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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Indole-Diterpene Biosynthetic Capability of <italic>Epichloë</italic> Endophytes as Predicted by <italic>ltm</italic> Gene Analysis<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">▿</xref> </title><author><name sortKey="Young, Carolyn A" sort="Young, Carolyn A" uniqKey="Young C" first="Carolyn A." last="Young">Carolyn A. Young</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tapper, Brian A" sort="Tapper, Brian A" uniqKey="Tapper B" first="Brian A." last="Tapper">Brian A. Tapper</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="May, Kimberley" sort="May, Kimberley" uniqKey="May K" first="Kimberley" last="May">Kimberley May</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moon, Christina D" sort="Moon, Christina D" uniqKey="Moon C" first="Christina D." last="Moon">Christina D. Moon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schardl, Christopher L" sort="Schardl, Christopher L" uniqKey="Schardl C" first="Christopher L." last="Schardl">Christopher L. Schardl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Barry" sort="Scott, Barry" uniqKey="Scott B" first="Barry" last="Scott">Barry Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">19181837</idno><idno type="pmc">2663189</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2663189</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2663189</idno><idno type="doi">10.1128/AEM.00953-08</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000046</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000046</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Indole-Diterpene Biosynthetic Capability of <italic>Epichloë</italic> Endophytes as Predicted by <italic>ltm</italic> Gene Analysis<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">▿</xref> </title><author><name sortKey="Young, Carolyn A" sort="Young, Carolyn A" uniqKey="Young C" first="Carolyn A." last="Young">Carolyn A. Young</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tapper, Brian A" sort="Tapper, Brian A" uniqKey="Tapper B" first="Brian A." last="Tapper">Brian A. Tapper</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="May, Kimberley" sort="May, Kimberley" uniqKey="May K" first="Kimberley" last="May">Kimberley May</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moon, Christina D" sort="Moon, Christina D" uniqKey="Moon C" first="Christina D." last="Moon">Christina D. Moon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schardl, Christopher L" sort="Schardl, Christopher L" uniqKey="Schardl C" first="Christopher L." last="Schardl">Christopher L. Schardl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Barry" sort="Scott, Barry" uniqKey="Scott B" first="Barry" last="Scott">Barry Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Applied and Environmental Microbiology</title><idno type="ISSN">0099-2240</idno><idno type="eISSN">1098-5336</idno><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Bioprotective alkaloids produced by <italic>Epichloë</italic> and closely related asexual <italic>Neotyphodium</italic> fungal endophytes protect their grass hosts from insect and mammalian herbivory. One class of these compounds, known for antimammalian toxicity, is the indole-diterpenes. The <italic>LTM</italic> locus of <italic>Neotyphodium lolii</italic> (Lp19) and <italic>Epichloë festuce</italic> (Fl1), required for the biosynthesis of the indole-diterpene lolitrem, consists of 10 <italic>ltm</italic> genes. We have used PCR and Southern analysis to screen a broad taxonomic range of 44 endophyte isolates to determine why indole-diterpenes are present in so few endophyte-grass associations in comparison to that of the other bioprotective alkaloids, which are more widespread among the endophtyes. All 10 <italic>ltm</italic> genes were present in only three epichloë endophytes. A predominance of the asexual <italic>Neotyphodium</italic> spp. examined contained 8 of the 10 <italic>ltm</italic> genes, with only one <italic>N. lolii</italic> containing the entire <italic>LTM</italic> locus and the ability to produce lolitrems. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry profiles of indole-diterpenes from a subset of endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass showed that endophytes that contained functional genes present in <italic>ltm</italic> clusters 1 and 2 were capable of producing simple indole-diterpenes such as paspaline, 13-desoxypaxilline, and terpendoles, compounds predicted to be precursors of lolitrem B. Analysis of toxin biosynthesis genes by PCR now enables a diagnostic method to screen endophytes for both beneficial and detrimental alkaloids and can be used as a resource for screening isolates required for forage improvement.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Appl Environ Microbiol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">aem</journal-id><journal-title>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0099-2240</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1098-5336</issn><publisher><publisher-name>American Society for Microbiology (ASM)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19181837</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2663189</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">0953-08</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/AEM.00953-08</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Mycology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Indole-Diterpene Biosynthetic Capability of <italic>Epichloë</italic> Endophytes as Predicted by <italic>ltm</italic> Gene Analysis<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">▿</xref> </article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>Carolyn A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">3</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tapper</surname><given-names>Brian A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>May</surname><given-names>Kimberley</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moon</surname><given-names>Christina D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">5</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schardl</surname><given-names>Christopher L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Scott</surname><given-names>Barry</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1">Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand,<label>1</label> National Centre for BioProtection, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand,<label>2</label> The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401,<label>3</label> AgResearch Grasslands, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand,<label>4</label> Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312<label>5</label></aff><author-notes><fn id="cor1"><label>*</label><p>Corresponding author. Mailing address: The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401. Phone: (580) 224-6860. Fax: (580) 224-6802. E-mail: <email>cayoung@noble.org</email></p></fn><fn id="fn1"><label>†</label><p>Present address: AgResearch Grasslands, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>1</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><volume>75</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>2200</fpage><lpage>2211</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>25</day><month>4</month><year>2008</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>20</day><month>1</month><year>2009</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology</copyright-statement></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="zam00709002200.