Genesis of gypsum enriched soils in north-west Isfahan, Iran
Identifieur interne : 001335 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001334; suivant : 001336Genesis of gypsum enriched soils in north-west Isfahan, Iran
Auteurs : Norair Toomanian ; Ahmad Jalalian ; Mostafa Karimian EghbalSource :
- Geoderma [ 0016-7061 ] ; 2001.
Abstract
Most of gypsum-enriched soils in Isfahan and neighboring provinces occur on alluvial fans, dissected flood plains (old dissected alluvium)and piedmont plains. Herein we investigate the processes of formation and alteration of gypsic horizons and their pedofeatures. We described and sampled representative pedons on a transect from the mountain to the piedmont plain. In the study area, different gypsic pedofeatures have various kinds of internal lenticular cryslalitic fabrics. Micromorphologic observations confirmed that gypsic horizons have an evolutionary sequence across the different geomorphic surfaces from the upper fan to the piedmont plain. In primary stages (upper fan), gypsum crystals occur individually in the soil groundmass or as clusters in voids with idiotopic or xenotopic fabrics. Eventually, they form internal coatings or infillings and pendants (in middle and lower fans). In the more developed horizons (dissected flood plains or plateaus), the fibrous gypsum crystals are banded and perpendicularly distributed with reference to the gravels and soil surface. These loosely compacted fibers constitute the bulk of the soil materials, leaving non-gypsic particles as islands between crystals. In these pedofeatures, perpendicularly oriented fibrous crystals, with their lateral inter-connections give rise to a continuous three-dimensional firm structure. The fabric of these lenticular gypsum crystals is xenotopic or hyp-idiotopic. In the piedmont plain, the idiotopic crystals have no preferred orientation and have random distribution. Internal fabric of these pedofeatures is porphyrotopic. This study indicates that, physical environment plays a great role in formation of different gypsic pedofeatures.
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DOI: 10.1016/S0016-7061(00)00058-6
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Box 84154, Isfahan, Iran</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eghbal, Mostafa Karimian" sort="Eghbal, Mostafa Karimian" uniqKey="Eghbal M" first="Mostafa Karimian" last="Eghbal">Mostafa Karimian Eghbal</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: agresor@cc.iut.ac.ir</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, P.O. 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Box 81785, Amir hamzeh St., Keshavarz highway, Isfahan, Iran</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jalalian, Ahmad" sort="Jalalian, Ahmad" uniqKey="Jalalian A" first="Ahmad" last="Jalalian">Ahmad Jalalian</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: agresor@cc.iut.ac.ir</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, P.O. Box 84154, Isfahan, Iran</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eghbal, Mostafa Karimian" sort="Eghbal, Mostafa Karimian" uniqKey="Eghbal M" first="Mostafa Karimian" last="Eghbal">Mostafa Karimian Eghbal</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: agresor@cc.iut.ac.ir</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, P.O. Box 84154, Isfahan, Iran</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Geoderma</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">GEODER</title><idno type="ISSN">0016-7061</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2001">2001</date><biblScope unit="volume">99</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3–4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="199">199</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="224">224</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0016-7061</idno></series><idno type="istex">7123B2A5F3B12AF994C407550607A58911329CD4</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0016-7061(00)00058-6</idno><idno type="PII">S0016-7061(00)00058-6</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0016-7061</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Most of gypsum-enriched soils in Isfahan and neighboring provinces occur on alluvial fans, dissected flood plains (old dissected alluvium)and piedmont plains. Herein we investigate the processes of formation and alteration of gypsic horizons and their pedofeatures. We described and sampled representative pedons on a transect from the mountain to the piedmont plain. In the study area, different gypsic pedofeatures have various kinds of internal lenticular cryslalitic fabrics. Micromorphologic observations confirmed that gypsic horizons have an evolutionary sequence across the different geomorphic surfaces from the upper fan to the piedmont plain. In primary stages (upper fan), gypsum crystals occur individually in the soil groundmass or as clusters in voids with idiotopic or xenotopic fabrics. Eventually, they form internal coatings or infillings and pendants (in middle and lower fans). In the more developed horizons (dissected flood plains or plateaus), the fibrous gypsum crystals are banded and perpendicularly distributed with reference to the gravels and soil surface. These loosely compacted fibers constitute the bulk of the soil materials, leaving non-gypsic particles as islands between crystals. In these pedofeatures, perpendicularly oriented fibrous crystals, with their lateral inter-connections give rise to a continuous three-dimensional firm structure. The fabric of these lenticular gypsum crystals is xenotopic or hyp-idiotopic. In the piedmont plain, the idiotopic crystals have no preferred orientation and have random distribution. Internal fabric of these pedofeatures is porphyrotopic. This study indicates that, physical environment plays a great role in formation of different gypsic pedofeatures.