Species characteristics of lead in sea foods collected from coastal water of Fujian, Southeastern of China
Identifieur interne : 000081 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000080; suivant : 000082Species characteristics of lead in sea foods collected from coastal water of Fujian, Southeastern of China
Auteurs : Ye He [République populaire de Chine] ; Zhiqiang Chen [République populaire de Chine] ; Fan Mo [République populaire de Chine] ; Limei Huang [République populaire de Chine] ; Liangjun Xu [République populaire de Chine] ; Yongning Wu [République populaire de Chine] ; Zhimin Xue [République populaire de Chine] ; Fengfu Fu [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Various sea foods including fish, shellfish and shrimp were collected from different coastal areas of Fujian in China, and their Pb species characteristics were investigated in detail. The results indicated that there are two different species characteristics of Pb existing in sea food samples. About half of samples were detected to have only Pb2+, and another half of samples were detected to have both Pb2+ and trimethyl lead (TML). The results also revealed that Pb species characteristics in the sea foods rather depend on the species of sea food than the sampling area. In comparison with shellfish/shrimp samples, fish samples have higher concentrations of TML and Pb2+. Especially, the average concentration of TML in the TML-detected fish samples is about 3 times of that in the TML-detected shellfish/shrimp samples, indicating that fish has stronger ability to uptake and accumulate TML. The concentrations of total lead in all samples are lower than the maximum allowable limit of national standard, suggesting that the sea foods collected from Fujian are safe for consumption. By considering that TAL has more toxicity than Pb2+, the effect of TML in sea foods on the human health should be paid more attention in the future.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep33294
PubMed: 27624560
PubMed Central: 5022019
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Species characteristics of lead in sea foods collected from coastal water of Fujian, Southeastern of China</title><author><name sortKey="He, Ye" sort="He, Ye" uniqKey="He Y" first="Ye" last="He">Ye He</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Zhiqiang" sort="Chen, Zhiqiang" uniqKey="Chen Z" first="Zhiqiang" last="Chen">Zhiqiang Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mo, Fan" sort="Mo, Fan" uniqKey="Mo F" first="Fan" last="Mo">Fan Mo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Limei" sort="Huang, Limei" uniqKey="Huang L" first="Limei" last="Huang">Limei Huang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Liangjun" sort="Xu, Liangjun" uniqKey="Xu L" first="Liangjun" last="Xu">Liangjun Xu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République 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strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, Fengfu" sort="Fu, Fengfu" uniqKey="Fu F" first="Fengfu" last="Fu">Fengfu Fu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27624560</idno><idno type="pmc">5022019</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5022019</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5022019</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep33294</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000081</idno><idno 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strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Zhiqiang" sort="Chen, Zhiqiang" uniqKey="Chen Z" first="Zhiqiang" last="Chen">Zhiqiang Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mo, Fan" sort="Mo, Fan" uniqKey="Mo F" first="Fan" last="Mo">Fan Mo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Limei" sort="Huang, Limei" uniqKey="Huang L" first="Limei" last="Huang">Limei Huang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Liangjun" sort="Xu, Liangjun" uniqKey="Xu L" first="Liangjun" last="Xu">Liangjun Xu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Yongning" sort="Wu, Yongning" uniqKey="Wu Y" first="Yongning" last="Wu">Yongning Wu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment</institution>, Beijing 100022,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xue, Zhimin" sort="Xue, Zhimin" uniqKey="Xue Z" first="Zhimin" last="Xue">Zhimin Xue</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Fujian Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, Fengfu" sort="Fu, Fengfu" uniqKey="Fu F" first="Fengfu" last="Fu">Fengfu Fu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Various sea foods including fish, shellfish and shrimp were collected from different coastal areas of Fujian in China, and their Pb species characteristics were investigated in detail. The results indicated that there are two different species characteristics of Pb existing in sea food samples. About half of samples were detected to have only Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and another half of samples were detected to have both Pb<sup>2+</sup> and trimethyl lead (TML). The results also revealed that Pb species characteristics in the sea foods rather depend on the species of sea food than the sampling area. In comparison with shellfish/shrimp samples, fish samples have higher concentrations of TML and Pb<sup>2+</sup>. Especially, the average concentration of TML in the TML-detected fish samples is about 3 times of that in the TML-detected shellfish/shrimp samples, indicating that fish has stronger ability to uptake and accumulate TML. The concentrations of total lead in all samples are lower than the maximum allowable limit of national standard, suggesting that the sea foods collected from Fujian are safe for consumption. By considering that TAL has more toxicity than Pb<sup>2+</sup>, the effect of TML in sea foods on the human health should be paid more attention in the future.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Demetriades, A" uniqKey="Demetriades A">A. Demetriades</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, X D" uniqKey="Li X">X. D. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramsey, M H" uniqKey="Ramsey M">M. H. Ramsey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thornton, I" uniqKey="Thornton I">I. Thornton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Behbahani, M" uniqKey="Behbahani M">M. Behbahani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liang, P" uniqKey="Liang P">P. Liang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sang, H B" uniqKey="Sang H">H.-B. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27624560</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5022019</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep33294</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep33294</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Species characteristics of lead in sea foods collected from coastal water of Fujian, Southeastern of China</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>He</surname><given-names>Ye</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Zhiqiang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mo</surname><given-names>Fan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>Limei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>LiangJun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Yongning</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xue</surname><given-names>Zhimin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fu</surname><given-names>FengFu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">b</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment</institution>, Beijing 100022,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Fujian Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002,<country>China</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>wuyongning@cfsa.net.cn</email></corresp><corresp id="c2"><label>b</label>(email: <email>fengfu@fzu.edu.cn</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><elocation-id>33294</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>24</day><month>08</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Author(s)</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Various sea foods including fish, shellfish and shrimp were collected from different coastal areas of Fujian in China, and their Pb species characteristics were investigated in detail. The results indicated that there are two different species characteristics of Pb existing in sea food samples. About half of samples were detected to have only Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and another half of samples were detected to have both Pb<sup>2+</sup> and trimethyl lead (TML). The results also revealed that Pb species characteristics in the sea foods rather depend on the species of sea food than the sampling area. In comparison with shellfish/shrimp samples, fish samples have higher concentrations of TML and Pb<sup>2+</sup>. Especially, the average concentration of TML in the TML-detected fish samples is about 3 times of that in the TML-detected shellfish/shrimp samples, indicating that fish has stronger ability to uptake and accumulate TML. The concentrations of total lead in all samples are lower than the maximum allowable limit of national standard, suggesting that the sea foods collected from Fujian are safe for consumption. By considering that TAL has more toxicity than Pb<sup>2+</sup>, the effect of TML in sea foods on the human health should be paid more attention in the future.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>The electropherograms of marine animals under the optimal CE-ICP-MS conditions shown in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Table S1</xref>.