Recent Developments in the Speciation and Determination of Mercury Using Various Analytical Techniques
Identifieur interne : 000398 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000397; suivant : 000399Recent Developments in the Speciation and Determination of Mercury Using Various Analytical Techniques
Auteurs : Lakshmi Narayana Suvarapu [Corée du Sud] ; Sung-Ok Baek [Corée du Sud]Source :
- Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry [ 2090-8865 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
This paper reviews the speciation and determination of mercury by various analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry, voltammetry, inductively coupled plasma techniques, spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometry, high performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography. Approximately 126 research papers on the speciation and determination of mercury by various analytical techniques published in international journals since 2013 are reviewed.
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DOI: 10.1155/2015/372459
PubMed: 26236539
PubMed Central: 4506829
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Approximately 126 research papers on the speciation and determination of mercury by various analytical techniques published in international journals since 2013 are reviewed.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Suvarapu, L N" uniqKey="Suvarapu L">L. N. Suvarapu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seo, Y K" uniqKey="Seo Y">Y.-K. Seo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baek, S O" uniqKey="Baek S">S.-O. Baek</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marumoto, K" uniqKey="Marumoto K">K. Marumoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Imai, S" uniqKey="Imai S">S. Imai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Panichev, N A" uniqKey="Panichev N">N. A. Panichev</name></author><author><name sortKey="Panichev And Panicheva, S E" uniqKey="Panichev And Panicheva S">S. E. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Anal Methods Chem</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Anal Methods Chem</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JAMC</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2090-8865</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2090-8873</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26236539</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4506829</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/372459</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Recent Developments in the Speciation and Determination of Mercury Using Various Analytical Techniques</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Suvarapu</surname><given-names>Lakshmi Narayana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baek</surname><given-names>Sung-Ok</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1">Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 712 749, Republic of Korea</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Lakshmi Narayana Suvarapu: <email>suvarapu@gmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Antony C. Calokerinos</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>5</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>2015</volume><elocation-id>372459</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>8</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 L. N. Suvarapu and S.-O. Baek.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>This paper reviews the speciation and determination of mercury by various analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry, voltammetry, inductively coupled plasma techniques, spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometry, high performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography. Approximately 126 research papers on the speciation and determination of mercury by various analytical techniques published in international journals since 2013 are reviewed.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Elemental mercury.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JAMC2015-372459.001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Analytical parameters of reviewed research papers about the speciation and determination of mercury by spectrometric instruments (AAS, ICP-OES, AES, MS, and AFS).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analyte</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analytical instrument used for the detection</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Method</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limit of detection (LOD)<sup>#</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linearity range</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analyzed samples</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference study</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supporting media</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS and ICP-AES</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.83 × 10<sup>−10</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadmium and lead also analyzed along with mercury</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preconcentration</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.79 × 10<sup>−10</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water and human hair</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recovery of Hg<sup>2+</sup> is in the range of 95.6–104.9% in presence of Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, and Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions, from 750 to 2500-fold</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dithizone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ultrasound extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.98 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alcohol vinegar</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SPE<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.98 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rice, canned fish, and tea leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The tolerance limit for Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, and Ca<sup>2+</sup> is 4000-fold, for Ba<sup>2+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> is 40-fold, for Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, and Ni<sup>2+</sup> is 10-fold, and for Al<sup>3+</sup> is 200-fold compared to Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.97 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to 500 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As, Al, Fe, Mo, and Sb are depressed the Hg signal </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carbon nanotubes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Marine fish </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wet digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Green tiger shrimp</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arsenic also determined along with mercury</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkaline fusion digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006–4000 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phosphate rock</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.98 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish muscle tissues</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadmium and lead also detected along with mercury</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.19 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01–2.30 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, and Mn<sup>2+</sup> are not interfered up to 5 mg L<sup>−1</sup> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and Tl<sup>3+</sup> are not interfered up to 1 mg L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polymer supported ionic liquid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.97 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07–2.00 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tolerable amount of major metals is limited up to 50 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polytetrafluoroethylene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.98 × 10<sup>−10</sup> M </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5–10.0 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biological samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cold finger</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Combustion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.99 × 10<sup>−13</sup> M </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water and fish</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arsenic and selenium also determined along with mercury</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amalgamation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2 ng/g for hair and 0.02 ng/g for blood</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hair and blood samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arsenic and selenium also determined along with mercury</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS (total Hg) and GC-ICPMS (MeHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cold-vapor reduction with NaBH<sub>4</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.98 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M (total Hg) and 2.3 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M (MeHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood of birds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selenium also determined along with mercury and methylmercury</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg and MeHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS (total Hg) and CV-AFS (MeHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03–0.1 ng/g</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish, vegetables, and mushrooms</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selenium and cadmium also determined with mercury species</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS (total Hg) and CV-AFS (MeHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LLME<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49 × 10<sup>−10</sup> M (Hg<sup>2+</sup>) and <break></break>1.8 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M (MeHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5–100 ng mL<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples and CRMs</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The recovery of Hg<sup>2+</sup> in presence of foreign ions is 95–105 and for MeHg is 96–106%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GF-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid mineralization</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.97 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish muscle samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Copper nitrate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GEM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ambient air</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0006 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Freshwater fish samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stannous chloride</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Combustion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01 ng</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference of various heavy metals was overcome by using sample pretreatment</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAS (THg) and ICP-MS-HPLC (MeHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydride generation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.33 × 10<sup>−14</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd, Pb, As, and Sn also measured along with Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HG-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydride generation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.4% (accuracy)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Irrigation water wells</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Along with mercury Pb, Cd, and Al Cr also measured</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS and AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thermal decomposition and amalgamation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.34 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M (TD-amalgamation AAS) and 3.14 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M (CV-AAS), </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HV-AAS and <break></break>HPLC-CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous solutions and fish tissue</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Multiwalled carbon nanotubes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS (DMA)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave oven digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canned fish</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selenium and tin also measured along with mercury</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AMA (AAS)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAS principles and without digestion process</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish red muscle and <break></break>white muscle</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AES</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LIBS and SIBS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>−3</sup> M (LIBS) and 9.97 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M (SIBS)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At 534.074 nm has less spectral interference</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (total Hg) and 0.01 MeHg ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sea water and sediments</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M (Hg<sup>0</sup>) and 0.002 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M (DM Hg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sea waters</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave assisted digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.98 × 10<sup>−13</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nuts</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference of fat in nuts is removed by treatment with chloroform and methanol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence optical sensor</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.57 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.27 × 10<sup>−11</sup>–1.13 × 10<sup>−3</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human hair, urine, and <break></break>well water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Most of the alkali, alkaline, and transition metal ions did not interfere in the determination of Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N-(2-Hydroxy phenyl)-N-(2-mercapto phenyl)-o-phthalylidene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GEM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold amalgamation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0002 ng</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total suspended particulates</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QFF (quartz fiber filters)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MeHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAS and CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005 <italic>μ</italic>g/g</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water, soil, sediments, and foodstuffs</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave assisted digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sediments</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sequential injection system</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rice</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference of other metal ions is eliminated by acid wash and kept storage of samples for 24 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Multisyringe flow injection analysis</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPLC-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UV-induced atomization</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 × 10<sup>−9</sup> (Hg<sup>2+</sup>), 1.9 × 10<sup>−9</sup> (MeHg), and 2.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup> (EtHg) M </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CRMs</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49 × 10<sup>−13</sup>–3.98 × 10<sup>−13</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–5000 ng L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Natural waters</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 mg L<sup>−1</sup> of Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and As<sup>3+</sup> and 10 g L<sup>−1</sup> of Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, and Ca<sup>2+</sup> did not interfere in the determination of 100 ng L<sup>−1</sup> of Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Micro-SPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.98 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to 5 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesofluidic platform</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EX-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 ng g<sup>−1</sup> (total Hg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Waste calcines</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~0.5 pg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Atmospheric air</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PTFE filter papers</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MeHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GC-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to 1.5 ng mL<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biological samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPLC-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liquid-liquid microextraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.54 × 10<sup>−10</sup> (Hg<sup>2+</sup>), 7.42 × 10<sup>−11</sup> (MeHg), 1.045 × 10<sup>−10</sup> (EtHg), and 3.31 × 10<sup>−10</sup> M (PhHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0–20 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Environmental waters</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No interference from other metal ions</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1-Octyl-3-meth-l imidazolium hexafluorophosphate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MeHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.515 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Petroleum</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TMAH<sup>3</sup>, KOH/CH<sub>3</sub>OH, HCl, and acidic CuSO<sub>4</sub>/KBr</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GEM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ambient air</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1–4.5 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous solutions</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longer excitation and emission wavelength could shield the interference</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> magnetic nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thermal decomposition</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish liver</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Method validity is tested with CRM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><4.98 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Snow</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>/SnCl<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Atmospheric Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Particulate matter</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B56" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flow injection mercury system</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herbal products</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protease papain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC-UV-CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.98 × 10<sup>−12</sup> (total Hg), 1.39 × 10<sup>−12</sup> (MeHg), and 1.99 × 10<sup>−12</sup> (Hg<sup>2+</sup>) M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sea food</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Simultaneously determined both Hg(II) and MeHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MeHg and total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.088 (MeHg) and 0.005 (total Hg) <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hair and milk of mothers</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microfluidic </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.49 × 10<sup>−10</sup> M </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2–4.0 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The recovery of Hg<sup>2+</sup> in the presence of 100 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup> of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and Zn<sup>2+</sup> is in the range of 97.5–101.7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.053–0.01 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pharmaceutical ingredients</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low residual carbon content in digests is desirable to minimize some interference</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adsorption</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wastewaters</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Multiwalled carbon nanotubes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-OES</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup> into 1 mg L<sup>−1</sup> solutions of Hg(II) in pH 8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ion imprinted polymer</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants and soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave assisted digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rice</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GEM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thermal analysis</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 × 10<sup>−15</sup> g</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Atmospheric particulates</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II) and MeHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPLC-ICPMS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HF-LPME<sup>4</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.48 × 10<sup>−10</sup> (Hg<sup>2+</sup>) and 1 × 10<sup>−9</sup> (MeHg) M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to 50 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tap, river, and estuarine waters</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Simultaneously selenium also determined along with mercury</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ion exchange chromatography</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.47 × 10<sup>−11</sup> (Hg<sup>2+</sup>), 1.25 × 10−10 (MeHg), 1.35 × 10<sup>−10</sup> (EtHg), and 7.92 × 10<sup>−10</sup> (PhHg) M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1–100 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup> (all Hg species)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sea water and marine fish</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L-Cysteine or thiourea</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GC-ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preconcentration</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (Hg<sup>2+</sup>) and 12 ng g<sup>−1</sup> (MeHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human hair</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MC-ICPMS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isotope ratio analysis</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1–0.2 disintegrations per minute</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sediment core</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mercury and mercury isotope compositions are determined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II) and MeHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CVG-ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (Hg(II)) and 2.3 ng g<sup>−1</sup> (MeHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B71" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MeHg, Hg(II), and <break></break>EtHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPLC-CV-ICPMS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction and separation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.98 × 10<sup>−11</sup> (Hg(II)), 2.17 × 10<sup>−11</sup> (EtHg), and 1.8 × 10<sup>−8</sup> (MeHg) M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plasma/serum samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave assisted digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Freshwater fish samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B73" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isotope dilution and UV-photochemical vapor generation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 pg g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biological tissues</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polyatomic interference is not detectable</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Formic acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calcination-isotope dilution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>−15</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diploria </italic>specimens</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No isobaric interference was found</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anion exchange chromatographic separation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.98 × 10<sup>−11</sup> (Hg<sup>2+</sup>), 1.11 × 10<sup>−10</sup> (MeHg), 1.26 × 10<sup>−10</sup> (EtHg), and 1.22 × 10<sup>−10</sup> (PhHg) M </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-Mercapto-1-propanesulfonate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ultrasonic slurry sampling electrothermal vaporization </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herbal samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As, Cd, and Pb also determined along with Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8-Hydroxyquinoline</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrothermal vaporization</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.98 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water associated with crude oil production</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">By preconcentration of analyte interference is avoided</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isotope dilution equation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.98 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M for THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0005–1.321 mg/kg for MeHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arctic cod</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B79" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>] </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>#</sup>For the conversion of limit of detection values into moles per liter (M) the atomic weight of Hg is taken as 200.59 g, MeHg as 215.59 g, EtHg as 229.59 g, and PhHg as 277.59 g.