Use & Misuse of Water-filtered Tobacco Smoking Pipes in the World. Consequences for Public Health, Research & Research Ethics
Identifieur interne : 000442 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000441; suivant : 000443Use & Misuse of Water-filtered Tobacco Smoking Pipes in the World. Consequences for Public Health, Research & Research Ethics
Auteurs : Kamal ChaouachiSource :
- The Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal [ 1874-1045 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The traditional definition of an “epidemic” has been revisited by antismoking researchers. After 400 years, Doctors would have realized that one aspect of an ancient cultural daily practice of Asian and African societies was in fact a “global “epidemic””. This needed further investigation particularly if one keeps in his mind the health aspects surrounding barbecues.
Here, up-to-date biomedical results are dialectically confronted with anthropological findings, hence in real life, in order to highlight the extent of the global confusion: from the new definition of an “epidemic” and “prevalence” to the myth of “nicotine “addiction”” and other themes in relation to water filtered tobacco smoking pipes (WFTSPs).
We found that over the last decade, many publications, -particularly reviews, “meta-analyses” and “systematic reviews”- on (WFTSPs), have actually contributed to fuelling the greatest mix-up ever witnessed in biomedical research. One main reason for such a situation has been the absolute lack of critical analysis of the available literature and the uncritical use of citations (one seriously flawed review has been cited up to 200 times). Another main reason has been to take as granted a biased smoking robot designed at the US American of Beirut whose measured yields of toxic chemicals may differ dozens of times from others' based on the same “protocol”. We also found that, for more than one decade, two other main methodological problems are: 1) the long-lived unwillingness to distinguish between use and misuse; 2) the consistent unethical rejection of biomedical negative results which, interestingly, are quantitatively and qualitatively much more instructive than the positive ones.
the great majority of WFTSP toxicity studies have actually measured, voluntarily or not, their misuse aspects, not the use in itself. This is in contradiction with both the harm reduction and public health doctrines. The publication of negative results should be encouraged instead of being stifled.
Url:
DOI: 10.2174/1874104501509010001
PubMed: 25861403
PubMed Central: 4384226
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Use & Misuse of Water-filtered Tobacco Smoking Pipes in the World. Consequences for Public Health, Research & Research Ethics</title>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background: </title>
<p>The traditional definition of an “epidemic” has been revisited by antismoking researchers. After 400 years, Doctors would have realized that one aspect of an ancient cultural daily practice of Asian and African societies was in fact a “global “epidemic””. This needed further investigation particularly if one keeps in his mind the health aspects surrounding barbecues.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title><underline>Method:</underline>
</title>
<p>Here, up-to-date biomedical results are dialectically confronted with anthropological findings, hence in real life, in order to highlight the extent of the global confusion: from the new definition of an “epidemic” and “prevalence” to the myth of “nicotine “addiction”” and other themes in relation to water filtered tobacco smoking pipes (WFTSPs).</p>
</sec>
<sec><title><underline>Results: </underline>
</title>
<p>We found that over the last decade, many publications, -particularly reviews, “meta-analyses” and “systematic reviews”- on (WFTSPs), have actually contributed to fuelling the greatest mix-up ever witnessed in biomedical research. One main reason for such a situation has been the absolute lack of critical analysis of the available literature and the uncritical use of citations (one seriously flawed review has been cited up to 200 times). Another main reason has been to take as granted a biased smoking robot designed at the US American of Beirut whose measured yields of toxic chemicals may differ dozens of times from others' based on the same “protocol”. We also found that, for more than one decade, two other main methodological problems are: 1) the long-lived unwillingness to distinguish between use and misuse; 2) the consistent unethical rejection of biomedical negative results which, interestingly, are quantitatively and qualitatively much more instructive than the positive ones.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title><underline>Conclusion</underline>
:</title>
<p> the great majority of WFTSP toxicity studies have actually measured, voluntarily or not, their misuse aspects, not the use in itself. This is in contradiction with both the harm reduction and public health doctrines. The publication of negative results should be encouraged instead of being stifled.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Open Med Chem J</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Open Med Chem J</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">TOMCJ</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>The Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1874-1045</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Bentham Open</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25861403</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4384226</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">TOMCJ-9-1</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/1874104501509010001</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Use & Misuse of Water-filtered Tobacco Smoking Pipes in the World. Consequences for Public Health, Research & Research Ethics</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chaouachi</surname>
<given-names>Kamal</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">DIU Tabacologie, Université Paris XI, France</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>
Address correspondence to this author at the DIU Tabacologie, Université
Paris XI, 63 avenue Gabriel Peri, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
