Toxicity of Metals to a Freshwater Snail, Melanoides tuberculata
Identifieur interne : 000027 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000026; suivant : 000028Toxicity of Metals to a Freshwater Snail, Melanoides tuberculata
Auteurs : M. Shuhaimi-Othman ; R. Nur-Amalina ; Y. NadzifahSource :
- The Scientific World Journal [ 1537-744X ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Adult freshwater snails
Url:
DOI: 10.1100/2012/125785
PubMed: 22666089
PubMed Central: 3366189
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Toxicity of Metals to a Freshwater Snail, <italic>Melanoides tuberculata</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Shuhaimi Othman, M" sort="Shuhaimi Othman, M" uniqKey="Shuhaimi Othman M" first="M." last="Shuhaimi-Othman">M. Shuhaimi-Othman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nur Amalina, R" sort="Nur Amalina, R" uniqKey="Nur Amalina R" first="R." last="Nur-Amalina">R. Nur-Amalina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nadzifah, Y" sort="Nadzifah, Y" uniqKey="Nadzifah Y" first="Y." last="Nadzifah">Y. Nadzifah</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22666089</idno><idno type="pmc">3366189</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3366189</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3366189</idno><idno type="doi">10.1100/2012/125785</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000043</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000043</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000043</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000043</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000027</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000027</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Toxicity of Metals to a Freshwater Snail, <italic>Melanoides tuberculata</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Shuhaimi Othman, M" sort="Shuhaimi Othman, M" uniqKey="Shuhaimi Othman M" first="M." last="Shuhaimi-Othman">M. Shuhaimi-Othman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nur Amalina, R" sort="Nur Amalina, R" uniqKey="Nur Amalina R" first="R." last="Nur-Amalina">R. Nur-Amalina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nadzifah, Y" sort="Nadzifah, Y" uniqKey="Nadzifah Y" first="Y." last="Nadzifah">Y. Nadzifah</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Scientific World Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1537-744X</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Adult freshwater snails <italic>Melanoides tuberculata</italic> (Gastropod, Thiaridae) were exposed for a four-day period in laboratory conditions to a range of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) concentrations. Mortality was assessed and median lethal times (LT<sub>50</sub>) and concentrations (LC<sub>50</sub>) were calculated. LT<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>50</sub> increased with the decrease in mean exposure concentrations and times, respectively, for all metals. The LC<sub>50</sub> values for the 96-hour exposures to Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Al, and Mn were 0.14, 1.49, 3.90, 6.82, 8.46, 8.49, 68.23, and 45.59 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Cu was the most toxic metal to <italic>M. tuberculata</italic>, followed by Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Al (Cu > Cd > Zn > Pb > Ni > Fe > Mn > Al). Metals bioconcentration in <italic>M. tuberculata</italic> increases with exposure to increasing concentrations and Cu has the highest accumulation (concentration factor) in the soft tissues. A comparison of LC<sub>50</sub> values for metals for this species with those for other freshwater gastropods reveals that <italic>M. tuberculata</italic> is equally sensitive to metals.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Walker, Ch" uniqKey="Walker C">CH Walker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hopkin, Sp" uniqKey="Hopkin S">SP Hopkin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silby, Rm" uniqKey="Silby R">RM Silby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peakall, Db" uniqKey="Peakall D">DB Peakall</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shazili, Nam" uniqKey="Shazili N">NAM Shazili</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yunus, K" uniqKey="Yunus K">K Yunus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmad, As" uniqKey="Ahmad A">AS Ahmad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abdullah, N" uniqKey="Abdullah N">N Abdullah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rashid, Mka" uniqKey="Rashid M">MKA Rashid</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zulkifli, Sz" uniqKey="Zulkifli S">SZ Zulkifli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohamat Yusuff, F" uniqKey="Mohamat Yusuff F">F Mohamat-Yusuff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arai, T" uniqKey="Arai T">T Arai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ismail, A" uniqKey="Ismail A">A Ismail</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miyazaki, N" uniqKey="Miyazaki N">N Miyazaki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yap, Ck" uniqKey="Yap C">CK Yap</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pang, Bh" uniqKey="Pang B">BH Pang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adams, Wj" uniqKey="Adams W">WJ Adams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rowland, Cd" uniqKey="Rowland C">CD Rowland</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Luoma, Sn" uniqKey="Luoma S">SN Luoma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rainbow, Ps" uniqKey="Rainbow P">PS Rainbow</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Panha, S" uniqKey="Panha S">S Panha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burch, Jb" uniqKey="Burch J">JB Burch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mitchell, Aj" uniqKey="Mitchell A">AJ Mitchell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hobbs, Ms" uniqKey="Hobbs M">MS Hobbs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brandt, Tm" uniqKey="Brandt T">TM Brandt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pererea, G" uniqKey="Pererea G">G Pererea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walls, Jg" uniqKey="Walls J">JG Walls</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Benson, Aj" uniqKey="Benson A">AJ Benson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Appleton, Cc" uniqKey="Appleton C">CC Appleton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Forbes, At" uniqKey="Forbes A">AT Forbes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Demetriades, Nt" uniqKey="Demetriades N">NT Demetriades</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gardenfors, U" uniqKey="Gardenfors U">U Gardenfors</name></author><author><name sortKey="Westermark, T" uniqKey="Westermark T">T Westermark</name></author><author><name sortKey="Emanuelsson, U" uniqKey="Emanuelsson U">U Emanuelsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mutvei, H" uniqKey="Mutvei H">H Mutvei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walden, H" uniqKey="Walden H">H Walden</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lau, S" uniqKey="Lau S">S Lau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohamed, M" uniqKey="Mohamed M">M Mohamed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan Chi Yen, A" uniqKey="Tan Chi Yen A">A Tan Chi Yen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Su T, S" uniqKey="Su T S">S Su’Ut</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="S Bali, H" uniqKey="S Bali H">H S. 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article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">ScientificWorldJournal</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">ScientificWorldJournal</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">TSWJ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Scientific World Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1537-744X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Scientific World Journal</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22666089</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3366189</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1100/2012/125785</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Toxicity of Metals to a Freshwater Snail, <italic>Melanoides tuberculata</italic></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shuhaimi-Othman</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nur-Amalina</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nadzifah</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1">School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia (UKM), Selangor, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*M. Shuhaimi-Othman: <email>shuhaimi@ukm.my</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editors: T. Brock, K. Kannan, J. Ruelas-Inzunza, and B. C. Suedel</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>4</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>2012</volume><elocation-id>125785</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>5</day><month>1</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012 M. Shuhaimi-Othman et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Adult freshwater snails <italic>Melanoides tuberculata</italic> (Gastropod, Thiaridae) were exposed for a four-day period in laboratory conditions to a range of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) concentrations. Mortality was assessed and median lethal times (LT<sub>50</sub>) and concentrations (LC<sub>50</sub>) were calculated. LT<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>50</sub> increased with the decrease in mean exposure concentrations and times, respectively, for all metals. The LC<sub>50</sub> values for the 96-hour exposures to Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Al, and Mn were 0.14, 1.49, 3.90, 6.82, 8.46, 8.49, 68.23, and 45.59 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Cu was the most toxic metal to <italic>M. tuberculata</italic>, followed by Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Al (Cu > Cd > Zn > Pb > Ni > Fe > Mn > Al). Metals bioconcentration in <italic>M. tuberculata</italic> increases with exposure to increasing concentrations and Cu has the highest accumulation (concentration factor) in the soft tissues. A comparison of LC<sub>50</sub> values for metals for this species with those for other freshwater gastropods reveals that <italic>M. tuberculata</italic> is equally sensitive to metals.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>The relationship between median lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>) and exposure times for <italic>M. tuberculata</italic>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2012-125785.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>The relationship between median lethal time (LT<sub>50</sub>) and exposure concentrations for <italic>M. tuberculata</italic>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2012-125785.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Bioconcentration of Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Al, and Mn (mean) in <italic>M. tuberculata</italic> soft tissues (<italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> dry weight) after a four-day exposure to different concentrations of Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Al, and Mn. Concentration factor (CF) is indicated at the top of each bar.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2012-125785.003"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Median lethal times (LT<sub>50</sub>) for <italic>M. tuberculata</italic> exposed to different concentrations for Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Al, and Mn.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nominal (and measured) concentration (mg L<sup>−1</sup>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LT<sub>50</sub> (h)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% Confidence limits</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.075 (0.081) <break></break> 0.1 (0.145) <break></break> 0.32 (0.292) <break></break> 0.56 (0.549) <break></break> 0.87 (0.915)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">163.42<break></break> 134.97<break></break> 98.89<break></break> 75.87<break></break> 55.42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.60–419.91<break></break> 53.22–342.28 <break></break> 44.35–220.50 <break></break> 26.88–214.15<break></break> 25.36–121.