</p></fn><fn><p><sup>1</sup>Solid-phase extraction; <sup>2</sup>LLME: liquid-liquid microextraction; <sup>3</sup>TMAH: tetramethylammonium hydroxide; <sup>4</sup>HF-LPME: hallow fiber liquid phase microextraction.</p></fn><fn><p>Analytical instruments: CV-AAS: cloud vapor atomic absorption spectrometer; HG-AAS: hydride generation AAS; GF-AAS: graphite furnace AAS; ICP-OES: inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer; ICP-MS: ICP-mass spectrometer; ICP-AES: ICP-atomic emission spectrometer; HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; AFS: atomic fluorescence spectrometer; AMA: automatic mercury analyzer; DMA: direct mercury analyzer.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Analytical parameters of reviewed research papers about the speciation and determination of mercury by spectrophotometer and spectrofluorometer.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analyte</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analytical instrument used for the detection</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Method</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limit of detection (LOD)<sup>#</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linearity range</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analyzed samples</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference study</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supporting media</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0–450 nM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10-fold of Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, and Ag<sup>+</sup> shows <7% influence on the determination of Hg<sup>2+</sup> compared to reported ones</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CdTe quantum dots</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00–0.31 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">River water</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Ag<sup>+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carbon nanodots</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B81" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001–1 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of 20 <italic>μ</italic>M of Al<sup>3+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and Zn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83–8.6 <italic>μ</italic>g mL<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The tolerance limit of Cu<sup>2+</sup>, V<sup>5+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup>, Pd<sup>2+</sup>, Pt<sup>4+</sup>, Au<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and Cr<sup>6+</sup> is in the range of 0.11–041 <italic>μ</italic>g mL<sup>−1</sup>in the determination of 1.91 <italic>μ</italic>g mL<sup>−1</sup> of Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5-Methylthiophene-2-carboxaldehyde ethylenediamine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.73 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0 nM–60 <italic>μ</italic>M </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference of major cations studied</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ONPCRs<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–1000 nM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samplers</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, As<sup>3+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, and Fe<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Silver nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UV-Vis spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.35 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drinking water</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, and Ba<sup>2+</sup> do not interfere in the determination of Hg<sup>2+</sup> but Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and Mn<sup>2+</sup> interfere slightly</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer and UV-spectrometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric and fluorescent sensor</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7 × 10<sup>−8</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–1.0 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples and living cells</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The fluorescent signal for Hg(II) is not influenced by the major metal ions including Fe(III), Cu(II), and Al(III)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,4-Dichloroquinazoline</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.3 × 10<sup>−13</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>−12</sup>–8.6 × 10<sup>−4</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples and SRM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chromoionophore V</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescent and colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spiked water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup> did not interfere</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhodamine B</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.2 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5 × 10<sup>−7</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous solutions</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, and Ag<sup>+</sup> do not interfere </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thioether-appended dipeptide</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B90" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0005–0.01 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lake water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, and Mn<sup>2+</sup> did not interfere </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carbon nanotubes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescent</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.74–3.83 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Living cells</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minor interference from Ag<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Rb<sup>+</sup>, and Zn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pyrene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1–4.2 <italic>μ</italic>g mL<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water, biological, plant leaves, and soil samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tolerance limit of the Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Ce<sup>3+</sup>, Ce<sup>4+</sup>, In<sup>3+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, La<sup>3+</sup>, Yb<sup>3+</sup>, and Eu<sup>3+</sup> is 300 <italic>μ</italic>g mL<sup>−1</sup> and the tolerance limit of the Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Ti<sup>4+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, and Ag<sup>+</sup> is 100 <italic>μ</italic>g mL<sup>−1</sup> and at Hg(II) is 2.0 <italic>μ</italic>g mL<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,4,7-Triamino-6-phenylpteridine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescent</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>−7</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0 × 10<sup>−7</sup>–3.0 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and Ni<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conjugated polymer multilayer films</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TGFRET<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49–0.87 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup>–1.0 × 10<sup>−8</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B95" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescent</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01–0.12 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, and Mn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carbon nanodots</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B96" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescent</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.012 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0-1 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tap and river water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Ag<sup>+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>, and Fe<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhodamine </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.24 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0–100 nM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drinking water</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20-fold of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>6+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>, and