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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Species characteristics of lead in sea foods collected from coastal water of Fujian, Southeastern of China</title><author><name sortKey="He, Ye" sort="He, Ye" uniqKey="He Y" first="Ye" last="He">Ye He</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Zhiqiang" sort="Chen, Zhiqiang" uniqKey="Chen Z" first="Zhiqiang" last="Chen">Zhiqiang Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mo, Fan" sort="Mo, Fan" uniqKey="Mo F" first="Fan" last="Mo">Fan Mo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Limei" sort="Huang, Limei" uniqKey="Huang L" first="Limei" last="Huang">Limei Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Liangjun" sort="Xu, Liangjun" uniqKey="Xu L" first="Liangjun" last="Xu">Liangjun Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Yongning" sort="Wu, Yongning" uniqKey="Wu Y" first="Yongning" last="Wu">Yongning Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment</institution>, Beijing 100022,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xue, Zhimin" sort="Xue, Zhimin" uniqKey="Xue Z" first="Zhimin" last="Xue">Zhimin Xue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Fujian Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, Fengfu" sort="Fu, Fengfu" uniqKey="Fu F" first="Fengfu" last="Fu">Fengfu Fu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27624560</idno><idno type="pmc">5022019</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5022019</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5022019</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep33294</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000081</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000081</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Species characteristics of lead in sea foods collected from coastal water of Fujian, Southeastern of China</title><author><name sortKey="He, Ye" sort="He, Ye" uniqKey="He Y" first="Ye" last="He">Ye He</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Zhiqiang" sort="Chen, Zhiqiang" uniqKey="Chen Z" first="Zhiqiang" last="Chen">Zhiqiang Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mo, Fan" sort="Mo, Fan" uniqKey="Mo F" first="Fan" last="Mo">Fan Mo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Limei" sort="Huang, Limei" uniqKey="Huang L" first="Limei" last="Huang">Limei Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Liangjun" sort="Xu, Liangjun" uniqKey="Xu L" first="Liangjun" last="Xu">Liangjun Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Yongning" sort="Wu, Yongning" uniqKey="Wu Y" first="Yongning" last="Wu">Yongning Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment</institution>, Beijing 100022,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xue, Zhimin" sort="Xue, Zhimin" uniqKey="Xue Z" first="Zhimin" last="Xue">Zhimin Xue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Fujian Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, Fengfu" sort="Fu, Fengfu" uniqKey="Fu F" first="Fengfu" last="Fu">Fengfu Fu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Various sea foods including fish, shellfish and shrimp were collected from different coastal areas of Fujian in China, and their Pb species characteristics were investigated in detail. The results indicated that there are two different species characteristics of Pb existing in sea food samples. About half of samples were detected to have only Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and another half of samples were detected to have both Pb<sup>2+</sup> and trimethyl lead (TML). The results also revealed that Pb species characteristics in the sea foods rather depend on the species of sea food than the sampling area. In comparison with shellfish/shrimp samples, fish samples have higher concentrations of TML and Pb<sup>2+</sup>. Especially, the average concentration of TML in the TML-detected fish samples is about 3 times of that in the TML-detected shellfish/shrimp samples, indicating that fish has stronger ability to uptake and accumulate TML. The concentrations of total lead in all samples are lower than the maximum allowable limit of national standard, suggesting that the sea foods collected from Fujian are safe for consumption. By considering that TAL has more toxicity than Pb<sup>2+</sup>, the effect of TML in sea foods on the human health should be paid more attention in the future.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Demetriades, A" uniqKey="Demetriades A">A. Demetriades</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, X D" uniqKey="Li X">X. D. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramsey, M H" uniqKey="Ramsey M">M. H. Ramsey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thornton, I" uniqKey="Thornton I">I. Thornton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Behbahani, M" uniqKey="Behbahani M">M. Behbahani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liang, P" uniqKey="Liang P">P. Liang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sang, H B" uniqKey="Sang H">H.-B. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27624560</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5022019</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep33294</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep33294</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Species characteristics of lead in sea foods collected from coastal water of Fujian, Southeastern of China</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>He</surname><given-names>Ye</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Zhiqiang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mo</surname><given-names>Fan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>Limei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>LiangJun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Yongning</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xue</surname><given-names>Zhimin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fu</surname><given-names>FengFu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">b</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment</institution>, Beijing 100022,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Fujian Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau</institution>, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002,<country>China</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>wuyongning@cfsa.net.cn</email></corresp><corresp id="c2"><label>b</label>(email: <email>fengfu@fzu.edu.cn</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><elocation-id>33294</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>24</day><month>08</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Author(s)</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Various sea foods including fish, shellfish and shrimp were collected from