A Webbased electronic book ebook library the netLibrary model
Identifieur interne : 000879 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000878; suivant : 000880A Webbased electronic book ebook library the netLibrary model
Auteurs : Lynn Silipigni ConnawaySource :
- Library Hi Tech [ 0737-8831 ] ; 2001-12-01.
Abstract
Despite some skepticism about the adoption of electronic books ebooks in libraries, there has been substantial growth in ebook acquisitions and usage. The ebook task force for the University of California digital library identified eight elements that are important to the evaluation of academic ebook usage. The elements are content, software and hardware standards and protocols, digital rights management, access, archiving, privacy, the market and pricing, and enhancements and ideal ebook features. There are currently several ebook models available to libraries that can be assessed and described in relation to the abovementioned elements or criteria. Using these elements, the netLibrary ebook model will be described.
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DOI: 10.1108/07378830110411961
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The ebook task force for the University of California digital library identified eight elements that are important to the evaluation of academic ebook usage. The elements are content, software and hardware standards and protocols, digital rights management, access, archiving, privacy, the market and pricing, and enhancements and ideal ebook features. There are currently several ebook models available to libraries that can be assessed and described in relation to the abovementioned elements or criteria. 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Do Not Edit! --><article dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lht</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1108/lht</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Library Hi Tech</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0737-8831</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MCB UP Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/07378830110411961</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="original-pdf">2380190404.pdf</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="filename">2380190404</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="type-of-publication"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">research-article</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Research paper</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IKM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information & knowledge management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-ICT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information & communications technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-INT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Internet</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LISC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library & information science</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IBRT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information behaviour & retrieval</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IUS</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information user studies</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-MTD</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Metadata</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LLM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Librarianship/library management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LTC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A Web‐based electronic book (e‐book) library: the netLibrary model</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Lynn</given-names> <surname>Silipigni Connaway</surname></string-name><aff>Lynn Silipigni Connaway is Vice President, Research and Library Systems at netLibrary, Inc., Boulder, Colorado, USA.</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2001</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>340</fpage><lpage>349</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© MCB UP Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2001</copyright-year><license license-type="publisher"><license-p></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="07378830110411961.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>Despite some skepticism about the adoption of electronic books (e‐books) in libraries, there has been substantial growth in e‐book acquisitions and usage. The e‐book task force for the University of California digital library identified eight elements that are important to the evaluation of academic e‐book usage. The elements are: content, software and hardware standards and protocols, digital rights management, access, archiving, privacy, the market and pricing, and enhancements and ideal e‐book features. There are currently several e‐book models available to libraries that can be assessed and described in relation to the above‐mentioned elements or criteria. Using these elements, the netLibrary e‐book model will be described.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Electronic publishing</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Academic libraries</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>peer-reviewed</meta-name><meta-value>no</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>academic-content</meta-name><meta-value>yes</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>rightslink</meta-name><meta-value>included</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The e‐book market is growing. “Nearly one in every three of LJ public library respondents have purchased electronic books (e‐books), and of those who have not, nearly one in three say they will purchase e‐books within the year” (Hoffert, 2001).