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.56 (0.611) <break></break> 1.0 (1.21) <break></break> 5.6 (4.87) <break></break> 10 (10.82) <break></break> 32 (33.49)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">283.44<break></break> 114.89<break></break> 57.21<break></break> 22.34<break></break> 7.82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.46–940.12 <break></break>52.78–250.09 <break></break> 30.29–108.05 <break></break>11.03–45.27 <break></break>4.63–13.23</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.0 (1.09) <break></break> 5.6 (5.30) <break></break> 10 (8.19) <break></break> 32 (32.45) <break></break> 56 (49.60)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">216.96<break></break> 96.71<break></break> 61.83<break></break> 32.44<break></break> 12.34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">630.53–1541.63 <break></break> 52.82–177.09 <break></break>39.85–95.94 <break></break>22.13–47.55 <break></break>8.25–18.45</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.0 (1.02) <break></break> 5.6 (5.42) <break></break> 10 (10.95) <break></break> 18 (17.16) <break></break> 32 (31.18)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250.72<break></break> 179.32<break></break> 88.25<break></break> 40.36<break></break> 11.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">430.55–2057.69 <break></break>38.42–837.02 <break></break>30.24–257.71 <break></break>13.91–117.15 <break></break>6.71–18.57</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5.6 (5.51) <break></break> 10 (9.02) <break></break> 32 (31.53) <break></break> 75 (67.11) <break></break> 100 (97.84)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105.96<break></break> 92.38<break></break> 58.11<break></break> 36.84<break></break> 16.26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.28–189.40 <break></break>48.25–176.87 <break></break>39.82–84.80 <break></break>21.66–62.67 <break></break>12.50–21.17</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5.6 (5.27) <break></break> 8.7 (8.86) <break></break> 10 (11.76) <break></break> 32 (33.47) <break></break> 56 (58.17)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">134.97<break></break> 102.06<break></break> 79.72<break></break> 34.71<break></break> 20.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.22–342.28 <break></break>40.17–259.29 <break></break>28.18–225.53 <break></break>13.36–90.15 <break></break>7.5–53.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 56 (88.38) <break></break> 100 (160.83) <break></break> 320 (362.83) <break></break> 560 (884.34) <break></break> 1000 (1229.91)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.87<break></break> 57.91<break></break> 42.75<break></break> 18.57<break></break> 8.40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111.48–58.66 <break></break>87.09–38.50 <break></break>65.99–27.70 <break></break>40.94–8.42 <break></break>18.52–3.81</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mn</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 10 (12.98) <break></break> 32 (31.60) <break></break> 56 (57.81) <break></break> 87 (85.61) <break></break> 100 (97.01)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119.53<break></break> 67.81<break></break> 35.07<break></break> 16.97<break></break> 8.35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.44–228.82 <break></break>35.06–131.15 <break></break>19.04–64.60 <break></break>9.00–32.00 <break></break>5.05–13.79</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Median lethal concentrations (LC<sub>50</sub>) for <italic>M. tuberculata</italic> at different exposure times for Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Al, and Mn.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Time (hour)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC<sub>50 </sub>(mg L<sup>−1</sup>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% Confidence limits</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 24 <break></break> 48 <break></break> 72 <break></break> 96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82 <break></break>0.39 <break></break>0.21 <break></break>0.14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49–4.21 <break></break>0.23–0.88 <break></break>0.12–0.33 <break></break>0.09–0.20</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 24 <break></break> 48 <break></break> 72 <break></break> 96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.03 <break></break>11.85 <break></break>5.24 <break></break>1.49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.94–518.57 <break></break>2.70–51.99 <break></break>0.96–28.43 <break></break>0.34–6.53</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 24 <break></break> 48 <break></break> 72 <break></break> 96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.97 <break></break>13.15 <break></break>4.73 <break></break>3.90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.59–65.31 <break></break>6.93–26.06 <break></break>2.28–8.10 <break></break>1.81–6.67</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 24 <break></break> 48 <break></break> 72 <break></break> 96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.39 <break></break>10.99 <break></break>8.57 <break></break>6.82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.06–29.47 <break></break>6.04–19.68 <break></break>4.37–14.79 <break></break>2.89–12.67</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 24 <break></break> 48 <break></break> 72 <break></break> 96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.35 <break></break>36.46 <break></break>15.04 <break></break>8.46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.18–102.23 <break></break>20.76–70.91 <break></break>5.23–28.97 <break></break>3.53–14.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 24 <break></break> 48 <break></break> 72 <break></break> 96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.12 <break></break>21.78 <break></break>13.29 <break></break>8.49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.74–133.99 <break></break>10.52–88.85 <break></break>4.09–29.47 <break></break>1.58–15.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 24 <break></break> 48 <break></break> 72 <break></break> 96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">880.78 <break></break>306.89 <break></break>130.22 <break></break>68.