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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Tailored total lymphoid irradiation in heart transplant patients: 10-years experience of one center</title><author><name sortKey="Ghadjar, Pirus" sort="Ghadjar, Pirus" uniqKey="Ghadjar P" first="Pirus" last="Ghadjar">Pirus Ghadjar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joos, Daniela" sort="Joos, Daniela" uniqKey="Joos D" first="Daniela" last="Joos">Daniela Joos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinelli, Michele" sort="Martinelli, Michele" uniqKey="Martinelli M" first="Michele" last="Martinelli">Michele Martinelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hullin, Roger" sort="Hullin, Roger" uniqKey="Hullin R" first="Roger" last="Hullin">Roger Hullin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zwahlen, Marcel" sort="Zwahlen, Marcel" uniqKey="Zwahlen M" first="Marcel" last="Zwahlen">Marcel Zwahlen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland, Finkenhubelweg 11, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lossl, Kristina" sort="Lossl, Kristina" uniqKey="Lossl K" first="Kristina" last="Lössl">Kristina Lössl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carrel, Thierry" sort="Carrel, Thierry" uniqKey="Carrel T" first="Thierry" last="Carrel">Thierry Carrel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aebersold, Daniel M" sort="Aebersold, Daniel M" uniqKey="Aebersold D" first="Daniel M" last="Aebersold">Daniel M. Aebersold</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohacsi, Paul" sort="Mohacsi, Paul" uniqKey="Mohacsi P" first="Paul" last="Mohacsi">Paul Mohacsi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">20078889</idno><idno type="pmc">2822786</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2822786</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2822786</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1748-717X-5-3</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000469</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000469</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Tailored total lymphoid irradiation in heart transplant patients: 10-years experience of one center</title><author><name sortKey="Ghadjar, Pirus" sort="Ghadjar, Pirus" uniqKey="Ghadjar P" first="Pirus" last="Ghadjar">Pirus Ghadjar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joos, Daniela" sort="Joos, Daniela" uniqKey="Joos D" first="Daniela" last="Joos">Daniela Joos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinelli, Michele" sort="Martinelli, Michele" uniqKey="Martinelli M" first="Michele" last="Martinelli">Michele Martinelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hullin, Roger" sort="Hullin, Roger" uniqKey="Hullin R" first="Roger" last="Hullin">Roger Hullin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zwahlen, Marcel" sort="Zwahlen, Marcel" uniqKey="Zwahlen M" first="Marcel" last="Zwahlen">Marcel Zwahlen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland, Finkenhubelweg 11, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lossl, Kristina" sort="Lossl, Kristina" uniqKey="Lossl K" first="Kristina" last="Lössl">Kristina Lössl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carrel, Thierry" sort="Carrel, Thierry" uniqKey="Carrel T" first="Thierry" last="Carrel">Thierry Carrel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aebersold, Daniel M" sort="Aebersold, Daniel M" uniqKey="Aebersold D" first="Daniel M" last="Aebersold">Daniel M. Aebersold</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohacsi, Paul" sort="Mohacsi, Paul" uniqKey="Mohacsi P" first="Paul" last="Mohacsi">Paul Mohacsi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Radiation Oncology (London, England)</title><idno type="eISSN">1748-717X</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>To assess safety and efficacy of tailored total lymphoid irradiation (tTLI) in cardiac transplant patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A total of seven patients, of which five had recalcitrant cellular cardiac allograft rejection (RCCAR), confirmed by endomyocardial biopsies, and two had side effects of immunosuppressive drug therapy, were all treated with tTLI. tTLI was defined by the adjustment of both the fraction interval and the final irradiation dosage both being dependent on the patients general condition, irradiation-dependent response, and the white blood and platelet counts. A mean dose of 6.4 Gy (range, 1.6 - 8.8 Gy) was given. Median follow-up was 7 years (range, 1.8 - 12.2 years).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>tTLI was well tolerated. Two patients experienced a severe infection during tTLI (pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, urosepsis and generalized herpes zoster) and one patient developed a lymphoproliferative disorder after tTLI. The rate of rejection episodes before tTLI was 0.43 episodes/patient/month and decreased to 0.02 episodes/patient/month after tTLI (P < .001). At the end of the observation time, all patients except one were alive.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>tTLI is a useful treatment strategy for the management of RCCAR and in patients with significant side effects of immunosuppressive drug therapy. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Radiat Oncol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Radiation Oncology (London, England)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1748-717X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">20078889</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2822786</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1748-717X-5-3</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1748-717X-5-3</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Tailored total lymphoid irradiation in heart transplant patients: 10-years experience of one center</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A1"><name><surname>Ghadjar</surname><given-names>Pirus</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>pirus@gmx.de</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A2"><name><surname>Joos</surname><given-names>Daniela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>daniela.joos@insel.ch</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A3"><name><surname>Martinelli</surname><given-names>Michele</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>michele.martinelli@insel.ch</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A4"><name><surname>Hullin</surname><given-names>Roger</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>roger.hullin@insel.ch</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A5"><name><surname>Zwahlen</surname><given-names>Marcel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>Zwahlen@ispm.unibe.ch</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A6"><name><surname>Lössl</surname><given-names>Kristina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>kristina.loessl@insel.ch</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A7"><name><surname>Carrel</surname><given-names>Thierry</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>Thierry.carrel@insel.ch</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A8"><name><surname>Aebersold</surname><given-names>Daniel M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>daniel.aebersold@insel.ch</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="A9"><name><surname>Mohacsi</surname><given-names>Paul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>Paul.mohacsi@insel.ch</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><label>1</label>Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</aff><aff id="I2"><label>2</label>Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</aff><aff id="I3"><label>3</label>Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland, Finkenhubelweg 11, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>1</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>3</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>7</day><month>8</month><year>2009</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day><month>1</month><year>2010</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright ©2010 Ghadjar et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2010</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Ghadjar et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.ro-journal.com/content/5/1/3"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>To assess safety and efficacy of tailored total lymphoid irradiation (tTLI) in cardiac transplant patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A total of seven patients, of which five had recalcitrant cellular cardiac allograft rejection (RCCAR), confirmed by endomyocardial biopsies, and two had side effects of immunosuppressive drug therapy, were all treated with tTLI. tTLI was defined by the adjustment of both the fraction interval and the final irradiation dosage both being dependent on the patients general condition, irradiation-dependent response, and the white blood and platelet counts. A mean dose of 6.4 Gy (range, 1.6 - 8.8 Gy) was given. Median follow-up was 7 years (range, 1.8 - 12.2 years).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>tTLI was well tolerated. Two patients experienced a severe infection during tTLI (pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, urosepsis and generalized herpes zoster) and one patient developed a lymphoproliferative disorder after tTLI. The rate of rejection episodes before tTLI was 0.43 episodes/patient/month and decreased to 0.02 episodes/patient/month after tTLI (P < .001). At the end of the observation time, all patients except one were alive.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>tTLI is a useful treatment strategy for the management of RCCAR and in patients with significant side effects of immunosuppressive drug therapy. In this series tTLI demonstrated significantly decreased rejection rates without causing relevant treatment-related toxicity.</p></sec></abstract></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Background</title><p>Recalcitrant cellular cardiac allograft rejection (RCCAR) is one of the remaining unsolved problems after heart transplantation (HTx). In case of RCCAR, aggressive up-regulation or adaptation of immunosupression is required, taking additional toxicity into account [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>], however, without being sufficient enough to control the rejection process. Total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) for the treatment of RCCAR has been established for over two decades with several published reports demonstrating safety and efficacy of this technique [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>]. However, little is known about the long term effects after TLI [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>]. This study reports on the long-term outcome of seven patients after HTx who received tailored TLI (tTLI) with a median follow-up of 7 years.