</p><p>According to the Forrester report, <italic>Books Unbound</italic>, released in December 2000, e‐books are being adopted and proven as a viable product. Scholarly and reference books are projected to create a solid base for e‐book content. Custom print on‐demand publishing may well dominate small‐audience books. The ability to download textbook content from Web sites is expected to sweep through the textbook markets, and will suppress the used textbook market. E‐books and e‐book reader devices are expected to succeed in niches and genre fiction will provide the largest market for the e‐book reader devices. These trends are predicted to drive $4.1 billion in new sales and $7.8 billion in total sales in 2005. The projected sales for e‐books equal $1 out of every $6 that consumers will spend on books (O’Brien, 2000) (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2380190404001">Figure 1</xref>).</p><p>Some believe that e‐book adoption is currently where e‐journal adoption was three years ago. Carol Hansen Montgomery, Dean of Libraries at Drexel University, believes that the e‐book market will experience the same kind of adoption as the electronic journal market, but possibly at a slower pace. Hansen Montgomery states: “It’s (e‐book access) certainly what our students want. They want their information electronically, period” (Hogan, 2001).</p><p>Book circulation in research libraries is reported to have decreased between 20 and 30 percent in the past few years. Some believe that library users secure the paper book as a last resort, preferring electronic content for research, therefore attributing the decline in book circulation to the availability of library resources in electronic format (Hogan, 2001).</p></sec><sec><title>Elements important to e‐books</title><p>The e‐book task force for the University of California digital library identified eight elements that are important to the evaluation of academic e‐book usage. The elements are: content, software and hardware standards and protocols, digital rights management, access, archiving, privacy, the market and pricing, and enhancements and ideal e‐book features (Snowhill, 2001). Using these elements, the netLibrary e‐book model will be described.</p></sec><sec><title>netLibrary e‐book model</title><sec><title>Content</title><p>Publisher relationships are the key to ensuring a steady flow of vetted content and there is a growing commitment among publishers to provide e‐book content based on demand. On November 30, 1999, netLibrary had 111 publishers providing content for e‐books. By June 2001, 312 publishers were providing content. netLibrary’s publishers are equally divided between academic publishers (50 percent) and commercial publishers (50 percent), all of whom value the additional distribution channel that netLibrary offers to them.</p></sec><sec><title>Acquisition and collection development</title><p>Quality content is one of the key factors in providing an effective digital library. The netLibrary collection librarians and publisher relations teams and netLibrary’s customer libraries have worked together with publishers to identify and prioritize content availability. netLibrary has approximately 38,000 titles that are categorized into academic, public, school, and corporate library collections. netLibrary has librarians on staff with subject‐area expertise in collection development, as well as staff from the publishing industry who are familiar with publishers’ areas of specialization.</p><p>Economics and business; literature; US and world history; medicine, health and wellness; religion; technology and engineering (including computer science); philosophy; sociology; and education are currently netLibrary’s largest and strongest collections (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2380190404002">Figure 2</xref>).</p><p>Current netLibrary e‐book usage patterns suggest highest subject usage is within collections of: economics and business; computer science; literature; medicine, health and wellness; technology; history; education; sociology; and religion. This suggests either that the netLibrary collection development librarians are doing an excellent job of selecting content, or that users are accessing the content that is available to them in electronic format. Given the newness of the category, more detailed usage data across all types of libraries are now becoming available and more information on usage patterns is expected from continued research in this area.</p><p>In addition to new and recent publications, netLibrary collection development librarians select titles that have sustained their value over the years. For example, 88 percent of netLibrary’s current titles were published between 1995 and 2000, 16 percent of the titles were published in 1999, and more than a quarter are less than two years old (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2380190404003">Figure 3</xref>).</p><p>Management of content, whether paper or electronic, is critical to librarians’ collection development, budget, user services and circulation decision‐making processes. netLibrary provides a variety of usage reports, as well as reports of titles that are not used, which enable librarians to monitor and adjust their collection strategies and circulation models. It is possible to assign circulation periods by title and/or collections and to access netLibrary’s collection development tools for reviewing and acquiring new content.</p><p>Collection development librarians have been actively reviewing both their e‐book usage statistics and their paper book circulation statistics to prioritize which e‐book collections complement their libraries’ holdings. Typical e‐book acquisition patterns emerging today are: wide‐reaching subject areas; titles with high circulation in paper or electronic format; and the replacement of damaged, misplaced, lost or stolen books. All data suggest that e‐books are used to complement the libraries’ paper book holdings, not to eliminate or replace the libraries’ paper book collections.