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Norair Toomanian</name><affiliations><json:string>E-mail: agresor@cc.iut.ac.ir</json:string><json:string>Soil and Water Division, Isfahan Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 81785, Amir hamzeh St., Keshavarz highway, Isfahan, Iran</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Ahmad Jalalian</name><affiliations><json:string>E-mail: agresor@cc.iut.ac.ir</json:string><json:string>Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, P.O. Box 84154, Isfahan, Iran</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Mostafa Karimian Eghbal</name><affiliations><json:string>E-mail: agresor@cc.iut.ac.ir</json:string><json:string>Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, P.O. Box 84154, Isfahan, Iran</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>landforms</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>micromorphology</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>soil taxonomy</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>gypsic pedofeatures</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>Full-length article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Most of gypsum-enriched soils in Isfahan and neighboring provinces occur on alluvial fans, dissected flood plains (old dissected alluvium)and piedmont plains. Herein we investigate the processes of formation and alteration of gypsic horizons and their pedofeatures. We described and sampled representative pedons on a transect from the mountain to the piedmont plain. In the study area, different gypsic pedofeatures have various kinds of internal lenticular cryslalitic fabrics. Micromorphologic observations confirmed that gypsic horizons have an evolutionary sequence across the different geomorphic surfaces from the upper fan to the piedmont plain. In primary stages (upper fan), gypsum crystals occur individually in the soil groundmass or as clusters in voids with idiotopic or xenotopic fabrics. Eventually, they form internal coatings or infillings and pendants (in middle and lower fans). In the more developed horizons (dissected flood plains or plateaus), the fibrous gypsum crystals are banded and perpendicularly distributed with reference to the gravels and soil surface. These loosely compacted fibers constitute the bulk of the soil materials, leaving non-gypsic particles as islands between crystals. In these pedofeatures, perpendicularly oriented fibrous crystals, with their lateral inter-connections give rise to a continuous three-dimensional firm structure. The fabric of these lenticular gypsum crystals is xenotopic or hyp-idiotopic. In the piedmont plain, the idiotopic crystals have no preferred orientation and have random distribution. Internal fabric of these pedofeatures is porphyrotopic. This study indicates that, physical environment plays a great role in formation of different gypsic pedofeatures.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.54</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>435 x 643 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>4</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1735</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>4660</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>31982</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>26</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>240</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Genesis of gypsum enriched soils in north-west Isfahan, Iran</title><pii><json:string>S0016-7061(00)00058-6</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><serie><editor><json:item><name>A.D. Lowell</name></json:item></editor><pages><last>339</last><first>321</first></pages><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Soil Micromorphology. A Basic and Applied Science</title></serie><host><volume>99</volume><pii><json:string>S0016-7061(00)X0073-0</json:string></pii><pages><last>224</last><first>199</first></pages><issn><json:string>0016-7061</json:string></issn><issue>3–4</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Geoderma</title><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate></host><categories><wos><json:string>SOIL SCIENCE</json:string></wos></categories><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2001</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0016-7061(00)00058-6</json:string></doi><id>7123B2A5F3B12AF994C407550607A58911329CD4</id><score>0.042211924</score><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/7123B2A5F3B12AF994C407550607A58911329CD4/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/7123B2A5F3B12AF994C407550607A58911329CD4/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/7123B2A5F3B12AF994C407550607A58911329CD4/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a">Genesis of gypsum enriched soils in north-west Isfahan, Iran</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>©2001 Elsevier Science B.V.</p></availability><date>2001</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Fig. 1: Study area in Isfahan province, central Iran.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Block diagram of study area and location of pedons.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Cross-section showing the sedimentary petrology and different landforms of the study area.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Horizon sequences and scheme of features in representative pedon.</note><note type="content">Fig. 5: Euhedral gypsum crystals formed in voids (XPL, X: 40).</note><note type="content">Fig. 6: Xenotopic fabric of anhedral gypsum crystals (XPL, X: 40).</note><note type="content">Fig. 7: Xenotopic and hyp-idiotopic fabrics of anhedral and subhedral crystals (XPL, X: 100).</note><note type="content">Fig. 8: Internal coating of xenotopic gypsum crystals (XPL, X: 40).</note><note type="content">Fig. 9: Vertical threads of gypsum crystals.</note><note type="content">Fig. 10: Three-dimensional network of gypsum crystals.</note><note type="content">Fig. 11: Decreased length of gypsic threads and lateral interconnections.</note><note type="content">Fig. 12: Connections of lenticular gypsum crystals to form vertical fibers and threads (XPL, X: 40).