Long-range magnetic interactions and proximity effects in an amorphous exchange-spring magnet
Identifieur interne : 000022 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000021; suivant : 000023Long-range magnetic interactions and proximity effects in an amorphous exchange-spring magnet
Auteurs : F. Magnus [Suède, Islande] ; M. E. Brooks-Bartlett [Royaume-Uni] ; R. Moubah [Suède, Maroc] ; R. A. Procter [Royaume-Uni] ; G. Andersson [Suède] ; T. P. A. Hase [Royaume-Uni] ; S. T. Banks [Royaume-Uni] ; B. Hjörvarsson [Suède]Source :
- Nature Communications [ 2041-1723 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Low-dimensional magnetic heterostructures are a key element of spintronics, where magnetic interactions between different materials often define the functionality of devices. Although some interlayer exchange coupling mechanisms are by now well established, the possibility of direct exchange coupling via proximity-induced magnetization through non-magnetic layers is typically ignored due to the presumed short range of such proximity effects. Here we show that magnetic order can be induced throughout a 40-nm-thick amorphous paramagnetic layer through proximity to ferromagnets, mediating both exchange-spring magnet behaviour and exchange bias. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations show that nearest-neighbour magnetic interactions fall short in describing the observed effects and long-range magnetic interactions are needed to capture the extent of the induced magnetization. The results highlight the importance of considering the range of interactions in low-dimensional heterostructures and how magnetic proximity effects can be used to obtain new functionality.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11931
PubMed: 27291298
PubMed Central: 4910021
Affiliations:
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Magnus</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University</institution>, Box 516, Uppsala 751 20,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Science Institute, University of Iceland</institution>, Dunhaga 3, Reykjavik IS-107,<country>Iceland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Islande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brooks Bartlett, M E" sort="Brooks Bartlett, M E" uniqKey="Brooks Bartlett M" first="M. E." last="Brooks-Bartlett">M. E. 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Magnus</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University</institution>, Box 516, Uppsala 751 20,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Science Institute, University of Iceland</institution>, Dunhaga 3, Reykjavik IS-107,<country>Iceland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Islande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brooks Bartlett, M E" sort="Brooks Bartlett, M E" uniqKey="Brooks Bartlett M" first="M. E." last="Brooks-Bartlett">M. E. Brooks-Bartlett</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Chemistry, University College London</institution>, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moubah, R" sort="Moubah, R" uniqKey="Moubah R" first="R." last="Moubah">R. Moubah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University</institution>, Box 516, Uppsala 751 20,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>LPMMAT, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock</institution>, Maârif B.P. 5366,<country>Morocco</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Maroc</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Procter, R A" sort="Procter, R A" uniqKey="Procter R" first="R. A." last="Procter">R. A. Procter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Department of Physics, University of Warwick</institution>, Coventry CV4 7AL,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andersson, G" sort="Andersson, G" uniqKey="Andersson G" first="G." last="Andersson">G. Andersson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University</institution>, Box 516, Uppsala 751 20,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hase, T P A" sort="Hase, T P A" uniqKey="Hase T" first="T. P. A." last="Hase">T. P. A. Hase</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Department of Physics, University of Warwick</institution>, Coventry CV4 7AL,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Banks, S T" sort="Banks, S T" uniqKey="Banks S" first="S. T." last="Banks">S. T. Banks</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Chemistry, University College London</institution>, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hjorvarsson, B" sort="Hjorvarsson, B" uniqKey="Hjorvarsson B" first="B." last="Hjörvarsson">B. Hjörvarsson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University</institution>, Box 516, Uppsala 751 20,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature Communications</title><idno type="eISSN">2041-1723</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Low-dimensional magnetic heterostructures are a key element of spintronics, where magnetic interactions between different materials often define the functionality of devices. Although some interlayer exchange coupling mechanisms are by now well established, the possibility of direct exchange coupling via proximity-induced magnetization through non-magnetic layers is typically ignored due to the presumed short range of such proximity effects. Here we show that magnetic order can be induced throughout a 40-nm-thick amorphous paramagnetic layer through proximity to ferromagnets, mediating both exchange-spring magnet behaviour and exchange bias. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations show that nearest-neighbour magnetic interactions fall short in describing the observed effects and long-range magnetic interactions are needed to capture the extent of the induced magnetization. The results highlight the importance of considering the range of interactions in low-dimensional heterostructures and how magnetic proximity effects can be used to obtain new functionality.