</p><p>netLibrary collection development librarians also work directly with library customers to develop customized collections based on individual library user needs. The information gathered from this process is incorporated into the collection development strategy and is shared with the netLibrary publisher relations team in negotiating the acquisition of additional content.</p><p>This process is very different from the traditional paper book collection development process. Collection development librarians can obtain paper book content from book jobbers and distributors, directly from publishers, and from booksellers and bookstores, both from online and brick‐and‐mortar businesses. Patterns of usage and purchase are long established. Conversely, the netLibrary collection development librarians must work directly with book publishers to acquire content in electronic format, which often requires presenting a business case. The business case typically requires rationale for the requested titles, as well as a marketing plan, and sales projections. Therefore, library customer requests for content are extremely important when developing the business case.</p><p>The literature indicates that some librarians believe technical and computer science content are ideal for e‐book distribution (Hogan, 2001), as is content in nursing, computer science, information technology, and engineering. The results of a survey conducted by netLibrary, in an attempt to identify relevant content for e‐book distribution, reflect these assumptions.</p><p>netLibrary e‐mailed a survey to 466 randomly selected libraries from the <italic>ALA Directory</italic> (available on disc from Bowker). Of the libraries selected, 55 percent were academic and 50 percent were public. netLibrary received 135 total usable responses. All of the usable responses were from academic librarians, since no public librarians responded to the survey. This may be attributed to several factors. The <italic>ALA Directory</italic> did not always provide the name of the collection development librarians, so the questionnaire may have been sent to a general library e‐mail address and not to an individual. Academic librarians are often required to conduct research for promotion and tenure, which may make them more receptive to participating in research studies. (netLibrary is in the process of distributing a follow‐up survey to individual public, academic and corporate librarians.)</p><p>The librarians were asked to rank disciplines they believe best lend themselves to the e‐book format. The most important disciplines identified, in order of importance, by academic librarians are business, medicine, social science, science and technology, humanities and law. This is consistent with earlier findings from similar research conducted by netLibrary.</p><p>When asked to rank, in order of importance, specific subject areas within these disciplines, the academic librarians ranked them as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2380190404004">Table I</xref>.</p><p>These results indicate that academic librarians believe content from a variety of subject areas will appeal to users in e‐book format. In reviewing usage statistics with our customers, the type of content accessed seems to be one key driver for usage; others are awareness and accessibility of electronic content. Many libraries have found that within three weeks of integrating e‐book MARC records into the online public access catalog (OPAC), circulation triples for e‐book titles. This suggests that e‐books should be integrated into library processes, policies and services, and not isolated or treated as a different format to other content, especially when the e‐book content can be accessed through the OPAC in a Web‐based environment, requiring no additional hardware or software.</p></sec><sec><title>Software and hardware standards and protocols </title><p>The netLibrary model is based on the belief that: an e‐book = content. Therefore, an e‐book is not a device; nor is it a mechanism of creation; nor is it defined as one dedicated source of content. No additional hardware or software is required by libraries to use netLibrary e‐books. An e‐book is the content itself. It is the intellectual property of the author who developed it, and is owned by the copyright holders. Based on this premise, the content, even in an electronic world, should be readily accessible and available to share between and among users, as paper books are, while in compliance with fair use and copyright laws.</p><p>netLibrary e‐books are one of a library’s assets. They are platform independent, accessible worldwide, can be accessed online or off‐line via the netLibrary reader, and can be integrated into the library’s OPAC through MARC records provided directly through netLibrary, or through OCLC via WorldCat, PromptCat, or collection sets.</p><p>E‐books, however, provide some new parameters for accessing this content. netLibrary leverages the Internet and digital technology for what they do best – provide more efficient and effective means of aggregating, organizing and making content accessible, while retaining the integrity and essence of the traditional book industry and the use of content. This content is easily accessible and not restricted by devices or technical environments, since the e‐books are delivered via a Web browser in HTML, PDF or Déjà Vu.</p></sec><sec><title>Digital rights management</title><p>netLibrary manages digital conversion, and monitors the conversion process and the quality of the conversion, by including publishers in the process. netLibrary technology authenticates the users of e‐books to ensure that they have the rights to access the content. The conversion technology provides e‐books that are fully searchable both within a book and across a collection of books, and that permits copying and printing portions of content, while complying with copyright and fair use laws. netLibrary is currently working with publishers to acquire their book content in electronic format that adheres to the Open eBook Forum (OeBF) specifications[1]. This will not alter the core functionality of the e‐books, but will facilitate and expedite the production of the e‐book content for quicker availability.