</note><note type="content">Fig. 13: Xenotopic fabric of crystals in interconnections part (knots) of vertical threads (XPL, X: 100).</note><note type="content">Fig. 14: Vesicular crust with friable consistency.</note><note type="content">Fig. 15: Changing of gypsum crystals arrangement to form box-like voids.</note><note type="content">Fig. 16: Vertical growth of euhedral crystals under sandstone to form pendants (XPL, X: 100).</note><note type="content">Fig. 17: Vertical threads made by lenticular gypsum crystals (XPL, X: 100).</note><note type="content">Fig. 18: Euhedral crystals with porphyrotopic fabric in soil groundmass (XPL, X: 40).</note><note type="content">Table 1: Climatic data of study area</note><note type="content">Table 2: Component and modifications of resin for saturating and mounting of samples</note><note type="content">Table 3: Parent material, sequence of genetic horizons, and classifications of soils on the different landforms</note><note type="content">Table 4: Genetic characteristic and micromorphological properties of gypsic horizons</note><note type="content">Table 5: Some of the physico-chemical and morphological characteristics of pedons</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">Genesis of gypsum enriched soils in north-west Isfahan, Iran</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Norair</forename><surname>Toomanian</surname></persName><email>agresor@cc.iut.ac.ir</email><note type="correspondence"><p>Corresponding author. Tel.: +98-31-757205; fax: +98-31-750099</p></note><affiliation>Soil and Water Division, Isfahan Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 81785, Amir hamzeh St., Keshavarz highway, Isfahan, Iran</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Ahmad</forename><surname>Jalalian</surname></persName><email>agresor@cc.iut.ac.ir</email><note type="biography">Fax: +98-8912254.</note><affiliation>Fax: +98-8912254.</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, P.O. Box 84154, Isfahan, Iran</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Mostafa Karimian</forename><surname>Eghbal</surname></persName><email>agresor@cc.iut.ac.ir</email><note type="biography">Fax: +98-8912254.</note><affiliation>Fax: +98-8912254.</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, P.O. Box 84154, Isfahan, Iran</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Geoderma</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">GEODER</title><idno type="pISSN">0016-7061</idno><idno type="PII">S0016-7061(00)X0073-0</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2001"></date><biblScope unit="volume">99</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3–4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="199">199</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="224">224</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">7123B2A5F3B12AF994C407550607A58911329CD4</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0016-7061(00)00058-6</idno><idno type="PII">S0016-7061(00)00058-6</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2001</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Most of gypsum-enriched soils in Isfahan and neighboring provinces occur on alluvial fans, dissected flood plains (old dissected alluvium)and piedmont plains. Herein we investigate the processes of formation and alteration of gypsic horizons and their pedofeatures. We described and sampled representative pedons on a transect from the mountain to the piedmont plain. In the study area, different gypsic pedofeatures have various kinds of internal lenticular cryslalitic fabrics. Micromorphologic observations confirmed that gypsic horizons have an evolutionary sequence across the different geomorphic surfaces from the upper fan to the piedmont plain. In primary stages (upper fan), gypsum crystals occur individually in the soil groundmass or as clusters in voids with idiotopic or xenotopic fabrics. Eventually, they form internal coatings or infillings and pendants (in middle and lower fans). In the more developed horizons (dissected flood plains or plateaus), the fibrous gypsum crystals are banded and perpendicularly distributed with reference to the gravels and soil surface. These loosely compacted fibers constitute the bulk of the soil materials, leaving non-gypsic particles as islands between crystals. In these pedofeatures, perpendicularly oriented fibrous crystals, with their lateral inter-connections give rise to a continuous three-dimensional firm structure. The fabric of these lenticular gypsum crystals is xenotopic or hyp-idiotopic. In the piedmont plain, the idiotopic crystals have no preferred orientation and have random distribution. Internal fabric of these pedofeatures is porphyrotopic. This study indicates that, physical environment plays a great role in formation of different gypsic pedofeatures.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>landforms</term></item><item><term>micromorphology</term></item><item><term>soil taxonomy</term></item><item><term>gypsic pedofeatures</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2000-03-28">Modified</change><change when="2001">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/7123B2A5F3B12AF994C407550607A58911329CD4/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr3" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr3"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr4" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr4"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr5" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr5"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr6" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr6"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr7" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr7"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr8" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr8"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr9" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr9"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr10" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr10"