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>Bioprotective alkaloids produced by <italic>Epichloë</italic> and closely related asexual <italic>Neotyphodium</italic> fungal endophytes protect their grass hosts from insect and mammalian herbivory. One class of these compounds, known for antimammalian toxicity, is the indole-diterpenes. The <italic>LTM</italic> locus of <italic>Neotyphodium lolii</italic> (Lp19) and <italic>Epichloë festuce</italic> (Fl1), required for the biosynthesis of the indole-diterpene lolitrem, consists of 10 <italic>ltm</italic> genes. We have used PCR and Southern analysis to screen a broad taxonomic range of 44 endophyte isolates to determine why indole-diterpenes are present in so few endophyte-grass associations in comparison to that of the other bioprotective alkaloids, which are more widespread among the endophtyes. All 10 <italic>ltm</italic> genes were present in only three epichloë endophytes. A predominance of the asexual <italic>Neotyphodium</italic> spp. examined contained 8 of the 10 <italic>ltm</italic> genes, with only one <italic>N. lolii</italic> containing the entire <italic>LTM</italic> locus and the ability to produce lolitrems. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry profiles of indole-diterpenes from a subset of endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass showed that endophytes that contained functional genes present in <italic>ltm</italic> clusters 1 and 2 were capable of producing simple indole-diterpenes such as paspaline, 13-desoxypaxilline, and terpendoles, compounds predicted to be precursors of lolitrem B. Analysis of toxin biosynthesis genes by PCR now enables a diagnostic method to screen endophytes for both beneficial and detrimental alkaloids and can be used as a resource for screening isolates required for forage improvement.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-wrap><fig position="float" id="f1"><label>FIG. 1.</label><caption><p>Physical map of the <italic>N. lolii LTM</italic> locus. The three clusters required for indole-diterpene biosynthesis are boxed and numbered. The regions amplified as probes used for the Southern hybridizations shown in Fig. <xref rid="f2" ref-type="fig">2</xref> and <xref rid="f3" ref-type="fig">3</xref> are represented by the black boxes below the map. The low-copy direct repeat is indicated as arrows boxed in yellow. The retrotransposons, Tahi and Rua, are depicted as red and blue boxes, respectively. The <italic>pks</italic> pseudogene is shown as a gray box. The primers used to amplify each fragment can be found in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>. (Adapted from reference <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r75">75</xref> with permission from Elsevier.)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="zam0070997830001"></graphic></fig><fig position="float" id="f2"><label>FIG. 2.</label><caption><p>PCR screen for <italic>ltm</italic> genes. PCR products were amplified with primer pairs designed to conserved regions of the designated gene. The cluster of each gene is indicated as 1, 2, or 3 on the right of the samples. The primers used to amplify each fragment are listed in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>. The PCR product size is indicated in base pairs to the left of the samples. Eam, <italic>E. amarillans</italic>; Eba, <italic>E. baconii</italic>; Ebe, <italic>E. brachyelytri</italic>; Ebr, <italic>E. bromicola</italic>; Ec, <italic>E. clarkii</italic>; Eel, <italic>E. elymi</italic>; Efe, <italic>E. festucae</italic>; Egl, <italic>E. glyceriae</italic>; Esy, <italic>E. sylvatica</italic>; Ety, <italic>E. typhina</italic>; Nc, <italic>N. coenophialum</italic>; Nl, <italic>N. lolii</italic>; ETC, <italic>Epichloë typhina</italic> complex. The remaining species can be found in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">1</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="zam0070997830002"></graphic></fig><fig position="float" id="f3"><label>FIG. 3.</label><caption><p>Detection of <italic>ltmG</italic> and retrotransposon sequences flanking the <italic>LTM</italic> locus in epichloë endophytes using Southern analysis. All genomic DNA (2 μg/lane) was digested with EcoRI and hybridized with <sup>32</sup>P-labeled fragments. Each probe is indicated to the right of the figure. The location of <italic>ltmG</italic>, Tahi, and Rua probes at the <italic>LTM</italic> locus can be found in Fig. <xref rid="f1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>. The primers used to amplify each fragment are listed in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>. Each blot was stripped and checked for residual radiolabel between hybridizations. Lp19 and Fl1 were included on each blot as hybridization controls. The species abbreviations are as for Fig. <xref rid="f2" ref-type="fig">2</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="zam0070997830003"></graphic></fig><fig position="float" id="f4"><label>FIG. 4.</label><caption><p>Southern analysis of endophyte strains for <italic>ltmC</italic>, <italic>ltmM</italic>, <italic>ltmP</italic>, and <italic>ltmJ</italic> genes. Southern analysis of EcoRI-digested genomic DNA hybridized with <sup>32</sup>P-labeled probes (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>). (A) Autoradiograph of low-stringency hybridization with the complete <italic>ltmC</italic> gene. (B) Standard hybridization with the probes labeled to the right of the figure. Each blot was stripped and checked for residual radioactivity between hybridizations.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="zam0070997830004"></graphic></fig><fig position="float" id="f5"><label>FIG. 5.</label><caption><p>Schematic comparison of the <italic>ltmF</italic> gene between Lp19, Fl1, Fg1, and Frc7. The sequence chromatograms show the missing A in the Fg1 and Frc7 <italic>ltmF</italic> sequence that results in a frameshift. The schematic maps were drawn from the sequence contained in accession numbers DQ443465 (Lp19), EU530694 (Fg1), and EU544671 (Frc7). The MITE sequences are labeled as EFT14, EFT24, and EFT25 with the terminal inverted-repeats (TIRs) shown as arrows. The 18-bp minisatellite sequence is labeled mini. The red circle represents the stop codon in the truncated <italic>ltmF</italic>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="zam0070997830005"></graphic></fig><fig position="float" id="f6"><label>FIG. 6.</label><caption><p>Proposed framework for indole-diterpene biosynthesis in epichloë endophytes. The scheme proposed is a working model to explain the chemical diversity of indole-diterpenes found in different epichloë isolates. The identities of the rings in the lolitrem B structure are denoted by letters. Single arrows do not necessarily denote single enzymatic steps.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="zam0070997830006"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>TABLE 1.</label><caption><p>Biological material</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Biological material</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Isolate</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Closest nonhybrid ancestor(s)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t1fn1"><italic>a</italic></xref></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Predicted chemical phenotype<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t1fn2"><italic>b</italic></xref></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Grass host</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Tribe</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Culture no.