</p><p>Copyright compliance is of great importance to publishers, since they are obligated to protect the intellectual property of their authors. netLibrary’s digital rights management software provides the secure rendering of digital content both on site via Web browsers or via the netLibrary downloadable reader. Publishers who provide their digital content through netLibrary are confident that the dissemination of their content is secure.</p></sec><sec><title>Access</title><p>The netLibrary cataloging team creates an e‐book MARC record for each netLibrary title. Librarians are able to acquire these records directly through netLibrary or through OCLC. Alliances with integrated library system vendors, such as Innovative Interfaces, Inc., epixtech, SIRSI, and Follett Software Company, enable librarians to incorporate e‐book titles into their paper book collections. This allows a seamless interface for users and facilitates their access to e‐book content.</p><p>The primary access in place today reflects a one‐to‐one approach. This model ensures publishers of copyright protection in the largely uncharted electronic environment.</p><p>netLibrary and several leading publishers are currently testing alternative access models that simulate multiple‐user or simultaneous use approaches, factoring into those tests methodologies for maintaining copyright protection. These tests are predicated on minimizing contention for titles by allowing multiple‐user access. When an e‐book title is being used by one library patron, and a second patron tries to access the same e‐book title at the same time, another copy of the title will be made available to the second user. Although multiple copies are actually being made available, this is not apparent to the user.</p></sec><sec><title>Archiving and long‐term access</title><p>Recognizing the importance of archiving content, especially in a new environment, netLibrary and OCLC work together to ensure access to the e‐book content acquired by participating libraries. As a neutral party, OCLC maintains a repository of e‐books sold by netLibrary to academic, public, corporate, government and K‐12 library customers. netLibrary provides OCLC with quarterly customer file updates reflecting each library’s additions and deletions to their digital library. Copies of the e‐books are stored on CD‐ROM in the preservation resources climate controlled vault.</p><p>netLibrary provides OCLC with a disc set that includes all netLibrary e‐book titles that are served to the Internet using HTML, PDF, or Déjà Vu, and the software to serve these titles. These processes and agreements protect the libraries’ investments in e‐books, while protecting the publishers’ copyrighted content.</p></sec><sec><title>Privacy</title><p>User privacy is of utmost importance to both users and librarians. netLibrary adheres to the American Library Association “Code of ethics”, point III (Office for Intellectual Freedom, 1996), and does not disclose individually‐identifiable information to any third party without consent from the individual.</p><p>The netLibrary Web site logs IP addresses for system administration purposes and tracks system information, such as the type of browser, the operating system used, and the referring IP address. This information is used in the aggregate only, and IP addresses are not linked to any personal identifiers. No personal information is stored by netLibrary.</p><p>In order to access a library’s e‐book collection, users must register and create member accounts with their library. The registration form requires a full name, e‐mail address, ZIP code, a user name and password. All other registration information, such as age, address, phone number and employer, is optional and is marked as such.</p><p>Usage patterns are logged anonymously by session ID, which does not connect to a specific member ID. Usage data are viewed and analyzed in aggregated form only. When an e‐book is checked out, the system has to be able to recognize the user to know if the user has access rights to the e‐book. netLibrary does not, however, keep any long‐term circulation records, and it is not possible to view a history of the publications an individual has used.</p><p>Information netLibrary collects is analyzed anonymously for collection development purposes and to identify desirable site enhancements. The majority of the information is analyzed.</p></sec><sec><title>Marketing and pricing</title><p>There are different e‐book business models. These include print on demand, monthly subscription fees, free browsing of content with fees for downloading and printing, one‐time purchase of the content with perpetual access or annual access fees, and subscription fees with or without ownership. Some e‐book providers work only with libraries while others market to the individual end‐users.</p><p>Libraries and institutions purchase e‐book titles from netLibrary. The titles are owned by the libraries and institutions and included in their assets. The e‐book price is determined by the publisher of the content, but the majority of the e‐book titles are the same price as the hard‐copy book.</p><p>An access fee is charged to libraries and institutions to cover the costs of maintaining a digital library, such as use of search capabilities and related Web‐based features. The access fees include the maintenance of the Web site and access to the e‐book content. They include access to the Library Resource Center (formerly the Library Extranet), which allows librarians to manage and develop their collections, to review usage statistics, and to see grant‐writing examples and promotional materials. The fees also support access to TitleSelect, a collection‐development tool for e‐book selection and acquisition.</p><p>The access fees can be paid as a one‐time charge for perpetual access to the e‐book title, or can be paid on an annual basis. The latter allows libraries to deselect the titles, and may be of interest to non‐research libraries for technology and computer science titles that become outdated. If a library chooses the annual access fee and deselects the title, the e‐book title is still owned by the library, but will not be retrieved or displayed in search results; therefore, the e‐book is not available to users. It is possible for the library to reactivate the title by paying the access fees.