Characterization of the Exopolysaccharide Produced by Salipiger mucosus A3T, a Halophilic Species Belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria, Isolated on the Spanish Mediterranean Seaboard
Identifieur interne : 000311 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000310; suivant : 000312Characterization of the Exopolysaccharide Produced by Salipiger mucosus A3T, a Halophilic Species Belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria, Isolated on the Spanish Mediterranean Seaboard
Auteurs : Inmaculada Llamas ; Juan Antonio Mata ; Richard Tallon ; Philippe Bressollier ; María C. Urdaci ; Emilia Quesada ; Victoria BéjarSource :
- Marine Drugs [ 1660-3397 ] ; 2010.
Abstract
We have studied the exopolysaccharide produced by the type strain of
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/md8082240
PubMed: 20948906
PubMed Central: 2953402
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Characterization of the Exopolysaccharide Produced by <italic>Salipiger mucosus</italic> A3<sup>T</sup>, a Halophilic Species Belonging to the <italic>Alphaproteobacteria</italic>, Isolated on the Spanish Mediterranean Seaboard</title><author><name sortKey="Llamas, Inmaculada" sort="Llamas, Inmaculada" uniqKey="Llamas I" first="Inmaculada" last="Llamas">Inmaculada Llamas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-marinedrugs-08-02240"> Microbial Exopolysaccharide Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cartuja Campus, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; E-Mails:<email>illamas@ugr.es</email> (I.L.);<email>jonanmg@gmail.com</email> (J.A.M.);<email>equesada@ugr.es</email> (E.Q.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mata, Juan Antonio" sort="Mata, Juan Antonio" uniqKey="Mata J" first="Juan Antonio" last="Mata">Juan Antonio Mata</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-marinedrugs-08-02240"> Microbial Exopolysaccharide Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cartuja Campus, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; E-Mails:<email>illamas@ugr.es</email> (I.L.);<email>jonanmg@gmail.com</email> (J.A.M.);<email>equesada@ugr.es</email> (E.Q.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tallon, Richard" sort="Tallon, Richard" uniqKey="Tallon R" first="Richard" last="Tallon">Richard Tallon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-marinedrugs-08-02240"> IUT, Département Génie Biologique, allée André Maurois, 87065 Limoges, France; E-Mails:<email>richard_tallon@yahoo.fr</email> (R.T.);<email>philippe.bressollier@unilim.fr</email> (P.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bressollier, Philippe" sort="Bressollier, Philippe" uniqKey="Bressollier P" first="Philippe" last="Bressollier">Philippe Bressollier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-marinedrugs-08-02240"> IUT, Département Génie Biologique, allée André Maurois, 87065 Limoges, France; E-Mails:<email>richard_tallon@yahoo.fr</email> (R.T.);<email>philippe.bressollier@unilim.fr</email> (P.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-marinedrugs-08-02240"> Laboratorie de Microbiologie et Biochimie Appliquée, ENITA de Bordeaux, 1 Cours du Général de Gaulle, BP 201, 33175 Gradignan, France; E-Mail:<email>m-urdaci@enitab.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Urdaci, Maria C" sort="Urdaci, Maria C" uniqKey="Urdaci M" first="María C." last="Urdaci">María C. Urdaci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-marinedrugs-08-02240"> Laboratorie de Microbiologie et Biochimie Appliquée, ENITA de Bordeaux, 1 Cours du Général de Gaulle, BP 201, 33175 Gradignan, France; E-Mail:<email>m-urdaci@enitab.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quesada, Emilia" sort="Quesada, Emilia" uniqKey="Quesada E" first="Emilia" last="Quesada">Emilia Quesada</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-marinedrugs-08-02240"> Microbial Exopolysaccharide Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cartuja Campus, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; E-Mails:<email>illamas@ugr.es</email> (I.L.);<email>jonanmg@gmail.com</email> (J.A.M.);<email>equesada@ugr.es</email> (E.Q.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bejar, Victoria" sort="Bejar, Victoria" uniqKey="Bejar V" first="Victoria" last="Béjar">Victoria Béjar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-marinedrugs-08-02240"> Microbial Exopolysaccharide Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cartuja Campus, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; E-Mails:<email>illamas@ugr.es</email> (I.L.);<email>jonanmg@gmail.com</email> (J.A.M.);<email>equesada@ugr.es</email> (E.Q.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">20948906</idno><idno type="pmc">2953402</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953402</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2953402</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/md8082240</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000439</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000439</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000438</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000438</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000311</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000311</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Characterization of the Exopolysaccharide Produced by <italic>Salipiger mucosus</italic> A3<sup>T</sup>, a Halophilic Species Belonging to the <italic>Alphaproteobacteria</italic>, Isolated on the Spanish Mediterranean Seaboard</title><author><name sortKey="Llamas, Inmaculada" sort="Llamas, Inmaculada" uniqKey="Llamas I" first="Inmaculada" last="Llamas">Inmaculada Llamas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-marinedrugs-08-02240"> Microbial Exopolysaccharide Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cartuja Campus, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; E-Mails:<email>illamas@ugr.es</email> (I.L.);<email>jonanmg@gmail.com</email> (J.A.M.);<email>equesada@ugr.es</email> (E.Q.