A Study about Colourants in the Arabic Manuscript Collection of the Sacromonte Abbey, Granada, Spain. A New Methodology for Chemical Analysis
Identifieur interne : 000866 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000865; suivant : 000867A Study about Colourants in the Arabic Manuscript Collection of the Sacromonte Abbey, Granada, Spain. A New Methodology for Chemical Analysis
Auteurs : Teresa Espejo Arias ; Ana L Pez Montes ; Ana García Bueno ; Adrián Durán Benito ; Rosario Blanc GarcíaSource :
- Restaurator [ 0034-5806 ] ; 2008-06.
Abstract
The inks used in Arabic manuscripts written between the 11th and 17th centuries and belonging to the archive of the Sacromonte Abbey in Granada, Spain, were studied. The constituent materials were determined with DRX, SEM/EDX, FTIR, HPLC and EC analytical methods. The results obtained coincide with the components described in a considerable number of Islamic recipes and treatises from the period. In all cases gum arabic was identified as the binding agent. Iron gall inks and carbon blacks were used for black inks. Vermillion and minium were the most used for red inks; verdigris, malachite and lead and tin yellows for green inks; natural ultramarine blue (lapis lazuli), azurite and smalte in blue inks; and, finally, gold and some silver for gold inks. Chlorine was detected in a large number of the samples for reasons that cannot be fully explained. Calcium and magnesium were present, presumably as in their carbonate form, as an additive in the pulp.
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DOI: 10.1515/rest.2008.005
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The constituent materials were determined with DRX, SEM/EDX, FTIR, HPLC and EC analytical methods. The results obtained coincide with the components described in a considerable number of Islamic recipes and treatises from the period. In all cases gum arabic was identified as the binding agent. Iron gall inks and carbon blacks were used for black inks. Vermillion and minium were the most used for red inks; verdigris, malachite and lead and tin yellows for green inks; natural ultramarine blue (lapis lazuli), azurite and smalte in blue inks; and, finally, gold and some silver for gold inks. Chlorine was detected in a large number of the samples for reasons that cannot be fully explained. 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A New Methodology for Chemical Analysis</title><author xml:id="author-1" corresp="yes"><persName><forename type="first">Teresa Espejo</forename><surname>Arias</surname></persName></author><author xml:id="author-2" corresp="yes"><persName><forename type="first">Ana López</forename><surname>Montes</surname></persName></author><author xml:id="author-3" corresp="yes"><persName><forename type="first">Ana García</forename><surname>Bueno</surname></persName></author><author xml:id="author-4" corresp="yes"><persName><forename type="first">Adrián Durán</forename><surname>Benito</surname></persName></author><author xml:id="author-5" corresp="yes"><persName><forename type="first">Rosario Blanc</forename><surname>García</surname></persName></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Restaurator</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Restaurator</title><idno type="pISSN">0034-5806</idno><imprint><publisher>Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG</publisher><date type="published" when="2008-06"></date><biblScope unit="volume">29</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="76">76</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="106">106</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">9C80655A1C13D8826AC89BABEDBFC1D35EAE20F1</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1515/rest.2008.005</idno><idno type="ArticleID">REST.29.2.76</idno><idno type="pdf">rest.2008.005.pdf</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2008-08-05</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The inks used in Arabic manuscripts written between the 11th and 17th centuries and belonging to the archive of the Sacromonte Abbey in Granada, Spain, were studied. The constituent materials were determined with DRX, SEM/EDX, FTIR, HPLC and EC analytical methods. The results obtained coincide with the components described in a considerable number of Islamic recipes and treatises from the period. In all cases gum arabic was identified as the binding agent. Iron gall inks and carbon blacks were used for black inks. Vermillion and minium were the most used for red inks; verdigris, malachite and lead and tin yellows for green inks; natural ultramarine blue (lapis lazuli), azurite and smalte in blue inks; and, finally, gold and some silver for gold inks. Chlorine was detected in a large number of the samples for reasons that cannot be fully explained. Calcium and magnesium were present, presumably as in their carbonate form, as an additive in the pulp.