different coastal areas of Fujian in China, and their Pb species characteristics were investigated in detail. The results indicated that there are two different species characteristics of Pb existing in sea food samples. About half of samples were detected to have only Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and another half of samples were detected to have both Pb<sup>2+</sup> and trimethyl lead (TML). The results also revealed that Pb species characteristics in the sea foods rather depend on the species of sea food than the sampling area. In comparison with shellfish/shrimp samples, fish samples have higher concentrations of TML and Pb<sup>2+</sup>. Especially, the average concentration of TML in the TML-detected fish samples is about 3 times of that in the TML-detected shellfish/shrimp samples, indicating that fish has stronger ability to uptake and accumulate TML. The concentrations of total lead in all samples are lower than the maximum allowable limit of national standard, suggesting that the sea foods collected from Fujian are safe for consumption. By considering that TAL has more toxicity than Pb<sup>2+</sup>, the effect of TML in sea foods on the human health should be paid more attention in the future.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><p>Lead (Pb) is a non-essential element to the human body, although trace amounts of Pb was considered to be essential to the health of some animals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref>. As a toxic metal, Pb can be accumulated in the human body throughout the lifetime<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref>. It was reported that the excessive intake of Pb will lead to various diseases such as abdominal pain, anaemia, chronic nephritis of the kidney, convulsions, brain damage, central nervous-system disorders and so on<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">4</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref>. Therefore, Pb has been classified as a group B2 human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">6</xref>, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has also established a maximum allowable limit of 10 μg/L for Pb in drinking water<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref>. It was reported that the environmental pollution of Pb is primarily due to the manufacture and use of tetra-alkyl lead compounds as petrol additives<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref>, thus, there are various Pb species existing in environment. The chemical form of Pb not only dominates its bioavailability and toxicity but also controls its mobility and persistence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref>. Many studies have demonstrated that organolead compounds are more toxic in comparison with inorganic lead (Pb<sup>2+</sup>), and both of organolead and inorganic lead compounds may be accumulated in marine animals and can therefore reach the food chain of human<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">9</xref>. For reasons above mentioned, it is crucial to carry out the speciation analysis of Pb in sea foods and further to investigate the species characteristic of Pb in sea foods, in order to evaluate the safety of sea foods from Pb contamination more scientifically.</p><p>So far, the Pb levels in some foods such as crops, fruits and vegetables have been investigated by some researchers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">10</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">11</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">12</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13">13</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">14</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">15</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">16</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">17</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">18</xref>. However, the previous works only determined the total Pb levels in the foods, and the investigation on the species characteristic of Pb in sea foods have been seldom reported due to the difficulty of speciation analysis of Pb<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref>. In order to more accurately evaluate the toxicity of lead in foods and further study the mechanisms of lead toxicity, to date, several techniques have been developed for the speciation analysis of Pb based on the combination of separation technology and sensitive element-selective detectors. For example, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled with atomic emission spectrometry (AES)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">19</xref>, mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20">20</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">21</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">22</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23">23</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">24</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25">25</xref>. Not long ago, we developed a environment-friendly microwave-assisted extraction method for quantitatively extracting trace lead compounds from sea foods without altering the individual lead species, and we also developed a sensitive method for simultaneously determining Pb<sup>2+</sup>, trimethyl lead (TML) and triethyl lead (TEL) in sea foods with CE-ICP-MS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref>. The previous research provided a realistic approach for investigating the species characteristic of Pb in sea foods. In this study, we collected different sea foods samples including fish, shellfish and shrimp from different coastal areas in Fujian province, southeastern of China, and investigated the species characteristic of Pb in different sea foods in detail, in order to more accurately and scientifically evaluate the safety of sea foods from lead contamination.