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mata, Juan Antonio" sort="Mata, Juan Antonio" uniqKey="Mata J" first="Juan Antonio" last="Mata">Juan Antonio Mata</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-marinedrugs-08-02240"> Microbial Exopolysaccharide Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cartuja Campus, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; E-Mails:<email>illamas@ugr.es</email> (I.L.);<email>jonanmg@gmail.com</email> (J.A.M.);<email>equesada@ugr.es</email> (E.Q.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tallon, Richard" sort="Tallon, Richard" uniqKey="Tallon R" first="Richard" last="Tallon">Richard Tallon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-marinedrugs-08-02240"> IUT, Département Génie Biologique, allée André Maurois, 87065 Limoges, France; E-Mails:<email>richard_tallon@yahoo.fr</email> (R.T.);<email>philippe.bressollier@unilim.fr</email> (P.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bressollier, Philippe" sort="Bressollier, Philippe" uniqKey="Bressollier P" first="Philippe" last="Bressollier">Philippe Bressollier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-marinedrugs-08-02240"> IUT, Département Génie Biologique, allée André Maurois, 87065 Limoges, France; E-Mails:<email>richard_tallon@yahoo.fr</email> (R.T.);<email>philippe.bressollier@unilim.fr</email> (P.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-marinedrugs-08-02240"> Laboratorie de Microbiologie et Biochimie Appliquée, ENITA de Bordeaux, 1 Cours du Général de Gaulle, BP 201, 33175 Gradignan, France; E-Mail:<email>m-urdaci@enitab.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Urdaci, Maria C" sort="Urdaci, Maria C" uniqKey="Urdaci M" first="María C." last="Urdaci">María C. Urdaci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-marinedrugs-08-02240"> Laboratorie de Microbiologie et Biochimie Appliquée, ENITA de Bordeaux, 1 Cours du Général de Gaulle, BP 201, 33175 Gradignan, France; E-Mail:<email>m-urdaci@enitab.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quesada, Emilia" sort="Quesada, Emilia" uniqKey="Quesada E" first="Emilia" last="Quesada">Emilia Quesada</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-marinedrugs-08-02240"> Microbial Exopolysaccharide Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cartuja Campus, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; E-Mails:<email>illamas@ugr.es</email> (I.L.);<email>jonanmg@gmail.com</email> (J.A.M.);<email>equesada@ugr.es</email> (E.Q.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bejar, Victoria" sort="Bejar, Victoria" uniqKey="Bejar V" first="Victoria" last="Béjar">Victoria Béjar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-marinedrugs-08-02240"> Microbial Exopolysaccharide Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cartuja Campus, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; E-Mails:<email>illamas@ugr.es</email> (I.L.);<email>jonanmg@gmail.com</email> (J.A.M.);<email>equesada@ugr.es</email> (E.Q.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Marine Drugs</title><idno type="eISSN">1660-3397</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>We have studied the exopolysaccharide produced by the type strain of <italic>Salipiger mucosus</italic>, a species of halophilic, EPS-producing (exopolysaccharide-producing) bacterium belonging to the <italic>Alphaproteobacteria</italic>. The strain, isolated on the Mediterranean seaboard, produced a polysaccharide, mainly during its exponential growth phase but also to a lesser extent during the stationary phase. Culture parameters influenced bacterial growth and EPS production. Yield was always directly related to the quantity of biomass in the culture. The polymer is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular mass of 250 kDa and its components are glucose (19.7%, w/w), mannose (34%, w/w), galactose (32.9%, w/w) and fucose (13.4%, w/w). Fucose and fucose-rich oligosaccharides have applications in the fields of medicine and cosmetics. The chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis of fucose-rich polysaccharides offers a new efficient way to process fucose. The exopolysaccharide in question produces a solution of very low viscosity that shows pseudoplastic behavior and emulsifying activity on several hydrophobic substrates. It also has a high capacity for binding cations and incorporating considerable quantities of sulfates, this latter feature being very unusual in bacterial polysaccharides.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sutherland, Iw" uniqKey="Sutherland I">IW Sutherland</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Matou, S" uniqKey="Matou S">S Matou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colliec Jouault, S" uniqKey="Colliec Jouault S">S Colliec-Jouault</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galy Fauroux, I" uniqKey="Galy Fauroux I">I Galy-Fauroux</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ratiskol, J" uniqKey="Ratiskol J">J Ratiskol</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sinquin, C" uniqKey="Sinquin C">C Sinquin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guezennec, J" uniqKey="Guezennec J">J Guezennec</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fischer, Am" uniqKey="Fischer A">AM 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Ja" uniqKey="Mata J">JA Mata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bejar, V" uniqKey="Bejar V">V Béjar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bressollier, P" uniqKey="Bressollier P">P Bressollier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tallon, R" uniqKey="Tallon R">R Tallon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urdaci, Mc" uniqKey="Urdaci M">MC Urdaci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quesada, E" uniqKey="Quesada E">E Quesada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Llamas, I" uniqKey="Llamas I">I Llamas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arias, S" uniqKey="Arias S">S Arias</name></author><author><name sortKey="Del Moral, A" uniqKey="Del Moral A">A del Moral</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrer, Mr" uniqKey="Ferrer M">MR Ferrer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tallon, R" uniqKey="Tallon R">R Tallon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quesada, E" uniqKey="Quesada E">E Quesada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bejar, V" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Mar