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><sec><title>Patients</title><p>Five patients with RCCAR (defined as a rejection grade of IIIA in at least three consecutive endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) as defined by the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) criteria [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>]) and two patients with severe side effects to immunosuppressive drug treatment were treated by tTLI between February 1996 and January 2006. All patients who underwent HTx at the Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital received maintenance immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine (n = 6), tacrolimus (n = 3), sirolimus (n = 4), prednisone (n = 7), mycophenolic mofetil (n = 5) or azathioprine (n = 4). One patient received a murine antihuman mature T-cell monoclonal antibody (OKT3) for a total of 9 days, 3 weeks prior to tTLI, because of ongoing rejection. All patients received as induction a polyclonal therapy with rATG (Fresenius) during the first 5 days after HTx. Patients were analyzed retrospectively. This study was performed in accordance with the standards of the local ethics committee and with the Helsinki Declaration.</p></sec><sec><title>Radiation therapy</title><p>The TLI was performed tailored as previously described [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]. Briefly, patients were treated by three separate fields to encompass all major lymph node bearing areas. A supradiaphragmatic mantle field, a periaortic and splenic field and a pelvic field with inferior extension were used in two patients. The remaining five patients received a supradiaphragmatic mantle field and a inverted Y-field. The non-lymphoid tissue was appropriately shielded in all fields. All fields were treated concurrently on a linear accelerator by an anterior/posterior opposed technique with 6 and 15 MV photons. One patient was treated with a Cobalt 60 source. The prescribed dose was 8 Gy delivered in individual twice weekly 0,8 Gy fractions (calculated midplane dose at central ray). tTLI was performed on a Monday/Thursday or Tuesday/Friday schedule. A control EMB was performed after 2 - 4 fractions. The final decision regarding the dosing was based on the clinical state (e.g. infection), the irradiation-dependent response (efficacy) as well as on the white blood count (WBC) and/or platelet count (Plts) on the day of or one day before planned tTLI. In general tTLI was withheld for a total WBC less than 2.7 thousand/mm<sup>3 </sup>(or total granulocyte count less than 1.5 thousand/mm<sup>3</sup>) or Plts less than 125 thousand/mm<sup>3 </sup>or if Plts were rapidly decreasing.</p></sec><sec><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>Descriptives include absolute and relative frequencies for categorical variables and the mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables. The primary objective of this study was to analyze safety and efficacy of tTLI. Secondary objective was to assess long-term survival and toxicity. A severe infection was defined as requiring hospitalisation and/or intravenous antibiotics.</p><p>All available WBC, Plts and haemoglobin (Hb) data were collected and analyzed from the time of HTx until 1 year after tTLI. All post-transplant rejection and infection episodes were recorded beginning right after HTx and ending at the end of the follow-up period for each patient. The analysis of tTLI rejection rates was based on calculating the proportion of positive biopsies before and after tTLI and done using an extension of generalized linear models for binomially distributed data using the identity link. Statistical significance was considered on a two-sided level of α = 0.05.</p><p>The calculations were performed with the Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS) package (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA, version 9.1).</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Results</title><sec><title>Patients</title><p>Patient characteristics are summarized in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>. Four patients were male, three were female. Median age at HTx was 47 years (range, 19 - 62 years). After HTx and before tTLI patients had undergone a median of 14 EMBs (range, 7 - 37 EMBs) which detected a median of 5 rejections graded IIIA (range, 3 - 12 rejections). Median time from HTx to TLI was 8.8 months (range, 1.6 - 36 months). Prior to tTLI five patients had a history of at least one severe infection. Three patients had cytomegalovirus infection. One patient had pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and one year later generalized herpes zoster. Another patient had gram-negative sepsis. All infections resolved after therapy with appropriate antibiotics. The mean dose was 6.4 Gy (range, 1.6 - 8.8 Gy) with the mean total tTLI duration being 44.6 days (range, 3 - 67 days). During tTLI a median of 4 EMBs were performed (range, 1 - 6 EMBs). In one patient tTLI was discontinued because of leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia and continued after 1.5 months. In one patient tTLI was discontinued as EMBs revealed no evidence of rejection. However one month later tTLI was again required for reoccurrence of rejection (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>). Regarding the immunosuppressive drug therapy during tTLI, cyclosporine was continued in 4/6 patients, tacrolimus in 2/3 patients, sirolimus in 2/4 patients, mycophenolic mofetil in 3/5 patients and azathioprine in 3/4 patients.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Patient characteristics</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center">Patient</th><th align="center">Gender</th><th align="center">Age at HTx (years)</th><th align="center">Dx at HTx</th><th align="center">Interval between HTx and tTLI (months)</th><th align="center">Duration of tTLI (days)</th><th align="center">Number of tTLI courses</th><th align="center">tTLI dose (Gy)</th><th align="center">Follow-up (years)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">Male</td><td align="center">34</td><td align="center">DCMP</td><td align="center">10.7</td><td align="center">67</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">4 + 4.8*</td><td align="center">7.0</td></tr><tr><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">Female</td><td align="center">57</td><td align="center">HOCMP</td><td align="center">36</td><td align="center">48</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">6.4</td><td align="center">5.