</p><p>Today e‐book purchases are most often funded from the libraries’ monographs budget, electronic resources budget, or database budget. There is a growing trend for libraries to establish separate e‐book budgets. Some libraries have funded e‐book purchases through consortia agreements, and institutional or community initiatives, such as digital library projects, distance/distributed education programs, curriculum and program development projects, alumni donations, planned gifts, grants, or capital campaigns. Once a library identifies the funding line, the librarians must select and acquire the e‐book content that will best meet the needs of their library users.</p></sec><sec><title>Enhancements and ideal features</title><p>An e‐book, as defined by the netLibrary model, is about applying key functionality that leverages Internet technology. Its goal is both to enhance quick access to more quality published content, and to make the user experience as simple and desirable as it is with paper books. It can take the form of a single monograph or a multi‐volume set. Powerful search capabilities allow searching for specific information across a collection of thousands of books and/or within a book. They open the way to adding some of the best benefits of the Internet by leveraging the ability to:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>embed multimedia data;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>link to other electronic resources; and </p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>cross‐reference information across multiple resources.</p></list-item></list><p><italic>The American Heritage<sup>®</sup> Dictionary of the English Language</italic>, 4th ed. (2000), is embedded in all netLibrary e‐books. Access to <italic>The American Heritage<sup>®</sup> Student Dictionary</italic> (1998) and <italic>The American Heritage<sup>®</sup> Children’s Dictionary</italic> (1998) is also available. Since these dictionaries are embedded in a library’s e‐book collection, they enable users to highlight or type a word and to retrieve a definition, as well as an audio pronunciation of the word.</p><p>Copying and printing portions of e‐books is possible, within copyright and fair use laws. Copyright protection is ensured regardless of whether the content is accessed via the Internet or via the netLibrary downloadable reader that allows access to the book offline. netLibrary e‐books can be accessed anytime, anywhere via the Internet, and no device but a personal computer is needed to access the content.</p><p>The Internet has caused a revolution in the book publishing industry with the emergence of the e‐book. The advantages of e‐books are straightforward and include: easy accessibility to more content than can be searched manually; search capabilities that generate fast, relevant results; on‐demand availability; elimination of concern for books being lost, stolen, or damaged; searchability within a book and across a collection of books; links to other resources, including dictionaries and thesauri; no physical space requirements; no devices required for access to the content; accessibility to content using standard Web browsers; customizable search interfaces; easily transported; and global accessibility by users. E‐book collections can be accessed for academic and professional research, student research, curriculum reference and support, distance and distributed learning, and by remote workforces and academic communities.</p></sec><sec><title>Reporting</title><p>After the e‐book content is acquired, cataloged, and integrated into the libraries’ systems, librarians should count and document the e‐book acquisitions and usage statistics for reporting to local, national, and international associations and agencies. Although reporting was not included in Snowhill’s (2001) list of elements for academic e‐book usage, it is of great importance to librarians for measurement of library acquisitions and services. Therefore, reporting has been added as an additional criterion for evaluating e‐books.</p><p>Since library acquisition of e‐books is a relatively new practice, there are few guidelines available for consultation. netLibrary has worked with and has participated in a project with the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) to determine e‐book metrics for counting, usage, and circulation and is developing benchmarks for the acquisition and usage of e‐books.</p><p>ARL has issued a statement on e‐book counting that is available on its Q&A Web site:</p><disp-quote><p>E‐books that fit the netLibrary model, i.e. electronic manifestations of physical entities/units, should be counted in the ARL statistics in the following ways: e‐book units purchased should be included under Q.4 monographic volumes purchased and expenditures for these units should be included under Q.16 expenditures for monographs. E‐book units should also be counted under Q1‐4 volumes in library as long as these e‐books have been purchased and are owned by your library (Association of Research Libraries, 1998).</p></disp-quote></sec></sec><sec><title>Future directions</title><p>With the development of wireless technologies, library users’ expectations are changing. Individuals are more wired and becoming more comfortable with and more dependent on technology. E‐cars, high‐tech automobiles with Internet access, allow individuals to check e‐mail, monitor stocks, and keep up with sports scores without taking their hands off of the steering wheel. Telematics, a new wireless technology that transmits information to and from a vehicle, makes this access possible. Telematics is available in 2001 automobiles from Mercedes‐Benz and General Motors, and includes voice‐activated features (Hales, 2000).