Enhancing literary electronic books with logical structure electronic work
Identifieur interne : 000499 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000498; suivant : 000500Enhancing literary electronic books with logical structure electronic work
Auteurs : Miguel A. Martnezprieto ; Pablo De La Fuente ; Jess M. Vegas ; Joaqun Adiego ; Carlos E. CuestaSource :
- The Electronic Library [ 0264-0473 ] ; 2008-08-08.
Abstract
Purpose This paper aims to present the concept of electronic work, such as an ebook integrator of concerns logical structure, appearance and functionality, for representing literary texts available in electronic heterogeneous environments. Designmethodologyapproach From the generic description of an ebook and the descriptive requirements of the BiDiLiC project, the concept of electronic work is presented. These requirements involve a descriptive markup policy based on TEILite which defines the text's logical structure and is used for integrating the other concerns associated with the text functionality and appearance. Finally, the article presents an example showing the integration of the previous concepts to achieve a functional implementation of the electronic work. Findings The electronic work covers the requirements of classic literary texts, while still allowing other types of texts to be represented easily. For this purpose, a robust logical structure based on TEI is defined, which offers an interchange norm for information stored in an electronic form. This representation, developed in XML, allows the logical structure of the text to be described generically, facilitating the integration around it of the service's functionality, as well as adapting its appearance for use in heterogeneous environments, such as the internet. Originalityvalue This paper proposes a new approach for interacting with electronic content. This approach is presented from conceptual basis to functional representation by way of theoretical reasoning and innovative technology.
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DOI: 10.1108/02640470810893747
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ISTEX:ABE0507B435F00ED2BA191960041078389B04A84Le document en format XML
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Vegas</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adiego, Joaqun" sort="Adiego, Joaqun" uniqKey="Adiego J" first="Joaqun" last="Adiego">Joaqun Adiego</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cuesta, Carlos E" sort="Cuesta, Carlos E" uniqKey="Cuesta C" first="Carlos E." last="Cuesta">Carlos E. Cuesta</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Kybele, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:ABE0507B435F00ED2BA191960041078389B04A84</idno><date when="2008" year="2008">2008</date><idno type="doi">10.1108/02640470810893747</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/ABE0507B435F00ED2BA191960041078389B04A84/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000499</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Enhancing literary electronic books with logical structure electronic work</title><author><name sortKey="Martnezprieto, Miguel A" sort="Martnezprieto, Miguel A" uniqKey="Martnezprieto M" first="Miguel A." last="Martnezprieto">Miguel A. Martnezprieto</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De La Fuente, Pablo" sort="De La Fuente, Pablo" uniqKey="De La Fuente P" first="Pablo" last="De La Fuente">Pablo De La Fuente</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vegas, Jess M" sort="Vegas, Jess M" uniqKey="Vegas J" first="Jess M." last="Vegas">Jess M. Vegas</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adiego, Joaqun" sort="Adiego, Joaqun" uniqKey="Adiego J" first="Joaqun" last="Adiego">Joaqun Adiego</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cuesta, Carlos E" sort="Cuesta, Carlos E" uniqKey="Cuesta C" first="Carlos E." last="Cuesta">Carlos E. Cuesta</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Kybele, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">The Electronic Library</title><idno type="ISSN">0264-0473</idno><imprint><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><date type="published" when="2008-08-08">2008-08-08</date><biblScope unit="volume">26</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="490">490</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="504">504</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0264-0473</idno></series><idno type="istex">ABE0507B435F00ED2BA191960041078389B04A84</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1108/02640470810893747</idno><idno type="filenameID">2630260404</idno><idno type="original-pdf">2630260404.pdf</idno><idno type="href">02640470810893747.pdf</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0264-0473</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Purpose This paper aims to present the concept of electronic work, such as an ebook integrator of concerns logical structure, appearance and functionality, for representing literary texts available in electronic heterogeneous environments. Designmethodologyapproach From the generic description of an ebook and the descriptive requirements of the BiDiLiC project, the concept of electronic work is presented. These requirements involve a descriptive markup policy based on TEILite which defines the text's logical structure and is used for integrating the other concerns associated with the text functionality and appearance. Finally, the article presents an example showing the integration of the previous concepts to achieve a functional implementation of the electronic work. Findings The electronic work covers the requirements of classic literary texts, while still allowing other types of texts to be represented easily. For this purpose, a robust logical structure based on TEI is defined, which offers an interchange norm for information stored in an electronic form. This representation, developed in XML, allows the logical structure of the text to be described generically, facilitating the integration around it of the service's functionality, as well as adapting its appearance for use in heterogeneous environments, such as the internet. Originalityvalue This paper proposes a new approach for interacting with electronic content. This approach is presented from conceptual basis to functional representation by way of theoretical reasoning and innovative technology.