Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Traditional Cosmetics Sold in Tunisian Local Markets
Identifieur interne : 000064 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000063; suivant : 000065Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Traditional Cosmetics Sold in Tunisian Local Markets
Auteurs : Mohamed Anouar Nouioui [Tunisie] ; Salah Mahjoubi [Tunisie] ; Asma Ghorbel [Tunisie] ; Marouen Ben Haj Yahia [Tunisie] ; Dorra Amira [Tunisie] ; Hayet Ghorbel [Tunisie] ; Abderrazek Hedhili [Tunisie]Source :
- International Scholarly Research Notices [ 2356-7872 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
This study was undertaken in order to determine heavy metal contents in twelve (
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2016/6296458
PubMed: 27382641
PubMed Central: 4897375
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Cedex</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghorbel, Hayet" sort="Ghorbel, Hayet" uniqKey="Ghorbel H" first="Hayet" last="Ghorbel">Hayet Ghorbel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente CAMU, 1008 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente CAMU, 1008 Tunis Cedex</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Abou Kacem Chabbi, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Abou Kacem Chabbi, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis Cedex</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hedhili, Abderrazek" sort="Hedhili, Abderrazek" uniqKey="Hedhili A" first="Abderrazek" last="Hedhili">Abderrazek Hedhili</name><affiliation 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Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Abou Kacem Chabbi, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Abou Kacem Chabbi, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis Cedex</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mahjoubi, Salah" sort="Mahjoubi, Salah" uniqKey="Mahjoubi S" first="Salah" last="Mahjoubi">Salah Mahjoubi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente CAMU, 1008 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente CAMU, 1008 Tunis Cedex</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Abou Kacem Chabbi, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Abou Kacem Chabbi, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis Cedex</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghorbel, Asma" sort="Ghorbel, Asma" uniqKey="Ghorbel A" first="Asma" last="Ghorbel">Asma Ghorbel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente CAMU, 1008 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente CAMU, 1008 Tunis Cedex</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Abou Kacem Chabbi, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Abou Kacem Chabbi, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis Cedex</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ben Haj Yahia, Marouen" sort="Ben Haj Yahia, Marouen" uniqKey="Ben Haj Yahia M" first="Marouen" last="Ben Haj Yahia">Marouen Ben Haj Yahia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Laboratoires de Pharmaceutiques, Cosmétiques et Détergents, Centre Technique de la Chimie, 12 rue de l'Usine, Charguia II, Carthage, 2035 Tunis, Tunisia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoires de Pharmaceutiques, Cosmétiques et Détergents, Centre Technique de la Chimie, 12 rue de l'Usine, Charguia II, Carthage, 2035 Tunis</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amira, Dorra" sort="Amira, Dorra" uniqKey="Amira D" first="Dorra" last="Amira">Dorra Amira</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente CAMU, 1008 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente CAMU, 1008 Tunis Cedex</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Abou Kacem Chabbi, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Abou Kacem Chabbi, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis Cedex</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghorbel, Hayet" sort="Ghorbel, Hayet" uniqKey="Ghorbel H" first="Hayet" last="Ghorbel">Hayet Ghorbel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente CAMU, 1008 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente CAMU, 1008 Tunis Cedex</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Abou Kacem Chabbi, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Abou Kacem Chabbi, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis Cedex</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hedhili, Abderrazek" sort="Hedhili, Abderrazek" uniqKey="Hedhili A" first="Abderrazek" last="Hedhili">Abderrazek Hedhili</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente CAMU, 1008 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente CAMU, 1008 Tunis Cedex</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Abou Kacem Chabbi, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Abou Kacem Chabbi, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis Cedex</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Scholarly Research Notices</title><idno type="eISSN">2356-7872</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>This study was undertaken in order to determine heavy metal contents in twelve (<italic>n</italic> = 12) henna brands and eleven (<italic>n</italic> = 11) kohl products. An analytical test was performed for Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in henna and kohl products using atomic absorption spectrophotometery. The overall mean concentrations of heavy metals in henna varied between 1.2 and 8.9 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> for Pb; 0.8 and 18.6 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> for Cd; 0.5 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> and 3.3 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> for Cu; and 3.7 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> and 90.0 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> for Zn. As for kohl products, Pb concentrations ranged between 51.1 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> and 4839.5 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup>, Cd concentrations ranged between 1.0 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> and 158.6 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup>, Cu concentrations ranged between 2.5 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> and 162.5 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup>, and Zn concentrations ranged between 0.7 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> and 185.0 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup>. The results of our study revealed that Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn contents in investigated samples were high, making from the prolonged use of such products a potential threat to human health. Therefore, major quality controls are recommended in order to enforce acceptable limits of potential contaminants in cosmetics and good manufacturing practice.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Loretz, L J" uniqKey="Loretz L">L. J. Loretz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Api, A M" uniqKey="Api A">A. M. Api</name></author><author><name sortKey="Babcock, L" uniqKey="Babcock L">L. Babcock</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nohynek, G J" uniqKey="Nohynek G">G. J. Nohynek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Antignac, E" uniqKey="Antignac E">E. Antignac</name></author><author><name sortKey="Re, T" uniqKey="Re T">T. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int Sch Res Notices</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int Sch Res Notices</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ISRN</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Scholarly Research Notices</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2356-7872</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27382641</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4897375</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/6296458</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Traditional Cosmetics Sold in Tunisian Local Markets</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nouioui</surname><given-names>Mohamed Anouar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mahjoubi</surname><given-names>Salah</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ghorbel</surname><given-names>Asma</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ben Haj Yahia</surname><given-names>Marouen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amira</surname><given-names>Dorra</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ghorbel</surname><given-names>Hayet</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hedhili</surname><given-names>Abderrazek</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente CAMU, 1008 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Abou Kacem Chabbi, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Laboratoires de Pharmaceutiques, Cosmétiques et Détergents, Centre Technique de la Chimie, 12 rue de l'Usine, Charguia II, Carthage, 2035 Tunis, Tunisia</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Mohamed Anouar Nouioui: <email>anouar_nouioui@yahoo.fr</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Christophe