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="de"><p>Untersucht wurden Tinten in arabischen Manuskripten, die in der zeit zwischen dem 11. und 17. Jahrhundert entstanden sind und im Archiv des Klosters Sacromonte in Granada verwahrt werden. Die Bestandteile der Beschreibstoffe wurden mit XRD, REM-EDX, FTIR, HPLC und Kapillarelektrophorese bestimmt. Die erhaltenen Resultate lassen sich mit den Komponenten, die in islamischen Quellenschriften angeführt sind, korrellieren. Gummi arabicum wurde in allen Fällen als Bindemittel identifiziert, Kohlenstoff- und Eisengallustinten stellen die schwarzen Tinten dar. Zinnober und Mennige wurden als Farbmittel in roten Tinten, Grünspan in grünen Tinten, sowie Lapislazuli, Azurit und Smalte wurden in blauen Tinten identifiziert. Schließlich fanden sich Gold und Silber in den entsprechenden Metalltinten. In einer großen Anzahl von Manuskripten wurde Chlor im Papier nachgewiesen. Das Papier enthält Calcium- und Magnesiumcarbonate, die vermutlich als Füllstoff eingebracht wurden.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="fr"><p>Les encres utilisées dans les manuscrits arabes écrits entre le 11ème et le 17ème Siècle et conservés dans les archives de l'abbaye de Sacromonte à Grenade ont fait l'objet de cette analyse. Les éléments constituant ces matériaux d'écriture ont été définis à l'aide des méthodes XRD, REM-EDX, FTIR, HPLC et par électrophorèse capillaire. Les résultats obtenus coïncident avec les composants décrits dans un grand nombre de sources islamiques (recettes et traités) datant de cette époque. Dans tous les cas la gomme arabique a été identifiée comme étant l'agent liant. Les encres noires sont composées sur une base de carbone ou ferro-gallique. Le vermillon et le minium étaient les composants les plus utilisés pour les encres rouges; le vert-de-gris, la malachite et le plomb ainsi que les jaunes d'étain pour les encres vertes; le blleu naturel outremer (lapis lazuli), l'azurite et le smalt pour les encres bleues; et, finalement l'or et un peu d'argent pour les encres métalliques dorées. On a détecté de la chlorine dans un grand nombre d'échantillons pour des raisons qui n'ont pu être encore complètement élucidées. Le calcium et le magnésium étaient également présents dans le papier, probablement sous forme de carbonates, en tant que matière de remplissage.</p></abstract></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2008-08-05">Created</change><change when="2008-06">Published</change><change xml:id="refBibs-istex" who="#ISTEX-API" when="2016-10-18">References added</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/9C80655A1C13D8826AC89BABEDBFC1D35EAE20F1/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus degruyter-journals" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//Atypon//DTD Atypon Systems Archival NLM DTD Suite v2.2.0 20090301//EN" URI="nlm-dtd/archivearticle.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">REST</journal-id><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="full">Restaurator</abbrev-journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0034-5806</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">REST.29.2.76</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1515/rest.2008.005</article-id><title-group><article-title>A Study about Colourants in the Arabic Manuscript Collection of the Sacromonte Abbey, Granada, Spain. A New Methodology for Chemical Analysis</article-title><trans-title xml:lang="de">Untersuchung der Farbmittel in der Sammlung Arabischer Manuskripte des Klosters Sacromonte in Granada, Spanien – eine neue Methodologie der der chemischen Analyse</trans-title><trans-title xml:lang="fr">Une analyse des agents colorants contenus dans la collection des manuscrits arabes de l'abbaye de Sacromonte à Grenade, Espagne – une nouvelle méthodologie d'analyse chimique</trans-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name name-style="western"><given-names>Teresa Espejo</given-names><x> </x><surname>Arias</surname></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"></xref><x>, </x></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name name-style="western"><given-names>Ana López</given-names><x> </x><surname>Montes</surname></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"></xref><x>, </x></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name name-style="western"><given-names>Ana García</given-names><x> </x><surname>Bueno</surname></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"></xref><x>, </x></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name