Acetylcholinesterase Immobilized on Magnetic Beads for Pesticides Detection: Application to Olive Oil Analysis
Identifieur interne : 000473 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000472; suivant : 000474Acetylcholinesterase Immobilized on Magnetic Beads for Pesticides Detection: Application to Olive Oil Analysis
Auteurs : Najwa Ben Oujji ; Idriss Bakas ; Georges Istamboulié ; Ihya Ait-Ichou ; Elhabib Ait-Addi ; Régis Rouillon ; Thierry NoguerSource :
- Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) [ 1424-8220 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
This work presents the development of bioassays and biosensors for the detection of insecticides widely used in the treatment of olive trees. The systems are based on the covalent immobilisation of acetylcholinesterase on magnetic microbeads using either colorimetry or amperometry as detection technique. The magnetic beads were immobilised on screen-printed electrodes or microtitration plates and tested using standard solutions and real samples. The developed devices showed good analytical performances with limits of detection much lower than the maximum residue limit tolerated by international regulations, as well as a good reproducibility and stability.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/s120607893
PubMed: 22969377
PubMed Central: 3436006
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PMC:3436006Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Acetylcholinesterase Immobilized on Magnetic Beads for Pesticides Detection: Application to Olive Oil Analysis</title><author><name sortKey="Ben Oujji, Najwa" sort="Ben Oujji, Najwa" uniqKey="Ben Oujji N" first="Najwa" last="Ben Oujji">Najwa Ben Oujji</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-12-07893"> IMAGES Laboratory, University of Perpignan, IMAGES EA4218, Building S 52 Av Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France; E-Mails:<email>najwa_benoujji@hotmail.com</email> (N.B.O.);<email>idriss_salame@hotmail.com</email> (I.B.);<email>gistamboulie@yahoo.fr</email> (G.I.);<email>rouillon@univ-perp.fr</email> (R.R.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-12-07893"> AQUAMAR Laboratory, Photocatalysis and Environment Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Zohr, BP 8106 Cité Dakhla, Agadir, Morocco; E-Mails:<email>ihya.aitichou@gmail.com</email> (I.A.-I.);<email>h.aitaddi@esta.ac.ma</email> (E.A.-A.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bakas, Idriss" sort="Bakas, Idriss" uniqKey="Bakas I" first="Idriss" last="Bakas">Idriss Bakas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-12-07893"> IMAGES Laboratory, University of Perpignan, IMAGES EA4218, Building S 52 Av Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France; E-Mails:<email>najwa_benoujji@hotmail.com</email> (N.B.O.);<email>idriss_salame@hotmail.com</email> (I.B.);<email>gistamboulie@yahoo.fr</email> (G.I.);<email>rouillon@univ-perp.fr</email> (R.R.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-12-07893"> AQUAMAR Laboratory, Photocatalysis and Environment Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Zohr, BP 8106 Cité Dakhla, Agadir, Morocco; E-Mails:<email>ihya.aitichou@gmail.com</email> (I.A.-I.);<email>h.aitaddi@esta.ac.ma</email> (E.A.-A.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Istamboulie, Georges" sort="Istamboulie, Georges" uniqKey="Istamboulie G" first="Georges" last="Istamboulié">Georges Istamboulié</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-12-07893"> IMAGES Laboratory, University of Perpignan, IMAGES EA4218, Building S 52 Av Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France; E-Mails:<email>najwa_benoujji@hotmail.com</email> (N.B.O.);<email>idriss_salame@hotmail.com</email> (I.B.);<email>gistamboulie@yahoo.fr</email> (G.I.);<email>rouillon@univ-perp.fr</email> (R.R.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ait Ichou, Ihya" sort="Ait Ichou, Ihya" uniqKey="Ait Ichou I" first="Ihya" last="Ait-Ichou">Ihya Ait-Ichou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-12-07893"> AQUAMAR Laboratory, Photocatalysis and Environment Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Zohr, BP 8106 Cité Dakhla, Agadir, Morocco; E-Mails:<email>ihya.aitichou@gmail.com</email> (I.A.-I.);<email>h.aitaddi@esta.ac.ma</email> (E.A.-A.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ait Addi, Elhabib" sort="Ait Addi, Elhabib" uniqKey="Ait Addi E" first="Elhabib" last="Ait-Addi">Elhabib Ait-Addi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-12-07893"> AQUAMAR Laboratory, Photocatalysis and Environment Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Zohr, BP 8106 Cité Dakhla, Agadir, Morocco; E-Mails:<email>ihya.aitichou@gmail.com</email> (I.A.-I.);<email>h.aitaddi@esta.ac.ma</email> (E.A.-A.