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>emerald</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Miguel A. MartnezPrieto</name><affiliations><json:string>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Pablo de la Fuente</name><affiliations><json:string>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Jess M. Vegas</name><affiliations><json:string>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Joaqun Adiego</name><affiliations><json:string>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Carlos E. Cuesta</name><affiliations><json:string>Kybele, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Electronic books</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Literature</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Extensible Markup Language</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>case-report</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Purpose This paper aims to present the concept of electronic work, such as an ebook integrator of concerns logical structure, appearance and functionality, for representing literary texts available in electronic heterogeneous environments. Designmethodologyapproach From the generic description of an ebook and the descriptive requirements of the BiDiLiC project, the concept of electronic work is presented. These requirements involve a descriptive markup policy based on TEILite which defines the text's logical structure and is used for integrating the other concerns associated with the text functionality and appearance. Finally, the article presents an example showing the integration of the previous concepts to achieve a functional implementation of the electronic work. Findings The electronic work covers the requirements of classic literary texts, while still allowing other types of texts to be represented easily. For this purpose, a robust logical structure based on TEI is defined, which offers an interchange norm for information stored in an electronic form. This representation, developed in XML, allows the logical structure of the text to be described generically, facilitating the integration around it of the service's functionality, as well as adapting its appearance for use in heterogeneous environments, such as the internet. Originalityvalue This paper proposes a new approach for interacting with electronic content. This approach is presented from conceptual basis to functional representation by way of theoretical reasoning and innovative technology.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.688</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>519 x 680 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>3</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1581</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>6084</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>37035</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>15</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>224</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Enhancing literary electronic books with logical structure electronic work</title><genre><json:string>case-report</json:string></genre><host><volume>26</volume><publisherId><json:string>el</json:string></publisherId><pages><last>504</last><first>490</first></pages><issn><json:string>0264-0473</json:string></issn><issue>4</issue><subject><json:item><value>Information & knowledge management</value></json:item><json:item><value>Information & communications technology</value></json:item><json:item><value>Internet</value></json:item><json:item><value>Library & information science</value></json:item><json:item><value>Librarianship/library management</value></json:item><json:item><value>Library technology</value></json:item></subject><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>The Electronic Library</title><doi><json:string>10.1108/el</json:string></doi></host><publicationDate>2008</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2008</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1108/02640470810893747</json:string></doi><id>ABE0507B435F00ED2BA191960041078389B04A84</id><score>0.100962885</score><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/ABE0507B435F00ED2BA191960041078389B04A84/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/ABE0507B435F00ED2BA191960041078389B04A84/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/ABE0507B435F00ED2BA191960041078389B04A84/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Enhancing literary electronic books with logical structure electronic work</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><availability><p>EMERALD</p></availability><date>2008</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Enhancing literary electronic books with logical structure electronic work</title><author><persName><forename type="first">Miguel A.</forename><surname>MartnezPrieto</surname></persName><affiliation>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Pablo</forename><surname>de la Fuente</surname></persName><affiliation>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Jess M.</forename><surname>Vegas</surname></persName><affiliation>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Joaqun</forename><surname>Adiego</surname></persName><affiliation>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Carlos E.</forename><surname>Cuesta</surname></persName><affiliation>Kybele, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">The Electronic Library</title><idno type="pISSN">0264-0473</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1108/el</idno><imprint><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><date type="published" when="2008-08-08"></date><biblScope unit="volume">26</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="490">490</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="504">504</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">ABE0507B435F00ED2BA191960041078389B04A84</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1108/02640470810893747</idno><idno type="filenameID">2630260404</idno><idno type="original-pdf">2630260404.pdf</idno><idno type="href">02640470810893747.pdf</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2008</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract><p>Purpose This paper aims to present the concept of electronic work, such as an ebook integrator of concerns logical structure, appearance and functionality, for representing literary texts available in electronic heterogeneous environments. Designmethodologyapproach From the generic description of an ebook and the descriptive requirements of the BiDiLiC project, the concept of electronic work is presented. These requirements involve a descriptive markup policy based on TEILite which defines the text's logical structure and is used for integrating the other concerns associated with the text functionality and appearance. Finally, the article presents an example showing the integration of the previous concepts to achieve a functional implementation of the electronic work. Findings The electronic work covers the requirements of classic literary texts, while still allowing other types of texts to be represented easily. For this purpose, a robust logical structure based on TEI is defined, which offers an interchange norm for information stored in an electronic form. This representation, developed in XML, allows the logical structure of the text to be described generically, facilitating the integration around it of the service's functionality, as well as adapting its appearance for use in heterogeneous environments, such as the internet. Originalityvalue This paper proposes a new approach for interacting with electronic content. This approach is presented from conceptual basis to functional representation by way of theoretical reasoning and innovative technology.