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">Female</td><td align="center">43</td><td align="center">Myocarditis</td><td align="center">2.7</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">1.6</td><td align="center">1.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">Male</td><td align="center">19</td><td align="center">CHD</td><td align="center">33.6</td><td align="center">43</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">1.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">Male</td><td align="center">47</td><td align="center">DCMP</td><td align="center">1.6</td><td align="center">27</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">4.8</td><td align="center">11.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">Female</td><td align="center">62</td><td align="center">CVD</td><td align="center">2.4</td><td align="center">57</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">1.6 + 6.4<sup>+</sup></td><td align="center">12.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">Male</td><td align="center">55</td><td align="center">CAD</td><td align="center">8.8</td><td align="center">67</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">10.3</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Abbreviations: HTx = heart transplantation; Dx at HTx = diagnosis leading to heart transplantation; DCMP = dilatative cardiomyopathia; HOCMP = hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathia; CHD = congenital heart disease; CVD = cardiac valvular disease; CAD = coronary artery disease; tTLI = tailored total lymphoid irradiation. * Second tTLI was initiated 1.5 months after the first one or 12.5 months after HTx. <sup>+</sup>Second tTLI was initiated 1 month after the first one or 3.5 months after HTx.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec><sec><title>Evaluation of Safety</title><p>General side effects during tTLI were mild and limited to fatigue and epigastric pain. Transient bone marrow suppression occurred in all patients. Three patients experienced transient leukocytopenia of < 3.5 thousand/mm<sup>3 </sup>(range, 1.4 - 3.1 thousand/mm<sup>3</sup>) and five patients experienced transient thrombocytopenia of < 140 thousand/mm<sup>3 </sup>(range, 68 - 130 thousand/mm<sup>3</sup>). The median time to the nadir of WBC, Plts and Hb was 1.5 months, 0.8 months and 0.5 months with the mean nadir values being 4.1 thousand/mm<sup>3 </sup>(range, 2.1 - 10.2 thousand/mm<sup>3</sup>), 123.4 thousand/mm<sup>3 </sup>(range, 68 - 241 thousand/mm<sup>3</sup>) and 95.9 gramm/litre (range, 75 - 116, gram/litre), respectively. Virtually, all bone marrow functions recovered within the three months post-tTLI (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>). During tTLI only two patients suffered from severe infection. One patient with leukocytopenia experienced pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and urosepsis and another patient suffered from generalized herpes zoster. All infections were successfully treated. Further, there were no deaths observed during or immediately following the tTLI. However, one patient died almost 5 years after HTx and 1.9 years after completion of tTLI because of graft coronary artery disease, all other patients were alive at the end of follow-up. One patient developed post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder 5 months after HTx and 2.4 months after completion of tTLI. This patient had undergone OKT3 treatment prior to the tTLI.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p><bold>White blood count (a), platelet count (b) and haemoglobin values (c) before, during (lowest value observed during tTLI) and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after tTLI</bold>. Boxes represent 25% and 75% percentiles. Circles indicate outlier, asterisks indicate extreme values.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1748-717X-5-3-1"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><title>Evaluation of Efficacy</title><p>The rejection episodes before, during and after tTLI are summarized in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Number of rejection episodes before, during and after tTLI</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Patient</th><th align="left">Rejection episodes before tTLI*</th><th align="left">Rejection episodes during tTLI*</th><th align="left">Rejection episodes after tTLI*</th><th align="left">Time to first subsequent rejection episode (months)</th><th align="left">Severe Infections during tTLI</th><th align="left">Current status</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">7</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">31</td><td align="left">HZ</td><td align="left">alive</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">5</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">25</td><td align="left">none</td><td align="left">alive</td></tr><tr><td align="left">3</td><td align="left">5</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">5</td><td align="left">none</td><td align="left">alive</td></tr><tr><td align="left">4</td><td align="left">12</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">n.a.