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rouillon, Regis" sort="Rouillon, Regis" uniqKey="Rouillon R" first="Régis" last="Rouillon">Régis Rouillon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-12-07893"> IMAGES Laboratory, University of Perpignan, IMAGES EA4218, Building S 52 Av Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France; E-Mails:<email>najwa_benoujji@hotmail.com</email> (N.B.O.);<email>idriss_salame@hotmail.com</email> (I.B.);<email>gistamboulie@yahoo.fr</email> (G.I.);<email>rouillon@univ-perp.fr</email> (R.R.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noguer, Thierry" sort="Noguer, Thierry" uniqKey="Noguer T" first="Thierry" last="Noguer">Thierry Noguer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-12-07893"> IMAGES Laboratory, University of Perpignan, IMAGES EA4218, Building S 52 Av Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France; E-Mails:<email>najwa_benoujji@hotmail.com</email> (N.B.O.);<email>idriss_salame@hotmail.com</email> (I.B.);<email>gistamboulie@yahoo.fr</email> (G.I.);<email>rouillon@univ-perp.fr</email> (R.R.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22969377</idno><idno type="pmc">3436006</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3436006</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3436006</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/s120607893</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000474</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000474</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000473</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000473</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Acetylcholinesterase Immobilized on Magnetic Beads for Pesticides Detection: Application to Olive Oil Analysis</title><author><name sortKey="Ben Oujji, Najwa" sort="Ben Oujji, Najwa" uniqKey="Ben Oujji N" first="Najwa" last="Ben Oujji">Najwa Ben Oujji</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-12-07893"> IMAGES Laboratory, University of Perpignan, IMAGES EA4218, Building S 52 Av Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France; E-Mails:<email>najwa_benoujji@hotmail.com</email> (N.B.O.);<email>idriss_salame@hotmail.com</email> (I.B.);<email>gistamboulie@yahoo.fr</email> (G.I.);<email>rouillon@univ-perp.fr</email> (R.R.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-12-07893"> AQUAMAR Laboratory, Photocatalysis and Environment Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Zohr, BP 8106 Cité Dakhla, Agadir, Morocco; E-Mails:<email>ihya.aitichou@gmail.com</email> (I.A.-I.);<email>h.aitaddi@esta.ac.ma</email> (E.A.-A.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bakas, Idriss" sort="Bakas, Idriss" uniqKey="Bakas I" first="Idriss" last="Bakas">Idriss Bakas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-12-07893"> IMAGES Laboratory, University of Perpignan, IMAGES EA4218, Building S 52 Av Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France; E-Mails:<email>najwa_benoujji@hotmail.com</email> (N.B.O.);<email>idriss_salame@hotmail.com</email> (I.B.);<email>gistamboulie@yahoo.fr</email> (G.I.);<email>rouillon@univ-perp.fr</email> (R.R.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-12-07893"> AQUAMAR Laboratory, Photocatalysis and Environment Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Zohr, BP 8106 Cité Dakhla, Agadir, Morocco; E-Mails:<email>ihya.aitichou@gmail.com</email> (I.A.-I.);<email>h.aitaddi@esta.ac.ma</email> (E.A.-A.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Istamboulie, Georges" sort="Istamboulie, Georges" uniqKey="Istamboulie G" first="Georges" last="Istamboulié">Georges Istamboulié</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-12-07893"> IMAGES Laboratory, University of Perpignan, IMAGES EA4218, Building S 52 Av Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France; E-Mails:<email>najwa_benoujji@hotmail.com</email> (N.B.O.);<email>idriss_salame@hotmail.com</email> (I.B.);<email>gistamboulie@yahoo.fr</email> (G.I.);<email>rouillon@univ-perp.fr</email> (R.R.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ait Ichou, Ihya" sort="Ait Ichou, Ihya" uniqKey="Ait Ichou I" first="Ihya" last="Ait-Ichou">Ihya Ait-Ichou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-12-07893"> AQUAMAR Laboratory, Photocatalysis and Environment Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Zohr, BP 8106 Cité Dakhla, Agadir, Morocco; E-Mails:<email>ihya.aitichou@gmail.com</email> (I.A.-I.);<email>h.aitaddi@esta.ac.ma</email> (E.A.-A.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ait Addi, Elhabib" sort="Ait Addi, Elhabib" uniqKey="Ait Addi E" first="Elhabib" last="Ait-Addi">Elhabib Ait-Addi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-12-07893"> AQUAMAR Laboratory, Photocatalysis and Environment Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Zohr, BP 8106 Cité Dakhla, Agadir, Morocco; E-Mails:<email>ihya.aitichou@gmail.com</email> (I.A.-I.);<email>h.aitaddi@esta.ac.ma</email> (E.A.-A.