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Electronic books</term></item><item><term>Literature</term></item><item><term>Extensible Markup Language</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Emerald Subject Group"><list><label>cat-IKM</label><item><term>Information & knowledge management</term></item><label>cat-ICT</label><item><term>Information & communications technology</term></item><label>cat-INT</label><item><term>Internet</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Emerald Subject Group"><list><label>cat-LISC</label><item><term>Library & information science</term></item><label>cat-LLM</label><item><term>Librarianship/library management</term></item><label>cat-LTC</label><item><term>Library technology</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2008-08-08">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/ABE0507B435F00ED2BA191960041078389B04A84/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus emerald not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><!-- Auto generated NISO JATS XML created by Atypon out of MCB DTD source files. Do Not Edit! --><article dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="case-report"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">el</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1108/el</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Electronic Library</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0264-0473</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/02640470810893747</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="original-pdf">2630260404.pdf</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="filename">2630260404</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="type-of-publication"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">case-report</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Case study</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IKM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information & knowledge management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-ICT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information & communications technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-INT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Internet</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LISC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library & information science</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LLM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Librarianship/library management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LTC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Enhancing literary electronic books with logical structure: electronic work</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Miguel A.</given-names> <surname>Martínez‐Prieto</surname></string-name><aff>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</aff></contrib><x></x><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Pablo</given-names> <surname>de la Fuente</surname></string-name><aff>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</aff></contrib><x></x><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Jesús M.</given-names> <surname>Vegas</surname></string-name><aff>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</aff></contrib><x></x><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Joaquín</given-names> <surname>Adiego</surname></string-name><aff>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</aff></contrib><x></x><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Carlos E.</given-names> <surname>Cuesta</surname></string-name><aff>Kybele, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>08</day><month>08</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>490</fpage><lpage>504</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2008</copyright-year><license license-type="publisher"><license-p></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="02640470810893747.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Purpose</title><x> – </x><p>This paper aims to present the concept of electronic work, such as an e‐book integrator of concerns (logical structure, appearance and functionality), for representing literary texts available in electronic heterogeneous environments.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Design/methodology/approach</title><x> – </x><p>From the generic description of an e‐book and the descriptive requirements of the BiDiLiC project, the concept of electronic work is presented. These requirements involve a descriptive markup policy (based on TEI‐Lite) which defines the text's logical structure and is used for integrating the other concerns associated with the text: functionality and appearance. Finally, the article presents an example showing the integration of the previous concepts to achieve a functional implementation of the electronic work.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Findings</title><x> – </x><p>The electronic work covers the requirements of classic literary texts, while still allowing other types of texts to be represented easily. For this purpose, a robust logical structure based on TEI is defined, which offers an interchange norm for information stored in an electronic form. This representation, developed in XML, allows the logical structure of the text to be described generically, facilitating the integration (around it) of the service's functionality, as well as adapting its appearance for use in heterogeneous environments, such as the internet.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Originality/value</title><x> – </x><p>This paper proposes a new approach for interacting with electronic content. This approach is presented from conceptual basis to functional representation by way of theoretical reasoning and innovative technology.