name-style="western"><given-names>Adrián Durán</given-names><x> </x><surname>Benito</surname></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"></xref><x>, </x></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name name-style="western"><given-names>Rosario Blanc</given-names><x> </x><surname>García</surname></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1">University of Granada, Facultad de Bellas Artes, Edificio Aynadamar, Avenida de Andalucía s/n, 18071 Granada (Spain)</corresp><corresp id="c2">Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla (Spain)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>June</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>08</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>76</fpage><lpage>106</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>07</day><month>01</month><year>2007</year><string-date>received: 7.1.2007.</string-date></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>24</day><month>04</month><year>2008</year><string-date>revised: 24.4.2008.</string-date></date></history><copyright-statement>© 2008 K. G. Saur Verlag</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2008</copyright-year><related-article related-article-type="pdf" xlink:href="rest.2008.005.pdf"></related-article><abstract><title>Abstract</title><p>The inks used in Arabic manuscripts written between the 11th and 17th centuries and belonging to the archive of the Sacromonte Abbey in Granada, Spain, were studied. The constituent materials were determined with DRX, SEM/EDX, FTIR, HPLC and EC analytical methods. The results obtained coincide with the components described in a considerable number of Islamic recipes and treatises from the period. In all cases gum arabic was identified as the binding agent. Iron gall inks and carbon blacks were used for black inks. Vermillion and minium were the most used for red inks; verdigris, malachite and lead and tin yellows for green inks; natural ultramarine blue (lapis lazuli), azurite and smalte in blue inks; and, finally, gold and some silver for gold inks. Chlorine was detected in a large number of the samples for reasons that cannot be fully explained. Calcium and magnesium were present, presumably as in their carbonate form, as an additive in the pulp.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="de"><title>Zusammenfassung</title><p>Untersucht wurden Tinten in arabischen Manuskripten, die in der zeit zwischen dem 11. und 17. Jahrhundert entstanden sind und im Archiv des Klosters Sacromonte in Granada verwahrt werden. Die Bestandteile der Beschreibstoffe wurden mit XRD, REM-EDX, FTIR, HPLC und Kapillarelektrophorese bestimmt. Die erhaltenen Resultate lassen sich mit den Komponenten, die in islamischen Quellenschriften angeführt sind, korrellieren. Gummi arabicum wurde in allen Fällen als Bindemittel identifiziert, Kohlenstoff- und Eisengallustinten stellen die schwarzen Tinten dar. Zinnober und Mennige wurden als Farbmittel in roten Tinten, Grünspan in grünen Tinten, sowie Lapislazuli, Azurit und Smalte wurden in blauen Tinten identifiziert. Schließlich fanden sich Gold und Silber in den entsprechenden Metalltinten. In einer großen Anzahl von Manuskripten wurde Chlor im Papier nachgewiesen. Das Papier enthält Calcium- und Magnesiumcarbonate, die vermutlich als Füllstoff eingebracht wurden.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="fr"><title>Résumé</title><p>Les encres utilisées dans les manuscrits arabes écrits entre le 11<sup>ème</sup> et le 17<sup>ème</sup> Siècle et conservés dans les archives de l'abbaye de Sacromonte à Grenade ont fait l'objet de cette analyse. Les éléments constituant ces matériaux d'écriture ont été définis à l'aide des méthodes XRD, REM-EDX, FTIR, HPLC et par électrophorèse capillaire. Les résultats obtenus coïncident avec les composants décrits dans un grand nombre de sources islamiques (recettes et traités) datant de cette époque. Dans tous les cas la gomme arabique a été identifiée comme étant l'agent liant. Les encres noires sont composées sur une base de carbone ou ferro-gallique. Le vermillon et le minium étaient les composants les plus utilisés pour les encres rouges; le vert-de-gris, la malachite et le plomb ainsi que les jaunes d'étain pour les encres vertes; le blleu naturel outremer (lapis lazuli), l'azurite et le smalt pour les encres bleues; et, finalement l'or et un peu d'argent pour les encres métalliques dorées. On a détecté de la chlorine dans un grand nombre d'échantillons pour des raisons qui n'ont pu être encore complètement élucidées. Le calcium et le magnésium étaient également présents dans le papier, probablement sous forme de carbonates, en tant que matière de remplissage.