A Hierarchical Communication Architecture for Oceanic Surveillance Applications
Identifieur interne : 000381 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000380; suivant : 000382A Hierarchical Communication Architecture for Oceanic Surveillance Applications
Auteurs : Elsa Macias ; Alvaro Suarez ; Francesco Chiti ; Andrea Sacco ; Romano FantacciSource :
- Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) [ 1424-8220 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
The interest in monitoring applications using underwater sensor networks has been growing in recent years. The severe communication restrictions imposed by underwater channels make that efficient monitoring be a challenging task. Though a lot of research has been conducted on underwater sensor networks, there are only few concrete applications to a real-world case study. In this work, hence, we propose a general three tier architecture leveraging low cost wireless technologies for acoustic communications between underwater sensors and standard technologies, Zigbee and Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), for water surface communications. We have selected a suitable Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, after making a comparison with some common MAC protocols. Thus the performance of the overall system in terms of Signals Discarding Rate (SDR), signalling delay at the surface gateway as well as the percentage of true detection have been evaluated by simulation, pointing out good results which give evidence in applicability’s favour.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/s111211343
PubMed: 22247669
PubMed Central: 3251986
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A Hierarchical Communication Architecture for Oceanic Surveillance Applications</title><author><name sortKey="Macias, Elsa" sort="Macias, Elsa" uniqKey="Macias E" first="Elsa" last="Macias">Elsa Macias</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-11-11343"> Grupo de Arquitectura y Concurrencia (GAC), Departamento de Ingeniería Telemática, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain; E-Mail:<email>asuarez@dit.ulpgc.es</email> (A.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suarez, Alvaro" sort="Suarez, Alvaro" uniqKey="Suarez A" first="Alvaro" last="Suarez">Alvaro Suarez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-11-11343"> Grupo de Arquitectura y Concurrencia (GAC), Departamento de Ingeniería Telemática, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain; E-Mail:<email>asuarez@dit.ulpgc.es</email> (A.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chiti, Francesco" sort="Chiti, Francesco" uniqKey="Chiti F" first="Francesco" last="Chiti">Francesco Chiti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-11-11343"> Dipartimento Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy; E-Mails:<email>francesco.chiti@unifi.it</email> (F.C.);<email>andrea.sacco85@gmail.com</email> (A.S.);<email>romano.fantacci@unifi.it</email> (R.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sacco, Andrea" sort="Sacco, Andrea" uniqKey="Sacco A" first="Andrea" last="Sacco">Andrea Sacco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-11-11343"> Dipartimento Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy; E-Mails:<email>francesco.chiti@unifi.it</email> (F.C.);<email>andrea.sacco85@gmail.com</email> (A.S.);<email>romano.fantacci@unifi.it</email> (R.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fantacci, Romano" sort="Fantacci, Romano" uniqKey="Fantacci R" first="Romano" last="Fantacci">Romano Fantacci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-11-11343"> Dipartimento Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy; E-Mails:<email>francesco.chiti@unifi.it</email> (F.C.);<email>andrea.sacco85@gmail.com</email> (A.S.);<email>romano.fantacci@unifi.it</email> (R.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22247669</idno><idno type="pmc">3251986</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3251986</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3251986</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/s111211343</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000592</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000592</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000592</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000592</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000381</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000381</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">A Hierarchical Communication Architecture for Oceanic Surveillance Applications</title><author><name sortKey="Macias, Elsa" sort="Macias, Elsa" uniqKey="Macias E" first="Elsa" last="Macias">Elsa Macias</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-11-11343"> Grupo de Arquitectura y Concurrencia (GAC), Departamento de Ingeniería Telemática, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain; E-Mail:<email>asuarez@dit.ulpgc.es</email> (A.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suarez, Alvaro" sort="Suarez, Alvaro" uniqKey="Suarez A" first="Alvaro" last="Suarez">Alvaro Suarez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-11-11343"> Grupo de Arquitectura y Concurrencia (GAC), Departamento de Ingeniería Telemática, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain; E-Mail:<email>asuarez@dit.ulpgc.es</email> (A.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chiti, Francesco" sort="Chiti, Francesco" uniqKey="Chiti F" first="Francesco" last="Chiti">Francesco Chiti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-11-11343"> Dipartimento Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy; E-Mails:<email>francesco.chiti@unifi.it</email> (F.C.);<email>andrea.sacco85@gmail.com</email> (A.S.);<email>romano.fantacci@unifi.it</email> (R.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sacco, Andrea" sort="Sacco, Andrea" uniqKey="Sacco A" first="Andrea" last="Sacco">Andrea Sacco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-11-11343"> Dipartimento Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy; E-Mails:<email>francesco.chiti@unifi.it</email> (F.C.);<email>andrea.sacco85@gmail.com</email> (A.S.);<email>romano.fantacci@unifi.it</email> (R.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fantacci, Romano" sort="Fantacci, Romano" uniqKey="Fantacci R" first="Romano" last="Fantacci">Romano Fantacci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-11-11343"> Dipartimento Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy; E-Mails:<email>francesco.chiti@unifi.it</email> (F.C.);<email>andrea.sacco85@gmail.com</email> (A.S.);<email>romano.fantacci@unifi.it</email> (R.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</title><idno type="eISSN">1424-8220</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The interest in monitoring applications using underwater sensor networks has been growing in recent years. The severe communication restrictions imposed by underwater channels make that efficient monitoring be a challenging task. Though a lot of research has been conducted on underwater sensor networks, there are only few concrete applications to a real-world case study. In this work, hence, we propose a general three tier architecture leveraging low cost wireless technologies for acoustic communications between underwater sensors and standard technologies, Zigbee and Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), for water surface communications. We have selected a suitable Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, after making a comparison with some common MAC protocols. Thus the performance of the overall system in terms of Signals Discarding Rate (SDR), signalling delay at the surface gateway as well as the percentage of true detection have been evaluated by simulation, pointing out good results which give evidence in applicability’s favour.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, F" uniqKey="Wang F">F. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, J" uniqKey="Liu J">J. Liu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Garcia, M" uniqKey="Garcia M">M. Garcia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sendra, S" uniqKey="Sendra S">S. Sendra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Atenas, M" uniqKey="Atenas M">M. Atenas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lloret, J" uniqKey="Lloret J">J. Lloret</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ali, K" uniqKey="Ali K">K. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1424-8220</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22247669</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3251986</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/s111211343</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">sensors-11-11343</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A Hierarchical Communication Architecture for Oceanic Surveillance Applications</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Macias</surname><given-names>Elsa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-11-11343"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-sensors-11-11343"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Suarez</surname><given-names>Alvaro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-11-11343"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chiti</surname><given-names>Francesco</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-11-11343"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sacco</surname><given-names>Andrea</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-11-11343"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fantacci</surname><given-names>Romano</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-11-11343"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-sensors-11-11343"><label>1</label> Grupo de Arquitectura y Concurrencia (GAC), Departamento de Ingeniería Telemática, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain; E-Mail:<email>asuarez@dit.ulpgc.es</email> (A.S.)</aff><aff id="af2-sensors-11-11343"><label>2</label> Dipartimento Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy; E-Mails:<email>francesco.chiti@unifi.it</email> (F.C.);<email>andrea.sacco85@gmail.com</email> (A.S.);<email>romano.fantacci@unifi.it</email> (R.F.)</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-sensors-11-11343"><label>*</label>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: <email>emacias@dit.ulpgc.es</email>.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>11</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>11343</fpage><lpage>11356</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2011</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2011</copyright-year><license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The interest in monitoring applications using underwater sensor networks has been growing in recent years. The severe communication restrictions imposed by underwater channels make that efficient monitoring be a challenging task. Though a lot of research has been conducted on underwater sensor networks, there are only few concrete applications to a real-world case study. In this work, hence, we propose a general three tier architecture leveraging low cost wireless technologies for acoustic communications between underwater sensors and standard technologies, Zigbee and Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), for water surface communications. We have selected a suitable Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, after making a comparison with some common MAC protocols. Thus the performance of the overall system in terms of Signals Discarding Rate (SDR), signalling delay at the surface gateway as well as the percentage of true detection have been evaluated by simulation, pointing out good results which give evidence in applicability’s favour.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>multimedia streaming</kwd><kwd>underwater sensor networks</kwd><kwd>MAC</kwd><kwd>WiFi</kwd><kwd>Zigbee</kwd><kwd>acoustic distributed surveillance</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-sensors-11-11343" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Schema of the three tier system architecture.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-11-11343f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-sensors-11-11343" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p>Network topology and organization.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-11-11343f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-sensors-11-11343" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p>System operation specified for each main component.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-11-11343f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-sensors-11-11343" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p>Protocol actions among components.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-11-11343f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-sensors-11-11343" position="float"><label>Figure 5.</label><caption><p>Packet Discarding Rate <italic>versus</italic> Node Density, for different network sizes and different offered loads.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-11-11343f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6-sensors-11-11343" position="float"><label>Figure 6.</label><caption><p>Average Packet Error Rate <italic>versus</italic> network size, for different offered loads.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-11-11343f6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7-sensors-11-11343" position="float"><label>Figure 7.</label><caption><p>Signal Discarding Rate against detection interval, for different number of nodes.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-11-11343f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8-sensors-11-11343" position="float"><label>Figure 8.</label><caption><p>Average Surface Gateway signalling delay against detection interval, for different number of nodes.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-11-11343f8"></graphic></fig><fig id="f9-sensors-11-11343" position="float"><label>Figure 9.</label><caption><p>Percentage of True Detection against detection interval, for different number of nodes.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-11-11343f9"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-sensors-11-11343" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Simulation parameters.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Parameter</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Value</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Simulation time</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36,000 s</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Network area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,000 m<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AUVs depth</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">140 m</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coordinator depth</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 m</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of times each simulation result is run (we show the average of each simulation)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Chiti, Francesco" sort="Chiti, Francesco" uniqKey="Chiti F" first="Francesco" last="Chiti">Francesco Chiti</name><name sortKey="Fantacci, Romano" sort="Fantacci, Romano" uniqKey="Fantacci R" first="Romano" last="Fantacci">Romano Fantacci</name><name sortKey="Macias, Elsa" sort="Macias, Elsa" uniqKey="Macias E" first="Elsa" last="Macias">Elsa Macias</name><name sortKey="Sacco, Andrea" sort="Sacco, Andrea" uniqKey="Sacco A" first="Andrea" last="Sacco">Andrea Sacco</name><name sortKey="Suarez, Alvaro" sort="Suarez, Alvaro" uniqKey="Suarez A" first="Alvaro" last="Suarez">Alvaro Suarez</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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