</p><p>Wireless technologies have enabled the service industry to utilize the Bluetooth microchip to allow individuals to set temperatures wirelessly for Carrier’s Night and Day Web‐enabled air conditioners, and to switch the units off and on via mobile phones, e‐mail, or fax. Carrier will notify the owner of the air conditioner, via mobile phones, e‐mail, or fax when the unit needs to be serviced, or when it is malfunctioning and needs repair (Konicki, 2001).</p><p>Stonebriar Country Club in Dallas, Texas has installed a server in the club house, and Bluetooth access points in the grill room, to allow members to reach the Internet and e‐mail using PDAs with a Bluetooth transmitter which the club loans to its members. The club members are able to order drinks, check videos of their children in the club’s day‐care center, and download their scores to the clubhouse for handicapping purposes (Nelson, 2001).</p><p>The popularity of Napster and MP3 have given users the capability to aggregate their electronic content into private digital libraries. The popularity of peer‐to‐peer technology, such as Gnutella, which allows all types of files to be shared between individuals, is facilitating this aggregation. As individuals continue to acquire more content electronically, they will begin to create their personal digital libraries. E‐books can provide digital content for the development of digital libraries, whether personal or institutional, while complying with copyright and fair use laws.</p><p>In the near future, it is expected that multimedia e‐books with interactive capabilities will be in demand. It is currently possible to use, copy, or print e‐book content by section, chapter, page, or paragraph. This deconstruction of the book requires new thinking, laws, and legislation for licensing and fair use, as well as new financial models for authors, publishers and librarians.</p><p>These new distribution models will be useful to meet the increasing demand by individuals for remote access to resources. In the report, The Knowledge Web, Merrill Lynch and Co., reports a 31 percent projected increase in the number of four‐year colleges offering distance learning classes through the year 2002 (Moe and Blodgett, 2000) (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2380190404005">Figure 4</xref>).</p><p>In Peterson’s <italic>Guide to Distance Learning Programs</italic> (1999), more than five million students are reported to have enrolled in distance learning classes in the academic year 1997‐1998 in 1,370 different institutions and in approximately 157 different disciplines.</p><p>As more people participate in distance and distributed learning programs, they will become more dependent on full‐text electronic resources from libraries. Since many distance learning students will not have access to the educational institutions’ libraries and resources from remote locations, these students will become increasingly dependent on their local academic and public libraries to provide them with their information resources.</p><p>There is a growing demand for increased functionality and more advanced technology for utilizing electronic content. In today’s society people are accustomed to wireless access to the Internet, e‐mail and voice communications. These same individuals expect libraries to provide them with full‐text information that is accessible from any location at any time of day or night.</p><p>Remote access to libraries’ online public access catalogs, electronic databases, electronic journals and e‐books can help meet these expectations. E‐books are more than an alternative to paper books. Librarians will need to work with e‐book providers, publishers and authors in the development of processes and models for acquiring and licensing content that can be downloaded to hand‐held devices and personal digital assistants (PDAs) owned by both the libraries and library users.</p><p>In order for library users to access e‐books, these electronic resources must be integrated into the online public access catalog with other library resources. Integrating e‐books into library collections enables the collocation of like items and content, regardless of format, and the establishment of bibliographic links to other related items. More robust search capabilities and bibliographic relationships can be created by first enhancing the bibliographic record. Multiple classification numbers can be assigned for each item, since shelf listing is not an issue with e‐books. This will provide additional access points for each item. The inclusion of tables of contents, indices and summaries in the bibliographic record can save the time of the user. Links to book reviews, references, bibliographies and the content in other formats, such as audio and video, will enhance and expedite the retrieval of like items.</p><p>There are currently several different standards, formats and specifications used to describe e‐books. The integration and collaboration of these standards and formats is imperative to meet the needs of those associated with the creation, distribution, dissemination and utilization of e‐books.</p><p>These standards and formats include MARC, Dublin Core and ONIX (ONline Information eXchange). MARC format is used to depict the physical and intellectual properties of resources for integration into library systems. The Dublin Core was developed to identify metadata element sets for interoperability. ONIX was developed to identify and code the specifications utilized by the book trade industry. The OeBF has organized a metadata working group to review the most widely used standards, formats and specifications.</p><p>The full‐text search capabilities of e‐books should be integrated into library online public access catalogs to enable users to search within library catalogs and electronic collections, as well as across other Internet resources. The CORC (Cooperative Online OCLC Research) project is an example of a system that can provide integrated access to electronic resources. It enables users to search across all types of electronic information, including Web sites, electronic journals, e‐books, newspapers, advertisements, and audio and video streaming to retrieve related information. Library systems should also enable the integration of semantic searches that map and retrieve concepts and ideas in addition to keyword and known item searches. These advances will move libraries into the digital world of our users.