Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. November 1961
Identifieur interne : 001E03 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001E02; suivant : 001E04Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. November 1961
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- Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry [ 0368-3958 ] ; 1961.
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DOI: 10.1039/JI9618500387
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R. Inst. Chem.</title><title type="full">Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry</title><title type="journal">Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry</title><title type="display">Journal of the Chemical Society</title><sercode>JI</sercode><publisher><orgname><nameelt>The Royal Society of Chemistry</nameelt></orgname></publisher><issn type="print">0368-3958</issn><coden>JRICAS</coden><cpyrt>This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry</cpyrt></journalref><pubfront><fpage></fpage><lpage></lpage><no-of-pages></no-of-pages><date><year>1961</year></date></pubfront></published><art-front><titlegrp><title>Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. November 1961</title></titlegrp></art-front><art-body><section type="PDFExtract"><title></title><p>COMMITTEE ON HIGHER EDUCATION Evidence This statement o f evidence was submitted submitted by the Council to the Committee on Higher Education under the chairmanship of Lord Robbins on 28 h l y . It was explained that the statement had the general approval of the Council as a body though individual Members of Council might hold somewhat divergent views on matters of detail. On 27 September the President and the Secretary attended a meeting of the Robbins Committee and answered a number of questions As the Council of the qualifying professional organization for chemists we welcome this opportunity of submitting observations on various matters relevant to the field of inquiry of the Committee on Higher Education. We note with particular satisfaction that the terms of reference of the Committee relate not only to universities but also to other types of institutions (whether in England and Wales or in Scotland) for we believe that a closer correlation of the policies of the separate authorities concerned is essential to the proper development of higher education in science and technology in Great Britain. </p><p>I. THE BASIS OF OUR INTEREST Our interest in this inquiry stems largely from the fact that the Institute has for over 75 years conducted its own examinations for admission to professional membership. These examinations which are at honours degree level in chemistry are now for admission to graduate membership (Grad. R.I.C.). The Institute is also concerned with assessing the standards of other qualifications such as degrees and diplomas on which complete or partial exemption from those examinations may be accorded. </p><p>This concern extends back to standards of general and scientific education in schools, in relation to such awards as the General Certificate of Education at Ordinary and Advanced levels and applies specifically to Ordinary and Higher National Certifi-cates and Higher National Diplomas in Chemistry and in Applied Chemistry which are administered jointly by the Institute and the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) and the Scottish Education Department. The Institute is also directly concerned with assessing the quality of postgraduate experience gained in various fields of work involving the practice application or teaching of chemistry for admission to its corporate membership first as an Associate (A.R.I.C.) and later, subject to attainment of professional maturity and responsibility as a Fellow (F.R.I.C.). </p><p>In such assess-ments account may be taken of the award of higher degrees of universities and higher diplomas including the Institute’s postgraduate Diplomas in Applied Chemistry and its recently established Research Diploma. Moreover the Institute has a special interest in the conditions of service and remuneration of professionally qualified chemists in various occupational categories, and keeps itself informed as to the needs of employing bodies for chemists with diverse types of training, qualification and experience. 11. QlTALIFICATIONS IN CHEMISTRY AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY AT FIRST-DEGREE LEVEL In the field of chemistry there are several types of award of full graduate standard and diverse routes through which they may be obtained. </p><p>The most important of these are referred to here in general terms. (a) Uniz)ersitv degrees.-All the universities in Great Britain provide courses leading to honours degrees in chemistry (and several now do so in biochemistry). Most of these are of the ‘special’ honours type with chemistry as the main subject but with physics and mathematics among the necessary ancillary subjects. Several also provide ‘general’ honours courses in which chemistry is one of two main subjects. (London University degrees of both types may also be taken ‘externally’ in technical colleges but most of the courses, especially for part-time students are now of the general honours type.) A few universities offer degrees on which honours may be obtained in chemical technology or certain fields of applied chemistry. </p><p>In some univer-sities there are courses leading to other kinds of ‘ordinary’ or ‘general’ degrees in which chemistry is a principal subject and there may be provision for students taking these to he selected to transfer or to go on to a special honours course. ( b ) Diplomas in TechnoZogy.-Most colleges of advanced technology and several other technical colleges now provide full-time or sandwich courses of honours degree standard for the Dip. Tech. in Applied Chemistry (some being so described but others as Chemical Technology or Industrial Chemistry). (c) Graduate Membership of the R.1.C.-Some 70 tech-nical colleges (including all the colleges of advanced technology) have been specifically recognized by the Institute for the training of candidates to the level of its final (Part 11) examination for Grad. </p><p>R.I.C. which is at honours degree level. Five of these colleges are in ‘special relationship’ with the Institute; they conduct their own final examinations subject to external assess-ment by the Institute. The courses for Grad. R.I.C. 38 [NOVEMBER 388 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY may be on a full-time or sandwich basis (when the H.N.D. in Chemistry may be taken en route) or on a part-time basis usually with day release. Many part-time students proceed by way of National Certificates in Chemistry but they are being increasingly encouraged and enabled to transfer to full-time or sandwich courses for the later stages especially after passing Part I of the Grad. </p><p>R.I.C. examination or gaining exemption from it on the basis of a good H.N.C. in Chemistry. Examination results have shown the great value to students of having had a substantial period on a full-time or sandwich course. Exemption from the whole of the Grad. R.I.C. exam-ination is afforded by good honours degrees in chemistry (or under certain conditions in biochemistry or applied chemistry) of universities in Great Britain and Ireland, or by first or second class honours in the Diploma in Technology (based on a course with an adequate content of general chemistry) or in any of the college diplomas A.R.C.S.T. </p><p>A.H.-W.C. and D.L.C. Most other degrees or diplomas afford only partial exemption, e.g. from Part I of the Grad. R.I.C. examination. Under revised By-laws that have just been approved (subject to allowance by the Privy Council) it is pro-posed to establish a new grade of corporate membership of the Institute to be known as Licentiateship (L.R.I.C.), for admission to which the requirement will be the equivalent of a good ‘pass’ degree coupled with a period of approved experience in the practice application or teaching of chemistry. This will provide for the intake to corporate membership of many holders of degrees or diplomas at a lower academic level than admit to Graduate Membership or Associateship including (subject to compliance with appropriate conditions, covering the Institute’s normal requirements as to general education and physics and mathematics as ancillary subjects) holders of the H.N.D. </p><p>in Chemistry and those who obtain the H.N.C. in Chemistry and extend their studies of chemistry and relevant technology for at least a further year. The intention is that L.R.I.C. shall be a grade for professional scientists and technologists (as distinct from technicians) and it is hoped that its establishment will encourage many more to attain this status. Those who obtain Ordinary or Higher National Certificates or the H.N.D. in Chemistry or in Applied Chemistry but do not qualify for L.R.I.C. will provide a much-needed supply of chemical technicians and assistants of various kinds (see section IV) but some of these may go forward to take the membership qualifications of such tech-nological professional bodies as the Society of Dyers and Colourists or the Plastics Institute. </p><p>111. POSTGRADUATE QUALIFICATIONS IN CHEMISTRY AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY Higher degrees of universities in the U.K. are awarded for research and/or advanced study carried out within - P3+ the university. For research most universities accept only those who have obtained good honours in their first degrees (or latterly in the Dip. Tech.) but many will also accept those with other equivalent qualifications, including Grad. R.I.C. Only holders of suitable first degrees of London University may be registered to work for higher degrees of that University externally in technical colleges or other approved establishments. </p><p>Registration for the Institute’s Research Diploma (at Ph.D. level) is open to Graduate Members Associates or Fellows of the Institute who undertake research work (part-time or full-time) in pure or applied chemistry in a technical college or an industrial or government establishment under an approved supervisor. On the applied side there is also the M.C.T. (Membership of the College of Technologists) awarded for research undertaken mainly in colleges of advanced technology, in close association with industry. IV. THE NEED FOR QUALIFIED CHEMISTS OF VARIOUS KINDS Diverse routes to a variety of qualifications of graduate standing in chemistry or applied Chemistry are thus already available in several types of institutions. </p><p>We believe that such diversity should be retained. Although we would not advocate the establishment of new types of institutions of higher education we believe that there should be scope for the extension of existing types and freedom for them to experiment with and develop various kinds of courses and awards to meet the growing demand for qualified chemists and chemical technicians for diverse purposes. Qualified chemists are needed not only for teaching at all levels-in schools technical colleges and univer-sities-and for research in institutions of higher education and in research institutes but also in very large numbers for research development and control of materials and processes in practically all fields of industry (including the nationalized industries) and in many government establishments (including those of the U.K.A.E.A.), The fact that chemistry is a basic science occupying a central position among the branches of science and technology means that chemists are required in a wide range of activities extending on the one hand through biochemistry to biological medical and agricultupil science and to food technology and on the other through physical chemistry and physics to chemical engineering, metallurgy and the technology of fuels plastics textiles, etc. </p><p>Indeed many who graduated in chemistry have become technologists of various kinds. Many have become heads of educational and government establish-ments or directors and managers of industrial concerns. In all these fields there is a demand-and indeed much competition-for chemists with the highest academic qualifications but plenty of scope for those whose somewhat lower academic attainments are made up for by other desirable qualities. </p><p>Thus industr 196 13 COMMITTEE ON HIGHER EDUCATION 389 and the government service need more with good honours degrees or equivalent qualifications especially for re-has yet been done for sandwich courses leading to other awards. search-which may range from the fundamental to the specifically technological but always involves a wide knowledge and understanding of scientific principles and ability to apply them to diverse problems and developments. Some of these organizations demand applicants with a Ph.D. degree for such posts but others are not convinced as to the value of what may be a somewhat narrow and academic introduction to research and prefer to take on those with good first degrees; many would welcome more applicants with research experience covering a wide range of investigation and techniques as potential leaders of applied research and what may be described as pioneering technology. </p><p>Parity of esteem with leaders of ‘pure’ research is needed to attract more of the best brains to these less academic fields of research on which the initiation of new industrial developments depends. Moreover there will certainly be a growing demand for people whose first degrees or equivalent qualifications have been of a more general kind than the well-estab-lished ‘special honours’ degree in chemistry. </p><p>This requirement is being partly met by the provision of general honours degrees in two main science subjects in several universities (degrees that should be especially useful for school teachers as well as for scientists engaged in other types of work) and of honours degrees and Diplomas in Technology in various fields of applied chemistry. Extension of provisions for the Dip. Tech., especially in colleges of advanced technology would seem to be specially desirable and it is expected that introduction of the L.R.I.C. (see section 11) will have an important effect in meeting some of these needs, especially by encouraging the provision of post-H.N. C. courses in such fields as modern analytical methods, radiochemistry and the chemical technology of par-ticular classes of materials and processes. </p><p>For those who are to be employed in industry or comparable fields of government service a period of industrial experience before or during their college training has advantages. Many full-time students in universities and technical colleges obtain some such experience through relevant vacation work but the sandwich type of course provides this much more assuredly and has been widely welcomed since its introduction in the field of chemistry a few years ago. There is however scope for considerable expansion, especially perhaps for college-based students (as opposed to those who are employees of a particular firm and are released as such to a sandwich course) provided that adequate grants for the college period of training can be made available. </p><p>More attention needs to be given to the nature of the training to be offered during the industrial periods of a sandwich course. The National Council for Technological Awards has been concerned with this problem (for Dip. Tech. courses) but little V. THE NEED FOR VARIOUS KINDS OF TECHNICIANS In all fields in which qualified chemists are employed there is an increasing need for assistants and technicians of various kinds-perhaps four to five for every pro-fessionally qualified scientist or technologist in many kinds of occupation Indeed one of the great changes that has taken place since 1939 is the recognition of the vital need to produce large numbers of well-trained technicians as assistants in research laboratories and to relieve graduate chemists of the more routine work in analytical control laboratories. </p><p>This need is being increasingly met by the expansion of National Certificate courses in Chemistry and the growing tendency of students to qualify for endorsements in subjects relevant to the type of employment. With the advent of complex industrial processes with auto-matic control there is a demand for foremen and under-managers with much higher technical training than in the past. These may come from National Certificate courses in Engineering or from those in Chemistry or Applied Chemistry or from possible alternative chemical technician courses in which some of the more erudite theoretical chemistry is replaced by appropriate engiri-eering or electronics. In any event much depends on the effectiveness of ‘training on the job’ that is given to these part-time students. </p><p>I t has been suggested that the supply of chemical assistants and technicians in general could be greatly expanded if it were possible for every senior chemist engaged in laboratory work in a university or technical college to take on a suitable boy or girl from a secondary modern school for three to four years of training; some of these could then be made available to industry. In teaching institutions at all levels there is a great need for an adequate supply of good technicians in-cluding those of the laboratory steward type. Shortages of these in many schools impose a serious burden on science teachers and make it more difficult to recruit such teachers of appropriate calibre. </p><p>For the training of these technicians the part-time courses in ‘Laboratory Technicians’ Work’ offered by the City and Guilds of London Institute in conjunction with the Institute of Science Technology are of particular value and could be extended with advantage. Here again training on the job is of special importance. VI. INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION CO-ORDINATION OF DEVELOPMENT Universities.-We welcome the great expansion that has occurred and is still continuing in the provisions for degree courses of various kinds in universities and the agreement to establish several new universities. Colle</p> <p>At that time we were in favour of encouraging them to develop their own diplomas of Associateship as separate awards each of which would have to earn its own esteem (as had long since happened with such diplomas as A.R.C.S. A.R.S.M. A.C.G.I., A.R.T.C. (now A.R.C.S.T. Glasgow) A.’H.-W.C. etc.) which still have a recognized status even where the college has become part of or affiliated to a university and students may obtain a degree as well as the college diploma. We now accept the establishment of the National Council for Technological Awards for bes-towing a common award (Dip. Tech.) at honours degree level on approved courses in colleges of advanced technology and other technical colleges. </p><p>There is, however much to be said for Cs.A.T. being allowed to award degrees although it would still be desirable for these to be distinguishable from those of universities, e.g. the Dip. Tech. might be converted to ‘B. Tech.’, and the research diploma M.C.T. possibly to ‘D. Tech.’ if obtained in these colleges (4 B.Sc. Tech. etc. obtainable in the Manchester College of Science and Technology which represents the Faculty of Technology in the University of Manchester) . In the meantime we welcome the recent proposal to free Cs.A.T. from local authority control and should like to see them enjoy the academic freedom accorded to universities with their income provided on the basis of quinquennial reviews by a body comparable with the University Grants Committee. </p><p>I t is admitted however, that in so far as Cs.A.T. acquire the status of university institutions there will be a case for affiliating them in some way with universities. But most universities in the U.K. already offer first-degree courses in many technological fields such as the main branches of engineering and metallurgy and some do so in special fields of technology or applied science including some branches of applied chemistry (e.g. Leeds) . This raises the question of how far it is necessary or desirable to retain or introduce separate courses of comparable character leading to different awards in universities and in Cs.A.T. Much will depend on how far there are differences of approach and of general atmosphere in the two kinds of institution. </p><p>I t is to be expected that the universities will keep a more academic approach even to technological subjects and that Cs.A.T. will be more in touch with the industrial side especially in so far as they are concerned with sandwich courses. But both require active science departments and staff and equipment of the highest calibre. I t is assumed that in any event the number of Cs.A.T. will not be allowed to increase unduly. Other Technical Colleges.-Many of these have long-established reputations for the training of candidates to honours degree level in chemistry for Grad. R.I.C. (formerly directly for A.R.I.C.) or External London degrees (now mostly by the General Honours course), and several have recently established courses for the Dip. </p><p>Tech. in fields of applied chemistry. I t is desirable that most of them should be encouraged to serve regional and local needs especially for part-time courses. With the further development of full-time and sandwich courses however it may become possible to concentrate the most advanced work in chemistry in fewer colleges. At present there are many large new colleges with excellent facilities but very few students in the advanced classes. I t would certainly be more economic to equip and staff fewer colleges for top-level work including the full-time course for the final stage of Grad. R.I.C. which it is desired to encourage further. This is dependent on suitable hostel accommodation being available. Teaching and Research.-It is regarded as of special importance that all who are engaged as teachers at the higher levels should have full opportunity and facilities for research. </p><p>In universities and in Cs.A.T. this is fully recognized and is generally effective. In many technical colleges however research is not being adequately prosecuted. Money is not always available and the allowance of time from teaching duties is often in-sufficient. Moreover there has been a lack of a suitable higher qualification for a teacher who does not already possess a first degree of London University; the introduction of the R.I.C. Research Diploma and in some instances the M.C.T. award may help to remove this difficulty. The provision of good research facilities is one of the major attractions of teaching posts in universities and the question has been raised as to whether the emphasis on published research in making academic appointments ensures that the universities get a sufficient number of able and inspired lecturers. </p><p>By no means all the most gifted research workers make good teachers and it is important that a proper balance be struck between those whose primary interest is in extending the frontiers of knowledge and those who while actively engaged in research have a capacity for putting over to students the significance and implications of scientific advances. I t might be helpful if more scope for advancement could be given to those who prove to be exceptionally good teachers. General.-We believe it to be of the highest importance that there should be much greater opportunities for exchanges of ideas between universities colleges of advanced technology and other technical colleges on their future developments so as to avoid unnecessary conflicts of purpose and wastage of effort. </p><p>This is particularly significant in fields of science and technology where great expenditure on laboratories workshops and specialized equipment is involved and it is no doubt a matter to which the Committeewill give special attention 19611 COMMITTEE ON HIGHER EDUCATION 39 1 J VIL TEACHERS IN SCHOOLS It is generally agreed that the proper development of higher education in science and technology is dependent on finding means for overcoming the present shortage of good teachers of science and mathematics in grammar schools as well as in secondary modern schools. </p><p>This shortage is particularly desperate in girls’ schools and is a major factor in limiting the supply of women scientists and technicians. I t has been indicated to us that the prospect of using the recent extension to three years of courses for non-graduate teachers in Teacher Training Colleges for alleviating the shortage of science teachers has been dimmed by the declared intention of concentrating efforts initially on producing primary school teachers. Secondary modern schools will be hardest hit by this policy which if maintained may lead to the virtual cessation of serious science teaching in many of them. For graduate teachers the practice of spending a year after graduation in the education department of the university is reported to be reasonably satisfactory. </p><p>But for those who enter a university with the firm intention of teaching consideration should be given to extending the experiment at Keele of integrating teacher training with the degree course. I t has been suggested to us that a degree (B.Ed.1 should be awarded on successful completion of an appropriate three-year course at a Teacher Training College. This would seem to be worthy of consideration. VIII. CO-ORDINATION WITHIN THE WHOLE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Whatever may be the future pattern of higher educa-tion a continuing need will be to provide effective machinery to ensure that young people are enabled to proceed from school to the type of further education that is suited to them and from which they will derive the greatest benefit. </p><p>We also attach special importance to provisions for transfers between various kinds of courses in institutions of higher education where this is desirable to correct initial errors of selection or to allow for the diverse ways in which students develop. I t cannot be assumed that everyone who obtains two or more passes at ‘A’ level in the G.C.E. would succeed in getting a good honours degree if he went to a univer-sity. Nor should it be assumed that those who do indifferently well in the ‘special’ honours type of course provided by most universities would not have benefited more by taking a more general type of course, such as that leading to a general honours degree which may be of equivalent overall standard but involve rather less capacity for understanding abstract theories and their mathematical implications. </p><p>There is little doubt that many with a less academic turn of mind would have profited more by taking full-time or sandwich courses leading to awards of honours degree standing in tech-nical colleges especially in colleges of advanced technology for the Dip. Tech. in Applied Chemistry or for the Grad. R.I.C. in Chemistry. Others might be better advised to proceed straight from school to employment and to take part-time courses for the H.N.C. in Chemistry which may be either an end in itself or may lead through further courses to L.R.I.C. or by way of Grad. R.I.C. to A.R.I.C. An increasing number of school-leavers with appropriate ‘A’ level passes are following this route at least as far as the H.N.C. </p><p>Those who are able to go further are en-couraged to transfer to a full-time or sandwich course for the later stages. Moreover opportunities already exist for transfer at the O.N.C. stage to Dip. Tech. or external London general honours degree courses in technical colleges or even to go to universities. The first requirement is that there should be full information about the various routes to qualification available to the schools and to pupils and their parents, so that boys and girls who are interested in going on with chemistry may take such appropriate subjects in the G.C.E. or the Scottish Certificate of Education as will enable them to qualify for entry to universities or technical colleges and to fulfil the preliminary require-ments of the professional body. </p><p>The university route to a qualification is well known and ‘popular’. Appli-cants for places in the chemistry departments of univer-sities are in excess of the number of places available, but there are many courses of degree level in technical colleges that have barely enough students to justify their continuance. The alternative possibilities must be made more widely known. We believe that much closer relations need to be established between schools and universities to ensure that the content and pattern of VIth form courses may be developed on lines that will serve the best needs of those going on to universities. At present the VIth form courses in grammar schools are largely influenced by the requirements of the universities for G.C.E. </p><p>‘A’ level subjects through examinations set by the various Examining Boards. Recently the Science Masters’ Association and the Association of Women Science Teachers have put forward proposals for a drastic change not only in the content of but also in the approach to science teaching in schools and are feeling the lack of effective machinery for getting revised syllabuses discussed with teachers in the universities, so that these may be introduced into the examination system under agreed conditions. This type of problem is likely to arise from time to time and we believe it to be of great importance that something should be done to provide for regular interchanges of views between teachers in schools and those in universities and other institutions of higher education (which both parties would probably welcome) so that the whole system may be integrated and kept in line with modern requirements. </p><p>Much is being done in this direction in other countries for science teaching and there is no shortage of idea 392 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY in this country the difficulty lies in passing them across In so far as the selection procedure for entry to the barrier between the schools and ihe universities. Selection Procedure.