</p></abstract></article-meta></front></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>A Study about Colourants in the Arabic Manuscript Collection of the Sacromonte Abbey, Granada, Spain. 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KG</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2008-06</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2008-08-05</dateCreated><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2008</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">The inks used in Arabic manuscripts written between the 11th and 17th centuries and belonging to the archive of the Sacromonte Abbey in Granada, Spain, were studied. The constituent materials were determined with DRX, SEM/EDX, FTIR, HPLC and EC analytical methods. The results obtained coincide with the components described in a considerable number of Islamic recipes and treatises from the period. In all cases gum arabic was identified as the binding agent. Iron gall inks and carbon blacks were used for black inks. Vermillion and minium were the most used for red inks; verdigris, malachite and lead and tin yellows for green inks; natural ultramarine blue (lapis lazuli), azurite and smalte in blue inks; and, finally, gold and some silver for gold inks. Chlorine was detected in a large number of the samples for reasons that cannot be fully explained. Calcium and magnesium were present, presumably as in their carbonate form, as an additive in the pulp.</abstract><abstract lang="de">Untersucht wurden Tinten in arabischen Manuskripten, die in der zeit zwischen dem 11. und 17. Jahrhundert entstanden sind und im Archiv des Klosters Sacromonte in Granada verwahrt werden. Die Bestandteile der Beschreibstoffe wurden mit XRD, REM-EDX, FTIR, HPLC und Kapillarelektrophorese bestimmt. Die erhaltenen Resultate lassen sich mit den Komponenten, die in islamischen Quellenschriften angeführt sind, korrellieren. Gummi arabicum wurde in allen Fällen als Bindemittel identifiziert, Kohlenstoff- und Eisengallustinten stellen die schwarzen Tinten dar. Zinnober und Mennige wurden als Farbmittel in roten Tinten, Grünspan in grünen Tinten, sowie Lapislazuli, Azurit und Smalte wurden in blauen Tinten identifiziert. Schließlich fanden sich Gold und Silber in den entsprechenden Metalltinten. In einer großen Anzahl von Manuskripten wurde Chlor im Papier nachgewiesen. Das Papier enthält Calcium- und Magnesiumcarbonate, die vermutlich als Füllstoff eingebracht wurden.</abstract><abstract lang="fr">Les encres utilisées dans les manuscrits arabes écrits entre le 11ème et le 17ème Siècle et conservés dans les archives de l'abbaye de Sacromonte à Grenade ont fait l'objet de cette analyse. Les éléments constituant ces matériaux d'écriture ont été définis à l'aide des méthodes XRD, REM-EDX, FTIR, HPLC et par électrophorèse capillaire. Les résultats obtenus coïncident avec les composants décrits dans un grand nombre de sources islamiques (recettes et traités) datant de cette époque. Dans tous les cas la gomme arabique a été identifiée comme étant l'agent liant. Les encres noires sont composées sur une base de carbone ou ferro-gallique. Le vermillon et le minium étaient les composants les plus utilisés pour les encres rouges; le vert-de-gris, la malachite et le plomb ainsi que les jaunes d'étain pour les encres vertes; le blleu naturel outremer (lapis lazuli), l'azurite et le smalt pour les encres bleues; et, finalement l'or et un peu d'argent pour les encres métalliques dorées. On a détecté de la chlorine dans un grand nombre d'échantillons pour des raisons qui n'ont pu être encore complètement élucidées. Le calcium et le magnésium étaient également présents dans le papier, probablement sous forme de carbonates, en tant que matière de remplissage.</abstract><note type="author-notes">University of Granada, Facultad de Bellas Artes, Edificio Aynadamar, Avenida de Andalucía s/n, 18071 Granada (Spain)</note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Restaurator</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Restaurator</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0034-5806</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">REST</identifier><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>29</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>76</start><end>106</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">9C80655A1C13D8826AC89BABEDBFC1D35EAE20F1</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1515/rest.2008.005</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">REST.29.2.76</identifier><identifier type="pdf">rest.2008.005.pdf</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2008 K. 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