Drugs</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">MD</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Marine Drugs</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1660-3397</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">20948906</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2953402</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/md8082240</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">marinedrugs-08-02240</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Characterization of the Exopolysaccharide Produced by <italic>Salipiger mucosus</italic> A3<sup>T</sup>, a Halophilic Species Belonging to the <italic>Alphaproteobacteria</italic>, Isolated on the Spanish Mediterranean Seaboard</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Llamas</surname><given-names>Inmaculada</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-marinedrugs-08-02240">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mata</surname><given-names>Juan Antonio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-marinedrugs-08-02240">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tallon</surname><given-names>Richard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-marinedrugs-08-02240">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bressollier</surname><given-names>Philippe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-marinedrugs-08-02240">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-marinedrugs-08-02240">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Urdaci</surname><given-names>María C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-marinedrugs-08-02240">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Quesada</surname><given-names>Emilia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-marinedrugs-08-02240">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Béjar</surname><given-names>Victoria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-marinedrugs-08-02240">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-marinedrugs-08-02240">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-marinedrugs-08-02240"><label>1</label> Microbial Exopolysaccharide Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cartuja Campus, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; E-Mails:<email>illamas@ugr.es</email> (I.L.);<email>jonanmg@gmail.com</email> (J.A.M.);<email>equesada@ugr.es</email> (E.Q.)</aff><aff id="af2-marinedrugs-08-02240"><label>2</label> IUT, Département Génie Biologique, allée André Maurois, 87065 Limoges, France; E-Mails:<email>richard_tallon@yahoo.fr</email> (R.T.);<email>philippe.bressollier@unilim.fr</email> (P.B.)</aff><aff id="af3-marinedrugs-08-02240"><label>3</label> Laboratorie de Microbiologie et Biochimie Appliquée, ENITA de Bordeaux, 1 Cours du Général de Gaulle, BP 201, 33175 Gradignan, France; E-Mail:<email>m-urdaci@enitab.fr</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-marinedrugs-08-02240">*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: <email>vbejar@ugr.es</email>; Tel. +34-958-241705; Fax. +34-958-246235.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>7</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>2240</fpage><lpage>2251</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>8</day><month>6</month><year>2010</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>16</day><month>7</month><year>2010</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>7</month><year>2010</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2010 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2010</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>We have studied the exopolysaccharide produced by the type strain of <italic>Salipiger mucosus</italic>, a species of halophilic, EPS-producing (exopolysaccharide-producing) bacterium belonging to the <italic>Alphaproteobacteria</italic>. The strain, isolated on the Mediterranean seaboard, produced a polysaccharide, mainly during its exponential growth phase but also to a lesser extent during the stationary phase. Culture parameters influenced bacterial growth and EPS production. Yield was always directly related to the quantity of biomass in the culture. The polymer is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular mass of 250 kDa and its components are glucose (19.7%, w/w), mannose (34%, w/w), galactose (32.9%, w/w) and fucose (13.4%, w/w). Fucose and fucose-rich oligosaccharides have applications in the fields of medicine and cosmetics. The chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis of fucose-rich polysaccharides offers a new efficient way to process fucose. The exopolysaccharide in question produces a solution of very low viscosity that shows pseudoplastic behavior and emulsifying activity on several hydrophobic substrates. It also has a high capacity for binding cations and incorporating considerable quantities of sulfates, this latter feature being very unusual in bacterial polysaccharides.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>exopolysaccharides</kwd><kwd>Salipiger mucosus</kwd><kwd>halophilic bacteria</kwd><kwd>fucose</kwd><kwd>sulfates</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-marinedrugs-08-02240" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Growth profile and EPS production by <italic>S. mucosus</italic> strain A3<sup>T</sup> in MY medium at 7.5% total salts <italic>versus</italic> consumption of glucose. 100% of residual glucose corresponds to 10 g/L of glucose.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="marinedrugs-08-02240f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-marinedrugs-08-02240" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Transmission electronic microscopy photograph of <italic>S. mucosus</italic> strain A3<sup>T</sup> stained with the specific stain for polysaccharide ruthenium red. Bar: 1 μm. Arrow indicates the EPS of the strain.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="marinedrugs-08-02240f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-marinedrugs-08-02240" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Viscosity of a 0.5% (w/v) solution of EPSs produced by <italic>S. mucosus</italic> A3<sup>T</sup> in MY medium at 2.5% total salts.