Ni<sup>2+</sup>, 10-fold of Fe<sup>2+</sup>, and Co<sup>2+</sup>, 5-fold of Cu<sup>2+</sup>, and the same concentration of Ag<sup>+</sup> caused almost no interference</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Optical chemical sensor</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.2 × 10<sup>−13</sup>–4.7 × 10<sup>−4</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tap water, river water, and canned tuna fish</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference of Cu(II) eliminated with the addition of L-histidine as a masking agent</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Synthesized ionophore</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UV-Vis spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric sensor</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M (visual), 1.0 × 10<sup>−7</sup> M (UV-Vis)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous solutions</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, and Ag<sup>+</sup> did not interfere </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dimethyl sulphoxide</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence probe</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02–1.0 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous solutions</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in the determination of Hg<sup>2+</sup> over other metal ions such as Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–30 nM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup> (2 mM), K<sup>+</sup> (2 mM), Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> (0.1 mM), Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup> and Cu<sup>2+</sup> (50 <italic>μ</italic>M), and Ag<sup>+</sup> (3.5 <italic>μ</italic>M) did not interfere with the detection of Hg<sup>2+</sup> (25 nM) in the mentioned amounts</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhodamine B thiolactone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>] </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>#</sup>For the conversion of limit of detection values into moles per liter (M) the atomic weight of Hg is taken as 200.59 g, MeHg as 215.59<bold> </bold>g, EtHg as 229.59<bold> </bold>g, and PhHg as 277.59<bold> </bold>g.</p></fn><fn><p><sup>1</sup>ONPCRs: oxygen-doped nitrogen-rich photoluminescent polymer carbon nanoribbons; <sup>2</sup>Limit of quantification; <sup>3</sup>TGFRET: time-gated fluorescence resonance energy transfer.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Analytical parameters of reviewed research papers about the speciation and determination of mercury by electrochemical instruments.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analyte</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analytical instrument used for the detection</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Method</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limit of detection (LOD)<sup>#</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linearity range</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analyzed samples</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference study</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supporting media</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DP-ASV</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.99 × 10<sup>−8</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ambient water, tap, and wastewaters</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palladium-natural phosphate-carbon paste electrode enhances the selectivity for Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Natural phosphate electrodes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SW-ASV</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2–10.0 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foodstuffs</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Simultaneously both Cd<sup>2+</sup> and Hg<sup>2+</sup> are determined and 1,000-fold for K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Li<sup>+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, and Al<sup>3+</sup> did not interfere</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carbon paste electrode</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Differential pulse voltammeter</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.48 × 10<sup>−10</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2–10 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spiked fish and plant samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II), Mg(II), As(III), and Cr(II) were possible interferers</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,4′-Bipyridine-silver polymer</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cyclic voltammeter</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 × 10<sup>−14</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>−14</sup>–10<sup>−7</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cr3<sup>+</sup>, Co<sup>3+</sup>, As<sup>5+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, and Fe<sup>3+</sup> did not interfere</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold atomic cluster-chitosan</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Voltammeter <break></break>(cyclic and differential pulse)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biosensor</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.93 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005–0.034 mM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The working potential controlled to minimize the interference of other metal ions in test medium</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PANI and PANI-co-PDTDA polymer films</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ASV</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.98 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4–160 ppb</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aquatic solutions</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glassy carbon electrode</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SW-ASV</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.2 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1–150.0 nM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil, gasoline, fish, tap, and wastewaters</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">400-fold mass ratio of Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Cr<sup>6+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, and Co<sup>2+</sup> did not interfere in the simultaneous determination of Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triphenyl phosphine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B109" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potentiometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.77 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M (PME)<sup>1</sup><break></break>7.76 × 10<sup>−7</sup> M (CGE)<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>−1</sup>–5.0 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M (PME) <break></break>1.0 × 10<sup>−1</sup>–5.0 × 10<sup>−7</sup> M (CGE)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup> has small interference in the determination of Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,3-Alternate thiacalix[4]crown</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B110" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potentiometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>−8</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 × 10<sup>−8</sup>–1.0 × 10<sup>−2</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The selectivity coefficient of the other ions is ranging from 2.9 to 4.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PVC membrane</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DPSV</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–500 nM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Th<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, and Al<sup>3+</sup> did not interfere</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B112" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SW-ASV</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ultrasonic extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indoor dust samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cyclic voltammeter</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40–170 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wastewaters</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biotinyl Somatostatin-14 peptide </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B114" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potentiometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 × 10<sup>−6</sup>–1 × 10<sup>−2</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Contaminated water</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup> did not interfere in the determination of Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dithizone and di-n-butyl phthalate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B115" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DP-ASV</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.483 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300–700 ng mL<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No interference of Cd, Ni, Zn, and Cu in 50-, 25-, 100-, and 5-fold in excess, respectively</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanocellulosic fibers</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B116" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 nM–1.0 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, and Fe<sup>3+</sup> did not interfere</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G-quadruplex–hemin (G4–hemin)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B117" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>] </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>#</sup>For the conversion of limit of detection values into moles per liter (M) the atomic weight of Hg is taken as 200.59 g, MeHg as 215.59 g, EtHg as 229.59 g, and PhHg as 277.59 g.