</p><sec disp-level="1"><title>Results and Discussion</title><sec disp-level="2"><title>Confirmation of CE-ICP-MS method for the analysis of Pb<sup>2+</sup>, TML and TEL in sea foods</title><p>To the speciation analysis of lead in sea foods, all Pb species in sea foods samples were completely extracted and each Pb species keep no altering during extraction/analysis process are two key points. As we mentioned above, the microwave-assisted extraction reported in our previous paper were used to extract all Pb species from sea foods samples, and the CE-ICP-MS method reported in the same paper were used for determining Pb<sup>2+</sup>, TML and TEL in this study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref>. In order to confirm the reliability of our methods, the Pb<sup>2+</sup>, TML and TEL in the clam sample (<italic>Paphia undulate</italic>), the mandarin fish sample and a certified reference shrimp material (GBW10050) were extracted and determined with the previous method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref>. The analytical results were shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> and their electropherograms were shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>. From <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>, it was clearly observed that Pb<sup>2+</sup>, TML and TEL were baseline separated and determined within 20 min. From the data shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, we found that the method has a recovery of 93–104%, a limit of quantification (IUPAC criterion, the concentration to yield a net signal equal to 10 times the standard deviation of background) of 0.4–2.8 ng Pb/g dried weight and a relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 5) <8% for all three Pb species. The sum of the concentrations of each Pb species was consistent with the total Pb concentration, which was obtained with ICP-MS after sample was completely decomposed with 7 mol/L HNO<sub>3</sub>. All above facts indicated that all Pb species in sea foods samples had been completely extracted out, and each Pb species kept no altering during extracting and analytical process since the recovery of at least one Pb species should excessively deviated from 100% if any Pb species was altered during extracting and analytical process. The analytical result of certified reference shrimp material (GBW 10050) obtained with our method is consistent with the certified values, also verifying the reliability of our methods.</p><p>To further confirm the reliability of our methods, the <italic>Mandarin</italic> fish (tissue) sample, which was detected to have both Pb<sup>2+</sup> and TAL by CE-ICP-MS, was also determined by CE-ESI-MS (an Agilent <sup>3D</sup>CE system coupled with an Agilent 1100 series LC/MSD) to identify the existence of TAL. As the data shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref>, the ESI-MS results of peak 2 showed a peak at m/z = 253.041, which responding to the positive ion of trimethyl lead, indicating that <italic>Mandarin</italic> fish (tissue) sample really contains TAL and our analytical method is reliable.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Speciation characteristics of lead in the sea foods collected from Fujian province in south-eastern China</title><p>Two typical lead electropherograms of sea foods, obtained with CE-ICP-MS, were showed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>, and the analytical results of Pb<sup>2+</sup>, TML and TEL of all sea foods samples were shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Fig. 3</xref>. From <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figs 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>, some features were observed. 1), There are two different lead species characteristics existing in sea foods samples. In some sea foods samples, only inorganic lead (Pb<sup>2+</sup>) was detected; whereas, in other sea foods samples, both Pb<sup>2+</sup> and TML were detected. In detail, in the case of fish samples, Pb<sup>2+</sup> was detected in all 12 fish samples, whereas TML was detected in only 5 fish samples. For 16 shellfish/shrimp samples, only Pb<sup>2+</sup> was detected in 7 samples, and both Pb<sup>2+</sup> and TML were detected in 9 shellfish/shrimp samples. Totally, TML was detected in about half of sea food samples. 2), Different sea foods, which collected from the same area, showed different species characteristics of lead. For example, <italic>Siniperca chuatsi</italic> (Mandarin fish) and <italic>Pampus sinensis</italic> (Pomfret) collected from Xiamen, and Clam (<italic>Paphia undulate</italic>) and Mussel (<italic>Mytilidae</italic>) collected from Dongshan. As showed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>, <italic>Siniperca chuatsi</italic> (Mandarin fish) collected from Xiamen contained both Pb<sup>2+</sup> and TML, whereas, <italic>Pampus sinensis</italic> (Pomfret) collected from Xiamen contained only Pb<sup>2+</sup>; Clam (<italic>Paphia undulate</italic>) collected from Dongshan contained only Pb<sup>2+</sup>, however, Mussel (<italic>Mytilidae</italic>) collected from Dongshan contained both Pb<sup>2+</sup> and TML. 3), For the same sea foods, which collected from different area, have the same species characteristics of lead. For example, all <italic>pampus sinensis</italic> (Pomfret), which collected from Xiamen, Longhai, ZhaoAn and Lianjiang, contained only Pb<sup>2+</sup>. As we mentioned above, it was reported that there are various Pb species existing in aqueous environment and the various Pb pollution in the environment mainly come from anthropogenic pollution<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref>. So far, the biogeochemical transformation of various Pb species in organism has not been reported. Therefore, undoubtedly, the various Pb species in sea foods are all from their living environment (coastal water). All above facts indicated that the species characteristics of Pb in the sea foods seem rather depend on the species of marine animal than sampling area, although our data are not conclusive owing to the limited number of samples analyzed.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>The concentration distribution of each Pb species in different sea food samples</title><p>As we mentioned above, Pb<sup>2+</sup> was detected in all sea foods samples, whereas, TML was detected in only about half of sea foods samples. From the results shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Fig. 3</xref>, we can observed that the concentrations of total lead in fish samples is in the range of 0.568–4.298 μg Pb/g dried weight, with a average value of 1.867 μg Pb/g dried weight; and the concentration of total lead in shellfish/shrimp samples is in the range of 0.184–2.606 μg Pb/g dried weight, with a average concentration of 1.143 μg Pb/g dried weight. The Pb<sup>2+</sup> concentrations in fish samples is in the range of 0.036–2.111 μg Pb/g dried weight, with a average value of 0.971 μg Pb/g dried weight; whereas the Pb<sup>2+</sup> concentrations in shellfish/shrimp samples is in the range of 0.033–2.115 μg Pb/g dried weight, with a average value of 0.713 μg Pb/g dried weight. For the TML, the fish samples (only for TML-detected samples) have a concentration in the range of 0.645–3.609 μg Pb/g dried weight, with a average concentration of 2.041 μg Pb/g dried weight; whereas the shellfish/shrimp samples (only for TML-detected samples) have a concentration in the range of 0.126–0.954 μg Pb/g dried weight, with a average concentration of 0.633 μg Pb/g dried weight. In comparison with shellfish/shrimp samples, the fish samples not only have a higher concentration of total lead but also have a higher concentration of TML and Pb<sup>2+</sup>. Especially, the average concentration of TML in the TML-detected fish samples is about 3 times of that in the TML-detected shellfish/shrimp samples, indicating that fish has stronger ability to accumulate TML than shellfish and shrimp. The concentration distribution of TAL in TML-detected sea foods also implied that TAL can be more easily up-taken and accumulated by fish than shellfish/shrimp. In 5 TML-detected fish samples, the TML concentration accounted for 68% of total lead averagely; whereas, in 9 TML-detected shellfish/shrimp samples, the TML concentration accounted for only 52% of total lead on average.