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr11" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr11"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr12" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr12"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr13" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr13"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr14" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr14"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr15" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr15"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr16" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr16"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr17" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr17"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr18" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr18"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>GEODER</jid><aid>1615</aid><ce:pii>S0016-7061(00)00058-6</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0016-7061(00)00058-6</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="full-transfer" year="2001">Elsevier Science B.V.</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>Genesis of gypsum enriched soils in north-west Isfahan, Iran</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>Norair</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Toomanian</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address>agresor@cc.iut.ac.ir</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Ahmad</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Jalalian</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="FN1"><ce:sup>1</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF2"><ce:sup>b</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address>ajalalian@cc.iut.ac.ir</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Mostafa Karimian</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Eghbal</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="FN2"><ce:sup>2</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF2"><ce:sup>b</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address>mkeghbal@cc.iut.ac.ir</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="AFF1"><ce:label>a</ce:label><ce:textfn>Soil and Water Division, Isfahan Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 81785, Amir hamzeh St., Keshavarz highway, Isfahan, Iran</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF2"><ce:label>b</ce:label><ce:textfn>Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, P.O. Box 84154, Isfahan, Iran</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>Corresponding author. Tel.: +98-31-757205; fax: +98-31-750099</ce:text></ce:correspondence><ce:footnote id="FN1"><ce:label>1</ce:label><ce:note-para>Fax: +98-8912254.</ce:note-para></ce:footnote><ce:footnote id="FN2"><ce:label>2</ce:label><ce:note-para>Fax: +98-8912254.</ce:note-para></ce:footnote></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="14" month="12" year="1998"></ce:date-received><ce:date-revised day="28" month="3" year="2000"></ce:date-revised><ce:date-accepted day="3" month="4" year="2000"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>Most of gypsum-enriched soils in Isfahan and neighboring provinces occur on alluvial fans, dissected flood plains (old dissected alluvium)and piedmont plains. Herein we investigate the processes of formation and alteration of gypsic horizons and their pedofeatures. We described and sampled representative pedons on a transect from the mountain to the piedmont plain. In the study area, different gypsic pedofeatures have various kinds of internal lenticular cryslalitic fabrics. Micromorphologic observations confirmed that gypsic horizons have an evolutionary sequence across the different geomorphic surfaces from the upper fan to the piedmont plain. In primary stages (upper fan), gypsum crystals occur individually in the soil groundmass or as clusters in voids with idiotopic or xenotopic fabrics. Eventually, they form internal coatings or infillings and pendants (in middle and lower fans). In the more developed horizons (dissected flood plains or plateaus), the fibrous gypsum crystals are banded and perpendicularly distributed with reference to the gravels and soil surface. These loosely compacted fibers constitute the bulk of the soil materials, leaving non-gypsic particles as islands between crystals. In these pedofeatures, perpendicularly oriented fibrous crystals, with their lateral inter-connections give rise to a continuous three-dimensional firm structure.</ce:simple-para><ce:simple-para>The fabric of these lenticular gypsum crystals is xenotopic or hyp-idiotopic. In the piedmont plain, the idiotopic crystals have no preferred orientation and have random distribution. Internal fabric of these pedofeatures is porphyrotopic. This study indicates that, physical environment plays a great role in formation of different gypsic pedofeatures.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword"><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>landforms</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>micromorphology</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>soil taxonomy</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>gypsic pedofeatures</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Genesis of gypsum enriched soils in north-west Isfahan, Iran</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Genesis of gypsum enriched soils in north-west Isfahan, Iran</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Norair</namePart><namePart type="family">Toomanian</namePart><affiliation>E-mail: agresor@cc.iut.ac.ir</affiliation><affiliation>Soil and Water Division, Isfahan Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 81785, Amir hamzeh St., Keshavarz highway, Isfahan, Iran</affiliation><description>Corresponding author. Tel.: +98-31-757205; fax: +98-31-750099</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ahmad</namePart><namePart type="family">Jalalian</namePart><affiliation>E-mail: agresor@cc.iut.ac.ir</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, P.O. Box 84154, Isfahan, Iran</affiliation><description>Fax: +98-8912254.