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rouillon, Regis" sort="Rouillon, Regis" uniqKey="Rouillon R" first="Régis" last="Rouillon">Régis Rouillon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-12-07893"> IMAGES Laboratory, University of Perpignan, IMAGES EA4218, Building S 52 Av Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France; E-Mails:<email>najwa_benoujji@hotmail.com</email> (N.B.O.);<email>idriss_salame@hotmail.com</email> (I.B.);<email>gistamboulie@yahoo.fr</email> (G.I.);<email>rouillon@univ-perp.fr</email> (R.R.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noguer, Thierry" sort="Noguer, Thierry" uniqKey="Noguer T" first="Thierry" last="Noguer">Thierry Noguer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-12-07893"> IMAGES Laboratory, University of Perpignan, IMAGES EA4218, Building S 52 Av Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France; E-Mails:<email>najwa_benoujji@hotmail.com</email> (N.B.O.);<email>idriss_salame@hotmail.com</email> (I.B.);<email>gistamboulie@yahoo.fr</email> (G.I.);<email>rouillon@univ-perp.fr</email> (R.R.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</title><idno type="eISSN">1424-8220</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>This work presents the development of bioassays and biosensors for the detection of insecticides widely used in the treatment of olive trees. The systems are based on the covalent immobilisation of acetylcholinesterase on magnetic microbeads using either colorimetry or amperometry as detection technique. The magnetic beads were immobilised on screen-printed electrodes or microtitration plates and tested using standard solutions and real samples. The developed devices showed good analytical performances with limits of detection much lower than the maximum residue limit tolerated by international regulations, as well as a good reproducibility and stability.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kandylis, P" uniqKey="Kandylis P">P. Kandylis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vekiari, A S" uniqKey="Vekiari A">A.S. Vekiari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kanellaki, M" uniqKey="Kanellaki M">M. Kanellaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grati, K" uniqKey="Grati K">K. Grati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Msallem, M" uniqKey="Msallem M">M. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1424-8220</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22969377</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3436006</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/s120607893</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">sensors-12-07893</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Acetylcholinesterase Immobilized on Magnetic Beads for Pesticides Detection: Application to Olive Oil Analysis</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ben Oujji</surname><given-names>Najwa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-12-07893"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-12-07893"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bakas</surname><given-names>Idriss</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-12-07893"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-12-07893"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Istamboulié</surname><given-names>Georges</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-12-07893"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ait-Ichou</surname><given-names>Ihya</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-12-07893"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ait-Addi</surname><given-names>Elhabib</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-12-07893"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rouillon</surname><given-names>Régis</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-12-07893"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Noguer</surname><given-names>Thierry</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-12-07893"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-sensors-12-07893"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-sensors-12-07893"><label>1</label> IMAGES Laboratory, University of Perpignan, IMAGES EA4218, Building S 52 Av Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France; E-Mails:<email>najwa_benoujji@hotmail.com</email> (N.B.O.);<email>idriss_salame@hotmail.com</email> (I.B.);<email>gistamboulie@yahoo.fr</email> (G.I.);<email>rouillon@univ-perp.fr</email> (R.R.)</aff><aff id="af2-sensors-12-07893"><label>2</label> AQUAMAR Laboratory, Photocatalysis and Environment Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Zohr, BP 8106 Cité Dakhla, Agadir, Morocco; E-Mails:<email>ihya.aitichou@gmail.com</email> (I.A.-I.);<email>h.aitaddi@esta.ac.ma</email> (E.A.-A.)</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-sensors-12-07893"><label>*</label>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: <email>noguer@univ-perp.fr</email>; Tel.: +33-4-68-66-22-55; Fax: +33-4-68-66-22-23.