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t1fn3"><italic>c</italic></xref></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Source or reference(s)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. amarillans</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E52</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. amarillans</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Sphenopholis obtusata</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Aveneae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 200743</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r60">60</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r62">62</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. amarillans</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E57</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. amarillans</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Agrostis hiemalis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Aveneae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 200744</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r60">60</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r62">62</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. baconii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E248</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. baconii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Agrostis stolonifera</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Aveneae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 76552</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r62">62</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. baconii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E1031</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. baconii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Calamagrostis villosa</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Aveneae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 200745</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r60">60</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. brachyelytri</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E1040</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. baconii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Brachyelytrum erectum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Brachyelytreae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 200752</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r60">60</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. bromicola</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E501</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. bromicola</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Bromus erectus</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Bromeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 200749</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. bromicola</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E799</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. bromicola</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Bromus benekenii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Bromeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 201559</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r29">29</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. clarkii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E422</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ETC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Holcus lanatus</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 90168</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r60">60</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. elymi</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E56</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. elymi</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Elymus canadensis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Triticeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 201551</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r60">60</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r62">62</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. elymi</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E184</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. elymi</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Elymus virginicus</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Triticeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 200850</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r60">60</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>E. festucae</italic></bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>E189</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>E. festucae</italic></bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>Lolitrems*</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic><bold>Festuca rubra</bold></italic><bold>subsp.</bold><italic><bold>rubra</bold></italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>Poeae</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>ATCC 90661</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r62">62</xref></bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E2368</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Festuca</italic> spp.</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">C. L. Schardl, University of Kentucky</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>E. festucae</italic></bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>Fg1</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>E. festucae</italic></bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>Lolitrems</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic><bold>Festuca glauca</bold></italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>Poeae</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref></bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>E. festucae</italic></bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>Fl1</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>E. festucae</italic></bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>Lolitrems*</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic><bold>Festuca longifolia</bold></italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>Poeae</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>ATCC MYA-3407</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r28">28</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref></bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>E. festucae</italic></bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>Fr1</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>E. festucae</italic></bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>No IDT</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic><bold>Festuca rubra</bold></italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>Poeae</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r28">28</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref></bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>E. festucae</italic></bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>Frc5</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>E. festucae</italic></bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>No IDT</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic><bold>Festuca rubra</bold></italic><bold>subsp.</bold><italic><bold>commutata</bold></italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>Poeae</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref></bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>E. festucae</italic></bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>Frc7</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>E. festucae</italic></bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>IDT</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic><bold>Festuca rubra</bold></italic><bold>subsp.</bold><italic><bold>commutata</bold></italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>Poeae</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref></bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>E. festucae</italic></bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>Frr1</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>E. festucae</italic></bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>No IDT</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic><bold>Festuca rubra</bold></italic><bold>subsp.