. 89, referring to fieldwork by J. Lavery in progress. Cf. also Niemeier, <italic>FsDothan</italic>, 44.</p></fn><fn id="fn229" symbol="229"><label><sup>229</sup></label><p><italic>MG</italic> 26 no. A25 (= <italic>GAC</italic> no. A21).</p></fn><fn id="fn230" symbol="230"><label><sup>230</sup></label><p><italic>MG</italic> 26 no. A33 (= <italic>GAC</italic> no. A30).</p></fn><fn id="fn231" symbol="231"><label><sup>231</sup></label><p>e.g. O. Dickinson, ‘The Catalogue of Ships and all that’, in <italic>FsWiener</italic>, 207–10.</p></fn><fn id="fn232" symbol="232"><label><sup>232</sup></label><p>Shelmerdine 1997, 553–4. cf. 551, where a provisional figure is given of 19 ‘new’ LH sites in southern Boeotia discovered by the Cambridge/Bradford Boeotia Expedition. Many of these sites would surely have been within the Theban kingdom. Other Mycenaean settlements which may be supposed to have been under Theban control are <italic>GAC</italic> nos. F57, F59–67, G23–30, G32–45. For Thebes itself the account in <italic>GAC</italic> 244–6 (no. G23) is supplemented by Shelmerdine 1997, 548, 553, 558–64, 569, 580. More recently, reports of the 1993–5 excavations have appeared in <citation id="ref126" citation-type="journal"><source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>48</volume> (<year>1993</year>), Chr. 170–3</citation>, 49 (1994), Chr. 271–8, 50 (1995), Chr. 275–94, cf. <citation id="ref127" citation-type="journal"><source>AR</source>
<volume>45</volume> (<year>1998</year>–<year>1999</year>), <fpage>57</fpage>–8</citation>, 46 (1999–2000), 58–9, 47 (2000–1), 59–61. The most significant finds are the ‘some 250’ Linear B tablets (or parts) from Pelopidou Street, cf. Shelmerdine 1997, 563–4. Further references and a summary discussion are now provided by <citation id="ref128" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Dakouri-Hild</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The House of Kadmos in Mycenaean Thebes reconsidered: architecture, chronology, and context</article-title>’, <source>BSA</source>
<volume>96</volume> (<year>2001</year>), <fpage>81</fpage>–<lpage>122</lpage> esp. 105–7</citation> and fig. 11 (preliminary plan of central Kadmeia).</p></fn><fn id="fn233" symbol="233"><label><sup>233</sup></label><p><italic>GAC</italic> 246–7 no. G25; <italic>MG</italic> 70–2 no. C24; <citation id="ref129" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Mountjoy</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name>, <source>Orchomenos V: Mycenaean Pottery from Orchomenos, Eutresis, and other Boeotian Sites</source> (<publisher-loc>Munich</publisher-loc>, <year>1983</year>), <fpage>103</fpage>–8</citation>. The area of Mycenaean setdement (as shown in <italic>MG</italic> 71 fig. 8) may have been <italic>c</italic>. 40,000 m<sup>2</sup>.</p></fn><fn id="fn234" symbol="234"><label><sup>234</sup></label><p>Shelmerdine 1997, 553–4 esp. n. 94. The Mycenaean site at Thespiai: Magoula (<italic>GAC</italic> 249 no. G34, <italic>MG</italic> 74–5 no. C40) would surely have been in Theban territory, but the same can hardly be claimed for the island of Aegina. The Cambridge/Bradford Boeotian Expedition have demonstrated that Ancient Thespiae was a large town, but the Magoula site itself may have been more important in the Neolithic and EH periods than in LH, <citation id="ref130" citation-type="journal"><source>AR</source>
<volume>32</volume> (<year>1985</year>–<year>1986</year>), <fpage>40</fpage>–1</citation>, 33 (1986–7), 23.</p></fn><fn id="fn235" symbol="235"><label><sup>235</sup></label><p>Shelmerdine 1997, 553; Niemeier, <italic>Polemos</italic>, 144. But this is not sufficient to suggest that Thebes ‘controlled the southern half of Euboea’ (Shelmerdine), or that Thebes ‘was the centre of a large kingdom comprising Euboea’ (Niemeier).</p></fn><fn id="fn236" symbol="236"><label><sup>236</sup></label><p>Shelmerdine 1997, 563–4, cf. Dickinson, <italic>ABA</italic> 209.</p></fn><fn id="fn237" symbol="237"><label><sup>237</sup></label><p>Amarynthos: Palaiochoria (<italic>GAC</italic> 229–30 no. F85, <italic>MG</italic> 55–6, 71 no. B70). The area of Mycenaean settlement here was estimated as <italic>c.</italic> 200 m by 160 m (as shown on <italic>MG</italic> fig. 8).</p></fn><fn id="fn238" symbol="238"><label><sup>238</sup></label><p><citation id="ref131" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Keller</surname><given-names>D. R.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Wallace</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The Canadian Karystia Project</article-title>’, in <source>EMC/CV</source>
<volume>30</volume> = n.s. 5 (<year>1986</year>), <fpage>155</fpage>–9</citation> and 31 = n. s. 6 (1987), 225–7, cf. <citation id="ref132" citation-type="journal"><source>AR</source>
<volume>34</volume> (<year>1987</year>–<year>1988</year>), <fpage>18</fpage>–<lpage>19</lpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn239" symbol="239"><label><sup>239</sup></label><p><italic>GAC</italic> 223 no. F64; <italic>MG</italic> 53 no. B51, <citation id="ref133" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Blegen</surname><given-names>C. W.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Hyria</article-title>’, <source>Hesp.</source> supp. <volume>8</volume> (<year>1949</year>), <fpage>39</fpage>–<lpage>42</lpage></citation>; Mountjoy (n. 233), 10,58–61,105.</p></fn><fn id="fn240" symbol="240"><label><sup>240</sup></label><p>Blegen (n. 239), cf. <italic>MG</italic> 53.</p></fn><fn id="fn241" symbol="241"><label><sup>241</sup></label><p><italic>GAC</italic> 223 no. F67; <italic>MG</italic> 53 no. B55; <citation id="ref134" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Sapouna-Sakellaraki</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name>, ‘Γλύφα η Βλύχα Βοιωτίας: Η Μυκηναϊκή Αυλίδα?’, <source>AAA</source>