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Feynman, R" uniqKey="Feynman R">R. Feynman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leighton, R" uniqKey="Leighton R">R. Leighton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sands, M" uniqKey="Sands M">M. Sands</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Binder, K" uniqKey="Binder K">K. Binder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hohenberg, P C" uniqKey="Hohenberg P">P. C. Hohenberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Domb, C" uniqKey="Domb C">C. Domb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dalton, N W" uniqKey="Dalton N">N. W. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Nat Commun</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Nat Commun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Nature Communications</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2041-1723</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27291298</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4910021</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">ncomms11931</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ncomms11931</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Long-range magnetic interactions and proximity effects in an amorphous exchange-spring magnet</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Magnus</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brooks-Bartlett</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moubah</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Procter</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Andersson</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9479-1952</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hase</surname><given-names>T. P. A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Banks</surname><given-names>S. T.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hjörvarsson</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University</institution>, Box 516, Uppsala 751 20,<country>Sweden</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Science Institute, University of Iceland</institution>, Dunhaga 3, Reykjavik IS-107,<country>Iceland</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Department of Chemistry, University College London</institution>, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>LPMMAT, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock</institution>, Maârif B.P. 5366,<country>Morocco</country></aff><aff id="a5"><label>5</label><institution>Department of Physics, University of Warwick</institution>, Coventry CV4 7AL,<country>UK</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>fridrik.magnus@physics.uu.se</email></corresp><fn id="n1"><label>*</label><p>Present address: Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><elocation-id>ncomms11931</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day><month>08</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>05</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Low-dimensional magnetic heterostructures are a key element of spintronics, where magnetic interactions between different materials often define the functionality of devices. Although some interlayer exchange coupling mechanisms are by now well established, the possibility of direct exchange coupling via proximity-induced magnetization through non-magnetic layers is typically ignored due to the presumed short range of such proximity effects. Here we show that magnetic order can be induced throughout a 40-nm-thick amorphous paramagnetic layer through proximity to ferromagnets, mediating both exchange-spring magnet behaviour and exchange bias. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations show that nearest-neighbour magnetic interactions fall short in describing the observed effects and long-range magnetic interactions are needed to capture the extent of the induced magnetization. The results highlight the importance of considering the range of interactions in low-dimensional heterostructures and how magnetic proximity effects can be used to obtain new functionality.</p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="web-summary"><p><inline-graphic id="i1" xlink:href="ncomms11931-i1.jpg"></inline-graphic>In thin film devices, ferromagnetic layers may couple indirectly over short length scales via induced magnetization in otherwise non-magnetic spacers. Here, the authors demonstrate a long range exchange coupling across a paramagnetic layer.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Design of the experiment.</title><p>(<bold>a</bold>) A simplified schematic of the layer structure of the sample, showing the three different magnetic layers, A, B and C. Layer C has a large imprinted uniaxial anisotropy (parallel to the large grey arrow), whereas layer A has a small imprinted anisotropy (in the same direction) and layer B is isotropic. The magnetization profile during magnetization reversal, in different temperature regimes, is shown by the round coloured arrows, demonstrating the exchange-spring magnet behaviour and the magnetic proximity effect. The large grey arrow shows the direction of the applied magnetic field. (<bold>b</bold>) An illustration of the temperature dependence of the magnetization in the three layers, showing the three different ordering temperatures <inline-formula id="d33e880"><inline-graphic id="d33e881" xlink:href="ncomms11931-m28.jpg"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> (<italic>X</italic>=A, B or C) of the layers.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms11931-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Spring-magnet behaviour and enhanced coercivity.