</p><p>As we mentioned above, lead is known to be a toxic metal to human, and the organolead compounds are considered to be more toxic than inorganic lead. In addition, both of inorganic lead and organolead compounds may be accumulated in marine animals and can therefore reach the food chain of human<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">9</xref>. Therefore, the Chinese Government has established a maximum allowable limit of 0.5 μg/g fresh weight (about 5 μg/g dried weight) for lead in sea foods (GB2762–2005), and the maximum allowable limit of lead in sea foods established by Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) is 0.3 μg/g fresh weight (about 3 μg/g dried weight). The concentrations of total lead in all samples detected in this study are lower than the maximum allowable limit of national standard, although the total Pb in 2 fish samples is higher than the maximum allowable limit of CAC, indicating that the sea foods collected from coastal areas of Fujian, Southeastern of China are safe for consumption. Since the maximum allowable limit of TML in sea foods has not been established, therefore, the potential TML risk of sea foods to the consumers can not be discussed in this study. By considering that TAL has more toxicity in comparison with Pb<sup>2+</sup>, the effect of TML in sea foods on the human health should be paid more attention in the future.</p></sec></sec><sec disp-level="1"><title>Conclusion</title><p>In summary, various sea foods samples including fish, shellfish and shrimp samples were collected from different coastal areas in Fujian province, southeastern of China, and the species characteristics of Pb in them were investigated in detail. The experimental results indicated that about half of sea foods samples were detected to have only Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and another half of sea foods samples were detected to have both Pb<sup>2+</sup> and TML. The species characteristics of Pb in the sea foods samples seem depend rather on the species of sea foods than sampling area. In comparison with shellfish/shrimp samples, the fish samples not only have a higher concentration of total Pb but also have a higher concentration of TML. Especially, the average concentration of TML in the TML-detected fish samples is about 3 times of that in the TML-detected shellfish/shrimp samples, indicating that fish has much stronger ability to uptake and accumulate TML than shellfish and shrimp. The concentrations of total Pb in all samples are lower than the maximum allowable limit of national standard, suggested that the sea foods collected from coastal areas of Fujian, Southeastern of China are safe for consumption. By considering that TAL has more toxicity than Pb<sup>2+</sup> and the maximum allowable limit of TML in sea foods has not been established, the effect of TML in sea foods on the human health should be paid more attention in the future.</p></sec><sec disp-level="1"><title>Methods</title><sec disp-level="2"><title>Sampling site and samples</title><p>About 12 fish samples and 16 shellfish/shrimp samples were collected from different coastal areas of Fujian province in south-eastern China, including XiaPu (S1, 120<sup>o</sup>E, 26.89<sup>o</sup>N), LuoYuan (S2, 119.55<sup>o</sup>E, 26.49<sup>o</sup>N), LianJiang (S3, 119.43<sup>o</sup>E, 26.2<sup>o</sup>N), PuTian (S4, 119.01<sup>o</sup>E, 25.43<sup>o</sup>N), ShiShi (S5, 118.57<sup>o</sup>E, 24.82<sup>o</sup>N), XiaMen (S6, 118.1<sup>o</sup>E, 24.46<sup>o</sup>N), LongHai (S7, 117.78<sup>o</sup>E, 24.36<sup>o</sup>N), ZhangPu (S8, 117.61<sup>o</sup>E, 24.12<sup>o</sup>N), DongShan (S9, 117.4<sup>o</sup>E, 23.72<sup>o</sup>N) and ZhaoAn (S10, 117.16<sup>o</sup>E, 23.63<sup>o</sup>N) (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig. 4</xref>). All samples were collected in June of 2013, and the details of all samples were shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>. For each fish sample, 3 fishes were collected at each site, and for each shellfish/shrimp sample, about 1 Kg samples were collected at each site. For fish samples, only muscles were taken and used for analysis. The entire meat of each sample collected from the same site was homogenized and was dried by vacuum freeze drying at −46 °C. The dried meat sample was crushed into powder and was stored in the desiccator for the next speciation analysis of Pb. For shellfish and shrimp samples, the whole tissue was taken by removing their shells, and entire tissue of each sample collected from the same site was homogenized and dried by vacuum freeze drying at −46 °C. The dried tissue sample was crushed into powder and was stored in a desiccator for the next speciation analysis of Pb.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Speciation analysis of Pb in fish, shellfish and shrimp samples</title><p>Each species of Pb in fish, shellfish and shrimp samples was determined by CE-ICP-MS with the method reported in our previous paper<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref>. In summary, firstly, inorganic lead (Pb<sup>2+</sup>) and organolead lead including TML and TEL in dried sea foods was separately extracted with a microwave-assisted extraction method by using 50% methanol solution (dissolved in 70 mmol/L H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>–17.5 mmol/L Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub> solution) and 0.5M acetic acid as solvent respectively. Then, the Pb<sup>2+</sup>, TML and TEL in the extracting solution were determined by CE-ICP-MS under <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Table S1</xref> conditions (the detailed process was shown in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">supplementary information</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec disp-level="1"><title>Additional Information</title><p><bold>How to cite this article</bold>: He, Y. <italic>et al</italic>. Species characteristics of lead in sea foods collected from coastal water of Fujian, Southeastern of China. <italic>Sci. Rep.</italic><bold>6</bold>, 33294; doi: 10.1038/srep33294 (2016).</p></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="S1"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material id="d33e23" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>Supplementary Information</title></caption><media xlink:href="srep33294-s1.pdf"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack><p>The authors thank the financial support of NSFC (21377025, 21677034), Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology (2014Y0042), Ministry of Science and Technology for the People’s Republic of China (2011DFA31770) and the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (No. IRT1116).