</bold><italic><bold>rubra</bold></italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>Poeae</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref></bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. glyceriae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E277</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. glyceriae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Glyceria striata</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Meliceae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 200747</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r60">60</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. glyceriae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E2772</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. glyceriae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Glyceria striata</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Meliceae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 200755</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r60">60</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. sylvatica</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E354</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ETC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Brachypodium sylvaticum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Brachypodieae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 200748</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r60">60</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. sylvatica</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E503</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ETC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Brachypodium sylvaticum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Brachypodieae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 200751</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r60">60</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. typhina</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E8</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ETC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Lolium perenne</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 200736</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r60">60</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r62">62</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. typhina</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E1022</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ETC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Poa nemoralis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 201668</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. typhina</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E2463</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ETC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Dactylis glomerata</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">C. D. Moon and C. L. Schardl, University of Kentucky</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. typhina</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E348</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ETC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Phleum pratense</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Aveneae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CBS 102648</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. typhina</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E425</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ETC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Phleum pratense</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Aveneae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 200851</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r60">60</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. typhina</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E505</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ETC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Brachypodium pinnatum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Brachypodieae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 200739</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r60">60</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>N. aotearoae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">e899</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Nao</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT#</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Echinopogon ovatus</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Aveneae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC MYA-1229</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r42">42</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>N. australiense</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">e938</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic>, ETC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Echinopogon. ovatus</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Aveneae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CBS 109347</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r42">42</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>N. coenophialum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">e19</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic>, ETC, LAE</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Lolium arundinaceum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 90664</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r65">65</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>N. coenophialum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Tf28</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic>, ETC, LAE</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Lolium arundinaceum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r9">9</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>N. funkii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">e4096</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic>, <italic>E. elymi</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Stipa robusta</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Stipeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC MYA-2583</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r45">45</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>N. gansuense</italic> var. <italic>inebrians</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">e818</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>N. inebrians</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Achnatherum inebrians</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Stipeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC MYA-1228</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r45">45</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>N. lolii</italic></bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>AR1</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>E. festucae</italic></bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>IDT</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic><bold>Lolium perenne</bold></italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>Poeae</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref></bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>N. lolii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Lp14</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">IDT*</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Lolium perenne</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r62">62</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>N. lolii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Lp19</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Lolitrems*</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Lolium