</title><p>(<bold>a</bold>) Clam (<italic>Paphia undulate</italic>); (<bold>b</bold>) Clam (<italic>Paphia undulate</italic>) spiked with 2 μg/g Pb<sup>2+</sup>, TEL and 0.5 μg/g TML; (<bold>c</bold>) Mandarin fish; (<bold>d</bold>) Mandarin fish spiked with 2 μg/g Pb<sup>2+</sup>, TEL and 0.5 μg/g TML.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep33294-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) The electropherograms of Mandarin fish under the optimal CE-ICP-MS conditions shown in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Table S1</xref>. (<bold>b</bold>) The ESI-MS results of Mandarin fish. Data was obtained with an Agilent CE-ESI-MS system under <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Table S1 CE</xref> separation condition and ESI-MS conditions as follow: positive mode, 3.5kV electrospray voltage, full scan (m/z from 100 to 800), 0.69 bar of nebulizing gas, drying gas (150 °C) flowed at a rate of 6.0L/mL, the sheath liquid is methanol-water (50:50,v/v) containing 7.5 mM acetic acid.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep33294-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>The distributions of Pb<sup>2+</sup> and TML in all fish samples and shellfish/shrimp samples.</title><p>Data shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> were used to plot.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep33294-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><title>The sampling area of all sea foods, coastal waters of Fujian province in south-eastern Greater China (the map was generated with soft of Canvas 8, Canvas software can be obtained from <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://"><bold>http://www.poladigital.co.jp/canvas/index.html</bold></ext-link>).</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep33294-f4"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>The analytical performance of CE-ICP-MS method for determining Pb<sup>2+</sup>, TML and TEL in different matrix.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam (<italic>Paphia undulate</italic>) tissue</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Mandarin fish tissue</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GBW10050 (Shrimp)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn1">a</xref>Total Con.</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.43 ± 0.02</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.45 ± 0.11</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.21 ± 0.01</th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref>LOD</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn3">c</xref>LOQ</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn4">d</xref>Added Con.</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn4">d</xref>Detected Con.</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">RSD (n = 5, %)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Rec. (%)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn4">d</xref>Added Con.</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn4">d</xref>Detected Con.</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">RSD (n = 6, %)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Rec. (%)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn4">d</xref>Added Con.</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn4">d</xref>Detected Con.</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn4">d</xref>Certified Con.</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Rec. (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Pb<sup>2+</sup></td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.12</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.41</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.19</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.20 ± 0.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.34</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">93%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">101%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.17</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">98%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">TML</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.41</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.37</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"></td> <td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.66</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"></td> <td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">103%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.51</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">93%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.87</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">94%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">TEL</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.84</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.80</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"></td> <td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"></td> <td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"></td> <td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.92</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">96%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.85</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">93%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">104%</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1-fn1"><p><sup>a</sup>The concentrations determined with ICP-MS after samples were completely decomposed with 7mol/L HNO<sub>3</sub>, unit is μg Pb/g dried weight.</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn2"><p><sup>b</sup>limit of detection (IUPAC criterion, the concentration to yield a net signal equal to 3 times the standard deviation of background), unit is ng Pb/g dried weight;</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn3"><p><sup>c</sup>limit of quantification (IUPAC criterion, the concentration to yield a net signal equal to 10 times the standard deviation of background), unit is ng Pb/g dried weight</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn4"><p><sup>d</sup>Unit is μg Pb/g dried weight.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Analytical results of each lead species in fish samples collected from Fujian, China.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Sample name</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Sampling area</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Con. of Pb<sup>2+</sup> (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Con. of TML (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Con. of TEL (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">The Sum Con. (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Total Con. (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Siniperca chuatsi</italic> (Mandarin fish)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Xiamen</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.111</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.645</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.756</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.651</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pampus sinensis (Pomfret)</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Xiamen</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.304</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.304</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.325</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pampus sinensis</italic> (Pomfret)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Longhai</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.998</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.998</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.002</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pampus sinensis</italic> (Pomfret)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ZhaoAn</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.030</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.030</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.051</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pampus sinensis</italic> (Pomfret)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Lianjiang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.021</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.021</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.086</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Epinephelus</italic> (Fish)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Lianjiang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.689</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.689</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.702</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Epinephelus</italic> (Fish)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Dongshan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.729</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.729</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.744</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Epinephelus</italic> (Fish)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Zhangpu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.557</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.557</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.568</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pagrosomus major</italic> (Fish)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Xiapu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.710</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.482</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.192</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.239</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Decapterus maruadsi</italic> (Fish)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Shishi</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.043</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.845</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.888</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.913</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Plectorhynchus cinctus</italic> (Fish)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Luoyuan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.422</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.622</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.044</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.298</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Scomberomorus niphonius</italic> (Pan-Fried Mackerel)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Putian</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.036</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.609</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.645</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.936</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Analytical results of each lead species in shellfish and shrimp samples collected from Fujian, China.