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Electronic books</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Literature</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Extensible Markup Language</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>peer-reviewed</meta-name><meta-value>yes</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>academic-content</meta-name><meta-value>yes</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>rightslink</meta-name><meta-value>included</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Digital libraries represent the next step in the dissemination of knowledge. Just as some of the oldest humanists worked on the restructuring of manuscripts so as to increase their availability by means of the printing press, at this moment in time, philologists and technicians should work in harmony to achieve new concepts of both book and library. This concept of the book, generically named the “e‐book”, can be easily designed, created and published, which also means that it can play an important role in knowledge management and knowledge sharing – on both a personal and an organisational basis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">Barker, 2004</xref>).</p><p>Considering that a book can be understood as a medium for communicating information, an e‐book is, or should be, its digital equivalent, a medium where information is organised and structured so that it can be presented to the reader in order to facilitate consultation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">Landoni, 2003</xref>). Consultation is an activity that would normally include at least the following basic actions:<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>browsing;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>searching;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>extracting; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>comparing and assessing the relevance and the quality of the information presented (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Bennett and Landoni, 2005</xref>).</p></list-item></list>From the above definition, we consider that the process of reading is not a passive activity for readers, who can now play an active role through the interaction services offered by e‐books in the technological environment in which they are distributed. New formats, derived from the context in e‐books, are handled and distributed to emphasise the contribution of the internet to the development of the concept of the e‐book and to implement it in a real environment. The internet is an appropriate medium for the distribution of specialised electronic documents as it makes them easily accessible to a large audience using a wide range of common devices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">Bry and Krauss, 2002</xref>). This property characterises the internet as a heterogeneous environment in which a service should be rendered homogeneously for all types of device. In this case, the above issue has caused controversy as there is a diversity of incompatible e‐book standards (Adobe Acrobat eBook Reader, Gemstar, Microsoft Reader and Palm Reader) and most e‐books depend on specific reading devices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">Bry and Krauss, 2002</xref>).</p><p>From the technological situation presented, the principal goal of this article is to define a new concept, that of the electronic‐work (e‐work), with the same main properties as e‐books. It acts as an integrator of concerns, which, focused on its logical structure, makes interactions with this electronic content easy in heterogeneous environments such as the internet. The subject of e‐works, in this first version, is classic literature.</p></sec><sec><title>E‐books</title><p>The idea of an e‐book is not new. In fact, its growth over the last two decades has been influenced by the evolution of different factors. These significant factors are:<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>advances in computer hardware and software;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>the internet, which has enabled text and data to be exchanged electronically; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>the worldwide web, which has made it easy to publish, refer to and transfer content with enabling technologies such as HTML, XML and PDF as underlying standards (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">Rao, 2005</xref>).</p></list-item></list>Unfortunately, the main goal in the production of e‐books has mainly been the final product rather defining a paradigm or a set of rules in order to achieve a representative abstraction of an e‐book. Even so, it can be said that an e‐book is dynamic, reactive, can be made available in different formats and/or editions in a short time and, with the growth of the internet, is accessible almost everywhere (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">Barker, 1996</xref>). According to the BiDiLiC's point of view, an e‐book is understood as being part of a digital library, but this is not a general restriction since an e‐book can be used apart from the library; for example, there currently exist a lot of specific reading devices designed specially for storing and reading e‐books.</p><p>Taking into account the above features of the e‐book and the different attempts made at defining e‐books, this concept can be classified according to four perspectives (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">Rao, 2005</xref>):<list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>such media;</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p>by its content/format;</p></list-item><list-item><label>3. </label><p>according to the querying device; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>4. </label><p>by the way that the e‐book is delivered.</p></list-item></list>According to these perspectives (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">Rao, 2001</xref>), an e‐book is a text in digital form, or a book converted into digital form, or digital reading material, or a book in a computer file format, or an electronic file of words, images with unique identifiers, metadata to be displayed on a computer screen or read on a computer through a network, or viewed in a desktop/notebook/dedicated portable device, or read on all types of computers, or formatted for display on e‐book readers.