Tel: 33 1 4959 6617; Fax: 33 1 5839 3695; E-mail: <email xlink:href="kamcha@gmail.com">kamcha@gmail.com</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>12</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>27</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>22</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© Chaouachi; Licensee <italic>Bentham Open</italic>
.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Chaouachi</copyright-holder>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</uri>
) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><sec><title>Background: </title>
<p>The traditional definition of an “epidemic” has been revisited by antismoking researchers. After 400 years, Doctors would have realized that one aspect of an ancient cultural daily practice of Asian and African societies was in fact a “global “epidemic””. This needed further investigation particularly if one keeps in his mind the health aspects surrounding barbecues.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title><underline>Method:</underline>
</title>
<p>Here, up-to-date biomedical results are dialectically confronted with anthropological findings, hence in real life, in order to highlight the extent of the global confusion: from the new definition of an “epidemic” and “prevalence” to the myth of “nicotine “addiction”” and other themes in relation to water filtered tobacco smoking pipes (WFTSPs).</p>
</sec>
<sec><title><underline>Results: </underline>
</title>
<p>We found that over the last decade, many publications, -particularly reviews, “meta-analyses” and “systematic reviews”- on (WFTSPs), have actually contributed to fuelling the greatest mix-up ever witnessed in biomedical research. One main reason for such a situation has been the absolute lack of critical analysis of the available literature and the uncritical use of citations (one seriously flawed review has been cited up to 200 times). Another main reason has been to take as granted a biased smoking robot designed at the US American of Beirut whose measured yields of toxic chemicals may differ dozens of times from others' based on the same “protocol”. We also found that, for more than one decade, two other main methodological problems are: 1) the long-lived unwillingness to distinguish between use and misuse; 2) the consistent unethical rejection of biomedical negative results which, interestingly, are quantitatively and qualitatively much more instructive than the positive ones.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title><underline>Conclusion</underline>
:</title>
<p> the great majority of WFTSP toxicity studies have actually measured, voluntarily or not, their misuse aspects, not the use in itself. This is in contradiction with both the harm reduction and public health doctrines. The publication of negative results should be encouraged instead of being stifled.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><title>Keywords: </title>
<kwd>Electronic cigarette</kwd>
<kwd>harm reduction</kwd>
<kwd>hookah</kwd>
<kwd>narghile</kwd>
<kwd>public health,shisha</kwd>
<kwd>smoking</kwd>
<kwd>tobacco</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig fig-type="figure" id="F1" position="float"><label>Fig. (1)</label>
<caption><p>Tumbak (ajamy), a classical” product in Asia and Africa. It is close to the one used by the volunteers in Mohammad <italic>et al.</italic>
' study on their lung function [<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
]. Main characteristic: direct contact between the charcoal and the tobacco plant.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="TOMCJ-9-1_F1"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig fig-type="figure" id="F2" position="float"><label>Fig. (2)</label>
<caption><p>Moassel <bold>(tabamel)</bold>
, a mixed product between tumbak and jurak (see reference book) [<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
]. The chemistry of its smoke is completely different from that of tumbak whose study has been prevented by the use of the unscientific confusion-fuelling neologism ««waterpipe»». Main characteristic: no direct contact between the charcoal and the smoking mixture.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="TOMCJ-9-1_F2"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig fig-type="figure" id="F3" position="float"><label>Fig. (3)</label>
<caption><p>Jurak, also a “classical” product in Asia and Africa. It is close to the one used by the volunteers in Sajid <italic>et al.</italic>
's study [<xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
]. Painting depicting a Tunisian scene.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="TOMCJ-9-1_F3"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig fig-type="figure" id="F4" position="float"><label>Fig. (4)</label>
<caption><p>Harm reduction in practice. The Tunisian inverted Keskes (sieve) is a vaporising ball in use in many cafes of the country. Its proper use needs some “training” in order to avoid causing the inverse effect (burning the moassel instead of just vaporising its active principles).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="TOMCJ-9-1_F4"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig fig-type="figure" id="F5" position="float"><label>Fig. (5)</label>
<caption><p>Different devices produce, in each case, a qualitatively different chemical smoke and induce different health effects, particularly in case of misuse as this happens with inexperienced users. Even if some health effects may be similar to those affecting cigarette smokers, this is generally due to a specific chemical or group of chemicals. This does not mean that all water filtered tobacco smoking pipes do cause the “same effects” as cigarettes.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="TOMCJ-9-1_F5"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig fig-type="figure" id="F6" position="float"><label>Fig. (6)</label>
<caption><p>Activity concentration of 210Po and tobacco content in cigarette, moassel and jurak (a), 210Po activity percentage released in smoke and remained in ash and filter (b), daily and annual intake of Po-210 activity, Bq, due to cigarette, moassel and jurak smoking (c) and annual committed effective dose due to 210Po and 210Pb intake via smoking (source: Khater AE, Abd El-Aziz NS, Al-Sewaidan HA, Chaouachi K. Radiological hazards of Narghile (hookah, shisha, goza) smoking: activity concentrations and dose assessment. J Environ Radioact. 2008 Dec; 99(12): 1808-14).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="TOMCJ-9-1_F6"></graphic>
</fig>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>
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