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Despite some skepticism for the adoption of e‐books in libraries (Sottong, 2001), librarians are currently purchasing and providing e‐books for their users, who are accessing these e‐books with increased frequency. There are several different e‐book models available to libraries today. The most widely used models require a Web‐based environment to access the content. Others require the use of specific hardware or software. </p><p>As technology, user needs and publishing processes change, new e‐book models will emerge.</p><p>E‐book usage data and transaction log analysis will provide additional information that will help to shape the e‐book environment. Understanding how electronic content is accessed and used and identifying what content is best suited to the electronic environment will also influence the development of e‐book models. Librarians will need to work with e‐book content providers and publishers to monitor closely and analyze these data in order to create new models that will meet the needs of end‐users.</p><p>Perhaps the greatest challenge of the digital library is its dependency on strong alliances between publishers, authors, librarians and e‐book providers. Together they will need to provide electronic content through new technologies and delivery systems to meet the increasing demands of technology‐savvy users.</p></sec><sec><title>Note</title><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>1 <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.openebook.org/">http://www.openebook.org/</ext-link></p></list-item></list></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2380190404004"><label><bold>Table I<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Subjects librarians believe best suited for e‐book content</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2380190404004.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2380190404001"><label><bold>Figure 1<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>E‐book revenues 2000‐2005 (in millions)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2380190404001.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2380190404002"><label><bold>Figure 2<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>netLibrary collection by top ten subject areas</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2380190404002.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2380190404003"><label><bold>Figure 3<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>netLibrary collection by publication date</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2380190404003.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2380190404005"><label><bold>Figure 4<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Colleges offering distance learning classes</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2380190404005.tif"></graphic></fig></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation><source><italic>The American Heritage Children’s Dictionary</italic></source> (<year>1998</year>), <publisher-name>Houghton Mifflin</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><mixed-citation><source><italic>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</italic></source>, <edition>4th ed</edition>. (<year>2000</year>), <publisher-name>Houghton Mifflin</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><mixed-citation><source><italic>The American Heritage Student Dictionary</italic></source> (<year>1998</year>), <publisher-name>Houghton Mifflin</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name>Association of Research Libraries</string-name></person-group> (<year>1998</year>), “<article-title><italic>ARL statistics Q&A</italic></article-title>”, <publisher-name>ARL</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>Washington, DC</publisher-loc>, 31 August, available: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arl.org/stats/arlstat/arlstatqa.html">http://www.arl.org/stats/arlstat/arlstatqa.html</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Hales</surname>, <given-names>D.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2000</year>), “<article-title><italic>E‐cars take to the road</italic></article-title>”, <source><italic>Parade Magazine</italic></source>, 1 October, pp. <fpage>18</fpage><x>‐</x><lpage>19.</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Hoffert</surname>, <given-names>B.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>), “<article-title><italic>Book report 2001: the budget shifts</italic></article-title>”, <source><italic>Library Journal</italic></source>, Vol. <volume>126</volume> No. <issue>3</issue>, pp. <fpage>130</fpage><x>‐</x><lpage>2</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Hogan</surname>, <given-names>T.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>), “<article-title><italic>Drexel University moves aggressively from print to electronic access to journals</italic></article-title>”, <source><italic>Computers in Libraries</italic></source>, Vol. <volume>21</volume> No. <issue>5</issue>, pp. <fpage>22</fpage><x>‐</x><lpage>7.</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Konicki</surname>, <given-names>S.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>), “<article-title><italic>Keep cool the wireless‐Web way</italic></article-title>”, <source><italic>InformationWeek’s Bizmodel.com</italic></source>, 16 April, available: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://update.informationweek.com/cgi-bin4/flo?y=eDRL0BibjP0Vz0Ms40AK">http://update.informationweek.com/cgi‐bin4/flo?y= eDRL0BibjP0Vz0Ms40AK</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Moe</surname>, <given-names>M.</given-names></string-name></person-group> and <person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Blodgett</surname>, <given-names>H.