Waterlot</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>2016</volume><elocation-id>6296458</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>27</day><month>9</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Mohamed Anouar Nouioui et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>This study was undertaken in order to determine heavy metal contents in twelve (<italic>n</italic> = 12) henna brands and eleven (<italic>n</italic> = 11) kohl products. An analytical test was performed for Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in henna and kohl products using atomic absorption spectrophotometery. The overall mean concentrations of heavy metals in henna varied between 1.2 and 8.9 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> for Pb; 0.8 and 18.6 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> for Cd; 0.5 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> and 3.3 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> for Cu; and 3.7 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> and 90.0 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> for Zn. As for kohl products, Pb concentrations ranged between 51.1 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> and 4839.5 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup>, Cd concentrations ranged between 1.0 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> and 158.6 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup>, Cu concentrations ranged between 2.5 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> and 162.5 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup>, and Zn concentrations ranged between 0.7 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup> and 185.0 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup>. The results of our study revealed that Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn contents in investigated samples were high, making from the prolonged use of such products a potential threat to human health. Therefore, major quality controls are recommended in order to enforce acceptable limits of potential contaminants in cosmetics and good manufacturing practice.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>EDXRF spectra of both (a) the natural stone kohl sample and (b) the local kohl sample (S-5).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ISRN2016-6296458.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>EDXRF spectra of both the (a) green henna sample (H-1) and of the (b) red-brown henna (H-2) sample.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ISRN2016-6296458.002"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Temperature heating program for graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Step</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Temp. (°C)</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Time (s)</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Heat mode</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Ar flow rate mL·min<sup>−1</sup></th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">170 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">170</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (10)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (10)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ramp </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (10)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (10)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ramp </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">600 (800)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">350 (550)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (10)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (10)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ramp </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">600 (800)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">350 (550)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Step </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1500 (1500)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1700 (1700)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Step </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2400 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2400</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Step </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Tpyr (Pb): 600°C for henna and 800°C for kohl; Tatom (Pb): 1500°C for henna and kohl; Tpyr (Cd): 350°C for henna and 550°C for kohl; Tatom (Cd): 1700°C for henna and kohl. </p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Descriptive statistical summary of heavy metal concentration (mean ± SD) in kohl and henna in <italic>µ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Product type</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Origin </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Color</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kohl (surma)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> S1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tunisia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1954.9 ± 7.62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152.1 ± 4.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.0 ± 0.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.5 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> S2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tunisia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3759.0 ± 9.83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.9 ± 5.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.5 ± 0.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.5 ± 0.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> S3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tunisia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1504.9 ± 7.62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107.5 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">162.5 ± 2.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> S4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tunisia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">135.9 ± 1.36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4 ± 0.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102.5 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> S5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tunisia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2745.5 ± 19.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109.7 ± 4.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">137.5 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">135 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2020.0 ± 9.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.1 ± 2.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.6 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.0 ± 0.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foreign</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> S6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> India</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dark black</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2483.6 ± 9.85</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2 ± 0.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0 ± 0.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> S7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Pakistan</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dark black</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">101 ± 1.36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112.5 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> S8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> China</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dark Black</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240.8 ± 1.48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.9 ± 0.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5 ± 0.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.3 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> S9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> France</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dark black</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.1 ± 2.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 ± 0.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.7 ± 0.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> S10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> India</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dark black</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4839.5 ± 4.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">158.6 ± 7.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">185.0 ± 1.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.0 ± 0.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> S11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Saudi Arabia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dark black</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3379.9 ± 14.98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.8 ± 2.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">175.0 ± 1.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1849.3 ± 5.32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 47.9 ± 2.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.6 ± 0.