-I t is highly desirable that univer-sity selection procedure should be improved and that the system should be extended to cover entry into technical colleges or at least into colleges of advanced technology where some applicants might be more appropriately placed. </p><p>I t is appreciated that there are difficulties in organizing effective selection procedure on a wider basis. Even at present where universities only are concerned the problem of sorting out multiple applications is a serious one. Moreover G.C.E. ‘A’ level results may not be available in time and selection must be based on interviews and reports or on the results of an extra (third) year spent in the VIth form. Holding ‘A’ level examinations earlier with results available by the end of May would be a good answer if the selection procedure could be deferred to early summer. This is a general problem that will become more pressing as greater numbers of good VIth form pupils seek entry to an increased number of universities and other institutions for higher education. </p><p>universities and technical colleges is based on passes in appropriate subjects at specified levels in the G.C.E. or the Scottish Certificate of Education it is bound to be imperfect. Moreover students themselves develop diverse aptitudes at different stages. We believe, therefore that there should be more scope for students to transfer from one type of course to another or even from one kind of institution to another if this seems to be desirable at a particular point. Thus it might be desirable to re-assess the position of university students after the first year and to decide then if they should proceed to a special honours course or go forward to some more general type of degree course or even be transferred to an appropriate course in a college of advanced technology or other technical college. </p><p>Our concern is that not only those who initially set their sights too low but also those who set them too high or in the wrong direction should be able to correct the position. Otherwise neither may be able to make the best of their abilities in their own interest or in that of the country as a whole. UNIVERSITY GRANTS The annual report of the University Grants Committee, entitled Returns from Uniuersities and University Colleges, 1959-60 (Cmnd 1489 H.M.S.O. 4s. 6d. net) refers to the recommendation to establish new university institu-tions in Essex (Colchester) Kent (Canterbury) and Warwickshire (Coventry) together with one other whose location is still to be announced in addition to those already authorized in Sussex East Anglia and York. </p><p>The Committee expresses the view however that the question of the establishment of any more new uni-versities beyond the seven already referred to must await the report of the Committee on Higher Education (the Robbins Committee) which was appointed by the Prime Minister in February. During the year the U.G.C. has carried out a further estimate at the request of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy of university resources in terms of manpower and money devoted to research in pure and applied science medicine dentistry agriculture forestry and veterinary science. The total number of staff and research students employed in the departments covered was 16,882 of whom 53 per cent were in the pure sciences. </p><p>Of these 995 university staff and 2,018 research students were in chemistry departments the university staff devoting an estimated 51 per cent of time to research work. There was an estimated total expenditure of E14.1 million attributed to research, excluding ‘overheads’ such as administration libraries and maintenance of premises. The proportion of this COMMITTEE REPORT attributed to chemistry departments was nearly L2 million. Of the 8,534 technicians employed in the main groups of sciences and applied sciences in the survey 1,175 were in chemistry departments. This gives a ratio of technicians to academic staff of about 1.2 1 and a proportion of technicians to academic staff and research students of 1 2.5 for chemistry. </p><p>The overall ratios for all departments are 1 1 and 1 1.8 respectively. I t should be remembered however that many technicians have duties connected with teaching as well as research. The number of full-time students was 104,000 of whom 83,100 were studying for a first degree including 20,000 who were reading pure science. First degrees numbered 21,700 27 per cent in pure science. Comparison of the published jigures with those of previous years is shown in the following table : Figures as Published 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 Chemistry . . . . 752 779 876 883 926 Biochemistry .. 87 87 92 141 81 Physics . . . . 542 588 695 804 1,404 Mathematics . . 391 427 429 473 593 Chemical Engineering I16 125 153 169 209 On further inquiry however we understand that the jguresfur 1960 are incorrect and are now (8 November) being revised. </p><p>I t seems that the total of honours degrees in chemistry was about 1,000 and in physics rather less than 900 CHEMICAL REACTION SEQUENCES IN BACTERIA Some Recent Discoveries By S. DAGLEY M.A. D.SC. F.R.I.C. Reader in Biochemistry University of Leech There is an observation of Sir Thomas Browne,l particularly pleasing to microbiologists that runs as follows ‘ruder heads stand amazed at those prodigious pieces of nature Whales Elephants Dromidaries and Camels; these I confesse are the Colossus and Majestick pieces of her hand; but in these narrow Engines there is more curious Mathematicks and the civilitie of these little Citizens more neatly set forth the wisedome of their Maker.’ Interest in the little citizens of nature does indeed increase the more we know about them. </p><p>However, bacteria are not studied so intensively by biochemists simply because they have a unique fascination. I t is true that they are the most plastic form of living matter in so far as they are chemically the most versatile but the basic pattern of their chemistry is the same as that of most cells. There exists in all cells a complex net-work of reactions involving compounds that survive as individual molecules only for brief periods between synthesis and decomposition. In this network we can trace several reaction cycles common to all forms of life and catalysed by similar enzymes requiring the same co-factors. Moreover bacteria often synthesize these coenzymes as well as compounds such as aromatic amino acids which the higher organisms fail to make and hence require in their diet. </p><p>Nearly everything we know about the reactions by which living things synthesize the benzene nucleus was obtained from studies with bacteria. There are certain problems whose solution is quite basic for a full chemical description of life and which we see for the first time to be not utterly insoluble for example the elucidation of the complete structures of enzymes and hence of their mode of action or the mechanism of protein bio-synthesis and its relation to genetics. These are problems connected not only with the whale the camel or man; they relate also to bacteria. Now the latter may be exposed to radiation and their genes damaged, so that the biosynthetic pathways they control will be interrupted at specific points to allow accumulation and identification of reaction intermediates ; or whole bacteria may be frozen solid and disrupted to release their enzymes; or for convenience of study they might be made to utilize a single carbon compound such as ethyl alcohol for growth. </p><p>The application of these techniques to the other species mentioned would be either unprofitable or unlawful although for a camel on a diet of ethyl alcohol not without interest initially. Information required for the solution of certain general problems in biochemistry can therefore be obtained just as well from bacterial experiments as from any others with the advantage that bacteria can be handled in ways that other organisms cannot be. </p><p>In any event microbes are quantitatively much more important than mammals : they constitute almost one half of the protoplasm on the face of the earth; and without them the atmosphere would be depleted of carbon dioxide by its utilization in photosynthesis within 30 years this could have happened within the span of historical time even when one allows for the enormous buffering capacity of the seas for this gas.2 Studies in which bacterial reaction sequences have been elucidated may be collected together for con-venience into three groups those for cells whose synthetic ability is limited because they lack certain enzymes; those for cells whose chemical versatility if not unlimited is quite extraordinary; and studies with cell-free extracts particularly those for cells in the second category. </p><p>Observations on the growth of bacteria with limited synthetic abilities have led to the discr,-Jery of new vitamins. Thus the growth responses ot such bacteria to an unknown factor which might be present in say, yeast extract could be used as a guide to progress in a sequence of operations designed to isolate the factor, They have also been used to shed light on structure. Suppose a complex growth Extor is ccmposed of two simpler parts X and Y united together; and suppose bacterial strain A can synthesize Y from simple sources but not X while strain B can synthesize X but not Y. Strain A requires a supplement of X in the medium, strain B requires Y ; and it is commonly found that both requirements are removed by the addition of XY. </p><p>Thus Acetobacter suboxydans is exacting for pantoic acid and strains of Cogmebacterium diphtheriae for p-alanine ; both can grow on addition of pantothenic acid to media since this B-group vitamin is synthesized in the cell from the other two. In turn Lactobaciilus arnhiil;,vs strains need the complete pantothenic acid molecule and cannot synthesize it from pantoic acid or j3-alanine; however they can grow with pantetheine which is a new XY in which X = pantothenic acid and Y = thioethanolamine. 39 394 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [NOVEMBER All the compounds mentioned are constituents of the molecule of coenzyme A and these observations were valuable in arriving at its accepted structure. </p><p>How-ever bacteria have been of even greater value in studies of certain vitamins which revealed their uses rather than their structures thus our knowledge of the functions of vitamins in the B group stemmed chiefly from bacterial studies. This may be illustrated by the work of Bellamy and Gunsalus3 who showed that Streptococcus faecalis would not decarboxylate tyrosine when grown in the absence of the vitamin pyridoxine. The deficient cells were able to do so when the vitamin was added to the reaction mixture and so were dried cells in the presence of pyridoxal (a derivative of pyridoxine) and adenosine triphosphate. This led to the recognition of pyridoxal phosphate as the cofactor necessary for the operation of the enzyme tyrosine decarboxylase. </p><p>By similar methods it has been shown that when bacteria of limited synthetic ability were ‘starved’ of other vitamins of the B group certain enzymic activitities were suppressed due to the fact that phosphorylated vitamins or molecules derived from them were needed as cofactors of enzymes. Strangely enough the phosphorylated forms are usually less effective for bacterial growth-stimulation than the vitamins themselves because they cannot penetrate to the cell interior the free vitamins can do this and are phosphorylated once they are inside. Over the last decade the scope of these studies has been greatly extended by the isolation of mutants which cannot grow unless media are supplemented with specific nutrients. </p><p>Suppose glucose is converted into an amino acid needed in the synthesis of bacterial protein by a reaction sequence G+A+B+C+D+ amino acid. If cells are exposed to ultraviolet radia-tion a mutation may occur so that the ability to synthesize the enzyme which converts B to C may be lost. Such cells fail to grow in a glucose medium unless it is supplemented with C which may hence be identified as an intermediate in the proposed reaction sequence. A crop of the mutant cells when incubated with glucose will convert it into B which since it cannot be con-verted to C will accumulate and may be identified. To pick out the right mutants may be tedious irradia-tion may affect a great many different reaction sequences, and it is only by chance that genes of interest to the investigator will be incapacitated. </p><p>However segregation of mutants from unchanged cells (‘wild type’) is facilitated by various techniques; that developed by Bernard D. Davis* and by Lederberg and Zinder5 may be mentioned. Bacteria are irradiated and a suspension of them which now contains one hopes mutants of interest is inoculated into an enriched medium in which both mutants and wild type will grow. The cells are then transferred to a mineral salts medium containing the source of carbon say glucose but no nitrogen source (usually NH,+) . After incubation for an hour or two the ammonium salt needed for growth is added along with penicillin. Since the latter acts only on dividing cells bacteria with no nutritional requirements except those provided by the mineral salts medium are killed off as soon as they begin to grow, but the mutants which cannot grow survive and may be isolated. </p><p>Davis and his colleagues isolated mutants of Esch. coli which could not synthesize the benzene nucleus and in consequence were able to grow only when a mixture of several aromatic compounds including tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan was added to the medium. Many aromatic compounds and cyclohexane deriva-tives were tested to see whether they could promote growth in the absence of some or all constituents of this mixture and eventually shikirnic acid was found to be an effective substitute in the case of a number of mutants though not for all of them. Shikimic acid (see Fig. 1) is not an aromatic compound and contains G I ucose I COOH COOH HO COOH 0 ~ O ? O ~ C ) ~ O $ . </p><p>~ O H OH OH OH 5-dehyd ro- 5-dehyd ro- sh iki m ic acid quinic acid shikimic acid I alanine phenyl - pyruvate phenyl J-~~~~-12~CO*CO0 H p- h yd roxyp hen y I pyruvate tyrosi ne-. . prephenic acid FIG. 1. Biosynthesis of the benzene nucleus. The pathway from glucose to 5-dehydroquinic acid consists of a number of known reactions ; those involved in the formation of prephenic acid and its aromatization are not understood in all details only one double bond in the ring. Before this work established its place in aromatic biosynthesis it was something of a chemical curiosity Davis was fortunate in being able to obtain a specimen from the collection of H. 0. L. Fischer isolated by him from the bark of a Japanese plant formerly burned in certain religious ceremonies.6 Space does not permit a discussion of the work both with mutants and with enzymes extracted from wild-type Esch. </p><p>coli which established the reaction sequence of Fig. 1 here -the reactions for the con-version of glucose to 5-dehydroquinic acid are omitted. However enzymes have been isolated from Esch. coli’ which catalyse the reaction between two products o 19611 CHEMICAL REACTION SEQUENCES IN BACTERIA 395 glucose metabolism phospho-en01 pyruvate and D-erythrose-4-phosphate to give a phosphate ester of a seven-carbon sugar; this by the action of a second enzyme with reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide, cyclizes to give 5-dehydroquinic acid which is also seen to contain seven carbon atoms. </p><p>Full details of the conversion of shikimic acid to prephenic acid and thence to the fully aromatized phenylpyruvic acid are awaited, but it is known that one of the hydroxyl groups of shikimic acid is first phosphorylated and that the resulting phosphoshikimic acid combines with phos-pho-en01 pyruvate to form a ten-carbon precursor of prephenic acid. Many types of bacteria in the soil far from requiring any special nutrients are able to obtain energy by oxidation of a range of organic compounds including some not usually regarded as biochemicals. In certain studies in progress at present we inoculate media with a bacterial population the size of Leeds at breakfast time and by supper it exceeds that of Asia an astonishing zest for life which is supported entirely by a diet of phenylpropionic acid with mineral salts. </p><p>It goes almost without saying that such a rapid rate of synthesis of the complex molecules which make up living cells must be achieved with the utmost economy of effort. Consider the Krebs cycle a sequence of reactions apparently common to all living cells which serves to oxidize to CO and H20 the molecules that take part in the sequence. The reactions are linked at various points to those for harnessing the free energy released in oxidation and some of the cycle intermediates also serve as carbon ‘skeletons’ for amino acids required for synthesis of proteins. We may look back upon some pathway established for the metabolism of an apparently strange article of bacterial diet such as p-cresol and we usually see that the cells have wisely concentrated their attention if such a phrase may be permitted on catalysing just the right initial reactions. </p><p>They score over less versatile organisms in having developed the enzymic apparatus to break down the p-cresol into molecules that can take part in multi-purpose reaction sequences like the Krebs cycle. For the cells need to operate such cycles whatever their diet. The man who learns of scientific developments from television or press conferences might imagine most scientists to be in permanent states of elation because they habitually confirm by experiments all the things they predict by theories. This idea would be utterly dispelled by a study covering the past 12 years of the place of the Krebs cycle in biochemical thought about bacteria. </p><p>I t is now a central conception; but in the late 1940s it was not believed to operate in bacteria because some of them when grown on glucose as foodstuff were able to oxidize certain compounds of the cycle only slowly and sometimes not at all. I t was later realized that in these experiments some cycle intermediates had not been able to enter the cells once inside they were oxidized as could be shown when the bacteria were disrupted and the compounds allowed free access to their enzymes. Again in the early 1950s the results of many experiments with the ‘isotopic carrier’ technique appeared contrary to the Krebs cycle. To bacterial suspensions oxidizing 14C-acetate, a-oxoglutarate was added; but although this inter-mediate of the cycle penetrated into the cells it contained little or no 14C when re-isolated. </p><p>Since by contrast succinate became readily labelled when added and re-isolated it was thought that an abridged Krebs cycle operated in which succinate was synthesized by tilt condensation of two acetate molecules thereby by-passing the reaction of acetate (as acetyl CoA) with oxaloacetate to form citrate. The abridged cycle was called the ‘dicarboxylic acid cycle.’ Krampitz and his colleaguess disrupted large quantities of bacteria that had metabolized 14C-acetate and extracted the small amount of cr-oxoglutarate present in the cell contents; that is they did not resort to adding the ‘cold’ (12C) compound as carrier. This endogenous a-oxoglutarate was not only radioactive but in relation to respired carbon dioxide its specific activity was that predicted from the Krebs cycle. </p><p>The carrier technique had been misleading because the cr-oxoglutarate inside the cells was never present as the free acid but always as a coenzyme-substrp?? compound which did not equilibrate with added carrier. In a parallel series of experiments proof was obtained that the postulated dicarboxylic acid cycle was fictitious-just too late $0 prevent its getting into the textbooks as the latest news. The climax of these studies was reached in 1955 with the reported isolation of a mutantlo which could not oxidize acetate because it lacked the citrate-forming enzyme that catalyses the reaction between acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate. </p><p>At this time therefore it appeared that no alternative route from acetate to a four-carbon compound of the cycle existed not only had succinate synthesis from acetate been disproved but the formation of citrate-of all reactions the one most typical of the citric-acid cycle-had been shown to be obligatory for acetate oxidation. As might almost be anticipated from the foregoing outline of developments however, convincing proof has accumulated in recent years that alternative routes from acetate to four-carbon molecules do in fact exist and in certain circumstances are indispensable for bacterial growth. The need for such reactions follows if one accepts the thesis that the Krebs cycle serves the needs of synthesis as well as oxidation. </p><p>From the many studies that support this view one may mention those of R. B. Roberts and his colleaguesll who used the technique of ‘isotope competition’. When Esch. coli grew in a 12C-glucose medium to which 14C-acetate was added their protein became labelled with 14C. If a little However all these arguments were wrong 396 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [NOVEMBER unlabelled (W) aspartic acid was then added to the culture not only was the labelling of this amino acid suppressed in the cellular protein but also that of threonine and other amino acids assumed to be derived from aspartate. By listing the compounds whose addition to media led to a suppression in labelling, amino acids could be grouped into two main families, those derived from aspartic acid and those from glutarric acid; and these amino acids were in their turn assumed to be produced by amination of oxalo-acetic acid and a-oxoglutaric acid from the Krebs cycle. </p><p>These and many other observations by this group of workers fell into place when the cycle was assigned the function of providing carbon skeletons for the amino acids needed for protein synthesis. By reference to Fig. 2a let us consider the fate of an acetate molecule supplied to bacteria that operate the Krebs cycle. It enters the cycle to form citrate and in Oxaloacetate uy C it rate 1 Milate 1 Fumarate I lsocitrate Succi nate FIG. 2a so doing it uses up one molecule of oxaloacetate; but after the next six reactions have occurred another molecule of oxaloacetate is produced to take its place : the status quo is restored and the acetate carbon atoms have been lost as two CO molecules. </p><p>But now suppose that the cells are not merely oxidizing acetate but must utilize it as sole source of carbon for growth a-oxo-glutarate for example is removed continually as glutamate which is built into cellular protein. At first cc-oxoglutarate may be replenished by the reaction sequence : acetate + oxaloacetate 3 citrate isocitrate -f a-oxoglutarate but this cannot continue indefinitely. Enough acetate may be supplied externally from the growth medium but the cells contain only a limited amount of oxalo-acetate to react with it and when the supply runs out growth must stop if a-oxoglutarate is indeed the source of all the glutamate needed for protein. </p><p>However, many bacterial species can grow well with acetate or ethanol or on straight-chain monobasic acids which are broken down entirely to acetate,12 as sole sources of carbon. The crux of the problem is this how is the cycle replenished with oxaloacetate derived solely from acetate? We have seen that a simple condensation of two acetate molecules to give succinate and hence oxaloacetate can be ruled out. It might also be mentioned that in addition to these theoretical argu-ments a search for reactions by which the cycle could be replenished was encouraged by certain direct observations. Thus when some bacteria oxidized acetate they synthesized and excreted a-oxoglutarate in amounts sufficient for its isolation as a crystalline 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydra~0ne.l~ However this ability was only acquired after growth on acetate as sole source of carbon evidently these cells contained enzymes that were largely absent from those grown with other carbon sources. </p><p>The solution of the problem awaited the discovery of two enzymes isocitrase14 and malate synthetase15 (Fig. 3a,c). The former is an organic acid aldolase "\ Oxaloacetate Acetate // Citrate Y \ Maiate Acetate P k Glyoxy late lsocitrate FIG. 26 like citrase16 (Fig. 3b) which differs from the citrate-forming condensing enzyme (Fig. 3 4 because it does not require coenzyme A but only a divalent metal ion (e.g. Mg2+) as co-factor. Citrase is induced in certain bacteria by anaerobic growth on citric acid isocitrase by aerobic growth on acetate or straight-chain fatty acids.12 Malate synthetase can be seen from Fig. </p><p>3 to catalyse a reaction of the same type as the condensing enzyme. When cells utilize acetate for growth the following reactions occur. An acetate molecule from the growth medium reacts with and so uses up one molecule of oxaloacetate inside the cell to give first citrate and then isocitrate; and this is decomposed by isocitrase to give glyoxylate and succinate. By re-actions of the Krebs cycle succinate is converted to oxaloacetate and the vacancy caused by the first reaction of acetate is filled. The net result has been to convert the acetate to glyoxylate. Malate synthetase now catalyses the reaction of this glyoxylate with another molecule of acetate as acetyl CoA to give malate which in turn can be converted in the Krebs cycle to oxalo-acetate. </p><p>A molecule of the latter has now been gaine 196 11 CHEMICAL REACTION SEQUENCES IN BACTERIA 397 a t the expense of two molecules from the external acet-ate pool; when it reacts:with a third molecule of acetate, COOH COOH I I I + I I O= C*H H0.C.H HCCOOH H2C*COOH CH2 I COOH CH2 I COOH (a) isocitrate 7 glyoxyiate + succinate COOH COOH I p 2 + 1 I I HOC-COOH O=C.COOH CH2 I CH?. I COOH COOH (b) citrate -7 oxaloacetate + acetate COOH I COOH I O= C*H HOC-H 3-H O I 2 CH 4- H*SCoA 1 CH3 COOH CO-SCOA I (c) glyoxylate + acetylcoenzyme A -malate + coenzyme A COOH COOH I HO *C.CH,.COOH I 0 = C*CH,*COOH + I CH2 4- H*S*CoA H2O - I CH3 COOH CO*S-CoA I (d) oxaloacetate + acetylcoenzyme A - citrate + coenzyme A FIG. </p><p>3U-d an additional molecule of say a-oxoglutarate may be made available by reactions of the cycle for use in synthesis of cell constituents. Alternatively these addi-tional reactions may be expressed in the form of a cycle (Fig. 2b) in which succinate (C,) is seen to be synthesized indirectly from two acetate molecules. It is now evident why the mutant which lacked the con-densing enzyme could not oxidize acetate this enzyme is a member of the glyoxylate cycle as well as the Krebs cycle. The glyoxylate cycle is a route by which carbohydrate may be formed from fatty acids in bacteria moulds and plants but apparently not in animals. Proof of its operation is due largely to H. </p><p>L. Kornberg and his colleagues at Oxford (now at Leicester) and their papers17 serve as a model of how radiotracers should be used to study bacteria. When Pseudomonas Juo-rescens growing on acetate as sole carbon source was incubated for brief periods with 14C-acetate the isotope was incorporated into compounds which could be extracted from the cells with ethanol. Chromatography of Krebs-cycle acids in the extract showed that in the first few seconds of exposure to the isotope 40 per cent of the incorporated 14C was present in malate and 30 per cent in citrate. At that time other acids contained far less tracer but 30 seconds later the proportion present in them had risen and that in malate and citrate had fallen to steady values. These and many other experi-ments proved that as the glyoxylate cycle requires, acetate is incorporated into malate by an early reaction sequence. </p><p>The central feature of the glyoxylate cycle is the conversion of acetate to glyoxylate through which by reaction of further acetate from the medium C4 and C5 Krebs-cycle compounds become available for synthesis of cellular material. However suppose cells grow in a medium that supplies only glyoxylate if the glyoxylate cycle is to be operated how will the required acetate be generated? This question is by no means hypothetical since various soil bacteria can utilize glycine,l* glycollatelg or oxalate20 as sole sources of carbon and can be shown to convert each of them initially into glyoxylic acid. The problem was solved when the enzyme glyoxylate carboligase21 was dis-covered by which two molecules of glyoxylate by loss of C 0 2 are converted to a three-carbon compound, presumably the highly unstable tartronic semialdehyde ; this is enzymically reduced to glycerate which may be converted by well-known enzymic reactions to pyruvate and hence to acetate (Fig. </p><p>4). This acetate has arisen solely from glyoxylate with which it can now unite to operate the glyoxylate cycle. Bacteria may be disrupted in a number of ways so that the soluble enzymes inside them can be extracted : thus the cells are broken open when exposed to ultra-sonic vibrations or when ground with powdered alumina or in the Hughes press,22 where frozen bacteria 398 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL 2 CHO*COOH ---+ CO + CHO.CH(OH)*COOH gl yoxylate t a r t ron i c se m ial de h y de + DPNH 1 acetate+- - - pyruvate - -- CH,OH*CH (OH)*COOH g I yce rate FIG. </p><p>4 pastes are made to pass at - 14â€� C between two machined stainless steel plates bolted together the cells being ripped open by ice crystals under the great shearing forces to which they are subjected. Work which clarified the reactions for biosynthesis of the benzene nucleus has been outlined and it would seem fitting to mention how cell-free extracts have been used to reveal reactions by which the nucleus is degraded. I t would be a very bored chemist-familiar since adolescence with the idea of resonance and knowing 0 - C C O O H COOH cat echo1 cis-cis muconic acid INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [NOVEMBER how the aromatic nucleus survives treatment with highly corrosive chemicals-for whom there was no fascination in following the disappearance of oxygen gas as it participates in a reaction catalysed by enzymes from bacteria in which benzene nuclei are smoothly and rapidly opened up at 30°C in neutral solution. </p><p>The route by which an aromatic compound is degraded may first be mapped out using whole cells by the technique of ‘simultaneous adaptation.’ Briefly compound A may be oxidized by a succession of reactions A+B+C+D+ which implies that inter-mediates B C and D will be oxidized by the cells about as rapidly as A. In principle rates of oxidation are measured in respirometers first for A and then for all the intermediates one might guess to be involved in the sequence; those compounds which are oxidized as fast as A turn out to be good guesses those oxidized slowly, wrong ones. </p><p>Of course enzymes must be shown to be of the ‘induced’ type. This can be done by growing cells on D and showing that ability to oxidize A B and C is largely abolished. This is essential since otherwise acetyl CoA HOOC 0 --co Or-k ,COOH CH, COOH 1 /pf,xoadipic acid COOH protocatechuic acid p-carboxymuconic acid @-car boxym ucono-lacton e O., I__ a-hydroxy muconic semialdehyde CY2 c-0 [ kOOH CHo \ pyruvate and other Krebs- cycle compounds / HOOC xck$+-o / 0 -COOH 4-CHO CHO a-hyd roxy-y-carboxy -m u co n i c .se m iald e h y d e FIG. 196 I] CHEMICAL REACTION SEQUENCES IN BACTERIA 399 B say might be oxidized by ‘constitutive’ enzymes always present in the cells no matter what their diet, and ability to oxidize B might have nothing to do with its status as an intermediate in the proposed sequence. </p><p>However the limitations of simultaneous adaptation were mentioned when the Krebs cycle was discussed a compound may fail to be oxidized simply because it fails to enter the bacteria and one cannot exclude it from a reaction sequence without also doing work with isolated enzymes. Such studies show that before the benzene nucleus breaks open a dihydric phenol is formed by enzymes that catalyse hydroxylations thus, man deli^^^ or benzoic2* acids are converted eventually to catechol ; p-hydroxybenzoic acid25 or p-creso126 to protocatechuic acid (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) ; and tyrosine or phenylalanine2’ to homogentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid). </p><p>Crude extracts from soil bacteria contain a mixture of enzymes that catalyse most of the reactions of Fig. 5a so that catechol or protocatechuic acid is converted into 16-oxoadipate. The individual reactions of the sequence have been studied by separating the enzymes from one another by such methods as fractional precipitation with ammonium sulphate or by absorbing one particular enzyme on to, say alumina gel from which it can later be eluted. Identification of reaction products and assays of indi-vidual enzymes have depended greatly upon spectro-photometry since the muconic acids show characteristic ultra-violet absorption28; however there are also valu-able chemical tests such as hydroxamate formation by lactones and the sensitive Rothera reaction of P-oxo-adipate. </p><p>29 Recent has shown that many soil bacteria do not open the benzene nucleus between adjacent carbon atoms carrying hydroxyl groups as in Fig. 5a. Although the presence of two hydroxyl groups appears to be a prerequisite ring opening by many species does not entail the production of two carboxyl groups but instead an aldehydo-hydroxyacid is formed as shown in Fig. 5b. The pathway from the first product of this type of ring fission to the Krebs cycle has not yet been established but one can at least draw a parallel between the initial reaction and one that has been demonstrated for mammalian namely the oxidation of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid to a-amino-p-carboxymuconic semialdehyde. </p><p>The reactions of Fig. 5a play little or no part in mammalian metabolism. A survey of aromatic biochemistry more than any other branch of the subject leaves one with the feeling that anything that mammals can do bacteria can do if not better, at least in several different ways. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. a. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. REFERENCES Sir Thomas Browne Religio Medici 1643 Section 15 p. 31. A. J. Kluyver and C. B. van Niel The Microbe’s Contrzbution W. D. Bellamy and I. C. Gunsalus J. Buct. 1944 48 191. B. D. Davis Exphntiu 1950 6 41. J. Lederberg and N. J. Zinder J. Amer. chem. Soc. 1948, D. D. Woods J. gen. Microbiol. 1953 9 151. </p><p>P. R. Srinivasan and D. B. Sprinson J. biol. Chem. 1959, H. J. Saz and L. 0. Krampitz J. Buct. 1954 67 409. H. E. Swim and L. 0. Krampitz ibid, 426. C. Gilvarg and B. D. Davis J. biol. Chem. 1956 222 307. R. B. Roberts P. H. Abelson D. B. Cowie E. T. Bolton and R. J. Britten Studies of Biosynthesis in Escherchiu coli. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication No. 607, 1955. A. G. Callely S. Dagley and B. Hodgson Biochem. J. 1958, 68 173. S. Dagley and M. D. Patel Biochim. biophys. Actu 1955 16, 418. H. J. Saz and E. P. Hillary Biochem. J. 1956 62 563. D. T. 0. Wong and S. J. Ajl J. Amer. chem. Soc. 1956 78, 3230. D. C. Gillespie and 1. C. Gunsalus Buct. PTOC. 1953 80; S. Dagley and E. A Dawes Biochim. biophys. Actu 1955, 17 177. H. L. Kornberg Biochem. </p><p>J. 1958 68 535; H. L. Kornberg and J. R. Quayle ibid. 542; H. L. Kornberg and N. B. Madsen ibid. 549. A. G. Callely and S. Dagley Nature 1959 183 1793. H. L. Kornberg and A. M. Gotto ibid. 1791. J. R. Quayle and D. B. Keech ibid. 1794. G. Krakow and S. S. Barkulis Bischim. biophys. Acta 1956, D. E. Hughes Brit. J. exp. Path. 1951 32 97. R. Y. Stanier J. Buct. 1948 55 477. W. C. Evans. W. H. Parr and R. A. Evans. Nature 1949, to Biology p. 3. Harvard University Press 1956. 70 4267. 234 716. 21 593. 164 674. 799. 25. R. Y. Stanier and J. L. Ingraham J. biol. Chem. 1954 210, 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. S. Digley and M. D. Patel Biechem. J. 1957 66 227. P. J. Chapman and S. Dagley ibid. 1960 75 6P. W. R. Sistrom and R. Y. Stanier J. </p><p>biol. Chem. 1954 210, W. C. Evans and F. C. Happold J. SOC. chem. Ind. 1939, S. Dagley W. C. Evans and D. W. Ribbons Nature 1960, 0. Wks H. Simmer and H. Peters Hoj’$e-Seyl. Z. 1956, 821. 58 55. 188 560. 304 221 Book Reviews REFERENCE ELECTRODES THEORY AND PRACTICE. Edited by D. J. G. Ives and G. J. Janz. Pp. xi + 651. New York Academic Press Inc.; London: Academic Books Ltd 196 1. Of the making of competent scientific textbooks there is no end but very occasionally a work appears which can legitimately be regarded as a landmark in a par-ticular field. The present book belongs to this very select category. It is far more than its rather limited title suggests. Anyone searching for information about the preparation and properties of reference electrodes will certainly not be disappointed but the volume goes much further than this. </p><p>I t is in fact an integrated account of practically all the electrode systems which have interested electrochemists in the last 50 years, considered from the experimental the thermodynamic and the kinetic viewpoints. Chapter 1 by Ives and Janz sets the framework of the book by considering the concept of electrode potential its definition and measurement and the characteristics which determine whether a particular electrode will be highly reversible or not. It is note-worthy and typical that the chapter ends by considering the desirable features in experimental cells and this welcome combination of theoretical considerations and actual experimental requirements is repeated continually throughout the work. </p><p>There then follows a chapter on the hydrogen electrode by Hills and Ives which in the relatively short space of 55 pages gives the best account which the reviewer has read of this subject including the consideration of hydrogen overpotential. In contrast to much of the arid discussion of reaction kinetics that has become fashionable in recent years this account endeavours to convey understanding of all the aspects of the ionization of hydrogen and the discharge of hydrogen ions and it succeeds to a remarkable degree. The same success is noteworthy in chapter 7 by Ives, in which oxide oxygen and sulphide electrodes are considered. Here again an enormous mass of informa-tion has been most skilfully put together to give an integrated picture which while in no sense a final one, is always intelligible and provides the reader with a reliable guide to a complex and difficult field. </p><p>Of the more conventional reference electrodes calomel and other mercury-mercurous salt electrodes are very thoroughly treated as also are silver-silver halide electrodes and these accounts include the discussion of very recent work on the anodic formation of halides; electrodes involving sulphate ions are also considered. The quinhydrone and associated electrodes receive authoritative treatment and Bates gives a brief but very comprehensive survey of the features of the glass electrode and the techniques involved in its use. Hills contributes most useful chapters on membrane electrodes 143s. </p><p>and reference electrodes for use in non-aqueous solvents, in which much hitherto scattered information is brought together in a very helpful way. The physiologist who makes much use of potential measurements has previously been largely ignored in electrochemical texts but this is rectified in the present work in the chapter by Cater and Silver on electrodes for use in biology. This contains a wealth of information on electrodes suitable for pH and redox potential measure-ments and for the determination of action and bio-electric potentials in living systems. Finally the last chapter by Laity deals with electrodes in fused-salt systems and here again the treatment ranges from the discussion of ion activities in melts to details of the construction of reference electrodes. </p><p>The book is excellently printed and illustrated and generally easy to use although the copy reviewed was defective in that pp. 149-184 had been omitted in binding! References are grouped at the end of each chapter and seem to be comprehensive. The volume should be compulsory reading for all interested in the physical chemistry of electrode processes and it is to be regretted that its very high price is likely to limit its circulation. A. HICKLING PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS. VOLUME I . Edited by G. Porter. Assistant editor B. Stevens. Pp. viii + 276. Oxford Pergamon Press 1961. 70s. This book the first in a projected series is divided into nine chapters each dealing with a specific topic. That on reactions of oxygen atoms by F. </p><p>Kaufman, deals with experimental methods for producing oxygen atoms and for the measurement of their concentration. The recombination reactions which occur on surfaces and homogeneously in the gas phase are discussed in detail together with reactions involving oxides of nitrogen hydrogen oxides of sulphur chlorine and paraffin hydrocarbons. V. V. Voevodsky and V. N. Kondratiev in their contribution on the determination of rate constants for elementary steps in branched-chain reactions are concerned mainly with a critical survey of the hydrogen-oxygen reaction in which attention is focused on the values which have been obtained for the rate constants of the elementary reactions. A concise account of a new and important field of study is given in the chapter on the kinetics of the reactions of ions with molecules by F. </p><p>W. Lampe J. L. Franklin and F. J. Field. Experimental methods are described for these studies and useful tables are pro-vided which list reactions and rate constants. Reactions of alkyl radicals are dealt with by J. A. Kerr and A. F. Trotman-Dickenson in a critical summary of the quantitative information available about the interactions of alkyl radicals. This covers combination and dispro-portionation atom abstraction addition to unsaturated 40 BOOK REVIEWS 40 1 molecules and decomposition. Comprehensive tables make for easy reference. A theoretical chapter on the effects of diffusion rates on chemical kinetics is contributed by R. M. Noyes. Two models are described and developed and the results are discussed for reactions in the gas liquid and solid phases. </p><p>The reaction types dealt with include free radical ionic and excited state. C . W. Davies discusses several well-known ionic reactions in solution and the effect of ionic strerigth on their velocity constants in a chapter on salt effects in solution kinetics. In a chapter on fast reactions of excited molecules A. Weller describes reactions of such molecules where the reaction can be investigated by observing fluorescence emission from the excited state. The reactions dealt with include fluorescence quenching complex formation acid-base interactions and isomerization. Nucleophilic substitution at a saturated carbon atom in non-hydroxylic solvents is dealt with by Y . Pocker, who describes reactions of this type in terms of the SN1 and SN2 mechanisms and discusses the effect of environment on their kinetics and the individual steps in these reaction sequences. </p><p>L. Peller and R. A. Alberty in their chapter on physical chemical aspects of enzyme kinetics summarize the way in which kinetics can be applied to these very complex reactions in an attempt to obtain more details about the mechan-isms involved. The effects of certain variables are shown to give additional information. This book is well produced and fills a need for a regular review series in chemical kinetics. The articles are well written and concise good use having been made of tabular presentation. A useful feature at the end is a classified index of reactions referred to in the text. </p><p>The volume is good value and will be welcomed by those interested in kinetics. JAMES C. ROBB VALENCY AND MOLECULAR’ STRUCTURE. Second Edition. E. Cartmell and G. W. A. Fowles. Pp. xii + 294. London Butterworths 1961. 32s. 6d. The second edition of this popular book has the same basic arrangement as the first. Part I which has under-gone little change gives an introduction to quantum theory and atomic structure. Part I1 provides a dis-cussion of the theory of valency; here the section on electronegativity is extended to include Sanderson’s work the treatment of hydrogen bonding is more thorough and a useful introduction to the metallic bond is added. Part 111 which has been largely re-written, deals with the application of the principles to typical inorganic and organometallic compounds. </p><p>A new section on ligand-field theory is included and effective use is made of the concept of crystal field stabilization energy. The reactivity of complexes is not neglected; there is a well-written account of the trans-effect. Little mention is made of oxidation state or charge number. A bipositive ion is called a bivalent ion and a metal in an oxidation state of + 2 is said to be bivalent. This usage is particularly confusing in the introduction to complex compounds. Iron is said to be tervalent in [Fe(CN)6]3- and to form six bonds. The oxidation state of iron in the hexacyanoferrate(m) ion is certainly + 3 as indicated by the Roman numeral. The use of the word valency for this concept creates unnecessary ambiguity. </p><p>The introduction to magnetochemistry given in the first edition has not been extended though some addition might have been expected. The ‘spin-only’ formula could not be applied even as a reasonable approximation to some of the complexes discussed. The book is attractively presented and there are very few typographical errors; the diagrams are well drawn and well integrated with the text. The price of this new edition is unchanged though 40 pages have been added. The new cover looks rather less durable but the book remains good value. This book succeeds in giving in an attractive lucid style the basic theory for understanding the fascinating new work going on in inorganic chemistry. It is strongly recommended as an addition to the personal libraries of all students of the subject. </p><p>R. B. HESLOP RADIATION BIOPHYSICS. H. L. Andrews. Pp. xii Englewood Clafs Prentice-Hull Inc.; London: Dr Howard Andrews is the radiation safety officer, National Institutes of Health U.S.A. He has written a book which aims to set down clearly and concisely those physical principles essential to the understanding of the biological effects of atomic radiation and the safe use of radiation sources. In large measure he has succeeded in his task and the reader is put into the position of being able to test his understanding by trying the questions (answers supplied) at the end of each chapter. The standard references enable one to go deeper into aspects of radiation biophysics and there are also special references interspersed with the text. </p><p>The references are with very few exceptions to U.S.A. literature and there are few references to work published in the years 1955-1960. The author has included enough mathematics working diagrams and tables of data to satisfy the serious student without over-burdening the general reader. In the first 100 pages the author passes from a state-ment of basic principles a description of various methods of X-ray production and an account of natural and artificial radioactivity to the theories of photon absorption. Problems of radiation shielding and radia-tion therapy using radon seeds are given. The next 150 pages are devoted to measurements of ,8- y- and neutron radiations with ionization chambers pulse counters scintillators and chemical methods. </p><p>The problems include the estimation of body burdens the + 32%. Prentice-Hall International Inc. 196 1. 75s 402 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [NOVEMBER dead time of a G-M counter and thyroid dose due to radioactive iodine. The remainder of the book deals with the effect of radiation on single cells including the inhibition of mitosis chromosome aberrations and genetic conse-quences passing on to the effect on mammals. There are chapters devoted to radiation-injury pathology and radiation protection. The reader is introduced to U.S.A. radiation safety regulations but he will need to study the corresponding British literature to become acquainted with the regulations in this country dealing with occupational and public health protection. </p><p>The book is relatively free from errors but Rutherford is mis-spelled on p. 74 and the first sentence on p. 124 is misleading. The sentence on p. 156 ‘. . . principles back of . . .’ falls strangely on British ears. Certain sections such as that on the chemical effects of radiation, are superficial and the alternatives to the target theory are neglected. However the author and the publishers are to be congratulated on a very clear presentation of the subject and those engaged in this relatively new field of atomic energy will welcome the bringing together of data normally spread over many books and papers. A. QUINTON CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS. J. R. Catch. Pp. vii + This is an excellent account of the production and properties of compounds labelled with the radioactive isotope of carbon 14C. </p><p>The book is lucidly written and well produced and it can be recommended as an introduction to all who contemplate tracer work with this isotope. After a brief general introduction the formation of carbon- 14 by irradiation of nitrogenous compounds in atomic reactors is described in a short chapter but the major part of the book deals with the conversion of the primary product radioactive carbonate into a wide variety of labelled organic compounds. As is probably well known many of these are now commercially produced at the Radiochemical Centre in England and by several firms in the United States and in other countries. I t is still often necessary however for the individual research worker to synthesize compounds for tracer work and the choice of a suitable method some-times seems difficult. </p><p>For this reason the clear and authoritative discussion of the available methods of chemical and biological synthesis will be very welcome. The general rules governing the choice of method are illustrated by well-chosen examples and practical aspects of handling both volatile and non-volatile carbon-14 compounds are also dealt with. This section is well illustrated with diagrams and photographs of apparatus used in isotopic syntheses. A separate chapter covers peculiar features of carbon- 14 compounds, such as isomerism double labelling isotope effects, 128. London Butterworths 1 96 1. 30s. radiation decomposition and the nomenclature of labelled compounds. </p><p>Two chapters on the analysis and measurement of carbon- 14 compounds include useful discussions of chemical and radiochemical purity and of counting methods. The only omission of any importance is in the chapter on measurement where in the reviewer’s opinion the effect of back-scattering deserves mention-ing. The final chapter on precautions in the use of carbon- 14 compounds is of practical value to all intending users of this isotope. Its general conclusion that the equipment of a good chemical laboratory is sufficient for tracer work is reassuring and should encourage an even wider application of 14C-labelled compounds in research. H. R. V ARNSTEIN THE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ACTION O F RADIA-T I O N S . VOLUME V . Edited by M. Haissinsky. Pp. xi + 278. </p><p>Paris Masson et Cie; London: Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd 1961. This volume of the series is composed of four reviews of different aspects of radiation chemistry and although aimed at the specialist it contains sections which will interest those outside this field. Thus Part I ‘The Radiolysis of Water by Gamma Rays or Electrons,’ by A. 0. Allen is a very readable and succinct account of the basic radiation chemistry of liquid water (1 7 pp.). Part IV ‘Mass Spectrometry and Radiation Chemistry,’ by D. P. Stevenson and D. 0. Schissler (100 pp.) is heavier going but it provides a useful summary of information obtainable by mass spectro-metry about ionization processes. Such information is essential to the understanding of the primary processes occurring in radiation chemistry and this collection of experimental data and theoretical discussions of ioniza-tion cross-sections appearance potentials cracking patterns and ion-molecule reactions will be welcomed by radiation chemists. </p><p>Part 11 ‘The Action of Alpha Particles on Aqueous Solutions,’ by J. Pucheault ( 133 pp.) is more specialized. It is a critical review of the experimental observations in such systems ; it emphasizes the fact that although qualitatively similar to y-rays and electrons the quanti-tative interpretation of the effects of more densely ionizing radiations is not so simple. The differences arise from the much higher concentrations of reactive species produced by the heavier particles in localized regions where the energy is dissipated and with certain assumptions about the distribution of the species and their reactions the author has been able to bring some order into the picture. </p><p>Non-homogeneous distribution of reactants is a general feature of the radiation chemistry of liquids, and some progress has been made towards a theoretical understanding of its effects by the application of diffusion kinetics to model systems. The various approaches are summarized and criticized in Part I11 ‘Diffusion 63s 196 11 BOOK REVIEWS 403 Kinetics in Radiation Chemistry,’ by A. Kuppermann (80 pp.). The treatment here is so detailed that much of the article will appeal only to those engaged in these calculations. One wonders whether this is desirable in a book of this nature since as stated by the author most of the calculations done so far were aimed not at obtain-ing exact quantitative agreement between theory and experiment but at developing a feeling for the properties of the model. </p><p>However the last section where theory and experiment are compared is more general and points to the kind of experimental data required for an adequate check on the model. The book is well produced as it should be for the price and the series as a whole is providing valuable reviews of this rapidly expanding subject. J. H. BAXENDALE POLYMERIC MATERIALS. C. C. Winding and G. D. Hiatt. Pp. x + 406. New York McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.; London McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd 1961. 