</td><td align="left">none</td><td align="left">dead#</td></tr><tr><td align="left">5</td><td align="left">3</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">77</td><td align="left">US, PJP</td><td align="left">alive+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">6</td><td align="left">4</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">6</td><td align="left">29</td><td align="left">none</td><td align="left">alive</td></tr><tr><td align="left">7</td><td align="left">5</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">31</td><td align="left">none</td><td align="left">alive</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Abbreviations: tTLI = tailored total lymphoid irradiation; n.a. = not applicable; HZ = generalized herpes zoster; US = urosepsis; PJP = pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia; * Rejection episodes were defined as a rejection of ≥ IIIA according to the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) criteria; # patient died because of graft coronary artery disease; + patient experienced a post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>The rate of rejection episodes before tTLI was 0.43 episodes/patient/month (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.31 - 0.58) and decreased to 0.02 episodes/patient/month after tTLI (95% CI: 0.01 - 0.034; P < .001). During the 4 months after tTLI none of the seven patients had further rejection episodes. In the long-term perspective, treatment with tTLI resulted in a decrease of rejection episodes by 28.6% (95% CI: 20.1 - 37.1% decrease). The median time from tTLI to the first subsequent rejection episode was 2.4 years. On average, patients have remained free from acute rejection for 4.1 years (range, 1.4 - 7.8 years).</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>This study describes long-term safety and efficacy of tTLI in patients who have experienced RCCAR or toxicity of immunosuppressive drug therapy after HTx. In accordance with the literature, describing mainly a non-tailored approach, tTLI was shown to effectively reduce the rejection rate without major treatment related toxicity or infections after a median follow-up of 7 years. Potential long-term risks of tTLI include radiation-induced cardiomyopathy and graft coronary artery disease [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>]. The patient who had died from graft coronary artery disease in our series had undergone AB0 mismatched HTx, as previously described [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>]. In our series one patient developed a post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after he had received OKT3 treatment three weeks prior to the tTLI. The post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder occurred 2.4 months after completion of tTLI which was diagnosed as an Epstein B Virus (EBV) associated extranodal B-cell lymphoproliferative disease located in the left lung. OKT3 treatment has been shown to be associated with an increased incidence of lymphoproliferative diseases [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. There however remains a possibility that the lymphoproliferative disorder was attributable to the increased immunosuppression achieved by tTLI. The actuarial risk for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder at 5-years after TLI was described to be 9% [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. It has been demonstrated by others that mTOR-inhibition (S6 kinase pathway), decreases the apoptotic threshold. This may lead to a hypersensitivity of tissues to radiotherapy in patients treated with an mTOR-inhibitor [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. Since a significant proportion of HTx patients are treated with mTOR inhibitors today, the interaction between mTOR-inhibition and tTLI is an important issue. However, in vitro observations were based on anti-cancer radiation doses, as a consequence the impact of mTOR-inhibition together with the relative low radiation dose used in TLI may not be of clinical importance. In accordance, four of our patients were treated with sirolimus prior to tTLI two of which continued sirolimus during tTLI. In our study there was no difference in WBC or Plts in the patients who received tTLI in combination with sirolimus compared to the patients who received tTLI without sirolimus. Nevertheless, if tTLI is performed in patients on mTOR-inhibitors, careful monitoring is still warranted. The main limitation of this study is that it is a retrospective analysis of a relatively small patient cohort with individually tailored immunosuppressive drug treatment. Our experience has however demonstrated an acceptable safety profile and good efficacy of tTLI which we only instigate in patients with RCCAR already on aggressive immunosuppressive drug treatment or those who cannot tolerate these newer agents (tacrolimus, mycophenolic mofetil and mTOR-inhibitors). We have also demonstrated the feasibility of combined treatment with tTLI and the newer immunosuppressive drugs but recommend careful clinical monitoring.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Based on our center's experience, tTLI is a useful treatment strategy with acceptable safety and good efficacy for both management of RCCAR and for the treatment of patients with limited tolerance to their immunosuppressive drugs after HTx.</p></sec><sec><title>Competing interests</title><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors' contributions</title><p>Each author had participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content. PG, DJ, DMA and PM designed the study. PG, DJ and MZ performed the statistical analysis. PG, DJ, MM, RH, MZ, KL, TC, DMA and PM collected the data and interpreted the data. 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