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0 ± 0.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Overall mean ± SD (<italic>n</italic> = 11)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1926.9 ± 7.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.5 ± 1.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.4 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.9 ± 0.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Overall min</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>51.1</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1.0</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.7</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.5</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Overall max </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>4839.5</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>158.6</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>185.0</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>162.5</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Henna </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> H1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tunisia </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Green </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.7 ± 0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.1 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.0 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> H2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tunisia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Red/light brown</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5 ± 0.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.9 ± 0.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.0 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> H3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tunisia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Green </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 ± 0.3 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.9 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2 ± 0.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> H4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tunisia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Green </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8 ± 0.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 ± 0.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> H5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tunisia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Green </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5 ± 0.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5 ± 0.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> H6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tunisia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Green </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2 ± 0.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5 ± 0.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.8 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.3 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 22.7 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foreign </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> H7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sudan </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Green </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.9 ± 0.5 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.3 ± 0.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.0 ± 0.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> H8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> India </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Green </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.9 ± 0.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.0 ± 0.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> H9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yemen </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Green </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.4 ± 0.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.6 ± 0.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.5 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> H10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Libya</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Green </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6 ± 0.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.1 ± 0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.0 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> H11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Libya </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Green </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.9 ± 0.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7 ± 0.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 ± 0.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> H12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Pakistan </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Green </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8 ± 0.2 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.2 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.9 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.6 ± 0.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.6 ± 0.2 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.9 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Overall mean ± SD (<italic>n</italic> = 12)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.3 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.9 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.6 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Overall min</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1.2</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.8</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3.7</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.5</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Overall max </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>8.9</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>18.6</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>90.0</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3.3</bold></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>% of weight elemental composition of local kohl sample (S-5) and natural stone “hajar” kohl sample using EDXRF.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Lead-based local sample (S-5)</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">A natural stone kohl sample</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Formula</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight %</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Formula</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight %</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.59</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.19</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Si </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cl </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cl</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As, Fe</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sn, Sb </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sb </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu, Ni, Co, Cr</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni, Co, Cr </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>% of weight composition of local red henna sample (H-2) and green henna sample (H-1) using EDXRF.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Local red Henna sample (H-2)</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Local green Henna sample (H-1)</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Formula</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight %</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Formula</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight %</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.19</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.30</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.77</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Si </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cl </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.47</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mg </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.80</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Si </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.26</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cl </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.46</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.38</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mn </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.42</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mn </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As, Cd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, Co</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu, Sb, Sn</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As, Ni, Co, Cr</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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