93s. Dr Winding is at Cornell University and Dr Hiatt is engaged in industry. They have for a number of years given courses of lectures to a wide cross-section of students-chemists physicists engineers and so on. </p><p>They are therefore fully familiar with those aspects of high polymers which must be put over in the lecture room and also with the actual uses of these materials on a large scale. These conditions seem to ensure a balanced treatment of the subject. This book is based on the authors’ lecture notes in these introductory courses on polymeric materials. The authors state that students have readily accepted the order of presentation which involves the early intro-duction to polymeric chemistry molecular structure and properties. I can well believe this because the early chapters dealing with these difficult subjects are handled in an excellent manner and are most lucid and logical. </p><p>What appeals to me is that the treat-ment of the subject is quite adult and free from whimsy. But the reader must have a sound knowledge of chemistry and physics otherwise he may find it tough going. It is always possible to present a lecture in a way that will be more readily accepted than the same material in print. I think the original conception is extremely sound, namely that polymeric materials are the basis of four major industries-paint and varnish fibres rubber and plastics. In my view this is the correct emphasis and tends to focus the interest in the right way. I t is no longer possible to be in any of these industries and remain blithely unconcerned with the others. They are all interchanging polymers at a growing rate and any one industry must try to keep abreast with the others. </p><p>The chemical and physical side is followed by a section on the general properties of plastics. In this about 30 general characteristics are dealt with in 23 pages. Hence the treatment has to be curtailed, although it is well done within the limits of the space employed. One can see the economy of words brought about by the use of undoubtedly excellent lecture notes. The next two chapters are devoted to general applica-tion of polymeric materials and give a survey of the leading methods employed in handling. Thereafter the individual families of plastics and rubbers are described. This is an excellent book and can be highly recom-mended for all readers with a good chemical and/or engineering background. </p><p>I t provides a readily accessible source of background information for polymeric materials in these particular industries. Clearly the limitations of space make it impossible to treat any of the subjects in any depth but the fundamentals are there and extremely well set out. HARRY BARRON PROGRESS I N DRUG RESEARCH. VOLUMEII. Edited by E. Jucker. Pp. 636. Bask Birkhauser Verlag, 1960. DM 85. This book the second volume of the four of this series (the first was published in 1959) is written by specialists for specialists. Each of the nine monographs (five in English and four in German) has been compiled by a worker or workers eminent in the particular field; it is therefore authoritative and indispensable to anyone carrying out work on the synthesis of drugs. </p><p>The emphasis is almost entirely on chemistry with some indications of the pharmacological action of the compounds. The general reader will find it difficult to obtain a clear picture of progress as measured by those com-pounds that have proved valuable in medical practice. I t is true that the section by W. Kunz entitled ‘Uber neue Arzneimittel’ is a general review of the newer drugs with in many cases their official and proprietary names but the article is uncritical and gives little help in assessing the relative value of the different drugs. This however is not the purpose of the book which is to give a comprehensive account of recent chemical work in special fields; in this it succeeds admirably and the editor and publishers are to be congratulated firstly on producing a book that is so up to date-many of the references cited are dated 196Gand secondly on its freedom from errors and misprints both in the text and in the structural formulae. </p><p>I t is a pity that it will be out of date so soon. The monographs are Newer Diuretics (K. H. Beyer and J. E. Baer); Anabolic Steroids (B. Camerino and G. Sala) ; Chemical Nature and Pharmacological Actions of Quaternary Ammonium Salts (C. J. Cavallito and A. P. Gray); ifber Vorkommen und Bedeutung der Indolstruktur in der Medizin und Biologie (A. Cerletti) ; uber neue Arzneimittel (W. Kunz) ; Ganglienblocke 4w JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [NOVEMBER (K. Nador) ; Monoamino-oxydase-Hemmer (A. Plet-scher K. </p><p>F. Gey and P. Zeller); The Structure and Bio-genesis of Certain Antibiotics (W. A. Sexton); and Antimetabolites and their Revolution in Pharmacology (D. W. Woolley). References are numerous ; the monograph on amino-oxidase inhibitors has no less than 1,389! I t is difficult in a work of this kind for authors to avoid writing what is merely an expanded list of references and to produce a readable monograph. Some but not all of these authors have succeeded. NORMAN EVERS THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF MEDICINE ANNUAL REVIEWS 196 1. British Postgraduate Medical Federation. Pp. xi + 342. University o f London: Athlone Press 1961. 40s. This book is the first of a new series replacing the Lectures on the Scientijc Basis of Medicine eight volumes of which were published between 1953 and 1960. </p><p>The content of the book is similar to that of its predecessors, containing selected lectures of the course organized by the British Postgraduate Medical Federation and delivered between October 1959 and March 1960. This volume contains 19 of the 30 lectures given during that period. The reviews cover selected topics in the fields of bio-chemistry physiology pharmacology and pathology, and are introduced and concluded respectively by more personal accounts of research by Sir Lindor Brown and Sir Roy Cameron both of which make delightful reading. Two papers by Dame Janet Vaughan and Doll are concerned with radiation the former with its destructive effect on cells and the latter with its relation-ship to leukaemia. </p><p>Lajtha discusses the use of radio-active isotopes in the investigation of abnormal cells in the bone marrow. Wilkinson writes on the changes in blood enzyme concentrations which occur in disease. Dalgliesh’s lucid account of the biochemical aspects of amino-acid metabolism should be read in conjunction with Milne’s excellent review of disordered aromatic amino-acid metabolism. Stoner’s paper on the bio-chemical response of the body to injury is thorough and interesting. The liver is discussed by Sherlock and Harkness. Sherlock describes its role in metabolism and the consequences of disordered metabolism. Hark-ness writes on the phenomenon of regeneration after partial removal of the liver and discusses the possible factors concerned. There is a topical account by James of the dietary substances which affect the plasma lipids. </p><p>Fourman presents a detailed account of the newly-recognized syndrome of magnesium deficiency in animals and man. Other articles discuss the bio-chemistry of multiple sclerosis and genetic analysis via somatic cells. There are articles with a more clinical bias on diabetes and the action of drugs on the heart. Virology is represented by a paper on the antiviral action of interferon and immunology by a discussion of immune cellular reactions. When so many diverse subjects are brought together in one volume there are inevitably variations in approach. Some of the authors attempt to cover broad fields in a few pages while others are concerned with highly specialized fields and will consequently appeal to a few readers only. </p><p>In altering the title of the series the publishers hoped that the papers presented would reach a wider audience than formerly but the uneven presentation is unlikely to satisfy either the critical research worker or the scientist who is interested in the background of modern medicine. I t is disappointing that there should have been a delay of 18 months between delivery of some of the papers and their publication. The reviews in general are concise and have an adequate bibliography but one minor criticism may be levied at the lack of uniformity in the presentation of the references at the end of each paper. There are 18 good black-and-white plates. There is also a useful author and subject index of all the articles published in the earlier series. </p><p>The book is well produced and clearly printed. D. S. YOUNG TOXICOLOGY MECHANISMS AND ANALYTICAL METHODS. VOLUME I . Edited by C. P. Stewart and A. Stolman. Pp. xvii + 774. New York: Academic Press Inc.; London Academic Books Lid 1960. 157s. 6d. An unwelcome by-product of the ingenuity and activity of chemists is the increasing number of toxic hazards to which mankind is exposed. This has added greatly to the responsibilities of the toxicologist and much may depend on the skill and resources he can bring to bear on his task. I t is fortunate that while the number of toxic agents has increased so also has the number of techniques available for their identification and deter-mination. For the most part however these have not been developed primarily for this purpose and the need arises for ensuring that those concerned with toxico-logical problems shall be fully aware of the powerful modern techniques available to them. </p><p>This is the task which the editors of ‘Toxicology’ have undertaken and, in preparing the two volumes which make up this treatise they have enlisted the help of a group of American Canadian and British experts. Apart from a short introductory account of the toxicologist and his work Volume I is divided into two parts. The first of these consists of a series of chapters dealing with the absorption distribution and excretion of toxic substances and with the metabolic changes they undergo in the body. These chapters have been written by the editors themselves and reflect the increasing awareness of the importance of what might be termed the dynamic aspects of toxicology. </p><p>In the second part of the book other authors deal with such topics a 196 11 BOOK REVIEWS 405 chromatography ion-exchange resins paper-iono-phoresis counter-current distribution spectrum analysis in its various forms X-ray diffraction analysis polaro-graphy and microdiffusion analysis. The underlying principles of each technique are described and so far as it is possible to do SQ examples are given of its toxicological applications. There are also chapters which deal with the systematic search for an unknown poison in viscera the sep,aration of poisons from bio-logical material optical-crystallographic methods of drug identification and the estimation of basic drugs by dye methods. </p><p>This book more than points the way for the toxi-cologist who seeks to use new methods to attack familiar problems. By its emphasis on principles it does much to help him to meet the challenge presented by hitherto unknown poisons. Because of this as well as because of its all-round excellence it is safe to predict that for some time to come this book will serve as a guide and friend not only to professional toxicologists but also to others whose work brings them into contact with toxicological problems. LESLIE YOUNG THE USE OF OXYGEN IN THE ELECTROMETALLURGY OF STEEL. G. M. Borodulin. Translated by G. F. Modlen. Translation edited by €3. T. Protheroe. Pp. viii + 112. Oxford Pergamon Press 1961. 50s. </p><p>I t is an interesting comment on the difference in approach between Russia and the West that this book could appear only as a translation of a Russian volume. It is true to say that the contents are not new in principle to any of those versed in the art of alloy steelmaking in either Britain or the United States; in addition it cannot be denied that such work was pioneered in America around 1943-45 and was put into practice in this country before 1950 whereas the Russian work dates from 1952 at the earliest. On the other hand in neither of these Western countries has any such native report as this Russian one emerged presumably indicating the difference in outlook between private enterprise with its competitive attitude and a publicly-owned steel industry with its readiness to share the findings of one works throughout the industry. </p><p>The contents are thus only of passing interest to the expert in the field but provide the student and the interested reader from allied fields with a body of infor-mation not likely to be made available Otherwise. An introductory chapter covers the general use of oxygen in arc furnaces in Russia. This is followed by detailed procedures for a number of various steel compositions, this being the most surprising feature. A third chapter covers the quality aspect again a valuable section. The next chapter on the economic aspects of oxygen steel metallurgy is of rather doubtful significance in view of the lack of a true exchange value for sterling against the rouble. The two final chapters on mechanization and safety precautions are fairly routine in nature although it is interesting to note that 180-ton arc furnaces are envisaged in Russia. </p><p>A further intriguing point is that the development of the electromagnetic stirring device is described as current work in the Soviet Union with a grudging notice of the Swedish work. All the references on this topic are to Russian papers-almost akin to the pre-war claim that Shakespeare was a German with its corollary that the English translations were quite good ! The style of translation in this case is also com-mendable except for some lack of the idiomatic phrase here and there. Thus ‘white crumbly slag’ would usually be termed ‘falling slag,’ ‘guttering’ is better read as ‘runners’; the term ‘cracking steel’ rather escaped the reviewer until he realized this was the steel with 5 per cent chromium used in catalytic cracking equipment. </p><p>I t is felt that a table of standard analyses with the Russian designations would be of assistance ; in addition, translation of the mechanical test results into British units is desirable. Numerical errors occur with regard to the phosphorus contents in Table IV and the saving of time in the melt-down and boil periods in Table XXVIII ; these presumably derive from the Russian original. In summing up it can be said that anyone involved in the study of alloy steelmaking will find this volume interesting if not from the technical standpoint at least as an example of the approach to these matters on the other side of the Iron Curtain. </p><p>K. C. BARRACLOUGH GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. E. Bayer. Pp. xii +- 240. Amsterdam Elsevier Publishing Co.; London D. Van Nostrand Co. Ltd 196 1. In this relatively inexpensive book the author attempts to cover gas chromatography completely in 238 pages. In the process much of the description and many of the explanations of gas chromatographic procedures have been condensed to such an extent as to give incorrect implications. This may be due in part to errors in translation. In the description of the argon detector, although this is factually correct it is implied that the radioactive source produces metastable argon atoms. This is not so for their production depends on the accelerating voltage across the detector electrodes and this voltage does not merely act as a collecting voltage. </p><p>Columns are not packed with ‘stationary phase’ as stated but with an ‘inert support carrying a stationary phase.’ Far too little attention is given to the theory of gas chromatography and the treatment of this topic is far from complete. The chapter dealing with practical aspects of chroma-tography which comprises about one-third of the book, is extremely useful however. Workers merely wishing to employ the technique to solve a specific problem will find this chapter a valuable first reference. The book 25s 406 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [NOVEMBER has adequate references to more than 400 original papers and although of limited use to the experienced worker in the field it is recommended as an introduction to the subject to those who only wish to use the technique for a specific problem. </p><p>R. P. W. SCOTT COLORIMETRIC METHODS OF ANALYSIS. VOLUME I I I A . Assisted by C. A. Snell. Pp. x + 576. Princeton D. Van Nostrand Co. Inc.; Loridon D. Van Nostrand Co. Ltd 1961. 96s. Of the manykbooks on the various aspects of analytical chemistry published most after initial perusal are relegated to the library shelves where their existence is often soon forgotten. Some few however are kept on the analyst’s desk and rapidly acquire that well-used appearance which is indicative of their value and importance. ‘Snell’ is just such a book which has passed through several editions but has retained its own particular character. I t is essentially a well-arranged collection of analytical methods with a minimum of chemistry but sufficient experimental detail to enable any procedure to be applied or adapted. </p><p>As such it has filled a real need of the professional analyst and of the chemist who has occasion to make analytical deter-minations. The present book has a similar scope to that of the earlier Volume 111 but includes only material which has been published in the period from 1953 to the beginning of 1960. In so far as is practicable allowing for the printing delay this supplement brings up to date the earlier volume thus following the policy which has already been adopted in the inorganic field. If experience with this may be applied to the present book, it can be recommended not only as an essential adjunct to anyone possessing Volume 111 but also to users of other books on photometric analysis who have lacked the time or energy required to keep their own files of working abstracts. </p><p>The full title of the book contains the phrase ‘including photometric methods,’ which justifies the inclusion of a high proportion of procedures in which the optical density is read in the ultra-violet. This is to be com-mended not only since these methods are frequently the best available but also because with modern spectro-photometers the operations involved in carrying out analyses are similar whether the reading is made in the visible or in the ultra-violet. Although sub-titled ‘Organic Compounds I,’ this volume deals not only with organic chemicals and industrial products but also with food pharmaceuticals, insecticides fungicides industrial wastes and atmo-spheric contaminants. </p><p>Inevitably with such a wide scope some important published procedures have been omitted but it would be invidious to single any of these out since most readers will be content with a well-produced volume containing details of more than a F. D. and C. T. Snell. thousand procedures culled from an extensive selection of the world’s analytical journals. C. H. R. GENTRY QUANTITATIVE o R G ANI c MI c R o AN A L Y S I s . Second Edition. A. Steyermark. Pp. xvii + 665. New York Academic Press Inc.; London Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd 1961. 118s. This book is a revised and qnlarged version of the first (1951) edition which proved in its day to be a very timely and useful reference book. </p><p>Perhaps this leads one to expect too much from a new edition but never-theless I am disappointed by my overall impression of the present volume. Although microchemistry is definitely one of the most conservative branches of analytical chemistry the past decade has seen much change and simplification of complicated classical routines and this progress is in my opinion not in evidence in these pages except in one or two noticeable instances. Consequently this is a book of very con-servative approach in which the time-honoured pro-cedures are reproduced with a few modifications. Great attention is paid throughout the text to the minutest detail of apparatus and dimension (even the rninutae of Mariotte bottles) but too little to the scientific back-ground of microchemical reactions. </p><p>Procedural detail is undoubtedly necessary but there is little information within these pages for the student eager to understand the basic chemistry of the reactions employed. Topics such as the functioning of catalysts formation and ageing of halide precipitates thermal dissociation of carbon dioxide and combustion mechanisms are sadly neglected. It is my contention that an understanding of such basic material is-much more likely to be of aid in times of trouble than elaborate instructions of micro-chemical mystique. Few people are better qualified than the author of this hook to deal with such matters. Despite these observations it can be said that this book is sound throughout and very reliable though it employs conditions that are sometimes more rigorous than necessary e.g. </p><p>a temperature of 1,120â€� for the main furnace in the oxygen determination (d. Oita & Conway). The use of the simple oxygen-flask decom-position is described only for sulphur despite the enormous simplification it has introduced into many other ultimate analyses. In extenuation it may be said that at the end of each chapter there is an up-to-date list of references but these are classified rather vaguely and in use prove to be of little more value than looking up the abstract press for they do not even list the title and only indicate the subject matter loosely. The book is well produced and is profusely illustrated throughout with line diagrams and photographs of commercial apparatus and laboratory ‘trains’ etc. </p><p>In summary, this is a good sound book which is in my view however, rather too conservative in its approach. T. S. WES 196 11 BOOK REVIEWS 407 HANDBOOK O F ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS. H. C. Kaufman. Pp. iv + 1,546. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Co. Inc.; London D. Van Nostrand Co. Ltd 1961. 169s. This vast book is essentially merely a list of organo-metallic compounds arranged according to the groups in the Periodic Table. I t gives the formula name of each compound its molecular weight physical character-istics solubility and a few other physical properties (where these are known) such as refractive index boiling point specific gravity or vapour pressure. In addition to compounds with metal-to-carbon bonds quite a few straight organic compounds are included under carbon and nitrogen and elements halides oxides and other salts also appear. </p><p>For some but by no means for all, compounds a reference is given but this reference does not necessarily apply to the physical properties listed. Many of the references are to the section generally and without looking them up it is not easy to ascertain to which compound they apply. For several elements I have checked especially the transition-metal com-pounds not only is the coverage far from complete-and nowhere near up to date-but the references are utterly inadequate and a search through the literature for the appropriate references would still be necessary. I would be somewhat hesitant in trusting the figures given here for other than trivial purposes particularly in view of various errors in names and references. </p><p>While such a compendium may have limited use in some industrial libraries better and more complete data books are available for many of the elements and the very high price of this volume is far from com-mensurate with its utility. Academically it is valueless. G. WILKINSON PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED ANNUAL REPORT OF T H E SCIENTIFIC for the year 1960. London County Public Health Department-Scientific ADVISER Council Branch. Pp. 60. London London County Council 1961. 1s. 3d. COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1959-60. Pp. 209. London H.M.S.O. 1961. 9s. Pp. iv + 79. London H.M.S.O. 1961. 5s. net. POISONS AND T . S . A . GUIDE. Sixth Edition 1960, revised and extended 1961. </p><p>Pp. 78. London: The Pharmaceutical Press 1961. [Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933 and Poisons Rules; Transmission of Drugs by Post; Therapeutic Substances Act 1956; Recommendations by the Pharmaceutical Society; Pharmacy and Medicines REPORT O F T H E AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH REPORT O F T H E GOVERNMENT CHEMIST 1 9 6 0 . 7s. 6d. Act 1941 ; Schedules to the Poisons Rules; Statutes and Regulations; Extended Poisons and T.S.A. List.] Pp. 22. London The Pharmaceutical Press 1961. 5 ~ . [Historical ; Structure of the Service; Finance of the Service; National Organization of the Service; Local Organization of the Service; Hospital Pharmaceutical Service; Pharmaceutical Services ; Investigations of the Health Service; Pharmaceutical Services in Scotland ; References.] Pp. </p><p>xii -+ 315. London The Pharmaceutical Press, 1961. 32s. 6d. T H E BRITISH NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE. T H E EXTRA PHARMACOPOEIA. SUPPLEMENT 1 9 6 1 . REPORTS O N PROGRESS I N PHYSICS. VOLUME XXIV. Edited by A. C. Stickland. Pp. 424. London The Institute o f Physics and The Physical Society 1961. [Includes articles on the theory of the superconductive state ; high-current gas dis-charges ; cosmic radio waves and their interpreta-tion ; magnetic domains ; photoelectronic image intensifiers ; ferrimagnetism ; theory and applica-tions of the density matrix; the dynamics of high-temperature plasmas.] the Editors of Industrial and Engineering Chemistv. Pp. 126. A’ew York Reinhold Publishing Corporation; London Chapman €9 Hall Lid 1961. </p><p>[Contents manufacture of basic silicone products ; chemicals from wood ; derivatives of acrolein and peracetic acid ; pentaerythritol; fluidized bed roasting ovens ; grignards for commerce ; detergents continuously; design and construction of a phosphate insecticides plant ; catalyst manufacture; partially acetylated (PA) cotton ; silica-alumina petroleum cracking catalyst; specialty surfactants; glycols and ethanolamines; 2,4-D weed killer and derivatives ; acrylates and methacrylates ; chemicals from acetaldehyde.] MATERIALS FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. Second Edition. (Standards and Data for ‘Embaphase’ Stationary Phases and ‘Embacel’ Kieselguhr.) Pp. 51 + 12 Data Sheets and 2 Appendixes. Dagenham May €Y Baker Ltd 1961. MOnERN CHEMICAL PROCESSES. </p><p>VOLUME \‘I. By 48s. BRITISH STANDARDS 526 1961. Definitions of the Calorific Value of Fuels. Pp. 20. 6s. 33979 1961. Methods of Testing Synthetic Rubber Latices. Pp. 9. 4s. 1647 1961. Specification for pH Scale. Pp. 13. 4s. 6d. 903 Part A21 1961. Methods of Testing Vul-canized Rubber. Determination of Rubber-to-Metal Bond Strength. Pp. 11. 3s Institute Affairs ANNUAL CONFERENCE LONDON 12-13 April 1962 The 1962 Annual Conference of the Institute will be held in London on Thursday and Friday 12 and 13 April. I t has been decided that on this occasion the Conference should extend over two days only instead of the customary three days but the Programme of Events that is now being prepared is similar in general form to those of recent years and will include features that are likely to be of exceptional interest to many members and their guests. </p><p>On Thursday 12 April Sir William Slater K.B.E., F.R.s. will give his Presidential Address at the opening of an all-day Symposium on Chemistry in the Service of Agriculture. The Annual Dinner will be held at the Dorchester Hotel on the evening of the same day. The Annual General Meeting will be held in the morning of Friday 13 April at the School of Pharmacy, Brunswick Square W.C.1 which will also be the venue for other business meetings. In the evening the directors of the Shell Refining Co. Ltd in association with the Shell Chemical Co. Ltd and She11 Research L.td have generously offered to provide a reception at Claridge’s Hotel. Copies of the Programme of Events and Registration Forms will be sent with information about hostel accommodation to all corporate members in Great Britain and Ireland in January 1962. </p><p>EXAMINATIONS FEBRUARY 1962 Diplomas in Applied Chemistry Branches A, I) and E.