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="marinedrugs-08-02240f3"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-marinedrugs-08-02240" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Emulsifying activities of the EPS produced by <italic>S. mucosus</italic> strain A3<sup>T</sup> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-marinedrugs-08-02240">*</xref>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. mucosus</italic> A3<sup>T</sup></th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triton X-100</th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tween 80</th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Xanthan gum</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sunflower oil</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 ± 1.41</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.5 ± 1.82</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62 ± 1.67</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.95 ± 1.60</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mineral oil</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71 ± 1.60</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.5 ± 1.41</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 ± 1.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.3 ± 1.43</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Olive oil</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.3 ± 1.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 ± 1.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.5 ± 1.64</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 ± 1.94</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tetradecane</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75 ± 2.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.5 ± 1.82</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.5 ± 1.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.3 ± 0.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Octane</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 ± 1.51</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 ± 1.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 ± 0.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.3 ± 2.18</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kerosene</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 ± 0.51</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.1 ± 2.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 ± 1.40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89 ± 1.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isopropyl myristate</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.5 ± 0.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.5 ± 0.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.5 ± 1.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 ± 1.34</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Petrol</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 ± 3.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 ± 1.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.5 ± 2.60</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.5 ± 2.45</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diesel</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.5 ± 0.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.5 ± 2.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 ± 1.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.5 ± 3.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crude oil</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95 ± 0.57</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 ± 0.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 ± 0.60</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.75 ± 1.32</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Xylene</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.5 ± 0.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5 ± 1.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5 ± 1.30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.5 ± 1.78</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Toluene</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.6 ± 3.53</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5 ± 0.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 ± 1.80</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 ± 1.75</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaseline oil</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.6 ± 2.50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 ± 0.57</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 ± 2.55</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 ± 1.67</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hexane</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 ± 2.51</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 ± 1.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42 ± 0.66</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 ± 2.25</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-marinedrugs-08-02240"><label>*</label><p>Expressed as the percentage of the total height occupied by the oil-water emulsion after 24 h; 0.5% (w/v) EPS or chemical surfactant was used as emulsifier. Each value represents the average of three measurements.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Bejar, Victoria" sort="Bejar, Victoria" uniqKey="Bejar V" first="Victoria" last="Béjar">Victoria Béjar</name><name sortKey="Bressollier, Philippe" sort="Bressollier, Philippe" uniqKey="Bressollier P" first="Philippe" last="Bressollier">Philippe Bressollier</name><name sortKey="Llamas, Inmaculada" sort="Llamas, Inmaculada" uniqKey="Llamas I" first="Inmaculada" last="Llamas">Inmaculada Llamas</name><name sortKey="Mata, Juan Antonio" sort="Mata, Juan Antonio" uniqKey="Mata J" first="Juan Antonio" last="Mata">Juan Antonio Mata</name><name sortKey="Quesada, Emilia" sort="Quesada, Emilia" uniqKey="Quesada E" first="Emilia" last="Quesada">Emilia Quesada</name><name sortKey="Tallon, Richard" sort="Tallon, Richard" uniqKey="Tallon R" first="Richard" last="Tallon">Richard Tallon</name><name sortKey="Urdaci, Maria C" sort="Urdaci, Maria C" uniqKey="Urdaci M" first="María C." last="Urdaci">María C. 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