perenne</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>N. lolii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Lp5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Lolium perenne</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r62">62</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>N. lolii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Lp7</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Lolium perenne</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>N. lolii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Lp9</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Lolium perenne</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r62">62</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>N. melicicola</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">e822</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic>, <italic>N. aotearoae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Melica racemosa</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Meliceae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CBS 108340</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r42">42</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>N. siegelii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">e915</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic>, <italic>E. bromicola</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Lolium pratense</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 74483</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Neotyphodium</italic> sp. strain FaTG-2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Tf15</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic>, LAE</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Lolium arundinaceum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Neotyphodium</italic> sp. strain FaTG-3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Tf20</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic>, LAE</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Lolium arundinaceum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Neotyphodium</italic> sp. strain HboTG-2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Hd1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. bromicola</italic>, ETC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Hordeum bogdanii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Triticeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">M. Christensen, AgResearch, New Zealand</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Neotyphodium</italic> sp. strain LpTG-2</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>Lp1</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>E. festucae</italic>, ETC</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>IDT</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic><bold>Lolium perenne</bold></italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>Poeae</bold></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r62">62</xref></bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Neotyphodium</italic> sp. strain LpTG-3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Lp2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic>, ETC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Lolium perenne</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r62">62</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>N. tembladerae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">e1169</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic>, ETC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Poa huecu</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC 200844</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>N. tembladerae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">e4055</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic>, ETC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Festuca arizonica</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATCC MYA-2564</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Neotyphodium</italic> sp.</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Poa</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ETC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t1fn4"><italic>d</italic></xref></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">IDT?</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Poa</italic> sp.</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Poeae</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">M. Christensen, AgResearch, New Zealand</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1fn1"><label>a</label><p>Abbreviations: ETC, <italic>E. typhina</italic> complex; LAE, <italic>Lolium</italic>-associated endophyte as documented in Moon et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>).</p></fn><fn id="t1fn2"><label>b</label><p>The predicted phenotype is based on the PCR screen for the presence of the <italic>ltm</italic> genes. Phenotypes that were confirmed by chemical analysis in this study are indicated in boldface. Chemical phenotypes confirmed in other publications are indicated by an asterisk. No IDT, no indole-diterpene production; IDT, indole-diterpene production; lolitrems, lolitrem production; #, isolate positive as shown by Miles et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r39">39</xref>).</p></fn><fn id="t1fn3"><label>c</label><p>ATCC and CBS refer to isolates deposited at the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA) or the CentraalBureau voor Schimmelcultures (Utrecht, The Netherlands), respectively.</p></fn><fn id="t1fn4"><label>d</label><p>The possible hybrid status is undetermined.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t2"><label>TABLE 2.</label><caption><p>Endophyte-infected plant material<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t2fn1"><italic>a</italic></xref></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Plant material</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Isolate contained</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Closest nonhybrid ancestor(s)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Analyzed IDT chemotype<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t2fn2"><italic>b</italic></xref></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Grass host/endophyte inoculation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">G1730-G1732</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Fr1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>L. perenne</italic>/PN2207</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">G1733-G1735</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Frr1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>L. perenne</italic>/PN2212</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">G1736-G1738</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Frc5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">No IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>L. perenne</italic>/PN2209</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">G1739-G1741</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Frc7</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>L. perenne</italic>/PN2132</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">G1742-G1744</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Fg1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Lolitrems</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>L. perenne</italic>/PN2211</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">G1745-G1747</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Fl1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Lolitrems*</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>L. perenne</italic>/PN2278</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">G1748-G1750</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">E189</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Lolitrems*</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>L. perenne</italic>/PN2241</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">G1751</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">AR1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>L. perenne</italic>/PN2279</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">G1752-G1754</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Lp1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. festucae</italic>, ETC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t2fn3"><italic>c</italic></xref></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">IDT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>L. perenne</italic>/PN2197</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t2fn1"><label>a</label><p>All plant materials were derived from <italic>L. perenne</italic>. The tribe for all plant materials was Poeae, and the reference for all plant materials was the present study.