-Examinations will be held in the week beginning Monday 12 February 1962 in London. The last date for the receipt of entries is Monday, 4 December 1961. EXAMINATIONS APRIL 1962 Graduate Membership Part II The theoretical section of the examination Part I1 (a), will be held in London and Newcastle upon Tyne and, if required in other centres on Monday and Tuesday, 2 and 3 April 1962. Practical exercises will be carried out in London and in Newcastle upon Tyne on Wednesday to Saturday, 4 to 7 April inclusive and in London on Tuesday to Friday 10 to 13 April inclusive. </p><p>Candidates will be asked to state their preference as to the centre for their theoretical papers and the period and centre for their practical exercises but it must be clearly understood that no guarantee can be given that their wishes will be met. Candidates who have not yet been accepted for exam-ination and who wish to present themselves in April should obtain from the Assistant Registrar without delay the prescribed Application Form so as to allow ample time for obtaining the necessary signatures certifying that they have complied with the Regulations concerning their courses of training. The completed Applica-tion Forms must reach the Institute not later than Wednesday 3 January. </p><p>No application will be considered if received after that date. The last date for the receipt of Entry Forms is Monday 5 February. No Entry will be accepted if received after that date. EXAMINATIONS SEPTEMBER 196 1 Graduate Membership Part 11 Examiners Professor W. G. Overend Dr A. G. Sharpe, Assistant Examiners Dr G. W. H. Cheeseman Dr D. A. The examination was held at the Universities of Birmingham and London and at the Royal College of Science and Technology Glasgow the theoretical papers being taken also at various local centres in the periods 11-16 September and 19-22 September 1961. The total number of candidates was 168 of whom 41 passed (24.4 per cent). Of the 168 candidates taking Part 11 six studied full-time of whom two passed; 15 attended ‘sandwich’ courses of whom five passed; 58 attended part-time courses preceded or followed by a period of full-time or ‘sandwich’ study of whom 19 passed; 89 trained wholly by means of part-time courses of whom 15 passed. </p><p>Of all the candidates 83 had previously passed Part I, of whom 29 passed Part I1 (35 per cent); 33 had been exempted from Part I under Regulation F3 of whom eight passed Part I1 (24 per cent) ; 1 1 had been exempted from Part I under Regulation F4 of whom one passed Part 11; 41 were deemed to have been exempted from Part I under the transitional arrangements of whom three passed Part I1 (7 per cent). Professor W. F. K. Wynne-Jones Frye Dr A. D. Mitchell PASS LIST ALLEN Malcolm George Central College of Further Education Carlett Park Eastham (Wirral) ALLSOP John Cecil Wolverhampton and Staffordshire College of Technology Wolverhampton ATKINSON Geoffrey Constantine Technical College, Middlesbrough ; Rutherford College of Technology, Newcastle upon Tyne BAKER Paul James Northampton College of Advanced Technology London; Sir John Cass College London BAYS David Edmund Norwood Technical College, London; Sir John Cass College London BERRY Edwin Enfield Battersea College of Technology, London; Brunel College of Technology London 40 INSTITUTE AFFAIRS 409 BEVAN Geoffrey Central College of Further Education, BROWN Miss Valerie Constantine Technical College, CHRISTIAN John Roland Technical College Bolton COTTON John William Borough Polytechnic London ; Chelsea College of Science and Technology London DEALTRY Christopher Edward Institute of Technology, Bradford DUMBRECK Adam Charles Technical College Paisley HESLAM Robin Snell Technical College Birkenhead ; Carlett Park Eastham (Wirral) Middlesbrough SPERRIN Alan David Battersea College of Technology, TIVNA" Richard Fife Central College of Further TUNNELL David Alan B.Sc. </p><p>(Lond.) Technical College, WILLIAMS Peter College of Technology Leeds WRIGHT Henry Glyn Constantine Technical College, London Education Carlett Park Eastham (Wirral) Gloucester ; University College London Middlesbrough THE TEACHING OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY A one-day symposium on the teaching of inorganic chemistry at pre-university level will be held in the Institute of Education University of Southampton on 24 March 1962. </p><p>The symposium is being organized in collaboration with the Southern Counties Branch of the Science Master's Association. Salford The speakers will include Professor C. C. Addison HUGHES Ernest John Central College of Further (University of Nottingham) Dr G. W. A. Fowles Education Carlett Park Eastham (Wirral) (University of Southampton) Mr H. R. Jones (Carlett JACKSON Brian Malcolm Banks Medway College of Park Central College of Further Education) and Technology Chatham; University of Exeter JOHNSON Peter Northern Polytechnic London Dr J. E. Spice (Winchester College). JONES Edward Owen Central College of Further Application forms will be distributed shortly to Education Carlett Park Eastham (Wirral) members of the Institute in the Mid-Southern Counties Central College of Further Education Carlett Park, Eastham (Wirral) Chatham Ian Richard' Medway Of HOPKINSON John Institute Of by the Mid-Southern Counties Section of the Institute ; Of Advanced KILLOH David Charles Brunel College of Technology, London LUFF Norman Albert Julius College of Further Educa-tion Slough LYNES Albert Central College of Further Education, Carlett Park Eastham (Wirral) MCINTOSH Brian Dudley Technical College Kingston (Surrey) ; Battersea College of Technology London MILLS Richard John Medway College of Technology, Chatham MONAHAN James Woolwich Polytechnic London ; College of Technology Oxford MOORE Frank Eric Nottingham and District Technical College Nottingham NICOLSON Norman Derek S. </p><p>W. Essex Technical College, Walthamstow OXLEY Charles Edward College of Further Education, Widnes PATTISON William Arthur Central College of Further Education Carlett Park Eastham (Wirral) PHILP cJohn Technical College Paisley PoDn%oRE John College of Technology Liverpool RIXSON Alan Gerald Woolwich Polytechnic London SCOTLAND William West Frederick Woolwich Poly-SHADBOLT Roy Stanley College of Technology, SKUJINS Sigurds Woolwich Polytechnic London SMITH Keith Martin College of Advanced Technology, Birmingham ; Wolverhampton and Staffordshire College of Technology Wolverhampton technic London Hatfield; Sir John Cass College London Section and neighbouring areas and to chemistry masters and mistresses in schools within reasonable travelling distance of Southampton. </p><p>The registration fee for the symposium is 10s. </p><p>SUMMEK SCHOOL IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 1962 The fifth Summer School in Analytical Chemistry will be held at the Manchester College of Science and Technology from 9 to 15 September 1962. The School will consist of four separate but concurrent courses : COURSE I Physical Methods of Organic Chemistry Course Organizer Dr D. W. Mathieson Fellow Reader in Pharmaceutical Chemistry School of Pharmacy, University of London Section A Infra-red spectroscopy-A one-week intensive course on structure/spectra relationships in organic molecules. Lectures and seminars will be held on the interpretation of spectra. A wide range of recent instruments will be available. Section B An omnibus section comprising nuclear magnetic resonance mass spectrometry and spectropolari-metry. </p><p>Lectures and seminars will be held on the basic theory of these topics and the applications of the techniques in organic chemistry. Demonstrations and practical work will be carried out on the latest instruments 410 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [NOVEMBER COURSE I1 residential postgraduate course of this nature has been Recent Developments in Inorganic Analysis Course Organizer Mr W. T. Elwell Fellow Chief Analyst Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd Metals Division Witton Lectures and practical work will cover the following topics atomic absorption spectrophotometry ; solid-source mass spectrometry; electrometric titrimetry; complexometric titrations ; X-ray fluorescence; analy-sis for the ‘newer’ metals; solvent extraction; ion exchange; trace inorganic constituents in soils ; applications of modern analytical methods in ceramics ; new physico-chemical techniques in iron and steel analysis Some of the lectures will be held jointly with Course IV. </p><p>COURSE I11 The Determination of Toxic Substances in the Air and in Effluents Course Organizer Mr H. E. Stagg Fellow Chief Analyst Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd Dyestuffs Division Blackley An essentially practical course on the sampling of gases and vapours and their determination by titri-metric absorptiometric test paper indicator tube and instrumental methods ; the sampling and analysis of dusts; detection and assessment of hazards due to radioactive materials; the control of aqueous effluents. </p><p>COURSE IV Newer Instruniental Methods Course Organizer Dr V. S. Griffiths Fellow Reader in Lectures will take place on atomic absorption spec trop ho tome try ; elec trome tric tit rime try ; solid-source mass spectrometry ; X-ray fluorescence; para-magnetic resonance of inorganic compounds ; scatter-ing spectrophotometry of emulsions ; flame photo-metry; ultrasonic techniques ; infra-red techniques in inorganic chemistry; thermogravimetric analysis. Some of the lectures will be held jointly with Course 11. The practical sections will provide an opportunity to use the latest instrumental methods for visible and U .V. spectroscopy; electrochemical determinations ; flame photometry ; fluorescence (electron spin re-sonance) ; and automatic techniques in analysis. </p><p>Course I is expected to appeal mainly to organic chemists in universities higher technological institutions, research organizations and research departments of industrial firms-in the U.K. and overseas-but it will also be of interest to analytical chemists who use modern instrumental methods of organic analysis. It is believed that this will be the first occasion that an intensive Spectroscopy Battersea College of Technology organized in this country or in Europe. Courses I1 and IV will be of general interest to analy-tical chemists in industry and to inorganic and physical chemists in academic or research institutions who wish to develop or apply the latest techniques of analysis. Course I1 is concerned with the applications of these techniques to inorganic analysis; Course IV will pro-vide a general survey of recent instrumental methods. </p><p>Course I11 is expected to appeal to those analytical chemists in industry and others whose special concern is the detection and determination of toxic substances, including radioactive waste in the air and in effluents. Further details and registration forms will be circulated to all members of the Institute and to members of the Society for Analytical Chemistry in January, 1962. The Summer School will be open to any qualified chemist in the U.K. or overseas but a large proportion of the places will be reserved up to 1 March 1962 for members of the R.I.C. or the S.A.C. Residential accommodation will be available. Publicity leaflets are already being distributed to universities technical colleges research institutions and many industrial firms. </p><p>Additional copies may be obtained from the Institute, at 30 Russell Square London W.C. 1. Conference of Honorary Representatives.-A new step in collaboration between the Institute and the universities was taken on 28 September when the Institute’s Honorary Representatives met for a Con-ference at 30 Russell Square London. The President, Sir William Slater K.B.E. F.R.s. was in the Chair. Four Vice-Presidents Professor H. J. EmelCus c.R.E. F.R.s., Mr E. Le Q. Herbert Dr G. R. Ramage and Mr E. J. Vaughan the members of an ad hoc Committee on Relations with Universities and University Graduates, and the Administrative Officers also attended. </p><p>The Conference provided an opportunity for advising on drafts of a proposed poster for display in universities and a brochure for issue to university students and graduates. There was also a useful exchange of views on university relations with the Institute and the changing pattern of chemical education in universities and schools. I t was generally agreed that the meeting provided a valuable opportunity for discussing matters of mutual interest and it was suggested that similar conferences should be held from time to time. The members attending the Conference were enter-tained to luncheon by Mr E. Le Q. Herbert Immediate Past-President at Shell-Mex House. Institute Representatives.-The Council has nominated the following to represent the Institute on committees : Corby Technical College Governing Body Mr J. </p><p>Glen, Associate 1 96 11 INSTITUTE AFFAIRS 41 1 University of Liverpool The Court of the University: Mr P. N. Williams Fellow. Portsmouth College of Technology Chemical Industries Advisory Committee Mr L. A. Shearing Fellow, in succession to Dr G. T. Ball. Liaison Officers.-The following changes of Liaison Doncaster Technical College Mr I. B. Stuart Fellow, Senior Lecturer in Chemistry in succession to Mr W. F. Andrews who has retired. Cambridgeshire Technical College Dr G E. Little Senior Lecturer in Chemistry in succession to Mr P. S. Jewell who has retired. Coatbridge Technical College Mr S. Kawa Associate as acting Liaison Officer on the appointment of Dr J. Stark as H.M. Inspector. Honorary Representatives,-The following changes of Honorary Representatives in Universities have been made : University of Liverpool Dr H. </p><p>W. Dcmglas Fellow in succession to Dr A. Hickling. King’s Colle</p> <p>S Equation (5) should read h y = - exp [-h2 (X-,U)~] y‘““ Page 12. Equation (8) should read Page 16. Page 19. Page 23. Paragraph 3 line 3. Delete ‘(10)’ after the term ~ Last equation last term should read 0;. For 0.9 per cent read 0.19 per cent. CGX.+ Na,o, Errata.-In J. 307 the note about Mr K. W. Allen In J. 341 Dr J. P. Elder is incorrectly referred to as should read ‘University of Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.’ Mr J. P. Elder. PERSONAL NOTES Honours and Awards Dr J. W. Clark-Lewis Fellow reader in organic chemistry University of Adelaide has been awarded the degree of D.Sc. by the University of London for his work in the field of organic chemistry. Professor E. R. H. Jones F.R.s. Fellow Meldulu Medallist Waynflete Professor of Organic Chemistry in the University of Oxford has been selected by the American Chemical Society to receive the 1962 Fritzsche Award for his work in the field of terpenoid chemistry, notably the chemistry of the higher terpenes and the synthesis of terpenoids related to vitamin A. </p><p>He has also been appointed a member of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Professor C. Kemball Fellow Meldola Medallist, Professor of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry Queen’s University Belfast has been awarded the Ipatieff Prize of the American Chemical Society for 1962. This prize named after Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatieff (1867-1952) consisting of a diploma and $3,000 is awarded every three years; though there have been six awards so far this is the first time it has gone to a non-American chemist. </p><p>The purpose of the prize is to recognize outstanding chemical experimental work in the field of catalysis or high pressure carried out by men or wornen of any nationality and not over 40 years of age. University of Toulouse,-Professor K. G. Denbigh, F.R.s.E. Fellow and Professor D. M. Newitt M.c. F.R.s., Fellow were awarded Honorary Doctorates by the University of Toulouse on 27 September. Societies and Institutions Mr J. Blair Fellow was elected Renter Warden of the Worshipful Company of Dyers for the ensuing year at a General Court of the Company held on 11 October. Mr J. C. Hanbury Fellow succeeded Sir William Garrett as chairman of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers at the Annual General Meeting of the Association on 12 October. </p><p>He has also been elected chairman of the British Pharmaceutical Con-ference for 1 96 1-62. Mr B. Hickson Fellow who was chairman of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers in 1957-59 has been elected President of the Council of the Association for 1 96 1-62. Professor R. J. W. Le Fkvre F.R.s. Fellom has been elected President of the Royal Society of New South Wales for 1961-62. Professor T. S. Wheeler Fellow recently visited scientific institutions and research centres in Hungary as the guest of the Hungarian Academy of Science. He lectured at the Annual Meeting of the Hungarian Chemical Society in Debrecen and at the Academy Stereochemical Centre in Budapest 412 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [NOVEMBER Dr J. </p><p>F. Wilkinson Fellow was elected President of the European Haematological Society for 10 years at a meeting of the Haematological Congress held in Vienna recently. He was elected Vice-president (Eastern Hemisphere) of the International Haematological Society for a similar period in Tokyo last year. Association of Clinical Biochemists.-At the recent Annual General Meeting of the Association the following Fellows were elected as officers President, Dr A. L. Latner; Chairman Mr H. Varley; Hon. Treasurer Dr R. Gaddie; and Hon. Secretary Dr J. H. Wilkinson. Educational Dr B. R. Agarwal Fellow reader in chemistry, University of Roorkee India is at present at the Kedzie Chemical Laboratory Michigan State Uni-versity. He expects to stay in the U.S.A. </p><p>for two years. Mr D. J. Alsop Associate has left this country to take up a postdoctoral research fellowship at Ohio State University Columbus U.S.A. Mr E. N. Annable Associate has been appointed senior science master Kenilworth Grammar School. Mr W. R. H. Batty Associate has resigned his position of assistant secretary to the University of Birmingham Appointments Board to take up the post of lecturer and tutor to the University chemistry department. Dr C. J. Brown Fellow formerly research scientist, Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd Dyestuffs Division, has been appointed Research Associate department of chemistry University College London. Dr A. F. Casy Fellow principal lecturer in pharma-ceutical chemistry Chelsea College of Science and Technology will be at the school of pharmacy University of Wisconsin Madison U.S.A. </p><p>until September 1962. Dr R. G. Davies Associate formerly senior geologist, Hunting Technical Services Ltd is now Leverhulme Professor department of geology University of the Panjab Lahore West Pakistan. Dr P. F. Duggan Associate has returned from the U.S.A. where he was at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda to the biochemistry department, University College Dublin. Dr C. Eaborn Fellow reader in physical-organic chemistry University of Leicester has been appointed Professor of Chemistry University of Sussex. Dr R. A. W. Green Fellow formerly senior lecturer in inorganic chemistry University of Sydney has been appointed Associate Professor of Inorganic Chemistry. </p><p>Professor E. D. Hughes F.R.s. Fellow Meldola Medallist Professor of Chemistry University College, London has been appointed head of the department of chemistry at the College as from 1 October. Mr D. L. Inkpin Associate has resigned his post with Glaxo Laboratories Ltd to take up a teaching post at the Westcliff High School for Boys. Mr P. K. Khopkar Associate of the Atomic Energy Establishment (Trornbay) Bombay India will for the next year be training in the department of structural and inorganic chemistry University of Leeds under the Colombo Plan. Mr R. K. Kochhar Associate is at present at the department of chemistry University of Texas Austin, U.S.A. to undertake higher studies in chemistry; he expects to remain there for three years. Mr D. </p><p>F. Larder Graduate Member formerly a teaching assistant in the department of chemistry University of Alberta Canada has been appointed professor of chemistry Notre Dame University College Nelson, British Columbia. Dr U. K. Pandit Associate is now at the Labora-torium Voor Organische Scheikunde University of Amsterdam The Netherlands. Mr M. H. Pay Associate of the University of Cape Town is expected to be in the U.K. until December. Mr R. S. Roche Associate has resigned his post of Scientific Officer chemistry division Dounreay Experi-mental Reactor Establishment U.K.A.E.A. and is now B.X. Plastics Research Scholar at the University of Glasgow. Dr J. Stark Associate formerly head of the chemistry department Coatbridge Technical College is now an H.M. </p><p>Inspector of Schools. Dr D. H. Treble Associate has left this country for the U.S.A. where he will be at the department of biological chemistry Harvard Medical School Boston, Mass. Dr G. C . Wood Associate has left the department of metallurgy at the University of Cambridge to take up a lectureship in chemical engineering (corrosion science) in the faculty of technology University of Manchester. Public and Industrial Mr I>. Balmforth Associate has left the department of colour chemistry and dyeing University of Leeds to join Courtaulds Ltd Spondon Derby. Dr A. E. Bender Fellow has resigned his post of head of the research department Bovril Ltd to take up an appointment as head of the newly-established research and development department Farley’s Infant Food Ltd. </p><p>Mr D. A. Benfield Associate has taken up an appoint-ment in Toronto in the sales division of the chemical products department Imperial Oil Ltd. Mr J. Bernstein Associate has resigned from the Simplex Electric Co. Ltd after nearly 12 years with that company the last nine as works and foundry manager. He has been appointed works director, London Aluminium Co. Ltd. Dr W. Blakey Associate has been appointed chairman of B.I.P. Chemicals Ltd a subsidiary of British Industrial Plastics Ltd. Mr V. M. Bond Associate has been appointed finance controller and secretary of Nicholas Laboratories Ltd 19611 INSTITUTE AFFAIRS 41 3 Mr A. C. H. Cairns Associate formerly managing director Unilever Export Ltd has been appointed chairman of that company. </p><p>Mr P. Cleevely Associate formerly an analyst with the United Chemists Association Ltd is now senior analyst, Nicholas Products Ltd. Mr M. P. Coward Associate has resigned his appoint-ment as research assistant Procter department of food and leather science University of Leeds to take up a position as research chemist Unilever Ltd Port Sun-light. Mr H. M. Davies Associate has returned to this country from Canada and is now with Monsanto Chemicals Ltd Newport. Dr W. H. T. Davison Fellow has been appointed assistant director Tube Investments Research Labora-tories; he retains his post as head of the chemistry section. Sir John Dean Associate has retired from the board of British Insulated Callender’s Cables Ltd and certain subsidiaries to devote his time to the chairmanship of Submarine Cables Ltd in which B.I.C.C. </p><p>has a 50 per cent interest. Dr E. J. Dickinson Fellow has joined Burt Boulton & Haywood Ltd and will be responsible jointly with Mr D. H. Spranklin Associate for group development and research in the tar distillation and chemical fields. Mr W. H. Dyson Fellow has been appointed manag-ing director of Tororo Industrial Chemicals and Ferti-lizers a subsidiary company of the Uganda Develop-ment Corporation. Mr B. R. Edmondson Associate has been appointed sewage works manager to the County Borough of Walsall. Mr W. A. M. Edwards Fellow has been appointed a visiting director Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd, Heavy Organic Chemicals Division. Mr M. H. Farmer Associate has joined the Standard Oil Company (N.J.) as new uses adviser. </p><p>He was formerly with the Esso Research and Engineering Co. Dr R. L. Forman Associate has left the Medway College of Technology to join the technical service department of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd, General Chemicals Division Liverpool. Dr H. M. Glass Fellow has been appointed technical director of the British Standards Institution. Mr A. J. Goodall Fellow has been appointed general production manager Batchelors Foods Ltd. Dr D. E. Hathway Fellow has been appointed head of the division of biochemistry Tunstall Laboratory (Toxicology) Shell Research 1,td. He was formerly with the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association. Dr B. H. Howard Fellow Principal Scientific Officer, Rowett Research Institute Bucksburn Aberdeenshire, has been awarded a 1961 senior research fellowship by the New Zealand D.S.I.R. </p><p>Mr J. Jackman Associate has joined Lankro Chemicals Ltd as general manager leather auxiliaries department. Sir Harry Jephcott Past President has retired as chairman of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research having completed his five-year term of office. The present chairman is Sir Harold Roxbee Cox. Mr J. T. G. Johnson Fellow has been appointed quality adviser to the board of Whitbread & Co. Ltd, as from 1 October. He will operate from the Brewery, Chiswell Street London E.C. 1. Mr A. W. Jubb Associate has resigned his post as section leader central research laboratories Associated Chemical Companies Ltd and taken up an appointment with Bardens (Bury) Ltd as chief chemist. </p><p>Mr J. F. King Fellow has been appointed a director of the Morgan Crucible Co. Ltd. He is managing director of Morgan Refractories Ltd a subsidiary. Dr G. Landells Associate has been appointed chief chemist at the central laboratories of the Bradford Dyers’ Associa tion L td. Mr B. L. Levinson Associate has been appointed technical superintendent British Hydrocarbon Chemicals Ltd Baglan Bay. He was formerly deputy technical superintendent at Grangemouth. Dr M. F. Lynch Associate has recently resigned his post with Ciba (ARL) Ltd to take up a position in the research division of the Chemical Abstracts Service, Ohio State University Columbus U.S.A. Dr ,J. R. Nicholls c.B.E. Fellow is to attend the Twelfth Session of the World Health Organization’s Expert Committee on Addiction-Producing Drugs at Geneva later this month. </p><p>He has been a member of this Committee since it was formed in 1949. Dr S. Orman Associate formerly a research associate at Brandeis University Waltham Mass. U.S.A. is now with the chemistry research division Atomic Weapons Research Establishment Aldermaston. Dr J. E. Priddle Associate formerly of the department of organic chemistry University of Bristol has recently joined the research department Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd Welwyn Garden City. Mr M. H. Procter Associate has left this country for New Zealand where he has taken up an appointment as Scientific Officer D.S.I.R. plant chemistry divkion. Dr C. Rainbow Fellow formerly senior lecturcr in charge of malting and brewing department of bio-chemistry University of Birmingham has been ap-pointed chief chemist Bass Ratcliff & Gretton Ltd. </p><p>Mr I. L. Slatopolsky Associate formerly works manager of the Ely sugar factory British Sugar Corpora-tion Ltd has been appointed general manager of the Corporation’s beet sugar factory at Spalding. Mr J. M. Sturton Associate formerly senior analyst, laboratory and metal finishing division Westinghouse Brake & Signal Co. Ltd has taken up an appointment in the research department Imperial Chemical Indus-tries Ltd Metals Division Birmingham 414 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [NOVEMBER Dr M. G. S. Suryaraman Associate formerly Dow Chemical Co. research fellow University of Colorado, has been awarded the Ph.D. </p><p>degree of that University and has joined the Monsanto Chemical Co. St Louis, Missouri as an analytical research chemist. Mr H. Warne Fellow has been appointed technical adviser to the board of the Bush Beach and Segner Bayley Group as from 1 October. Mr H. Warson Fellow formerly research manager, Vinyl Products Ltd has been appointed development manager (polymers) Dunlop Chemical Products Divi-sion Birmingham. . FORTY-FIFTH CONFERENCE OF LOCAL SECTION HONORARY SECRETARIES The Forty-fifth Conference was held in the Council Room Royal Institute of Chemistry London at 10 a.m. on Saturday 21 October the Chair being taken by the President Sir William Slater. Professor Harold Burton (Hon. Treasurer; Chairman of the Finance and House and Benevolent Fund Committees) Mr E. </p><p>J. Vaughan (Vice-president ; Chairman of the Membership Com-mittee) and Mr G. Dring (Vice-president ; representing the Publications Committee) were present and the Administrative Officers were in attendance. All but four Local Sections were represented by their Hon. Secretaries. Cardiff and District was represented by Mr S. J. H. 0. Chard Member of Committee in place of Mr R. C. F. Stephens; Leeds Area by Dr R. L. Elliott District Member of Council in place of Mr W. A. Wightman ; Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands by Mr G. Robinson Chairman in place of Mr C. Walker. The Liverpool