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Sample name</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Sampling area</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Con. of Pb<sup>2+</sup> (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Con. of TML (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Con. of TEL (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">The Sum Con. (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Total Con. (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Mussel (<italic>Mytilidae</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Xiamen</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.033</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.768</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.801</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.881</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Oyster (<italic>Concha Ostreae</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Zhangpu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.178</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.178</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.184</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Abalone</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Luoyuan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.250</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.954</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.204</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.235</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam <italic>(Paphia undulate)</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Zhangpu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.941</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.941</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam <italic>(Paphia undulate)</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Dongshan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.418</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.418</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.426</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Mussel (<italic>Mytilidae</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Dongshan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.512</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.611</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.123</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.218</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Mussel (<italic>Mytilidae</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Zhaoan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.339</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.698</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.319</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.419</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam <italic>(Ruditapes philippinarum</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Zhaoan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.125</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.126</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.251</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.242</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam (<italic>Ruditapes philippinarum</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Longhai</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.455</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.583</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.038</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.109</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Prawn</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Longhai</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.810</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.810</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.901</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Prawn</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Zhaoan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.452</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.452</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.493</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Razor clam <italic>(Solen grandis)</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Longhai</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.036</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.752</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.788</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.797</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam (<italic>Ruditapes variegates</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Lianjiang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.115</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.115</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.135</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Razor clam <italic>(Solen grandis)</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Lianjiang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.745</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.678</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.423</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.606</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Razor clam <italic>(Solen grandis)</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Shishi</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.765</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.526</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.291</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.407</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam (<italic>Ruditapes variegates</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Shishi</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.231</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.231</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.240</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>The sample name and sampling site.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Sample name</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Sampling site</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam <italic>(Ruditapes philippinarum)</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Xiamen (S6), Longhai (S7), ZhaoAn (S10)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Mussel <italic>(Mytilidae)</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Dongshan (S9), ZhaoAn (S10)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Razor clam <italic>(Solen grandis)</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lianjiang (S3), Shishi (S5), Longhai (S7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam <italic>(Paphia undulate)</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Zhangpu (S8), Dongshan (S9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Abalone</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Luoyuan (S2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Oyster <italic>(Concha Ostreae)</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Zhangpu (S8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Epinephelus</italic> (fish)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lianjiang (S3), Zhangpu (S8), Dongshan (S9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Plectorhynchus cinctus</italic> (fish)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Luoyuan (S2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Decapterus maruadsi</italic> (fish)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Shishi (S5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pagrosomus major</italic> (fish)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Xiapu (S1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Siniperca chuatsi (</italic>mandarin fish)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Xiamen (S6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pampus sinensis (</italic>pomfret)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lianjiang (S3), Xiamen (S6), Longhai (S7), ZhaoAn (S10)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Scomberomorus niphonius</italic> (Pan-Fried Mackerel)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Putian (S4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Prawn</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Longhai (S7), ZhaoAn (S10)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam (<italic>Ruditapes variegates</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lianjiang (S3)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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