</p></ack><ref-list><ref id="b1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Demetriades</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>X. D.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ramsey</surname><given-names>M. 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Y.H., Z.C., F.M., L.H. and L.J.X. co-performed the experiments. Z.X. co-revised the paper.</p></fn></fn-group></back><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>The electropherograms of marine animals under the optimal CE-ICP-MS conditions shown in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Table S1</xref>.</title><p>(<bold>a</bold>) Clam (<italic>Paphia undulate</italic>); (<bold>b</bold>) Clam (<italic>Paphia undulate</italic>) spiked with 2 μg/g Pb<sup>2+</sup>, TEL and 0.5 μg/g TML; (<bold>c</bold>) Mandarin fish; (<bold>d</bold>) Mandarin fish spiked with 2 μg/g Pb<sup>2+</sup>, TEL and 0.5 μg/g TML.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep33294-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) The electropherograms of Mandarin fish under the optimal CE-ICP-MS conditions shown in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Table S1</xref>. (<bold>b</bold>) The ESI-MS results of Mandarin fish. Data was obtained with an Agilent CE-ESI-MS system under <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Table S1 CE</xref> separation condition and ESI-MS conditions as follow: positive mode, 3.5kV electrospray voltage, full scan (m/z from 100 to 800), 0.69 bar of nebulizing gas, drying gas (150 °C) flowed at a rate of 6.0L/mL, the sheath liquid is methanol-water (50:50,v/v) containing 7.5 mM acetic acid.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep33294-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>The distributions of Pb<sup>2+</sup> and TML in all fish samples and shellfish/shrimp samples.</title><p>Data shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> were used to plot.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep33294-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><title>The sampling area of all sea foods, coastal waters of Fujian province in south-eastern Greater China (the map was generated with soft of Canvas 8, Canvas software can be obtained from <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://"><bold>http://www.poladigital.co.jp/canvas/index.html</bold></ext-link>).</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep33294-f4"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>The analytical performance of CE-ICP-MS method for determining Pb<sup>2+</sup>, TML and TEL in different matrix.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam (<italic>Paphia undulate</italic>) tissue</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Mandarin fish tissue</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GBW10050 (Shrimp)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn1">a</xref>Total Con.</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.43 ± 0.02</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.45 ± 0.11</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.21 ± 0.01</th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref>LOD</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn3">c</xref>LOQ</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn4">d</xref>Added Con.</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn4">d</xref>Detected Con.</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">RSD (n = 5, %)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Rec. (%)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn4">d</xref>Added Con.</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn4">d</xref>Detected Con.</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">RSD (n = 6, %)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Rec. (%)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn4">d</xref>Added Con.</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn4">d</xref>Detected Con.</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn4">d</xref>Certified Con.</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Rec. (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Pb<sup>2+</sup></td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.12</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.41</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.19</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.20 ± 0.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.34</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">93%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">101%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.17</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">98%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">TML</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.41</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.37</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"></td> <td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.66</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"></td> <td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">103%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.51</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">93%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.87</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">94%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">TEL</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.84</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.80</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"></td> <td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"></td> <td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"></td> <td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.92</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">96%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.85</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">93%</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">104%</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1-fn1"><p><sup>a</sup>The concentrations determined with ICP-MS after samples were completely decomposed with 7mol/L HNO<sub>3</sub>, unit is μg Pb/g dried weight.</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn2"><p><sup>b</sup>limit of detection (IUPAC criterion, the concentration to yield a net signal equal to 3 times the standard deviation of background), unit is ng Pb/g dried weight;</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn3"><p><sup>c</sup>limit of quantification (IUPAC criterion, the concentration to yield a net signal equal to 10 times the standard deviation of background), unit is ng Pb/g dried weight</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn4"><p><sup>d</sup>Unit is μg Pb/g dried weight.