and North-Western Section having in mind the considerable interest in educational matters now in evidence in many parts of the country asked to what extent the Institute Fund for the Development of Education in Chemistry could be called upon to support conferences and sym-posia organized by Sections to meet local demands, including events arranged primarily for teachers-whether members or not. </p><p>There was unanimous agreement that such meetings had an important function and that they should be encouraged. But it would be difficult to generalize on the way such meetings should be financed. Advance notice of several such conferences had been received by the Trust Fund in the past year or so and help had been given to the extent of meeting deficits. On the other hand when such meetings could be regarded as a normal and useful development of Local Section activities there was no reason why Section funds should not be spent on them. </p><p>The Hon. Treasurer reminded the Sections that as these were legitimate expenses any Section running into difficulties could apply for a supplementary grant. Every effort should be made to arouse the interest of Support f o r Educational Meetings. teachers at all levels in the important educational developments now taking place and the Institute being concerned with all levels of the educational ladder had a most important part to play in fostering improved teaching methods. I t was most gratifying to the Council that a steady flow of grammar-school teachers were now applying for members hip. This was one of the topics raised at the Conference of Hon. Representatives of the Institute in universities at the first such conference held on 28 September (p. </p><p>410). Conditions varied greatly in the different areas; in some one or several universities dominated the educa-tional scene and the staff was active in Institute affairs, whereas in some others close relations existed with one or several technical colleges. On the other hand there seemed no reason for introducing any standard pro-cedure e.g. by co-opting Liaison Officers or Hon. Representatives to Section Committees. Indeed in some areas this would be impracticable. It was important that each Section should see that no educational sector was overlooked and one way of ensuring this was to arrange meetings jointly with college or university student chemical societies. The need for more publicity material was realized and a poster for display in universities and a brochure on ‘The Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Universities’ were in preparation. </p><p>The part that could be played by the Officers of Local Sections in ensuring personal and continuing contact with educational institutions was also discussed. The Conference deplored the tendency of some colleges to take it for granted that recent developments in connection with the pro-posed Licentiateship grade justified notifying students that courses for that grade were now in being. Apart from the fact that the grade did not yet exist and could not exist without the approval of the revised By-laws by the Privy Council it could not be taken for granted that any such course would in fact admit a student to that grade until relevant regulations had been promul-gated and particular courses approved. </p><p>I t was sug-gested that promising students who obtained the H.N.C. would at present be best advised to proceed to Part I Grad.R.1.C. If at a later stage they wished to go on to Part I1 they would be in a better position than if they had obtained an endorsement on a H.N.C. after completing a special course for Licentiateship; in the latter event they might have to take a further course for Part I Grad.R.1.C. before going forward to Part 11. All students who appeared capable of reaching Part I standard should therefore be advised to do so in order to remain on the direct route towards a professional qualification. It was noted that if a Licentiate sub-sequently qualified for Graduate Membership he would not be transferred from the corporate to the non-corporate grade but would be expected to wait until Relations with Universities and Technical Colleges. </p><p>Courses f o r Licentiateship 196 11 INSTITUTE AFFAIRS 415 he had acquired the necessary additional experience that would render him eligible to proceed directly to the Associateship. At the request of the Liverpool and North-Western Section views were expressed as to the part Licentiates might be expected to play in the affairs of Local Sections. I t was recognized that Licentiates as corporate members would be eligible for election to Section Committees or to occupy any position that met with the approval of the other cor-Status of Licentiates in Local Sections. </p><p>This aspect it was suggested would involve co-operation and goodwill from the universities and the Ministry of Education especially in the provision and organization of refresher courses on a large scale. The view was expressed that Local Sections could assist in the organiza-tion of any refresher courses that might be arranged in their areas. The importance of effective co-ordination was stressed and the possibility of establishing a British National Committee for ChemicaI Education for this purpose was mentioned. porate members. Institute Publications. Attention was drawn par-Common Objects of Local Sections. The agreed state-ment of common objects printed as an appendix to the Charter and By-laws ( 1955) is reprinted for information in the Section Rules booklets of most Local Sections. </p><p>This statement is necessarily subject to revision with changing conditions and the next suitable occasion would arise when the proposed Licentiateship grade was introduced. Hon. Secretaries agreed to study the statement and to forward suggestions for modification. The Tees-side Section asked for information about surveys that had been carried out to learn what kinds of meetings and topics for lectures were most acceptable to the majority of members. I t trans-pired that several Sections had attempted to ascertain the wishes of their members in this way but in general the response had been poor. Most Local Sections had found that the majority of members preferred a talk by a well-known lecturer but few were interested in highly academic themes. </p><p>Second in interest were lectures on industrial and general chemical topics. In some areas meetings for the reading of short papers by several local members were proving popular. Academic lectures came at the bottom of most Sections’ lists. This was not altogether surprising as apart from the considerable number of members in nearly all Sections who were unable to travel very frequently to the centres where meetings were held many of them had quite enough to do with their professional subject during their working hours or lived in an area where there was already a surfeit of meetings and lectures on advanced topics few of which could be expected to interest more than a few members. Subjects for Lectures. Current Developments in Education. </p><p>The Education Officer outlined the current developments in chemical education that were receiving attention in this country and overseas. In these developments the Institute could have an important part to play particularly as a co-ordinator of various activities. The most urgent task however is to assist the Science Masters’ Associa-tion and the Association of Women Science Teachers in their efforts to introduce new syllabuses in school chemistry through the Examining Boards and to provide extensive guidance on the interpretation of such sylla-buses for teachers in schools and technical colleges. ticularly to the growing series of ‘Monographs for Teachers’. These had been very well received in this country and interest was now being shown in this venture by educational bodies in the U.S.A. </p><p>The assistance of the Local Sections was asked in making them known as widely as possible on suitable occasions. Recent additions to the series were Principles of Metallic Corrosion by Dr J. P. Chilton and Principles o f Chemical Equilibrium by Dr P. G. Ashmore. Both of these dealt with difficult topics in a particularly illuminat-ing manner. The next Monograph in the series would be Principles o f Titrimetric AnaEysis by Dr E. E. Aynsley and Mr A. B. Littlewood whose approach to the subject would be both modern and balanced. It was expected that this would be ready in January next. A new edition of the Directory of Independent Consultants in Chemistry and related subjects was now available and was being widely distributed. </p><p>The new-style Lecture Series had been generally approved by members. The first three items were specially written for the occasion but Nos 4 5 and 6 would be typical lectures viz. Mr R. C. Chirnside, Ramsay Chemistry and the Electrical Industry; Dr J. W. Cook F.R.s. Tobacco Smoke and Lung Cancer (Fourth Henderson Memorial Lecture); and Dr J. I. G. Cadogan Recent Deuelopments in the Chemistry of Free-Radical Addition Reactions (Meldola Medal Lecture). Sections were reminded that the Publications Committee welcomed their suggestions of titles for inclusion and would carefully consider recommendations for the printing of lectures of general interest and special merit. A number of difficulties had arisen in reconciling postal addresses and Section boundaries in the new Geographical Index to the Register and a number of both genuine and apparent errors had been pointed out. </p><p>Sections are asked to report any such inconsistencies to the office of the Institute so that the questions can be examined before any future Index is put into production. As the meeting came to a close Mr T. F. McCombie (Mid-Southern Counties Section) thanked the President for his genial and efficient handling of the proceedings, which had earned the gratitude of all present. An informal luncheon was held at the Premier Restaurant Dover Street London W. 1 at which the Hon. Treasurer was host CARDIFF AND DISTRICT A joint meeting with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 20 September at the Newport and Monmouthshire College of Technology Newport. </p><p>Mr J. S. Hughes was in the Chair and Dr R. E. Richards, of Lincoln College Oxford addressed the meeting on ‘Recent Development in the Chemical Applications of Nuclear Resonance Spectroscopy.’ The lecturer began by giving an elementary account of the principles upon which nuclear magnetic resonance is based. He showed that an atomic nucleus with ‘spin’ characterized by the quantum number 1 also possesses a magnetic moment p which arises from the circulation of electric charge associated with the rotation of the positively-charged nucleus. If such a nuclear magnet is placed in a strong uniform magnetic field it must occupy one of (21 + 1) energy levels. The nuclear magnetic resonance experiment therefore involves the ‘flipping’ of the nucleus from one level to another. </p><p>Thus if a system of nuclei in a magnetic field H is subjected to radiation of frequency v such that Nuclear Resonance Spectroscopy. Sect ion Activities BELFAST AND DISTRICT Professor N. K. Adam F.R.s. was the guest speaker at the first meeting of the session on 10 October in Queen’s University. He chose as his subject ‘The Mechanism of Detergent Action.’ He began by saying that in aqueous solution, detergents roll up grease into small globules on the solid surface while in the absence of detergents in the aqueous phase the grease is spread more or less uniformly as a film on the solid. This involves changing the contact angle Ow, measured in the water between the grease-water interface and the solid surface from 180â€� to zero. </p><p>Applying the usual equation for the equilibrium of surface tensions at a solid surface, Detergent Action. Yso - Ysw Ywo cos 8, = yso ysw and ywo are the surface free energies (surface tensions) of the solid-grease solid-water and grease-water interfaces. Water-soluble detergents are adsorbed, and reduce the surface tension at the grease-water and solid-water surfaces both these effects tend to decrease Owe. Grease in the form of small globules is more easily detached by slight mechanical agitation than when it is spread over a large area of solid surface in a thin layer. The lowering of the grease-water tension ywo facilitates emulsification of the grease and hinders re-deposition. </p><p>Cationic paraffin-chain salts are very poor detergents, because (at least on negatively-charged solids) they are adsorbed with their paraffin ends outwards and there-fore do not decrease ysw effectively. To use the name ‘detergents’ for these substances is misleading for they do not deterge as the anionic salts do. Non-ionic deter-gents are usually derivatives of polyethylene oxide. There is a tendency to over-emphasize the importance of foam or lather in detergent products because even soap, the old-fashioned yet excellent detergent washes quite well if the lather is destroyed with a foam-killing agent. I). G. Stevenson however discovered two useful actions of foam it concentrates the oily dirt into the very thin junctions between the lamellae constituting the foam, thus assisting emulsification when the foam is broken during rinsing; and foam moving over the solid surface can act as an extremely delicate brush which detaches the rolled-up globules of grease. </p><p>Professor Adam used a number of slides to illustrate the viscous usually double-refracting complexes which are formed when detergents act on solids containing some polar material. These are ratb-rr similar to the long-known ‘myelin’ figures formed with some natural lipids in water or detergent solutions. After answering a number of questions Professor Adam was thanked by the Chairman Professor C. Kemball. where AE is the energy difference between two adjacent energy levels and h is Planck’s constant then transitions of the nuclei among the energy levels may be induced, and a nuclear resonance spectrum may be observed. </p><p>Dr Richards went on to say that the n.m.r. line widths depend on the state of aggregation of the sample that is solids give broad lines of the order of lo4 c/sec whilst liquids give narrow lines of the order of 10-1 c/sec. H in equation ( l ) is the magnetic field actually experienced by the nucleus and is in fact less than the field Happt which is generated by the magnet. Equa-tion (1) therefore becomes where a varies with the electron distribution about the nucleus and hence with the chemical environment of the atom. Therefore in a given Happl a particular nucleus gives a number of n.m.r. lines corresponding to the different chemically-distinguishable nuclei of this kind present e.g. </p><p>acetaldehyde gives two lines due to the CH,- and -CHO groups and their intensities are in the ratio 3 to 1. Other examples were also given showing that the technique is a good diagnostic device in organic chemistry. Under high resolving power the proton resonance lines show fine structure for example in acetaldehyde the CH,- line shows two peaks and the -CHO line four peaks. This arises from interactions between the protons in the two groups. The technique has been applied to other nuclei e.g. it has shown the existence of two kinds of T1 nuclei in 41 SECTION ACTIVITIES 41 7 TlZCl3 and it has been applied to the study of ‘ion-pair’ formation in certain cobalt (111) complexes. Dr Richards then gave a brief description of electron spin resonance which is 1,000 times as strong as nuclear magnetic resonance. </p><p>Dr L. E. Coles and Mr G. H. Macadam proposed votes of thanks on behalf of the audience many of whom were students. CUMBERLAND AND DISTRICT It has been the custom in recent years to hold one Section meeting in Carlisle and this year it was held jointly with the Cumberland Textile Society. Dr I;. H. Day District Member of Council gave an account of ‘The History of the Dyestuffs Industry in Carlisle.’ The speaker dealt mainly with the activity in the industry between 1916 and 1924 after which the operations were transferred to Grangemouth. The chief feature of this project initiated by the late Sir James Morton was the production of anthraquinonoid dyestuffs necessary for the dyeing of guaranteed fast fabrics. </p><p>After early technical difficulties with plant and supply of raw materials considerable success was achieved culminating in the discovery of the valuable dimethoxy-dibenzanthrone called Caledon Jade Green. The lecture which was well attended was illustrated by slides showing the early plant and specimens of some of the original pattern books and so on. The chairman of the Cumberland Textile Society, Mr W. Burgess proposed the vote of thanks. An interesting discussion followed the lecture. The Dyestufs Industry in Carli.de. EAST ANGLIA Analytical Research. A large number of members attended a meeting held at Manningtree on 28 Septem-ber at which Dr J. Haslam gave a lecture entitled ‘Analytical Research. ’ Dr Haslam gave a detailed description of analytical research work in the alkali and plastics industries. </p><p>He provided information on the training of analytical research chemists and on sources of ideas likely to be profitable in their work. Finally the various stages in the development of a new analytical method for the detection and semi-quantitative determination of ‘addi-tional elements’ in plastic materials were discussed. Mr H. F. Bamford was in the Chair and the vote of thanks was given by Mr W. C. Hanson. GLASGOW AND WEST OF SCOTLAND Exhibition of Apparatus. The Second Exhibition of Chemical Laboratory Apparatus organized by the Section was held in the Royal College of Science and Technology Glasgow on 20 21 and 22 September. Twenty-three firms took part and it was necessary to bring a third laboratory into use for display purposes. </p><p>The number of visitors recorded was 475. Among the features of particular interest were closed-circuit television for use in schools and colleges gas chromatography apparatus spectrophotometers and zone-melting equipment. A variety of the basic require-ments for all laboratories were also shown. HULL AND DISTRICT Scientzjk Film Evening. The first meeting of the Session the customary film evening was held on 4 October at the Francis Reckitt Institute Hull. Senior pupils from local schools were specially invited. The following films were shown British Refined (Aims of Industry Film Library) ; Crystallization (Im-perial Chemical Industries Ltd) ; No Rust Here (Central Film Library) ; Bond of Service (Central Film Library) ; and Scientific Manufacture of Printing Inks (Coates Bros Inks Ltd). </p><p>Thanks were expressed to Reckitt & Sons Ltd for the facilities provided. LONDON Chemical Control of Plant Growth. A meeting was held at Brighton Technical College on 10 October. The Chairman of the meeting Dr J. E. Salmon introduced the speaker Professor R. L. Wain F.R.s. who lectured on ‘The Chemical Control of Plant Growth.’ Professor Wain first dealt briefly with the early work which led to the discovery that plant growth is influenced and controlled by hormones-extremely potent chemicals which are elaborated by the plant itself. The recogni-tion of one of these substances as indole-3-acetic acid led to important chemical physiological and agricultural developments and at the present time a wide range of active synthetic compounds is available for the control of plant growth. </p><p>An account was given of some of the ways in which these materials are being used to increase crop production. Research carried out in Professor Wain’s laboratory on the relationship between chemical structure and biological activity and on mode of action was described. The lecturer also traced the develop-ment of a new group of selective weedkillers possessing a unique mode of action. Returning to the subject of natural plant growth, Professor Wain discussed other types of growth-regulating compounds such as the gibberellins which are now known to occur in plants; he also mentioned the impor-tance of hormone inhibitors-compounds which might play a key role in the dormancy of buds and seeds. </p><p>Research on an inhibitor of this type is now proceeding at Wye College. A spirited discussion followed the lecture and the vote of thanks was proposed by Mr N. F. N. Niblett chairman of the Technical College Chemical Society. British Launderers’ Kesearch Association. A party of members recently visited the laboratories of the British Launderers’ Research Association at Hendon. Afte 418 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [NOVEMBER welcoming the visitors the director Mr J. Leicester, gave a. explanatory talk on the Research Association as well as mentioning those departments (chemical engineering special projects information and technical service) which it would not be possible to visit. </p><p>The party was then divided into three groups for a tour of the various departments. In the analytical and fabrics section the effects of incorrect washing and finishing on garments made from a number of fibres were vividly demonstrated by a wide variety of examples. Work on corrosion problems was illustrated by a bench working model. The microscopical work on the mechanism of fatty dirt removal by detergents was displayed by the staff of the chemistry division who also showed bacteriological work on the hygiene of washing and the disinfection of blankets. The use of radioactive materials in the study of detergency was illustrated. In the physics department removal of dirt by ultra-sonic methods was demonstrated. Visitors were then conducted round the experimental laundry which is equipped with the latest types of machinery found in the industry and is used to demon-strate on a commercial scale the findings of the other divisions of the Association. </p><p>During tea visitors had the opportunity of meeting and talking to members of the staff of the Association. Mr Corbett concluded the proceedings with the vote of thanks to Mr Leicester and the Association. MANCHESTER AND DISTRICT Heins Food Factory Wigan. A party of members visited Heinz’s Food Factory at Wigan on 7 September. They were welcomed by Dr G. Tattersall and then in groups of four toured the factory. The tour began with the administration and control blocks and then pro-ceeded to the factory itself starting at the receiving stores the beginning of the food-canning process. </p><p>Next came the preparation room where the vegetables were being inspected cleaned and scalded. It was interesting to note that every single bean of some 100 tons used in a day was individually examined and passed or rejected in the preparatory examination. The next step in the production line is the actual cooking of the vegetables and the preparation of sauces soups and baby foods. These are then packed in cans from a conveyer, which is fed from a completely separate can-manu-facturing unit. All plant and utensils used for these processes are of stainless steel and the most modern devices to ensure the purity of the final product are installed at each stage. One of the main interests of the plant is the magni-ficent design and arrangement of buildings and plant to give the greatest possible amount of free space which permits easy and complete sterilization of the entire building. </p><p>All services are carried in a 4-ft space between floors and all lighting is sealed off from the working areas. Floors are tiled and sloped for rapid drainage. The complete plant is cleaned each day both physically and chemically and a five-and-a-half hour period after packing has ceased. After the initial preparation the food is untouched by hand. The chief controls after initial quality acceptance control and mechanical can-testing are bacteriological and all processes and cleaning operations are carried out under the rigid control of this department. The party was entertained to tea in the canteen and many questions were asked. </p><p>Dr L. R. Ridgway thanked the company Dr Tattersall and his staff. MID-SOUTHERN COUNTIES On 13 October the Section began its season of winter lectures with a meeting at the College of Technology Portsmouth. The meeting was held jointly with the Portsmouth and District Chemical Society and the speaker was Dr E. C . Barton-Wright. The lecturer gave a brief historical introduction to the subject from Neolithic man to the present via Genesis ix 20-2 1. Most European countries define wine as a product obtained from the fermentation of the juice of fresh grapes and so Dr Barton-Wright concen-trated on the major chemical reactions involved in the fermentation of grape juice. The roles of sugars and inorganic acids were quickly dealt with and the lecturer passed on to a fascinating account of the yeast and moulds that give us the great variety of wines. </p><p>Many gaps in present-day knowledge of the com-position of grapes and the fermentation process need attention e5pecially the role of the nitrogen constituents of grape juice in fermentation. The nitrogen meta-bolism involved in the fermentation of grape juice has been little studied and so the lecturer turned to the better understood fermentation of wort in brewing. An account of the production of two fortified wines, port and sherry and one sparkling champagne was given with practical details. Chemistry o f Wines and Spirits 196 11 SECTION ACTIVITIES 419 Dr Barton-Wright concluded ‘There is however, one thing I must implore you not to do and that is to think of wine which is after all a gift from the gods to suffering humanity in terms of pure chemistry. </p><p>Wine should be looked upon as a living being. I t is a thing of beauty and has a soul. I t passes from brash green youth to majestic maturity and then to senility and death. But in its majestic maturity it is the support and faithful friend of mankind and well may one cry with Solomon “Stay me with flagonsâ€�.’ The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr D. H. Bell. NORTH LANCASHIRE A joint meeting with the Harris College Preston was held at the College on 3 October. The meeting comprised a lecture and film show entitled ‘Ion-Exchange Resins’; the lecture was given by Dr V. E. Gripp and the film shown by permission of Permu tit L td . </p><p>Dr Gripp outlined the basic process of ion exchange, and went on to consider the properties and operating conditions for strong and weak anion and cation exchangers. Attention was then drawn to the effect of the particle size of the resin beads and the consequent dependence of rate of exchange on the diffusion of ions through the resin. The extent of cross-linkage required to yield an insoluble resin and the further cross-linkage required to produce a resin in which physical change is kept to a minimum during the exchange process was discussed. Dr Gripp then went on to describe a number of uses, both laboratory and industrial of ion-exchange resins. Laboratory applications included the determination of equivalent acidity and the separation of phosphate and strontium as well as the use of a strong anion exchanger for the separation of nickel and cobalt. </p><p>Industrial applications described covered the separation of uranium, the rare earths and water purification. The lecturer concluded with a short account of more recent developments in the field of mixed-bed ion-exchange resins and ion-exchange papers. Mr J. Donnelly proposed the vote of thanks; the film was then shown. Ion-Exchange Resins. TEES-SIDE Annual General Meeting. The A.G.M. was held at the William Newton School on 4 October. The following were elected Officers and Members of Committee: Chairman Dr D. G.Jones; Hon. Treasurer Dr A. A. L. Challis; Hon. Secretary Dr G. H. Mansfield; Members of Committee Messrs F. </p><p>H. Foster F. E. Harper, E. Kenefec and T. D. Rees and Drs J. M. Skinner, A. Sykes and F. M. Tayler. Dr A. C . Docherty and Mr R. Parmella were elected Hon. Auditors. The Hon. Treasurer’s report unanimously adopted, showed that income matched expenditure for the 1960-61 session as a result of participation in lectures with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. The Hon. Secretary’s report outlined progress in the past years and detailed results of a questionnaire sent to members to assess what activities were of most interest. The results had been used in planning the programme for the 196 1-62 session. The retiring Chairman Dr I. J. Faulkner thanked the Committee for their help during his term of office. EASTERN INDIA The eighth A.G.M. </p><p>of the Section was held at the auditorium of the Central Food Laboratory Calcutta on 5 July with Dr N. K. Sen as Chairman. The minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting, the Hon. Secretary’s Report for 1960 and the audited statement of accounts for the year ending 31 March, 196 1 were approved. Messrs Pal and Roy Chartered Accountants Calcutta, were re-elected Hon. Auditors for 1961-62. The formal business was followed by the Chairman’s address “A Short Review of the Development of Forensic Sciences in India.’ Dr Sen explained that at the conferences of home ministers in Delhi in January, 1954 the important decision was made to improve the method of detection of crime by modern scientific technology and for that purpose to set up a chain of forensic science laboratories in different states as well as a central laboratory under the home department. </p><p>It was gratifying to note from Dr Sen’s speech that the University Grants Commission recently agreed to include forensic science and criminology as a post-graduate diploma course and attempts are now being made to include it in the curriculum of B.A. and B.Sc. courses at Indian universities ; in fact Saugar University has included these subjects in B.A. and B.Sc. courses since 1958. Dr Sen pointed out that at a meeting of forensic scientists held in March 1960 it was decided to inaugurate an Indian Academy of Forensic Sciences, its object being to promote forensic science in India. The Academy will provide a meeting ground for members of the legal profession police and forensic science specialists and will also undertake to publish a journal in due cour;.e. </p><p>A lively discussion took place after the talk and the meeting ended with the vote of thanks to the Chair proposed by Professor R. N. Chakravarti. At a subsequent Committee meeting held on 6 Sep-tember at the Medical College Calcutta the following were elected as Officers and Members of Committee for 1961 Chairman Professor N. K. Sen; Vice-Chairmen, Professor R. B. K. N. Bagchi and Mr N. Sen; Hon. Secretary Dr D. B. Das; Hon. Treasurer Professor R. N. Chakravarti; Members of Committee Drs H. K. Banerjee A. Lahiri S. C. Ray A. B. Sen Gupta N. C. Sen Gupta and P. N. Sen Gupta and Mr S. N. Mitra. Annual General Meeting News and Notes EXHIBITIONS AND AWARDS Beit Fellowships for Scientific Research.-Normally one Fellowship of annual value L600 in addition to college fees will be awarded each year. </p><p>The tenure of a Fellowship will be for two years subject to a favourable report by the supervising professor. Men and women candidates of European descent by both parents must be under 25 and hold a degree of a university in the British Commonwealth or a diploma or associateship of an approved college. The holding of any other scholarship or fellowship disqualifies. Applicants must give full information as to qualifica-tions academic standing and previous career and state the general character of the research which they propose to carry out and the names of not more than three referees one of whom shall be a teacher of the college or university at which the candidate took his or her examination. </p><p>Application forms may be obtained from the Registrar, Imperial College of Science and Technology Prince Consort Road London S.W.7 and must be returned not later than 1 February 1962. No testimonials should be sent. British Coking Industry.-The British Coking Industry Association is again offering a number of scholarships to provide suitable candidates with a university course in chemical engineering or fuel technology followed by a period of postgraduate practical training to equip them for responsible positions in the coking industry particularly in plant management. Full conditions of award including a detailed syllabus of the postgraduate training and application forms may be obtained from the Secretary British Coking Industry Association 74 Grosvenor Street London W. </p><p>1. Completed forms must be returned not later than 31 December. National Coal Board.-The National Coal Board will again offer up to 100 University Scholarships to give boys leaving school and young men already at work in the coal industry the best education and practical experience that can be offered to fit them for a career in the industry leading in due course to posts of high managerial and technical responsibility. The majority of the awards will be given for university courses in mining engineering; a number will also be given for courses in chemical engineering mechanical engineering electrical engineering and fuel technology. </p><p>Awards will also be available to graduates in science or engineering to enable them to qualify within two years as mining engineers. Full particulars may be obtained from the Staff Department National Coal Board Hobart House, Grosvenor Place London S.W. 1. O.C.C.A. Technical Exhibition.-The Fourteenth Technical Exhibition of the Association will take place from 26 February to 1 March (see J. 286). The Exhibition Committee has announced that the Rt Hon. Viscount Hailsham Q.c. will be the guest of honour at the luncheon to be held at the Criterion Restaurant on 26 February. He will also open the Exhibition which takes place at the Royal Society’s Old and New Halls, at 3 p.m. that day. Copies of the official guide and forms of application for luncheon tickets will be sent, free of charge to those applying in writing to R. </p><p>H. Hamblin Wax Chandlers’ Hall Gresham Street, London E.C.2 before 31 December. Perkin Centenary Trust.-The Perkin Centenary Fellowship is offered for one or two years for the purpose of higher study of an approved subject. Candidates will be required to show either that they have had experience in an industrial firm or other institution concerned in the manufacture or application of colouring matters or that their intended field of study has a direct bearing on these subjects. The value of the Fellowship is L750 per annum with an additional grant of up to E l 00 towards certain designated expenses it is tenable from October 1962 at any approved university, technical college or other institution. </p><p>Two Perkin Centenary Scholarships are offered each for two years from October 1962 and renewable at the discretion of the Trustees for one further year to enable candidates employed in an industrial firm or other institution concerned with the manufacture or applica-tion of colouring matters to receive an education at a university or technical college. Each award will have a value of L350 per annum. There is no means test, and a successful candidate is not debarred from receiving the whole or a part of his normal salary from his employers during his tenure of the Scholarship. Further details and application forms may be obtained from the Secretary of the Trust c/o The Chemical Society Burlington House London W. 1. The closing date for the receipt of applications is 1 May 1962. </p><p>Worshipful Company of Horners Award.-A prize of 100 guineas is offered to encourage yoimg craftsmen in plastics. The award is administered by the British Plastics Federation on behalf of the Worshipful Company of Horners and is open to all those resident in Great Britain and Northern Ireland who will be under 35 years of age on 1 December. The subject selected for competition is a design for production wholly or mainly in plastics materials. The judges will look for artistic merit originality and practicability of design, as well as the suitability of the plastics materials specified for individual entries. Entries must be received by 1 December and fiirther details and application forms may be obtained from the British Plastics Federation, 47-48 Piccadilly London W. </p><p>1. 42 NEWS AND NOTES 42 1 MEETINGS AND CONFERENCES The Ionosphere.-A conference on this topic is Diffusion and Mass Transport in Solids.-The Institute of Physics and the Physical Society announces that it is arranging a conference on this subject to be held in the University of Reading on 10-1 1 April 1962. A number of papers have been promised and further contributions will be considered. I t is proposed to hold sessions on general theoretical aspects of diffusion in solids and on diffusion and related mass transfer phenomena in metals in oxides and covalent materials and in strongly ionic solids. The conference will be residential and the numbers will be limited. Further particulars and application forms will be available in January from the Administration Assistant 47 Belgrave Square London S.W. </p><p>1. Correspondence regarding the programme should be addressed to Dr B. L. Evans, J. J. Thomson Physical Laboratory Whiteknights Park, Reading Berkshire. Feigl Anniversary Symposi~m,-~4n international symposium on analytical chemistry organized by the Midlands Section Society for Analytical Chemistry, will be held at the University of Birmingham on 9-13 April 1962 in honour of Professor F. Feigl to commemorate his seventieth birthday. Plenary lectures will be given by Professor R. Belcher (U.K.) Professor Dr Ing. F. Feigl (Brazil) and Professor P. W. West (U.S.A.). There will be a half-day conference on the morning of 13 April dealing with ‘The Teaching of Analytical Chemistry,’ to which all delegates are invited. </p><p>Further details and application forms may be obtained from the honorary symposium secretary Mr M. L. Richardson c/o John & E. Sturge Ltd Lifford Chemical Works Lifford Lane King’s Norton Birmingham 30. Industrial Water and Effluents Group,-The inaugural meeting of the new Industrial Water and Effluents Group of the S.C.I. was held at the Royal Institution on 1 November. The Group chairman, Dr B. A. Southgate c.B.E. gave a talk on the Group, and the chair was taken by the Lord Fleck K.B.E., F.R.s. President of the S.C.I. International Society for Fat Research.-The Sixth I.S.F. Congress which will be held in London on 9-13 April 1962 will be formally opened by the Lord Fleck at the Plenary Meeting on 10 April. </p><p>Lectures at the Plenary Meetings will be delivered by Mr J. C. A. Faure (Unilever) who will consider commercial trends in oils and fats supplies from a world point of view; by Dr D. Swern (US. Department of Agriculture), who will speak on industrial utilization of fats; and by Professor A. C. Frazer (University of Birmingham), who will discuss recent developments in the biochemistry of fats. The preliminary programmes of the Congress will be available in the near future from the Congress Secretariat 14 Belgrave Square London S.W. 1. being arranged by the Institute of Physics and the Physical Society to take place in London on 2-6 July, 1962. Subjects to be covered are ionospheric con-stitution and ionizing radiations (Dr H. Friedman US. </p><p>Naval Research Laboratory Washington) ; geomag-netism and the ionosphere (Dr C. 0. Hines Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment Ottawa) ; irregularities in the ionosphere (Dr B. H. Briggs, Cavendish Laboratory Cambridge) ; and mathematics of wave propagation through the ionosphere (Professor H. G. Booker Cornell University). Offers of other contributions are invited. These should be accompanied by an abstract of 100-1 50 words each and be sent to the chairman of the Organizing Committee Mr J. A. Ratcliffe at the Radio Research Station Ditton Park, Slough Buckinghamshire before 1 March. The final scripts will be required by 1 June. The official lan-guages of the conference will be English and French. Further particulars will be available at the end of March from the Administration Assistant of the Institute and Society 47 Belgrave Square London S.W. </p><p>1. Iron and Steel Institute.-The Autumn General Meeting will be held on 29 November to 1 December. Sessions will be held at the Federation of British In-dustries Tothill Street London S.W.1 and at the offices of the Iron and Steel Institute 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W. 1. The technical sessions will comprise a symposium on ‘The Future of Ironmaking in the Blastfurnace,’ short sessions on the thermodynamics of slags oxidation and scale bainite and high-alloy steels and a session on the energy balance of integrated iron and steelworks. Special lectures on ‘The British Steel Industry and the Common Market’ will be given by Mr C. R. Wheeler c.B.E. </p><p>and H. E. Dr E. N. van Kleffens on the evening of 29 November at the Hoare Memorial Hall Church House London S.W. 1. Admission will be by ticket only. Further details may be obtained from the Secretary of the Iron and Steel Institute . Man-made Fibres.-The Second World Congress of Man-made Fibres will take place in London on 1-4 May 1962. The programme comprises two general addresses and two major lectures to be given in Plenary Sessions at the Royal Albert Hall. Many technological papers for discussion will be presented during four separate Conference Sessions in the Connaught Rooms. Highlights will be a lecture on man-made fibres and the consumer by Dr E. Kann a director of Marks & Spencer Ltd and one on the role of fashion in textile evolution by M. </p><p>Jacques Heim president of the Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne. Some 3,000 delegates will attend the Congress by invitation only. Further details may be obtained from the Congress offices Sceptre House 169 Regent Street London W. 1 422 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [NOVEMBER Materials in Space Technology.-The British Inter-planetary Society is holding a symposium on this subject in the lecture theatre Royal Aeronautical Society 4 Hamilton Place London W. 1 from 9.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. on 22 November. Registration is necessary. Programmes and application forms may be obtained from the Secretary British Interplanetary Society 12 Bessborough Gardens London S.W. 1. Plastics Institute.-The annual joint symposium of the North-Western Section of the Plastics Institute and the Manchester Section of the Institution of the Rubber Industry will be held on 8 December at and in collaboration with the Moston College of Further Education. </p><p>The title of the symposium will be ‘De-gradation of High Polymers.’ Further details may be obtained from C. Pollard c/o The Geigy Co. Ltd, Rhodes Middleton Lancashire. The annual Young People’s Lecture of the Plastics Institute will be held on 5 January 1962 at 2.30 p.m. at the Institution of Electrical Engineers. Professor M. Stacey F.R.s. will talk on ‘Nature’s Plastics.’ Tickets may be obtained from the Plastics Institute, 6 Mandeville Place London W. 1. Water Pollution Research.-T he International Conference on Water Pollution Research will be held in London on 3-7 September 1962. </p><p>Subjects of symposia include self-purification of fresh-water streams and the effects of pollution on fisheries; treatment of sewage and industrial wastes; and effects of pollution on the marine environment. Further details may be obtained from the Scientific Conference Centre Per-gamon Press Ltd Headington Hill Hall Oxford. -4 NATIONAI SPECTRA INDEX : PLANS AND PROBLEMS At a meeting of the Infra-Red Discussion Group at the University of Reading on 26 September a talk was given by Dr P. S. Davison of the Scientific Documenta-tion Centre Halbeath Dunferrnline on the need for a National Spectra Index and some of the problems its creation would present. Support is being sought from industry and interested organizations for the establishment of such a central index for infra-red and ultra-violet data. </p><p>Dr Davison outlined the reasons why this was needed and men-tioned how the present spectra collections could not adequately meet many requirements for spectroscopic data; with the extremely rapid increase in the use of spectrometric methods of analysis such requirements are growing. I t is intended to collect data from both literature and laboratory sources and efforts to gain the co-operation of holders of the existing spectra collections have had some success. By avoiding the high costs of printing spectra most of which will be infrequently used it is believed that a collection much larger than any extant could be quickly compiled, indexed by compound and spectrum and used to provide photocopies for users. </p><p>To handle such large collections improved means of mechanical searching for spectra probably in terms of their shapes will be needed. Much more of the information in the spectrogram must be coded than is yet possible so as to allow much greater precision in sorting than can be achieved with present punched-card methods. The available techniques were dis-cussed and an outline given of a photoelectric masking method details of which were published in the April and May issues of Rasearch. It was proposed that the masking method which would allow group searching with greater ease than is now possible and also allow searching with a higher degree of definition than with punched cards be tested. The talk was followed by much lively discussion in which many members of the Group put forward helpful suggestions. </p><p>It was thought that it would be possible to adapt the photoelectric method to deal with some of the difficulties pointed out in the discussion. Towards the end of the discussion the meeting was asked by the chairman to vote on whether members would support a central spectra library and a vote of 70 to 0 in favour was given; on the question whether members would support further research into means of handling spectra a vote of 12 to 0 in favour was recorded. Earlier in response to a direct question no member of the audience had indicated that he found the exiqting services adequate. RECENT PUBLICATIONS Sandwich Gourses.-The latest List of Sandwich Courses and Block Reiease Courses published by the Ministry of Education (List 182 H.M.S.O. </p><p>6s.) illustrates the rapid development of the technical training programme. There are 374 sandwich courses (compared with 332 last year) and 138 block-release courses (compared with 48 last year) now being offered at colleges of advanced technology and other technical colleges. Of the sandwich courses 35 are offered in the field of chemistry as are two block-release courses. The chemistry courses include some in industrial and applied chemistry with specialization in a particular technology, e.g. glass technology dyeing and finishing. Most of the sandwich courses lead to H.N.D. university degree, Dip. Tech. or Grad. R.I.C. qualifications. The majority of the sandwich courses are of four years’ duration. </p><p>Teachers in Technical CoPleges.-A report by the National Advisory Council on the Training and Supply of Teachers entitled Teachers for Further Education (H.M.S.O. 1s. 3d.) sets out the requirements for technical college teachers during the next few years. It is estimated that the number of technical college teachers needed in 1963-64 will be 27,235 (a 52 per cen 196 13 NEWS AND NOTES 423 increase over the number in 1959-60 which was 1 7,9 16) and about 37,000 by 1969-70. No allowance has been made in these figures for any new developments in technical education. It will be necessary to recruit 3,600 teachers annually to achieve the 1970 total. For chemistry including applied chemistry it is estimated that more than 500 additional teachers will be required by 1963-64; this is an increase of 55 per cent from 1959-60 during which session 939 full-time teachers of chemistry were employed in technical colleges. </p><p>Science Museum Subject Catalogue.--The second book in what may grow into a series of catalogues of the Science Library each covering a large division of the collections is entitled Books an the Chemical and Allied Industries compiled by L. R. Day (London H.M.S.O., 1961. 12s. 6d. net). The first catalogue was devoted to engineering and it is intended that there shall be a future one on pure chemistry. As this is a catalogue of actual books in the Science Library it is hoped that readers will now be able to take greater advantage of the books available in the Library and also that they will continue to indicate additions which are in their opinion indispensable. </p><p>Royal Society Tercentenary.-A book of this title has recently been produced by The Times in response to insistent demand. It will be recalled that a special number of The Times was devoted to the Tercentenary celebrations and the present volume is based upon that issue. Price 30s. High Purity Metals.-The latest series of data sheets issued by *Johnson Matthey & Co. Ltd covers their range of High Purity Metals. Information is given on 38 metals including noble rare earth arid certain base and rarer metals. The general properties of each element are tabulated and details are givenof the forms of current production. In most cases the metals are available in more than one grade the metallic impurity contents being expressed in parts per million. </p><p>The data sheets are freely available on request to the company’s head office 73-83 Hatton Garden, London E.C. 1. Qualitative Analysis.-A United Kingdom edition of Professor Edward J. King’s Qualitative Analysis and Etectrulytic Solutions (reviewed in J. 1960 329) has been published by Oliver & Boyd Ltd at the con-siderably reduced price of 45s. Approved Names-The General Medical Council has published a supplementary list of Approved Names, dated October 1961. The list is available from the Secretary British Pharmacopoeia Commission 44 Hallam Street London W. 1. The Colour Group.-The memorandum and articles of incorporation of the Group drawn up by Solicitors, have been examined by and discussed with the Board of Trade and are now in a form suitable for the final legal action. </p><p>A meeting of members of the Group will be held at 4 p.m. on 30 November in the Library of the Institute of Physics and the Physical Society 1 Lowther Gardens Prince Consort Road London S.W.7 when the Solicitor will be present to answer questions and discuss the memorandum and articles and the legal action to be taken. Any member wishing to have a copy of the memorandum and articles is asked to write to the secretary F. J. B. Wall Ramsden Colour Laboratory Ilford Ltd Woodman Road Brentwood. Commonwealth Visiting Fellowship-Professor L. H. Briggs of the University of Auckland New Zealand has accepted a Commonwealth Visiting Fellowship for the academic year 1961-62 attached to the University of Aberdeen. </p><p>He is expected to arrive this month. Fuel-Cell Research and Development.-The British Petroleum Co. Ltd British Ropes Ltd and the Guest Keen & Nettlefolds Group have joined with the National Research Development Corporafion to form a new company Energy Conversion Ltd to promote research into the development of fuel cells. The com-pany’s registered office will be at Britannic House, Finsbury Circus London E.C.2. Although working versions of fuel cells have been demonstrated none have yet been produced commercially. Various other British, German Scandinavian and American organizations and companies are also known to be working in this field in which interest has increased markedly in recent years. </p><p>Natnral Gas in New Zealand.--A natural-gas field which promises to yield 100 m. cubic feet of gas a day when fully developed has been discovered at Kapuni, Taranaki Province North Island New Zealand. The New Zealand Prime Minister Mr Holyoake made this announcement on 19 October after discussions with the Shell B.P. and Todd Oil companies which have spent &5 m. on investigating the oil and natural gas of the Taranaki area. Mr Holyoake spoke of using the gas for smelting hitherto unused ironsands of which many New Zealand beaches are composed to start a local iron industry. QVF Factory in Germany.-On 12 October a E 150,000 industrial and scientific glassware factory was opened at Schierstein near Wiesbaden for QVF Glastechnik GmbH a subsidiary of QVF Ltd Stoke on Trent. </p><p>The factory will also be used by Quickfit & Quartz Ltd who earlier this year formed their own German subsidiary Quickfit Laborglas GmbH 424 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [NOVEMBER Scientific Film Association.-At its Fifteenth Annual Congress held in Rabat Morocco the Inter-national Scientific Film Association elected Edgar Anstey leader of the British delegation as its new President. Mr Anstey is President of the British Scientific Film Association. CORRESPONDENCE CHEMICAL BOND APPROACH Sm,-We understand that some difficulties have arisen over the definition we offered (J. 156) for ‘equivalent weight’ in terms of amount of material involved in the transfer of one proton or electron. These difficulties disappear when the concept is referred to the molar level for the equivalent (formerly the gram-equivalent-weight) is seen to be the mass of material associated with the transfer of one mole of protons or electrons. </p><p>It is gratifying that articles and letters about new approaches to the presentation of chemistry at school generate such a spate of re-thinking and re-defining. Now we must flavour and lighten the new preparations to the point where they are digestible by the youngsters for whom they are intended. In this connection will Mr Copley’s suggestion (J. 384) for adopting the term ‘molar mass corresponding to functional formula’ to mean the amount of material now generally denoted by ‘equivalent’ really help a schoolboy to see the point of experimental equivalence ? Retention of the word equivalent does not mean that the unnecessary word ‘normality’ must be retained also. </p><p>W. F. COULSON D. G. O’SULLIVAN JOHN B. JEPSON Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry, Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London W.l INFRA-RED SPECTROSCOPY SIR,-In the very interesting article ‘Infra-red Spectroscopy for Undergraduates’ by Dr Davies (J., 301-2) it is pointed out that some instruments with rock-salt optics have insufficient resolving power to cover adequately the R-branch of the HCl absorption spectrum. I suggest that a more suitable gas to use for the study of the rotation-vibration spectrum of a diatomic molecule is carbon monoxide for which the Q-branch (vacant) occurs at about 2,150 cm-l and for which over 20 bands in the P and R branches are easily resolvable. </p><p>The bands are very sharp no isotope effect being discernible. The pressure used need only be about 10 cm Hg and the purity of the gas obtained by the action of sulphuric acid on a formate followed by passage through soda-asbestos is adequate. Although it is not possible to study isotopic shifts or the effect of varying mass as in the series HC1 DCl, HBr HI etc. it is possible to compare the spectrum with that of NO the result of which can be rewarding. L. €3. W. HALLETT Rutherford College of Technology, Newcastle upon Tyne SCRUPLES ABOUT GRAMMES SIR,--Mr Bullock’s problem about the ‘damn dot’ which converts a handwritten gram into a qrain seems to have been solved long ago by the REAL chemists (members of the Pharmaceutical Society) exactly as Messrs Bullock and Bourne have solved it. </p><p>Thus on p. 8 of the British Pharmacopoeia there appears the statement that ‘quantities of 0.1 gramme or more are usually expressed in grammes or fractions of a gramme; smaller quantities are expressed as milligrams. . . .’ Note how exhaustion prompts even the B.P. Com-missioners to drop the final ‘me’ when there is no risk of confusion. I believe the question of how these units should be abbreviated has had a recent airing in another journal, but no harm will result from pointing to the B.P.’s use of G (although Hodgrnan’s Handbook of Chemistry and Physics already has two abbreviations g and gm, for gramme). It seems curious that the most widely used unit should cause so much confusion just as we who practice chemistry belong to the nameless profession. </p><p>As I remarked above the title ‘Chemist’ belongs as a regis-tered name to the Pharmaceutical Society. I now find that the use of the name ‘Analyst’ causes my lay brothers to think of me as a healer of the mind or as a Statistician. I regret to say that I have qualms about using the description ‘Scientist,’ which would put me in the ranks of Galileo and Leonard0 Da Vinci and simply to put ‘The Nameless Profession’ on official forms seem to. confuse it with the oldest profession . . which I believe, is nursing. Has anyone a suggestion about this? I would humbly submit as a catalyst the name ‘Queeriosity.’ A. C. BUSHNELL ‘Westway,’ Skip Lane, Hutton Nr Preston have been able to solve this last problem-ED.] [Neither born chemists nor even natural philosophers SIR,--Due to recent criticism, Gramme’s a Bacharachronism. </p><p>S. H. JENKINS. Rookery Park Erdington, Birmingham 24 [This correspondence is now closed-E~. 196 I] OBITUARY 425 OBITUARY John Andrews. B. 29.9.1884. Ed. Dublin Technical School, 1901-10. BSc. (Lond.). He entered the services of Arthur Guinness Son & Co. (Dublin) Ltd as a boy in 1900 and retired as chief chemist of the same firm in 1954. This brief statement covers a career of unprecedented success in the brewery laboratories which may never be surpassed. His laboratory work which was noted for its meticulous accuracy and attention to detail ranged over a wide field and included expert glass blowing. </p><p>He took a lively interest in the affairs of the Institute including the Benevolent Fund of which he was a keen supporter. He served as Chairman of the Dublin and District Section of the Institute from 1949 to 1952. In his earlier years he was an enthusiastic hockey and tennis player and later a keen golfer and photo-grapher as well as a very successful gardener. ‘His kindly nature and cheerful presence will be sadly missed by many.’ ( A . 1918, F. 1922; Council 1942-45) D. 1.7.61. Henry Vincent Aird Briscoe. B. 24.9.1888. Ed. City of London School and Royal College of Science. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. In 1909 he became a research assistant to Sir Edward Thorpe at Imperial College and was a lecturer there in 1911-17. From 1915 to 192 1 he had varied experience as a consultant on chemical manufactures and fuel economy. </p><p>In 1921 he was appointed professor of inorganic and physical chemistry at Armstrong College (now King’s College) Newcastle being also director of the department of chemistry from 1925. He was secretary of school examinations University of Durham as well from 1925 to 1932. In 1928 he also became secretary and director of research to the Northern Coke Research Committee. During this period he continued working in a consulting capacity being director of research to Walpamur Co. Ltd. In 1932 he moved to Imperial College as professor of inorganic chemistry and remained there for the rest of his career being appointed director of laboratories for inorganic and physical chemistry in 1938. </p><p>He retired in 1954. During World Wars I and I1 he was engaged on highly con-fidential work for the government. He was an experienced and skilful driver and an expert photographer being particularly interested in cine and micro photography. Some of his best scientific work was connected with precise physico-chemical measurements including atomic weight and isotope-ratio deter-minations and he published much of his research in papers communicated to the Chemical Society from 1912 onwards. He was an expert on dust sampling and the properties of industrial dusts in relation to occupational disease for work on which he was awarded The Consolidated Gold Fields of South Africa Ltd gold medal (Institution of Mining and Metallurgy) in 1938. Professor Briscoe kept up several activities after his retirement ; he continued his work as an industrial consultant as chairman of the editorial board preparing supplementary volumes to ‘Mellor,’ as treasurer of the Association of University Teachers and as a special examiner for the Institute. </p><p>He was an excellent judge of men and served on numerous selection boards. After World War I1 he gave much effort to improving the supply of trained technicians and directed the activities of various bodies working to this end. Professor Briscoe served a number of societies particularly the three chartered chemical bodies in various honorary capacities. He was also a popular president of the Royal College of Science Association. Of his 16 years’ service on the Council of the Institute and as chairman of its various committees he spent 11 as a vice-president-a record that has never been equalled. </p><p>(F. 1926 ; Council 1930-32 36-39 ; Examiner 1932-36 Special Examiner 1943-61 ; Vice-president 1939-43 46-49 53-55, 57-59) D. 24.9.61. Albert Coulthard. B. 25.6.1876. Ed. University of Man-Chester 1895-98 ; University of Freiburg 1908-10. B.Sc. (Manc.) Ph.D. (Freiburg). He started his career in 1898 as a science master at King Edward VI School Chelmsford. There-after he became successively lecturer in chemistry Christian Brothers College Cork 1900; senior science master Clongowes Wood College Co. Kildare 1903; and lecturer in chemistry, Hackney Institute London 1910. He was in Germany at the outbreak of the First World War and was interned there until the Armistice. </p><p>In 1919 he joined Levinsteins Ltd (now Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd Dyestuffs Division) as a research chem-ist and remained there until his retirement when he was labora-tory administrator and research chemist. He served as honorary secretary of the Manchester and District Section of the Institute for some 16 years. (F. 1920; Council 1930-33 36-39 40-43, 45-48) D. 15.7.61. Edmond Hammond. B. 17.8.19. Ed. Holgate Grammar School Barnsley ; Mining and Technical College Barnsley 1937-41. B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.D. (Sheff.). He became a laboratory steward at the Mining and Technical College Barnsley in 1937, a part-time lecturer in chemistry in 1941 and a full-time lecturer in 1943 reverting to part-time lecturing in 1947 on his appoint-ment as a scientific officer in the British Coal Utilisation Research Association at the University of Sheffield. </p><p>A few years later he took a post as technical manager at Lafarge Aluminous Cement Co. Ltd a position which he held until the time of his death. ( A . 1952) D. 4.7.61. John Whitelaw Hills. B. 2.5.1880. Ed. Allan Glen’s School, Glasgow ; Anderson’s College Glasgow 1894-97 ; Royal Technical College Glasgow 1896-98. He started his career as an assistant chemist at the Glengarnock Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. Thereafter he became successively assistant metallurgical chemist Wm. Beardmore & Co. Ltd Glasgow 1899; general assistant to manager Rhodesian Gold Mining Syndicate Ltd 1902 ; official assayer of the mines department Companhia de Mosambique, Portuguese East Africa 1904; metallurgist assayer and inspector of concessions Companhia da Zambezia Portuguese East Africa, 1906 ; engaged in prospecting privately in Salisbury Southern Rhodesia 1909; chief assayer Abosso Gold Mining Co. </p><p>Ltd, Gold Coast 191 0; chief of chemical and metallurgical laboratories, Zambesia Mining Development Ltd Portuguese East Africa, 1912; chief assayer Abosso Gold Mining Co. Ltd Gold Coast, 1914. He returned to this country in 1915 and for a short time was engaged as an analytical chemist on the staff of F. W. Harris, Glasgow. Later the same year he became metallurgist to Nara-guta (N) Tin Mines Ltd Northern Nigeria. In 1922 he took a post as works chemist and manager to Hamilton Son & Co. Ltd, Glasgow. The following year he returned to his former post in Northern Nigeria and in 1929 became metallurgical chemist and assayer to Associated Tin Mines of Nigeria Ltd Lagos. </p><p>In 1934 he joined Lupa Exploration Syndicate Ltd Tanganyika and two years later became metallurgist to London Nigerian Tin Mines Ltd. In 1938 he took a similar post at Naraguta Tin Mines Ltd, Northern Nigeria. He returned to this country again in 1941 and took a post at the Royal Ordnance Factory Chorley becoming thereafter metallurgist Federated Foundries Ltd Falkirk 1942, and assistant works manager Electro-Platers Ltd Glasgow 1944. Later he was engaged as metallurgist with C. B. Nicholson (Scien-tific Instruments) Ltd Glasgow. ( A . 1921 F. 1929) D. 27.6.61. Harold Alfred Thomas Mills. B. 8.11.06. Ed. University College London 1924-27. </p><p>B.Sc. In 1928 he joined Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd as a research chemist and remained with that firm for the rest of his life. At the time of his death he was education officer at the Alkali Division Winnington. ( A . 1928) D. 15.3.61. George Eric Styan. B. 4.4.1 1. Ed. Bradford Technical Col-lege 1933-41. B.Sc. (Lond.). In 1927 he became an assistant chemist at John Smith & Sons Ltd Bradford where he remained until 1949 when he was appointed senior assistant in dyeing and textile chemistry at Bradford Technical College (now Bradford Institute of Technology). He was promoted to senior lecturer in 1951 and to principal lecturer (dyeing) in 1959 a position which he held for the rest of his life. ‘He was a most courteous pleasant and conscientious colleague always on the best terms with every-one and always willing to give advice and service. </p><p>. . . His hobby lay in horticulture and his enthusiasm on this matter was most infectious and appreciated by all his colleagues.’ ( A . 1941, F. 1960) D. 5.7.61. Walter Arthur Voss. B. 6.10.1897. Ed. Brentwood Grammar School; City and Guilds of London Technical College 1915-18. He joined the Gas Light & Coke Company (now the North Thames Gas Board) in 1918 as a chemist in the research laboratory at Beckton. In 1925 he was transferred to the Fulham laborator 426 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL as an intelligence officer in charge of the library. Later he was transferred to Southend where he remained for the rest of his life. For a time during the Second World War he was seconded to the Ministry of Fuel and Power. </p><p>He was the author of papers in the scientific press. (A. 1919 F. 1943) D. 4.7.61. John Kerfoot Wood. B. 22.5.1877. Ed. Central Higher Grade School Manchester ; Owens College (now the University), Manchester 1893-97. D.Sc. In 1896 he became a science teacher at the Central Board School Manchester and Stalybridge Technical School. The following year he was appointed junior demonstrator in chemistry at the University College Dundee, and teacher of practical chemistry at the Technical Institute, Dundee becoming head of the chemistry department of the Technical Institute in 1902. He was promoted to assistant to the professor of chemistry at the University College in 1907 and to lecturer in chemistry in 191 1. </p><p>He left Dundee in 1919 on his ap-pointment as lecturer in physical chemistry at Manchester College of Technology. He was promoted to senior lecturer in 1939 a post which he retained until his retirement in 1945. He acted as adviser to Indian students in the University of Manchester, 1922-43. During the First World War in addition to his teaching duties he was engaged in the preparation of drugs and worked for the Chemical Warfare Committee of the University College, Dundee. He was the author of a monograph on The Chernisty of Dyeing and of a number of scientific papers. (F. 1919) D. 1.7.61. Charles Harcourt Wordsworth. B. 19.2.1 1. Ed. Bordon Grammar School Sittingbourne; Sir John Cass Technical Institute London 1932-38. B.Sc. He became an assistant to E. </p><p>M. Hawkins of Canterbury in 1931 and the following year, after a short term as assistant chemist at the Thames Milling Co. Ltd Erith joined the staff of J. Kear Colwell independent consultant and public analyst for the Boroughs of Finsbury, Holborn and St Pancras the County of Bedford and the Boroughs of Bedford and Luton. On the death of Mr Colwell in 1945, Harcourt Wordsworth took over the practice and the public analyst appointments later adding the Borough of Paddington. In 1955 he acquired also the practice of Hawkins and Hawkins of Canterbury. In early childhood he was a victim of polio which left him with a withered right arm. In spite of his disability he never refused help to anyone who approached him for aid or advice. (A. 1939 F. 1942) D. </p><p>1.6.61. THE REGISTER NEW FELLOWS ARTHUR Henry Richard B.SC. (MELB.) M.SC. (w. AUST.) DALGLIESH Charles Edward M.A. PH.D. SC.D. (CANTAB.) MORGAN Thomas Bryan M.SC. (WALES) PH.D. (LOND.) (P) (P) HILL Vernon James B.SC.(WALES) (P) ASSOCIATES ELECTED TO THE FELLOWSHIP BALL Clarence Patrick BARNES George Reginald M.SC.TECH. (MANC.) BELL Ernest Arthur B.SC.(DURH.) M.A. PH.D.(DUB.) BROWETT Ernest Vernon B.SC. (LOND.) COURSEY Donald Gilbert B.SC. (LOND.) Cox Bertram Cecil B.SC. PH.D. (LIV.) CURZON Joseph David B.SC. (LOND.) A.R.C.S. DEWHURST John Reginald B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) A.K.c., DREY Rudolf Eric Arnold B.SC. (LOND.) GEDDES John B.SC. (ABERD.) GELL George Christopher Caesar M.A. (CANTAB.) GROWNEY Gerard M.SC. (LIV.) HERZKA Alfred B.SC. (LOND.) HOLT Geoffrey M.SC.TECH. </p><p>PH.D. (MANC.) HURST Gerald Covington B.SC. (LOND.) HUSAIN Intisar MSC. (ALIG.) PH.D. (MANC.) ISAACS John B.SC.(LOND.) KAPUR Narinder Singh M.sc.(N.s.w.) PH.D.(B.H.u.), PH.D.(PANJ.) F.R.A.C.I. M.I. GAS. E. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [NOVEMBER LATTER Ralph William B.W. (LOND.) F.INST.PET. MCCONNELL Alexander McDonald A.I.M. MARSH Dennis James BSC. (LOND.) MERCER Donald A.M.INST.S.P. MORRIS Allan Gordon Currie B.SC. (LOND.) MURTY Kambhampaty Suryanarayana B.ED. M.SC. (AND.) PARISH Denis Hedley B.SC. (LEEDS) M.AGR. (BELF.) PETO Andrew George B.SC. PH.D.(LOND.) D.I.C. RAMAIAH Nanduri Atchuta B.SC.(AND.) M.SC. PH.D. (B.H.u.) RAO Gudipaty Sreenivas M.SC. PH.D. (SAUG.) PH.D. (CANTAB.) B.sc.(B.H.u.) REES Richard Frederick B.SC. </p><p>(LOND.) ROY Durlav Krishna B.SC.PHARM. (B.H.u.) D.SC. D.PHIL. (CALC.) RYDER Charles M.SC. (LEEDS) A.M.INST.F. SAVILLE Rowland Whincup B.SC. PH.D. (LEEDS) SMITH Edgar Vernon STOKES Frank Elliott TYLER Joseph Francis Charles B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) WALLER John George B.SC. PH.D.(LOND.) A.R.C.S. WILSON Raymond Ernest B.SC. (LOND.) WOODHAM Anthony Arthur B.SC. PH,D. (EDIN.) NEW ASSOCIATES BADGER Alan George B.SC. (HULL) BEANLAND Eric M.SC. (LOND.) BISHOP Brian Cecil B.SC. (BIRM.) BOYCE George Edward B.SC. (LOND.) BROOK Peter Arthur B.A. (CANTAB.) PH.D. (NOTT.) CATHERALL Kenneth David B.SC. (WALES) CHANMUGAM Chandirapal B.SC. (CEYL.) CLINGMAN Abraham Lionel M.SC.( RAND) PH.D. (CAPE T.) CLOETE Francis Louis Dirk B.SC. (CAPE T.) M.SC.(NATAL) DALVI Vijay Jaywant M.SC. </p><p>PH.D.(BOM.) FLOATE Michael John Seaborn B.SC. ( R’DG) FLOWERS Michael Colin B.SC. PH.D. (S’TON) FOSTER Eric B.SC. (LOND.) FULLER Leslie Frederick GARSIDE John Herbert B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) GROENEWALD Theo B.SC. (RAND) HEAL Gerald Roger B.SC. (LOND.) HEDDERICK John Barclay A.H.-W.C. JONES Edmund George B.SC. (DURH.) DIP.ED. JUNEJA Hari Ram M.SC. (PANJ.) KNAPP Trevor Frederick William Beresford B.SC. (LOND.) LAMB Frank B.SC. PH.D.(LOND.) LEYS Thomas B.SC.(ABERD.) LOMAX Geoffrey Radcliffe B.SC.TECH. (MANC.) MITCHELL Robert Alexander B.SC. PH.D. (BELF.) PARSONS Roy B.SC.(BIRM.) PATIL Vasant Sambhaji B.SC. (POONA) M.SC. PH.D. (BOM.) PHILLIPS Albert BSC. (BRIST.) PHILLIPS Brian Desmond B.SC. (WALES) PONNAMPERUMA Cyril Andrew B.SC. (LOND). </p><p>RAITT James Gordon B.A. ( CANTAB.) REES Trevor Colin B.SC. (WALES) ROBERTSON Charles Millar A.R.C.S.T. RUSSELL James BSC. (ABERD.) SAFDAR Muhammad M.SC. (PANJ.) SCOTT Norman Marshall SIMMONS Paul B.A. B.SC.(OXON.) TURNHAM Donald Stuart M.SC.(LOND.) GRADUATE MEMBERS ELECTED TO THE ASSOCIATESHIP ANGUS Henry John Flockhart M.SC.(R’DG) ARROWSMITH George Brian B.SC. (LOND.) BAILEY Edward Brian BAINES Charles Bryan B.SC. (LOND.) BEAVON Robert A.C.T. (BIRM.) BERRY Christopher Thomas A.R.T.C.S. BRAMLEY John Michael BRATT Ronald BROWNE Anthony Arthur Briarly B.SC. (LOND.) BROWNE Timothy William Bailey B.SC. (LOND.) BULLEY Victor Stephe OBITUARY CAPP Peter Donovan CLAGUE Thomas Alan CLOW John Michael D.L.C. CONSTANTINE Andrew BSC. (LOND.) CRAIG James Boyle A.H.-W.C. </p><p>CROFTS John D.L.C. EDGAR Kenneth FAGAN Ronald FAIRHURST Ronald FARMER John Lea FINLAY Annie Rowena B.SC. (LOND.) GARDNER Leslie GARFORTH John David GILLING George CRIFFITHS Gordon Hampton HAYMAN David Frank HEARN Donald A.R.T.C.S. HEATH Barrie Edward HEATLIE James William Macrae B.SC. (ST AND.) HORROCKS Geoffrey A.R.T.C.S. JENKINSON Stuart Clifton JONES Terry Keith M.SC. (WALES) JOYNER Brian David KIPLING Brian MCRAE Donald Robert D.L.C. MONCKTON Sidney Robert MORRIS Anthony MORRIS Ivor Graham B.SC. (WALES) MURPHY John Michael PARSONS Derek George PATTERSON John Windram Seaton PENTON Graham John B.SC. (LOND.) A.R.C.S. PERCIVAL Sidney Joseph A.M.c.T. A.R.T.C.S. PITT Ernest Edgar Halford B.SC. ( BRIST.) PRENTICE Hugh Graham A.R.C.S.T. </p><p>PURDIE John Watson B.SC.(GLAS.) PH.D.(BIRM.) RILEY Philip Neville Keith ROWE David John B.SC.(LOND.) A.M.I.GAS.E. A.M.INST.F SEBELL Patrick B.SC. (LOND.) SMITH Jack A.C.T.(BIRM.) SMITH John A.R.T.C.S. SQUIRE Keith Harvey TAYLOR Colin James THOMAS Thomas John TODD John Francis James ~.SC.(LEEDS) TOMKINS Wynn B.SC. (LOND.) UFF Barrie Cookson B.SC.(BIRM.) WALL David Thomas A.C.T.(BIRM.) WARDEN John Christopher B.A. B.SC. (OXON.) WHITE Hugh Briggs A.H.-W.C. WHITFORD Derek WOOD Peter James YARWOOD Eric Thomas DIP.TECH. A.C.T.(BIRM.) YEADON Alan B.SC.(LEEDS) NEW GRADUATE MEMBERS ABRAMSON Solly Bernard ANDERSON Alexander McLennan A.H.-W.C. APSEY Margaret Ena B.SC. ( LOND.) ASKEW Marshall Wilfred B.SC.(LOND.) ATKINSON John Halstead D.L.C. </p><p>BAINE Peter BALL Malcolm D.L.C. BALNEAVES John Strachan A.H.-W.C. BATHIE Frank Michael B.SC. (LOND.) BEESLEY James BENTLEY Michael BOOTHBY Leonard B.SC. (DURH.) BOUCHER Ernest Arthur B.SC.(WALES) BOWEN James Harry M.A. (CANTAB.) DIP.CHEM.ENG. BOWLER David Charlton BOWMAN William Stewart A.H.-W.C. BOYLE Ian Wilson BREAKSPERE Robert James BRIGNELL Peter John B.SC. (LOND.) BROWN Allan Guildford A.R.C.S.T. BRUMFITT Geoffrey B.SC. (LEEDS) BURR Robert George M.SC. (LOND.) 427 BUTLIN Roy Norman CALDWELL David CAMPBELL John Murray D.L.C. CARRUTHERS Peter William D.L.C. CARTER Brian Howell CHAMBERLAIN Brian Richard CLARKE Alan Reginald CLIFFE Francis Jeffrey CLUCAS Alexander William COATES Peter COCKERILL Peter Edward COLCHESTER John Edward D.L.C. </p><p>COLEMAN James McCartin D.L.C. COLLINS Robert John CONNOR William Anthony COTTRELL David Walter CROWE Alan CROWE Michael Louis B.SC.(NOTT.) CRUDGINGTON David Robert D.L.C. DIXON Michael Trevor DONALDSON Elizabeth A.H.-W.C. ECCLES John EDMOND John Duncan A.H.-W.C. EDWARDS William Howard FENTON Francis FERNLEY Arnold Michael GERRISH Barrie Crandon Beresford GILBERT Andrew D.L.C. GLADDING Robert Neville B.SC. ( LOND.) GLOVER Trevor John GOODALL David Raymond GOWLAND Michael Colin GREEN William GREENSIDES Barry George GRUNDY George Alan HALFYARD Peter Raymond HALLIWELL Allen PH.D. B.SC.(LOND.) HAMMOND Barbara Helen HANNA Terence D.L.C. HARDING Frank D.L.C. HAWKINS Peter HAWORTH Malcolm Roger D.L.C. </p><p>HAY James A.H.-W.C. HENRY Norman A.R.C.S.T. HENSON Michael Geoffrey D.L.C. HILL Andrew William B.SC.(LIV.) HOLDING Michael Edward HUBAND Eric Reginald HUGHES Jeffrey HUNTER Geoffrey JACKSON Anthony JONES Barry David TONES Neville Arthur (Cj (WW) KILPATRICK Thomas A.H.-W.C. (F) (Q) LANSDALE Brian Spencer (Q) LEEMING Peter Alfred (Q) LEWIS Cyril John (M) LITTEN John Atkinson (C) LLOYD John Brian Ford (Q) LOWDEN George Alan (X) LOYNES Alan B.SC.(ST AND.) (K) (J) MACKELLAR Ian A.H.-W.C. (0) MALTPRESS Alan John (P) (P) (0) MEARNS Ronald David (D) MILLS David (J) MITCHELL William Derek A.H.-W.C. (J) MORGAN John Gore A.H.-W.C. (Q) MORRIS Gordon Leonard (WW) MORRISON James Bryce A.H.-W.C. (P) Moss Leslie (P) NEUFF Alan Trevor B.SC.(LOND.) (P) PAGE Donald Charles B.SC.(HULL) ~ G H T L E Y Raymond John B.SC. </p><p>(LOND.) LAMBERT Michael Balfour Thomas BSC. (N.u.I.) MACINNES Norman Malcolm B.SC. (GLAS.) MARRS Gordon James DIP.TECH. (BIRM.) MAUNDER Michael Joseph de Faubert B.SC. (LOND.) MILLINGTON James Pete JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL PATERSON John Chalmers A H -w c PATON Gilbert Owen PHILP John A H -w c PLEWS Ronald Wesley POPE John Richard POSLETHWAITE Brian PUGH John Arthur D L c READHEAD Michael John REED Sydney George REGAN George William RIDDOCH John RODGER William James A R c s T ROE Charles Clifford D L c ROGERS Adrian B sc (LOND ) ROGERS Brian B sc (LOND ) SALTER Brian George SANGSTER Iain Strachan A H -w c SHARP Peter Frank B sc (LIV ) SHEPHERD Malcolm David SKENE Colin Lewis B sc (WALES) SLOANE Francis Clifford SMITHIES Barry SPEARMAN Derek Norman Alfred DIP TECH (BIRM ) STARK James Roger A H w c STEWART Hector Norman McKenzie A H -w c STOUT Eric George SUNDERLAND Philip B sc (LEEDS) SUTTON Alan Hugh SUTTON Anthony Hubert SYERS John Keith B sc (DURH ) SYKES Bryan TALL Peter David TAYLOR Edward Nicholas TIGHE Brian John TONGE Kenneth Hodgson TURNER Leslie WALLER Brian Ernest WELSBY Gerald WHITEHEAD Norman WHYTE John Nimmo Crosbie A H -w c WILLIAMS Colin James B sc (LOND ) WOLSTENHOLME Walter Alan WOOD Allen WOODWARD Antony Ian WRIGHT John WYLIE John Angus A R c s T YARWOOD Brian Charles B sc (WALES) YOUNG Thomas STUDENT ELECTED TO THE ASSOCIATESHIP OGIE Peter John B sc (LOND ) DEATHS Fellows ATHERTON William B sc M sc TECH M ED (MANC ) Died 9 October 1961 aged 63 A 1922 F 1939 EYNON Lewis B sc (LOND ) Died 18 October 1961, aged 83 A 1900 F 1903 FRENCH Alan B sc (LOND ) Died 1 September 1961, aged 51 A 1937 F 1960 HALL George Fredrick M B E B sc (LOND) Died 8 October 1961 aged 63 A 1923 F 1935 LUNT Walter Thomas B sc (LOND ) Died 17 October, 1961 aged 66 A 1935 F 1945 WALKER Alexander Nicholson B sc (GLAS ) Died 25 September 1961 aged 47 A 1935 F 1944 WALKLEY Allan M A (CANTAB ) B sc (ADEL ) PH D D sc (LOND ) A 1934 F 1946 WRIGHT Sidney Bristow Died 1961 aged 88 A 1893, F 1897 LANFEAR Eric William B sc (LOND ) 1961 aged 65 A 1952 Died 10 August 1961 aged 55 Associate Died 17 October, Student Member LAMBERT John Died 22 September 1961 aged 19 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY LOCAL SECTIONS DIARY Sections are glad to welcome members of other Sections to their meetings and social functions except when numbers are restricted as for works visits Those wishing to attend meetings outside their own area are advised to write to the Hon Secretary of the Section concerned as the Institute cannot accept respon sibility for any alterations or cancellations All times are p m except where otherwise stated For key to Local Sections see J 286 Aberdeen 8 Dec 8 Inorganic Heterocycles Dr N L Paddock Marischal College Joint C S and S C I - 29 Dec 3 Christmas Lecture Dr P M B Walker Chemistr) Department Old Aberdeen Joint C S and S C I Battersea 30 Nov 7 Chemical Aspects of the Work of the Warren Spring Laboratory Dr C C Hall Battersea College of Technology Battersea Park Road S W 11 Joint College Chem Soc Bilhgham 23 Nov Business Organization in the U S S R Y Safrochuck Staff Canteen I C I Ltd Birkenhead 14 Dec 7 Ladies Evening The Work of the Consumers Association Ltd Mrs H W Barber Technical College Bir-gham 5 Dec 6 30 Flameproofing of Textiles Dr J R W Perfect College of Technology Gosta Green Joint S C I Cambridge 5 Dec 7 45 Aspects of Brewing Dr J Todd Tech nological Research Station Spiller s Ltd Station Road - 14 Dec 7 30 Social Film Evening Technological Research Station Spillers Ltd Car&ff 8 Dec 7 Analytical Research Dr J Haslam University College Joint S A C and S C I Chelmsford 8 Dec 7 Explosives Lt Col B D Shaw Mid Essex Technical College and School of Art Market Road Joint East Anglia Section Dartford 20 Nov 7 30 Some Aspects of the Chemotherapy of Cancer Dr J A Stock North West Kent College of Technology Miskin Road Joint Dartford and District Branch Pharmaceutical SOC Dublm 13 Dec 7 45 Some Structural Aspects of Co Ordination Chemistry Dr Mary Truter Trinity College Dundee 20 Dec 3 Christmas Lecture for Senior Pupils Vitamins Dr M A Pyke Eaurburgh 14 Dec 7 30 Burgundian Wines of France 1961 Prof F Mackenzie Heriot Watt College Chamber Street Joint C S and s r. </p><p>T Queen s College -I-Exeter 13 Dec 3 Christmas Science Lecture Explosives Washing Fawley 6 Dec 5 30 Some Aspects of Psychology in Industry S J Glasgow 7 Dec 6 30 for 7 The Ramsay Dinner Central Hotel ton Singer Laboratories Joint S C I Dalziel Joint Inst Pet and Inst of Personnel Management - 8 Dec The Structure of Natural Products by Direct X Ray Analysis Prof J M Robertson Royal College of Science and Tech nology Joint C S S A C and S C I Huddersfield 27 Nov 7 30 Annual Ladies Night Value for Money The Hon Mrs Kathleen Howie Consumers Association Ltd Whiteley s Restaurant Westgate Hull 22 Nov 7 30 Quality Control in the Pharmaceutical Industrv Dr G E Foster Queens Hotel Joint Pharm SOC - 4 Dec 7 15 The Alkali Fusion of Fatty Acids Prof B C L Weedon Royal Station Hotel Joint 0 C C A and S C I Leicester 12 Dec 7 30 Radio Carbon Dating H Barker College of Technology Liverpool 25 Nov 7 New Reactions New Polymers Prof R D, Haszeldine Donnan Labe atones Vine Street London 29 Nov 6 30 Annual General Meeting Shell Mex House Strand W C 2 - 7 Dec 7 Ultra Violet Spectroscopy Dr T M Dunn Korth ampton College of Advanced Technology St John s Street E C 1 Masdstone 5 Dec 7 30 Forensic Science Dr I G Holden Royal Star Hotel Joint Medway Branch Pharmaceutical SOC Manchester 1 Dec 2 The Design and Construction of Laboratories R R Young and P J Harrington Manchester Literary and Philoso phical Society Joint S A C Middlesbrough 28 Nov 8 C S Lecture Means to Some Ends Prof C L Wilson Constantine Technical College Newcastle 29 Nov 6 30 d Orbitals in Chemical Bonds Prof D P Craig Rutherford College of Technology - 15 Dec Annual Dinner Dance County Hotel Joint C S and S C I Plymouth 12 Dec 3 Chr stmas Science Lecture Explosives Tech nical College Joint S C I Poole 28 Nov 7 30 Ceramics Dr N F Astbury Poole Generating Station Joint Poole and District Technical Group Portsmouth 1 Dec 7 Forensic Science Dr I G Holden College of Technology Joint Portsmouth and District Chem SOC Preston 13 Dec 7 30 Natural and Synthetic Antibiotics Dr F A Robinson Harris College Corporation Street Readrng 8 Dec 7 30 Talk and Discussion The Pattern of Higher Education A L C Bullock Zoology Lecture Theatre The Lni versi ty Rotherham 6 Dec 7 Radio Carbon Dating H Barker College of Technology Saksbury 20 Nov 7 45 Scient fic Journalism A W Haslett Red 7 15 Joint College Chem SOC T.ion Hotel __ ___ - - - - __ Seascale 24 Nov 8 Ladies Evening Fashion and the Atomic Sheffield 14 Dec 730 The Anatomy of the Chemist Dr T S Scientist N T Sekers Windscale Club Stevens Southampton 4 Dec 7 4 5 Social Evening (Film Show and Sherry Party) The University Stockton 5 Dec Dinner Dance Spark s Cafe Wlutehaven 1 Dec Schools Lecture Modern Applications of Radio isotopes R A Faires Technical College Flatt Walks Widnes 30 Nov Application of High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Organic Chemistry Dr J K Becconsall College of College of Technology Pond Street Further Education Wrexham 24 Nov 7 30 Oxygen-Gaseous and Liquid Its Pro duction and Growth J B Smith Denbighshire Technical College Joint S C </p></section></art-body></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. November 1961</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. November 1961</title></titleInfo><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="ART"></genre><originInfo><publisher>The Royal Society of Chemistry.</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1961</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1961</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. R. Inst. Chem.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><originInfo><publisher>The Royal Society of Chemistry.</publisher></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0368-3958</identifier><identifier type="coden">JRICAS</identifier><identifier type="RSC sercode">JI</identifier><part><date>1961</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>85</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>November</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>387</start><end>428</end><total>42</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">CB54E6889DB7882479BD2CF5A9F209156D1F16FE</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1039/JI9618500387</identifier><identifier type="ms-id">JI9618500387</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>RSC Journals</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>The Royal Society of Chemistry</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><annexes><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>image/gif</mimetype><extension>gif</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/CB54E6889DB7882479BD2CF5A9F209156D1F16FE/annexes/gif</uri></json:item></annexes><author></author><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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