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">553.91–2147.55 <break></break>184.29–487.20 <break></break>35.51–226.38 <break></break>2.24–123.87</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mn</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 24 <break></break> 48 <break></break> 72 <break></break> 96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">194.52 <break></break>120.43 <break></break>78.35 <break></break>45.59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112.85–335.27 <break></break>58.08–249.72 <break></break>36.20–169.56 <break></break>20.17–103.04</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Comparison of LC<sub>50</sub> values of freshwater gastropod <italic>M. tuberculata</italic> with other freshwater mollusc.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Metal</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water hardness (mg L<sup>−1</sup>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Live stage</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Test duration</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC<sub>50</sub> (mg L<sup>−1</sup>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="9" colspan="1">Copper</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. tuberculata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. tuberculata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. tuberculata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juvenile</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>B. glabrata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">19</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>F. virens</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>J. plicifera</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.015</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>B. glabrata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">21</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. paludosa</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 d</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">22</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. jenkinsi</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="7" colspan="1">Cadmium</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. tuberculata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amnicola </italic>sp.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. fontinalis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. hypnorum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">26</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>B. glabrata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">21</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>V. bengalensis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">27</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>L. luteola</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">195</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="7" colspan="1">Zinc</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. tuberculata </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. gyrina</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>L. acuminata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">375</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>L. luteola</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">195</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">30</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>V. bengalensis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">27</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. heterostropha</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">31</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. heterostropha</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">31</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1">Lead</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. tuberculata </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>L. emarginata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">32</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E. livescens</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">32</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Filopaludina sp.</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">190</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">33</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>V. bengalensis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">165</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">34</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. hypnorum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1">Nickel</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. tuberculata </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amnicola </italic>sp.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>J. plicifera </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>L. luteola</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">195</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>V. bengalensis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">27</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>L. acuminata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">375</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.78</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Iron</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. tuberculata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. gyrina</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Planorbarius sp.</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. libertina</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">38</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Aluminium</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. tuberculata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Physa sp.</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">39</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. limosa</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PH 3.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">40</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. limosa</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PH 4.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">40</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Manganese</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. tuberculata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>B. globosus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">41</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Nadzifah, Y" sort="Nadzifah, Y" uniqKey="Nadzifah Y" first="Y." last="Nadzifah">Y. 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