</title><p>(<bold>a</bold>) The magnetization along the easy axis for three different temperatures, showing the exchange coupling between the top and bottom layers. The middle layer thicknesses <italic>d</italic><sub>B</sub> is 10 nm. (<bold>b</bold>) The lower coercive field <inline-formula id="d33e903"><inline-graphic id="d33e904" xlink:href="ncomms11931-m29.jpg"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> as a function of temperature (absolute and normalized by <inline-formula id="d33e906"><inline-graphic id="d33e907" xlink:href="ncomms11931-m30.jpg"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>), for three different middle layer thicknesses <italic>d</italic><sub>B</sub>. The dashed vertical line indicates the intrinsic transition temperature of Co<sub>60</sub>AlZr<sub>40</sub>. A coupling between the top and bottom layers is seen in a region well above the intrinsic transition temperature of the middle layer when <italic>d</italic><sub>B</sub>=10 nm (highlighted by the blue shaded area).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms11931-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Exchange bias.</title><p>(<bold>a</bold>) Room-temperature element-specific minor magnetization loops of Co, measured by X-ray resonant magnetic scattering, for successively higher maximum applied field in the positive direction <italic>H</italic><sub>max</sub>. The sample is a trilayer with <italic>d</italic><sub>B</sub>=40 nm. The loops are shifted towards positive field (as highlighted by the dashed line at zero field), showing the presence of exchange bias. (<bold>b</bold>) The exchange bias <italic>H</italic><sub>ex</sub> as a function of <italic>H</italic><sub>max</sub> for both 100 and 300 K. The exchange bias is the same at both temperatures and tends to zero (dashed line) as <italic>H</italic><sub>max</sub> increases.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms11931-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><title>Simulations of <italic>T</italic><sub>c</sub> in a trilayer.</title><p>(<bold>a</bold>) The magnetization versus temperature in the middle of a single B-layer and in the middle of a B-layer sandwiched between an A and C layer. The magnetization is calculated by including up to eighth nearest-neighbour interactions and the temperature is normalized by the intrinsic ordering temperature of the B layer found in the simulations <inline-formula id="d33e978"><inline-graphic id="d33e979" xlink:href="ncomms11931-m31.jpg"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>. (<bold>b</bold>) The susceptibility of the middle atomic layer of a single B-layer and in the middle of a B-layer, sandwiched between an A and C layer. The shift in the ordering temperature of the sandwiched layer due to the proximity to the A and C layers can be seen clearly. Only a small subset of symbols is shown.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms11931-f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><title>Magnetization profile in a trilayer.</title><p>The simulated magnetization profile throughout the trilayer for a few temperatures above and below the <inline-formula id="d33e990"><inline-graphic id="d33e991" xlink:href="ncomms11931-m32.jpg"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> of a single B-layer. The temperature is normalized by the intrinsic ordering temperature of the B layer found in the simulations <inline-formula id="d33e993"><inline-graphic id="d33e994" xlink:href="ncomms11931-m33.jpg"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>. The magnetization decays into layer B away from the interfaces but a significant magnetization extends through the layer well above <inline-formula id="d33e996"><inline-graphic id="d33e997" xlink:href="ncomms11931-m34.jpg"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms11931-f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><title>Range of interaction.</title><p>The magnetization throughout the trilayer for different interaction ranges: first, fourth and eighth nearest neighbours (n.n.), at <inline-formula id="d33e1005"><inline-graphic id="d33e1006" xlink:href="ncomms11931-m35.jpg"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula id="d33e1008"><inline-graphic id="d33e1009" xlink:href="ncomms11931-m36.jpg"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> corresponds to the bulk ordering temperature for the respective range and Δ<italic>T</italic> is arbitarily chosen as 0.20. Monolayer 1 and 28 are the top and bottom surfaces of the sample, respectively. The background colour is a guide to the eye, showing the trilayer structure. A longer-range interaction is needed to capture the proximity-induced magnetization in the middle layer.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms11931-f6"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Islande</li><li>Maroc</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>Suède</li></country></list><tree><country name="Suède"><noRegion><name sortKey="Magnus, F" sort="Magnus, F" uniqKey="Magnus F" first="F." last="Magnus">F. Magnus</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Andersson, G" sort="Andersson, G" uniqKey="Andersson G" first="G." last="Andersson">G. Andersson</name><name sortKey="Hjorvarsson, B" sort="Hjorvarsson, B" uniqKey="Hjorvarsson B" first="B." last="Hjörvarsson">B. Hjörvarsson</name><name sortKey="Moubah, R" sort="Moubah, R" uniqKey="Moubah R" first="R." last="Moubah">R. Moubah</name></country><country name="Islande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Magnus, F" sort="Magnus, F" uniqKey="Magnus F" first="F." last="Magnus">F. Magnus</name></noRegion></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Brooks Bartlett, M E" sort="Brooks Bartlett, M E" uniqKey="Brooks Bartlett M" first="M. E." last="Brooks-Bartlett">M. E. Brooks-Bartlett</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Banks, S T" sort="Banks, S T" uniqKey="Banks S" first="S. T." last="Banks">S. T. Banks</name><name sortKey="Hase, T P A" sort="Hase, T P A" uniqKey="Hase T" first="T. P. A." last="Hase">T. P. A. Hase</name><name sortKey="Procter, R A" sort="Procter, R A" uniqKey="Procter R" first="R. A." last="Procter">R. A. Procter</name></country><country name="Maroc"><noRegion><name sortKey="Moubah, R" sort="Moubah, R" uniqKey="Moubah R" first="R." last="Moubah">R. Moubah</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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