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2000</year>), <source><italic>The Knowledge Web</italic></source>, <publisher-name>Merrill Lynch & Co., Global Securities Research and Economics Group</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Nelson</surname>, <given-names>M.G.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>), “<article-title><italic>Tee‐to‐green net access</italic></article-title>”, <source><italic>InformationWeek’s Bizmodel.com</italic></source>, 16 April, available: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://update.informationweek.com/cgi-bin4/flo?y=eDRL0BibjP0Vz0Ms30AJ">http://update.informationweek.com/cgi‐bin4/flo?y= eDRL0BibjP0Vz0Ms30AJ</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>O’Brien</surname>, <given-names>D.P.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2000</year>), <source><italic>Books Unbound</italic></source>, <publisher-name>Forrester Research</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>Cambridge, MA</publisher-loc>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name>Office for Intellectual Freedom of the American Library Association</string-name></person-group> (<year>1996</year>), <source><italic>Intellectual Freedom Manual</italic></source>, <publisher-name>American Library Association</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>Chicago, IL</publisher-loc>, pp. <fpage>150</fpage><x>‐</x><lpage>1</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><mixed-citation><source><italic>Peterson’s Guide Distance Learning Programs</italic></source> (<year>1999</year>), <publisher-name>Peterson’s</publisher-name>, <publisher-name>Princeton</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>NJ.</publisher-loc></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Snowhill</surname>, <given-names>L.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>), “<article-title><italic>E‐books and their future in academic libraries</italic></article-title>”, <source><italic>D‐Lib Magazine</italic></source>, July/August, available: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july01/snowhill/01snowhill.html">http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july01/snowhill/01snowhill.html</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Sottong</surname>, <given-names>S.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>), “<article-title><italic>E‐book technology: waiting for the false pretender</italic></article-title>”, <source><italic>Information Technology and Libraries</italic></source>, Vol. <volume>20</volume> No. <issue>2</issue>, pp. <fpage>72</fpage><x>‐</x><lpage>80</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>A Webbased electronic book ebook library the netLibrary model</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>A Webbased electronic book ebook library the netLibrary model</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Lynn</namePart><namePart type="family">Silipigni Connaway</namePart><affiliation>Lynn Silipigni Connaway is Vice President, Research and Library Systems at netLibrary, Inc., Boulder, Colorado, USA.</affiliation></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>MCB UP Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2001-12-01</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2001</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Despite some skepticism about the adoption of electronic books ebooks in libraries, there has been substantial growth in ebook acquisitions and usage. The ebook task force for the University of California digital library identified eight elements that are important to the evaluation of academic ebook usage. The elements are content, software and hardware standards and protocols, digital rights management, access, archiving, privacy, the market and pricing, and enhancements and ideal ebook features. There are currently several ebook models available to libraries that can be assessed and described in relation to the abovementioned elements or criteria. Using these elements, the netLibrary ebook model will be described.</abstract><subject><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Electronic publishing</topic><topic>Academic libraries</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Library Hi Tech</title></titleInfo><genre type="Journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-IKM">Information & knowledge management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-ICT">Information & communications technology</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-INT">Internet</topic></subject><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-LISC">Library & information science</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-IBRT">Information behaviour & retrieval</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LLM">Librarianship/library management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-IUS">Information user studies</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-MTD">Metadata</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LTC">Library technology</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0737-8831</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">lht</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/lht</identifier><part><date>2001</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>19</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>340</start><end>349</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">6DA0DBE26CC944A48B7B2A6F0978AFF3C442D9E3</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/07378830110411961</identifier><identifier type="filenameID">2380190404</identifier><identifier type="original-pdf">2380190404.pdf</identifier><identifier type="href">07378830110411961.pdf</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© MCB UP Limited</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>EMERALD</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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