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Analytical results of each lead species in fish samples collected from Fujian, China.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Sample name</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Sampling area</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Con. of Pb<sup>2+</sup> (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Con. of TML (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Con. of TEL (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">The Sum Con. (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Total Con. (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Siniperca chuatsi</italic> (Mandarin fish)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Xiamen</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.111</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.645</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.756</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.651</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pampus sinensis (Pomfret)</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Xiamen</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.304</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.304</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.325</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pampus sinensis</italic> (Pomfret)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Longhai</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.998</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.998</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.002</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pampus sinensis</italic> (Pomfret)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ZhaoAn</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.030</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.030</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.051</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pampus sinensis</italic> (Pomfret)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Lianjiang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.021</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.021</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.086</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Epinephelus</italic> (Fish)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Lianjiang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.689</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.689</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.702</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Epinephelus</italic> (Fish)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Dongshan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.729</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.729</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.744</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Epinephelus</italic> (Fish)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Zhangpu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.557</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.557</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.568</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pagrosomus major</italic> (Fish)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Xiapu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.710</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.482</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.192</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.239</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Decapterus maruadsi</italic> (Fish)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Shishi</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.043</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.845</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.888</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.913</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Plectorhynchus cinctus</italic> (Fish)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Luoyuan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.422</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.622</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.044</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.298</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Scomberomorus niphonius</italic> (Pan-Fried Mackerel)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Putian</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.036</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.609</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.645</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.936</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Analytical results of each lead species in shellfish and shrimp samples collected from Fujian, China.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Sample name</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Sampling area</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Con. of Pb<sup>2+</sup> (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Con. of TML (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Con. of TEL (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">The Sum Con. (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Total Con. (μg Pb/g dried weight)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Mussel (<italic>Mytilidae</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Xiamen</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.033</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.768</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.801</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.881</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Oyster (<italic>Concha Ostreae</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Zhangpu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.178</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.178</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.184</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Abalone</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Luoyuan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.250</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.954</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.204</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.235</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam <italic>(Paphia undulate)</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Zhangpu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.941</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.941</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam <italic>(Paphia undulate)</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Dongshan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.418</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.418</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.426</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Mussel (<italic>Mytilidae</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Dongshan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.512</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.611</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.123</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.218</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Mussel (<italic>Mytilidae</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Zhaoan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.339</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.698</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.319</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.419</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam <italic>(Ruditapes philippinarum</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Zhaoan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.125</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.126</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.251</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.242</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam (<italic>Ruditapes philippinarum</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Longhai</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.455</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.583</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.038</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.109</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Prawn</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Longhai</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.810</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.810</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.901</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Prawn</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Zhaoan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.452</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.452</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.493</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Razor clam <italic>(Solen grandis)</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Longhai</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.036</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.752</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.788</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.797</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam (<italic>Ruditapes variegates</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Lianjiang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.115</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.115</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.135</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Razor clam <italic>(Solen grandis)</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Lianjiang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.745</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.678</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.423</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.606</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Razor clam <italic>(Solen grandis)</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Shishi</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.765</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.526</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.291</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.407</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam (<italic>Ruditapes variegates</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Shishi</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.231</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.231</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.240</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>The sample name and sampling site.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Sample name</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Sampling site</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam <italic>(Ruditapes philippinarum)</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Xiamen (S6), Longhai (S7), ZhaoAn (S10)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Mussel <italic>(Mytilidae)</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Dongshan (S9), ZhaoAn (S10)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Razor clam <italic>(Solen grandis)</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lianjiang (S3), Shishi (S5), Longhai (S7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam <italic>(Paphia undulate)</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Zhangpu (S8), Dongshan (S9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Abalone</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Luoyuan (S2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Oyster <italic>(Concha Ostreae)</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Zhangpu (S8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Epinephelus</italic> (fish)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lianjiang (S3), Zhangpu (S8), Dongshan (S9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Plectorhynchus cinctus</italic> (fish)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Luoyuan (S2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Decapterus maruadsi</italic> (fish)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Shishi (S5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pagrosomus major</italic> (fish)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Xiapu (S1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Siniperca chuatsi (</italic>mandarin fish)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Xiamen (S6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pampus sinensis (</italic>pomfret)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lianjiang (S3), Xiamen (S6), Longhai (S7), ZhaoAn (S10)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Scomberomorus niphonius</italic> (Pan-Fried Mackerel)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Putian (S4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Prawn</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Longhai (S7), ZhaoAn (S10)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Clam (<italic>Ruditapes variegates</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lianjiang (S3)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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