</p></fn><fn id="t2fn2"><label>b</label><p>*, chemotype confirmed in other publications. No IDT, no indole-diterpene production; IDT, indole-diterpene production; lolitrems, lolitrem production.</p></fn><fn id="t2fn3"><label>c</label><p>ETC, <italic>E. typhina</italic> complex.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t3"><label>TABLE 3.</label><caption><p>Primers used for probes and PCR analysis</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">Gene</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Primer 1
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Primer 2
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">Size (bp)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">Application</th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Name</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Sequence (5′-3′)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Name</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Sequence (5′-3′)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>chsV</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ChsV-312</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CTGGCCAGTCGTTTCCACGT</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ChsV-289</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">GTCGCCGATGTATCGTATTG</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">483</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">PCR</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>ggsA</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CYLp19-16</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CGTCGCCCACAACATCTTTG</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CYLp19-1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CACCATTTCGAGGTAGTC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">214</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">PCR</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>ltmC</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmC-216</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">AGATGACATCTGGAGCATGG</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmC-236</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CTTAAGCGAATTCTACCTTGTGGGTC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">1236</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Probe</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>ltmC</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmC-278</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">GAAACTGCCAATCGAGCATA</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmC-279</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">TTCTTGCAATCATTTTGCAATTG</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">403</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">PCR</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>ltmE</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmE-356</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CCGAGTTTGATGACCTGCTG</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmE-341</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">TTCCGCTTCCGAGTAGACTC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">687</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Probe/PCR</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>ltmF</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmF-359</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">GAATTATGTTACTCTTGGGG</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmF-360</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">AAGTTGGCACATAGGTCTTC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">227</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">PCR</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>ltmG</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmG-3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ACCGACGCCATTAATGAG</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmG-1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">TGGATCATTCGCAGATAC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">407</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Probe</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>ltmG</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmG-156</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">GCACAAACAATAAATTCGGCCAA</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmG-157</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">AATTTGCCCTCTGTTAAATCCTC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">383</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">PCR</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>ltmJ</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmJ-205</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CCAAGCATCGATTTGTCACC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmJ-206</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">AATCTGATCGCCATCTTTGC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">242</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Probe/PCR</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>ltmK</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmK-160</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATATTGAATTGCTGCGTGAGGAG</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmK-161</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">AGAGGCCAAGAAGCGGCCTGGACA</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">568</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">PCR</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>ltmM</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmM-7</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ACTGGGCATCTTCCATAG</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmM-35</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">GTTCGGTGCCTCTAATAC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">448</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Probe</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>ltmM</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmM-158</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">GTGATCGGTGCTGACGGGGTCCA</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmM-159</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">TATCGCCATATTTGCTCCTTGCCC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">669</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">PCR</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>ltmP</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmP-191</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CCAAGGAGGTTTTGAATGTA</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmP-192</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">TTGGATGAGCTCAATCATGC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">374</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Probe</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>ltmP</