</p></fn><fn><p><sup>1</sup>PME: polymeric membrane electrode and CGE: coated graphite electrode.</p></fn><fn><p>Analytical instruments: DP-ASV: differential pulse anodic stripping voltammeter; SW-ASV: square wave anodic stripping voltammeter.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Analytical parameters of reviewed research papers about the speciation and determination of mercury by miscellaneous techniques.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analyte</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analytical instrument used for the detection</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Method</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limit of detection (LOD)<sup>#</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linearity range</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analyzed samples</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference study</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supporting media</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Continuous mercury analyzer </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thermal desorption </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solid samples (fly ash)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GEM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Portable mercury analyzer</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Atmosphere</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SERS<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.24 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001–0.5 ng mL<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drinking water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and Mn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPLC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.99 × 10<sup>−10</sup>–4.48 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7–300 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Simultaneously Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, and Hg<sup>2+</sup> are determined</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carbon nanotubes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B121" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SERS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1–1000 nM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Groundwater</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup> was also determined along with Hg<sup>2+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, and Zn<sup>2+</sup> did not interfere </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oligonucleotide-functionalized magnetic silica sphere</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B122" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AMA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eggs and blood of <italic>Eretmochelys imbricata </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Along with mercury Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb are also determined</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B123" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Luminescence spectrometer</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0–9.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05–1.0 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fairly selective in presence of Ag<sup>+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, and Cu<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Silver nanoclusters</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B124" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X-ray fluorescence spectrometer</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preconcentration</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.98 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upto 20 mg L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drinking water</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activated carbon</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DMA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14 ng</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Particulate matter</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GF/C filters</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MeHg and EtHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPLC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemiluminescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5–20 ng Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil and sediment samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Back extraction and another chemical process make the method selective for MeHg and EtHg</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Emetine dithiocarbamate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B127" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-CCPM-OES<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.39 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27–55 mg kg<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B128" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemodosimeter</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.71 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>−7</sup>–1.0 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood serum of mice</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhodamine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">XRF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.97 × 10<sup>−8</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soils from industrial complex</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B130" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DMA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Combustion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12 ng</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5–5 ng</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil and leaf samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B131" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MeHg and Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GC-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Matrix solid-phase dispersion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06 (MeHg) and 0.12 (Hg(II)) <italic>μ</italic>g/g</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tuna fish, angel shark, and guitarfish</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B132" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GEM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Concentration-weighted trajectory model</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Particulate matter</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QFF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>#</sup>For the conversion of limit of detection values into moles per liter (M) the atomic weight of Hg is taken as 200.59 g, MeHg as 215.59 g, EtHg as 229.59 g, and PhHg as 277.59 g.</p></fn><fn><p><sup>1</sup>SERS: surface enhanced Raman scattering; <sup>2</sup>CV-CCPM-OES: cold-vapor capacitively coupled plasma microtorch fluorescence spectrometry.</p></fn><fn><p>Analytical instruments: HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; AMA: automatic mercury analyzer; DMA: direct mercury analyzer; XRF: X-ray fluorescence.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Corée du Sud</li></country></list><tree><country name="Corée du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Suvarapu, Lakshmi Narayana" sort="Suvarapu, Lakshmi Narayana" uniqKey="Suvarapu L" first="Lakshmi Narayana" last="Suvarapu">Lakshmi Narayana Suvarapu</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Baek, Sung Ok" sort="Baek, Sung Ok" uniqKey="Baek S" first="Sung-Ok" last="Baek">Sung-Ok Baek</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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