<volume>20</volume> (<year>1987</year>), <fpage>191</fpage>–<lpage>210</lpage></citation>, cf. Shelmerdine 197, 550.</p></fn><fn id="fn242" symbol="242"><label><sup>242</sup></label><p>Sapouna-Sakellaraki (n. 241), 209–10, citing <citation id="ref135" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>French</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Pottery from Late Helladic III B1 destruction contexts at Mycenae</article-title>’, <source>BSA</source>
<volume>62</volume> (<year>1967</year>), <fpage>149</fpage>–93</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn243" symbol="243"><label><sup>243</sup></label><p><italic>GAC</italic> 236–7 no. G1 with refs.; <italic>MG</italic> 61 no. C1; <citation id="ref136" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Mountjoy</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name>, <source>Orchomenos</source>
<volume>V</volume> (<publisher-loc>Munich</publisher-loc>, <year>1983</year>), esp. <fpage>9</fpage>–<lpage>46</lpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn244" symbol="244"><label><sup>244</sup></label><p><citation id="ref137" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>de Ridder</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Fouilles d'Orchomène</article-title>’, <source>BCH</source>
<volume>19</volume> (<year>1895</year>), <fpage>137</fpage>–<lpage>224</lpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn245" symbol="245"><label><sup>245</sup></label><p><citation id="ref138" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Spyropoulos</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name>, ‘Το ᾿Ανάκτορο τοῦ Μινύου εἰς τὸν Βοιωτικὸν ᾿Ορχομενόν’, <source>AAA</source>
<volume>7</volume> (<year>1974</year>), <fpage>313</fpage>–25</citation>; Shelmerdine 1997, 553–4 n. 94.</p></fn><fn id="fn246" symbol="246"><label><sup>246</sup></label><p>S. Iakovides, <italic>Γλάς II</italic> (n. 210), 197–9, 275–6.</p></fn><fn id="fn247" symbol="247"><label><sup>247</sup></label><p>The most likely date for the construction of the Treasury of Atreus appears to be LH III A2, cf. <italic>GAC</italic> 35–6 with refs.</p></fn><fn id="fn248" symbol="218"><label><sup>218</sup></label><p><italic>MG</italic> 59–69 with refs.; <citation id="ref139" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Knauss</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, ‘Die Wasserbau-Kultur der Minyer in der Kopais (ein Rekonstruktionversuch)’, in <name><surname>Beister</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Buckler</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name> (eds), <source>Boiotika. Vorträge vom 5. Internationalen Böotien-Kolloquium zu Ehren von Professor Dr. Siegfried Lauffer</source> (<publisher-loc>Munich</publisher-loc>, <year>1989</year>), <fpage>269</fpage>–74</citation>. Fuller details of the work of the Munich team are given in the three <italic>Kopais</italic> volumes published by the Institut für Wasserbau der Technischen Universität München, <citation id="ref140" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Knauss</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Heinrich</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Kalcyk</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <source>Die Wasserbauten der Minyer in der Kopais—die älteste Flußregulierung Europas (Kopais</source>
<volume>1</volume>), Bericht Nr. 57 (<publisher-loc>Munich</publisher-loc>, <year>1984</year></citation>), <citation id="ref141" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Knauss</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <source>Die Melioration des Kopiasbeckens durch die Minyer im 2. Jt. v. Chr.—Wasserbau und Siedlungsbedingungen im Altertum (Kopais</source>
<volume>2</volume>), Bericht Nr. 57 (<publisher-loc>Munich</publisher-loc>, <year>1987</year></citation>), and <citation id="ref142" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Knauss</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <source>Wasserbau und Geschichte; Minysche Epoque—Bayerische Zeit (Kopais</source>