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmP-280</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATGGCTGTCATTCATACAACAGCTATG</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmP-281</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">AGCGTCCCGGACAGGCATATCTCCCA</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">508</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">PCR</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>ltmQ</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmQ-313</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CTACCAGGACAGGCGTGACGTCC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ltmQ-282</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CAGAGGTTTAACCCTCTTGACGC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">334</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">PCR</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Rua</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">rua-4</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">ATAGTCTAACTAGAGGGC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">rua-23</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">TAGATAGGGAAGTTATGC</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">382</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Probe</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Tahi</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">tahi-16</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">AGTCTTTCCTAGCGTAGG</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">tahi-95</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">GTAAGCGGTTAAAAGGGA</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">522</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Probe</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t4"><label>TABLE 4.</label><caption><p>Occurrence of some indole diterpenes in ryegrass plants infected with selected endophytes</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">Compound<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t4fn1"><italic>a</italic></xref></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle"><italic>m/z</italic> M+H<sup>+</sup></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">Retention time (min)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">MS ID<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t4fn2"><italic>b</italic></xref></th><th colspan="6" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Result obtained with endophyte isolate(s)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t4fn3"><italic>c</italic></xref>:
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Fr1, Frr1, Frc5</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Lp1, AR1</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Frc7</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Fg1</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Fl1</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">E189</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Paspaline*</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">422</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">32.5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">+</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">+</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">+</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">13-Desoxypaxilline*</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">420</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">21.6</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">+</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Paxilline*</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">436</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">15</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">+</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Ld</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Unknown</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">454</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">9.2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">+</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">+</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">+</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">+</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Unknown</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">518</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">26.1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">+</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Unknown</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">534</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">21.8</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Terpendole C*</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">520</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">27.1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">+</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">+</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Lolitriol*</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">620</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">9.5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">+</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Lolitrem N</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">620</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">8.6</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Ld</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Lolitrem K</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">602</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">16.1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">+</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Lolitrem J</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">662</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">14.3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">+</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Ld</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Lolitrem E*</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">688</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">30.1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">+</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Lolitrem B*</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">686</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">28.7</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">++</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t4fn1"><label>a</label><p>*, compound identified by relative retention and mass spectral comparison to authentic standards. The remaining compounds were tentatively identified by mass, relative retention, and possible relationship(s) to known compounds. Unknown, the mass indicates an as-yet-uncharacterized indole-diterpene.</p></fn><fn id="t4fn2"><label>b</label><p>Order of mass spectral fragmentation used to identify compound compared to authentic standard for occurrences marked “++”.</p></fn><fn id="t4fn3"><label>c</label><p>-, Compounds not detected; Ld, ions at the limit of detection where confirmation of the peak could not be confirmed by mass spectral fragmentation; +, compounds observed at low ion intensity; ++, compounds observed at medium or high intensity. The <italic>ltm</italic> genes and clusters present in the isolates were as follows: Lp1 and AR1, KMGBCFQP and <italic>ltm</italic> 1, 2; Frc7, KMGBCF∧QP and <italic>ltm</italic> 1, 2; Fg1, KMGBCF∧QPJE and <italic>ltm</italic> 1, 2, 3; Fl1 KMGBCFQPJE and <italic>ltm</italic> 1, 2, 3; and E189, KMGBCFQPJE and <italic>ltm</italic> 1, 2, 3. F∧ indicates a nonfunctional <italic>ltmF</italic> gene. For E189, <italic>ltmE</italic> was detected by Southern analysis only.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-wrap></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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