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Mostafa Karimian</namePart><namePart type="family">Eghbal</namePart><affiliation>E-mail: agresor@cc.iut.ac.ir</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, P.O. Box 84154, Isfahan, Iran</affiliation><description>Fax: +98-8912254.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2001</dateIssued><dateModified encoding="w3cdtf">2000-03-28</dateModified><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2001</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Most of gypsum-enriched soils in Isfahan and neighboring provinces occur on alluvial fans, dissected flood plains (old dissected alluvium)and piedmont plains. Herein we investigate the processes of formation and alteration of gypsic horizons and their pedofeatures. We described and sampled representative pedons on a transect from the mountain to the piedmont plain. In the study area, different gypsic pedofeatures have various kinds of internal lenticular cryslalitic fabrics. Micromorphologic observations confirmed that gypsic horizons have an evolutionary sequence across the different geomorphic surfaces from the upper fan to the piedmont plain. In primary stages (upper fan), gypsum crystals occur individually in the soil groundmass or as clusters in voids with idiotopic or xenotopic fabrics. Eventually, they form internal coatings or infillings and pendants (in middle and lower fans). In the more developed horizons (dissected flood plains or plateaus), the fibrous gypsum crystals are banded and perpendicularly distributed with reference to the gravels and soil surface. These loosely compacted fibers constitute the bulk of the soil materials, leaving non-gypsic particles as islands between crystals. In these pedofeatures, perpendicularly oriented fibrous crystals, with their lateral inter-connections give rise to a continuous three-dimensional firm structure. The fabric of these lenticular gypsum crystals is xenotopic or hyp-idiotopic. In the piedmont plain, the idiotopic crystals have no preferred orientation and have random distribution. Internal fabric of these pedofeatures is porphyrotopic. This study indicates that, physical environment plays a great role in formation of different gypsic pedofeatures.</abstract><note type="content">Fig. 1: Study area in Isfahan province, central Iran.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Block diagram of study area and location of pedons.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Cross-section showing the sedimentary petrology and different landforms of the study area.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Horizon sequences and scheme of features in representative pedon.</note><note type="content">Fig. 5: Euhedral gypsum crystals formed in voids (XPL, X: 40).</note><note type="content">Fig. 6: Xenotopic fabric of anhedral gypsum crystals (XPL, X: 40).</note><note type="content">Fig. 7: Xenotopic and hyp-idiotopic fabrics of anhedral and subhedral crystals (XPL, X: 100).</note><note type="content">Fig. 8: Internal coating of xenotopic gypsum crystals (XPL, X: 40).</note><note type="content">Fig. 9: Vertical threads of gypsum crystals.</note><note type="content">Fig. 10: Three-dimensional network of gypsum crystals.</note><note type="content">Fig. 11: Decreased length of gypsic threads and lateral interconnections.</note><note type="content">Fig. 12: Connections of lenticular gypsum crystals to form vertical fibers and threads (XPL, X: 40).</note><note type="content">Fig. 13: Xenotopic fabric of crystals in interconnections part (knots) of vertical threads (XPL, X: 100).</note><note type="content">Fig. 14: Vesicular crust with friable consistency.</note><note type="content">Fig. 15: Changing of gypsum crystals arrangement to form box-like voids.</note><note type="content">Fig. 16: Vertical growth of euhedral crystals under sandstone to form pendants (XPL, X: 100).</note><note type="content">Fig. 17: Vertical threads made by lenticular gypsum crystals (XPL, X: 100).</note><note type="content">Fig. 18: Euhedral crystals with porphyrotopic fabric in soil groundmass (XPL, X: 40).</note><note type="content">Table 1: Climatic data of study area</note><note type="content">Table 2: Component and modifications of resin for saturating and mounting of samples</note><note type="content">Table 3: Parent material, sequence of genetic horizons, and classifications of soils on the different landforms</note><note type="content">Table 4: Genetic characteristic and micromorphological properties of gypsic horizons</note><note type="content">Table 5: Some of the physico-chemical and morphological characteristics of pedons</note><subject><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>landforms</topic><topic>micromorphology</topic><topic>soil taxonomy</topic><topic>gypsic pedofeatures</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Geoderma</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>GEODER</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">200102</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0016-7061</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0016-7061(00)X0073-0</identifier><part><date>200102</date><detail type="volume"><number>99</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>3–4</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>169</start><end>340</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>199</start><end>224</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">7123B2A5F3B12AF994C407550607A58911329CD4</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0016-7061(00)00058-6</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0016-7061(00)00058-6</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©2001 Elsevier Science B.V.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Elsevier Science B.V., ©2001</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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