<volume>3</volume>), Bericht Nr. 63 (<publisher-loc>Munich</publisher-loc>, <year>1991</year></citation>).</p></fn><fn id="fn249" symbol="249"><label><sup>249</sup></label><p>Iakovides (n. 246), 204, 278.</p></fn><fn id="fn250" symbol="250"><label><sup>250</sup></label><p>Shelmerdine 1997, 564, 581 n. 276, cf. Dakouri-Hild (n. 232), 106–7 with refs. Two groups of Linear B tablets were found together with LH III B2 pottery. The reports on the Pelopidou Street excavations (n. 232 above) confirm that the tablets found there (some 200 in 1994 alone) belong to a destruction layer associated with significant buildings. The evidence points to the very end of LH III B2 or the transitioned LH III B2–C period as the time of the destruction, cf. now E. Andrikou, ‘The pottery from the destruction layer of the Linear B archive in Pelopidou Street, Thebes’, appendix in <citation id="ref143" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Aravantinos</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name>, ‘Mycenaean texts and contexts at Thebes: the discovery of the new Linear B archives of the Kadmeia’, in <name><surname>Deger-Jalkotsky</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hiller</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, and <name><surname>Panagl</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name> (eds), <source>Floreant Studia Mycenaea</source>, <volume>i</volume> (<publisher-loc>Vienna</publisher-loc>, <year>1999</year>), <fpage>45</fpage>–<lpage>102</lpage></citation>. There are also other indications of destructions in the transitional LH III B2–C period, at the Soteriou-Dougekou building and in the Lianga—Christodoulou complex, cf. Dakouri-Hild <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref143">Ibid.</xref></p></fn><fn id="fn251" symbol="251"><label><sup>251</sup></label><p>The destruction of the ivory workshop, on the Loukou plot, opposite the so-called Arsenal, has been provisionally placed at the end of LH III B1, cf. <citation id="ref144" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Sampson</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, ‘Οδός Πελοπίδου (οικόπεδο Μ.Λούκου)’, <source>A. Delt.</source>
<volume>35</volume> (<year>1980</year>), Chr. 217–20, pls. 97</citation> α–β, 98 α–б; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref144">id.</xref>, ‘La destruction d'un atelier palatial Mycénien à Thèbes’, <italic>BCH</italic> 109 (1985), 21–9, cf. Shelmerdine 1997, 548 nn. 49–50. The older phase in the Lianga—Christodoulou complex was apparently destroyed at the end of LH III B1, and there is evidence for similar disruptions at this time at the Kordatzi and Koropouli plots, cf. Dakouri-Hild, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref144">Ibid.</xref></p></fn></fn-group></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>The Dodecanese and the Ahhiyawa question</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative"><title>R. HOPE SIMPSON</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>The Dodecanese and the Ahhiyawa question 1</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R. Hope</namePart><namePart type="family">Simpson</namePart><affiliation>Department of Classics, Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Cambridge, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2003-11</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2003</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><abstract type="normal">The recently reaffirmed identifications of Millawanda (= Miletos) and Apasa (= Ephesos) in the Hittite archives also confirm that interaction between Ahhiyawa and the Hittites was mainly in South-West Anatolia. Since Ahhiyawa was ‘across the sea’ from there, it is now shown to have been one of the ‘kingdoms’ of Mycenaean Greece. The Dodecanese Islands have been proposed, where a population increase may have been accompanied by immigration from the Argolid. But, even if combined with part of the Anatolian mainland opposite, the Dodecanese would not have been sufficiently important, since at least one king of Ahhiyawa was addressed as an equal by a Hittite Great King. Of the other suggested identifications, only Mycenae possessed the power and international status indicated. The Dodecanese seem marked as ‘the islands’, mentioned in the Hittite texts both as belonging to Ahhiyawa and as a haven for persons fleeing Hittite retribution.</abstract><abstract type="translated" lang="gr"></abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The Annual of the British School at Athens</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Annu. Br. Sch. Athens</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0068-2454</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">2045-2403</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">ATH</identifier><part><date>2003</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>98</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>203</start><end>237</end><total>35</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">53536125F66187E8EA195407BF943EC78698E90B</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/6GQ-42BF09K2-K</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1017/S0068245400016853</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0068245400016853</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">01685</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 2003</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-G3RCRD03-V">cambridge</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 2003</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/53536125F66187E8EA195407BF943EC78698E90B/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><annexes><json:item><extension>gif</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>image/gif</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/53536125F66187E8EA195407BF943EC78698E90B/annexes/gif</uri></json:item></annexes><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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