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>6</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>7893</fpage><lpage>7904</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>04</day><month>5</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>24</day><month>5</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>04</day><month>6</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>This work presents the development of bioassays and biosensors for the detection of insecticides widely used in the treatment of olive trees. The systems are based on the covalent immobilisation of acetylcholinesterase on magnetic microbeads using either colorimetry or amperometry as detection technique. The magnetic beads were immobilised on screen-printed electrodes or microtitration plates and tested using standard solutions and real samples. The developed devices showed good analytical performances with limits of detection much lower than the maximum residue limit tolerated by international regulations, as well as a good reproducibility and stability.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>electric eel acetylcholinesterase</kwd><kwd>organophosphorus insecticides</kwd><kwd>magnetic microbeads</kwd><kwd>olive oil</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-sensors-12-07893" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Structures of organophosphates and their oxidized forms used in this study: (<bold>a</bold>) dimethoate and his oxon form omethoate; (<bold>b</bold>) malathion and malaoxon; (<bold>c</bold>) methidathion and methidathion oxide.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-07893f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-sensors-12-07893" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p>Inhibition effect of omethoate, methidathion and malaoxon on electric eel AChE immobilized on magnetic beads, measurement by colorimetric method.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-07893f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-sensors-12-07893" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p>Inhibition effect of omethoate, methidathion and malaoxon on the amperometric biosensor based on electric eel AChE covalently immobilized on magnetic microbeads.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-07893f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-sensors-12-07893" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p>Comparison of inhibition effects of omethoate, methidathion and malaoxon in olive oil real samples and buffer, detection by optical method.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-07893f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-sensors-12-07893" position="float"><label>Figure 5.</label><caption><p>Comparison of inhibition effects of omethoate, methidathion and malaoxon in buffer or olive oil real samples, detection by amperometric method.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-07893f5"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-sensors-12-07893" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Inhibition constants ki (μM<sup>−1</sup>·min<sup>−1</sup>) obtained for methidathion, malaoxon and omethoate.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Methidathion</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Malaoxon</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Omethoate</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>AChE-EE</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.98</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-sensors-12-07893" position="float"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><p>The IC<sub>50</sub> and IC<sub>10</sub> values (M) obtained with the two detection methods with the three pesticides.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold>Colorimetric detection Pesticide concentration (M)</bold></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold>Amperometric detection Pesticide concentration (M)</bold></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC<sub>10</sub></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC<sub>50</sub></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC<sub>10</sub></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC<sub>50</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Omethoate</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.45E-06</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.65E-05</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.15E-06</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.46E-05</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Methidathion</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.50E-09</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.80E-08</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.85E-09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.36E-07</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Malaoxon</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.00E-10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30E-08</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.40E-09</td><td 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