</p><p>Although there are many examples of e‐books being successfully exploited in real environments, we are interested in those that are based on integration of concerns. We have found, in the specific literature on e‐books, an example based on this requirement: the Visual Hyper‐TextBook (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13">Crestani <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>). The concept of the e‐book, on which this approach is based, is achieved by the integration of two independent projects: the VisualBook (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">Landoni, 1997</xref>) and the Hyper‐TextBook (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">Crestani and Melucci, 1998</xref>).</p><p>The main goal of the Visual Hyper‐TextBook is to integrate effectively the best results of both projects: the appearance and flexibility of the Visual Book and the searching and browsing functionalities of the Hyper‐TextBook. The new concept, achieved from previous properties, aims at a solid solution to allow the generation of hypertexutal versions with an appearance as close as possible to the printed paper book. Moreover, this concept provides a number of advanced browsing and searching functionalities previously mentioned. In conclusion, the Visual‐HyperTextBook has the advantages of both projects but includes the weaknesses of neither. The analysis of opportunities for this project presents the need for a standard to describe logical structure that allows better e‐books to be achieved. This issue suggests an open research field on which our work is focused.</p><p>E‐books can also be categorised according to the implementation point of view, although from our perspective, we are interested in web‐accessible e‐books – that is, e‐books published on a web digital library. Different projects currently publish their electronic content under resources offered by a digital library. For example, The British Library<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">[1]</xref> or the Virtual Library Miguel de Cervantes<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">[2]</xref> (in the Spanish environment) offer a broad catalogue of digitised books which define a large set of services for interacting with their content. In the first case, The British Library emphasises an innovative service based on an integrated vision of the e‐book: Turning the Pages<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3">[3]</xref> allows access to an integrated electronic text, presenting a facsimile edition along with the equivalent textual and auditory editions. This approach allows for the synchronisation of navigation over the different classes of content published in every e‐book.</p></sec><sec><title>The BiDiLiC Project</title><p>BiDiLiC (Digital Library of Classic Literature) was born as a research project in the GRINBD (Research Group on Information Retrieval and Digital Libraries) group of the University of Valladolid (Spain). Its main goal is to develop a digital library that allows us to disseminate the Spanish literary heritage throughout the educational system. Moreover, the digital library aims to make research tasks with the published books easy.</p><p>The initial requirements are not for a general project as the audience is restricted to the educational system, where the use of e‐books is very important. According to (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">Falk, 2003</xref>) the use of e‐books in schools, colleges and universities has been substantial and continues to increase rapidly. Therefore, the basic content published in our library is literary texts used in the current curriculum, although in the future new types of texts can be published, for example scientific and philosophical texts included in the current curriculum.</p><p>Besides being a tool that provides neglected content digitally, BiDiLiC renders a set of services to facilitate active reading by users and maintains the possibilities of traditional reading. Taking into account the fact that the internet is a heterogeneous environment, service offers by the library are designed independently of any devices used by their audience. From these requirements, we present a concept of the e‐work as a way to satisfy the structural and dynamic needs of the texts published in our library.</p></sec><sec><title>The concept of e‐work</title><p>The concept of the e‐work is designed from the generic characterisation of an e‐book; for this reason, all the properties of an e‐work are derived from the e‐book concept. A low‐level description presents an e‐work as an integration of structure and services that it defines for interacting with its content. The e‐work's structure (logical structure) should represent exactly the original structure of the text, specifying the function of each fragment. From this logical structure, an e‐work defines its interaction services.</p><p>The interaction services are designed as dynamic entities which are activated by the explicit request of users. Each service contains two main components:<list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>on the one hand, it defines a specific functional characterisation which represents its individual support for the interaction process between user and e‐work; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p>on the other hand, it has the appearance that is used for presenting its result to users.</p></list-item></list>This issue is a major characteristic of the e‐work, because the appearance is what users perceive. From the technological point of view, this is an important challenge in the project, as we require services to be rendered in a homogeneous way inside the heterogeneous environment represented by the internet.</p><p>According to the above definition, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2630260404001">Figure 1</xref> shows the basic concerns associated with an e‐work, focused on its logical structure. These concerns describe the content's organisation and manage the development of interaction services according to the implicit semantics. Thus, the characteristic functionality of services and the appearance used for their presentation are linked with the logical structure of the e‐work.</p><p>Therefore, the logical structure is defined around the descriptive markup which is responsible for abstract content of the e‐work with respect to the devices used for interacting with it. This means that services define a characteristic functionality of the e‐work (independently of the devices that use it) together with its appearance as perceived by the users. Thus, the appearance has two responsibilities, i.e. a visual one as well as the presentation of content according to the requirements established by each class of device.</p><p>For this purpose, and according to a structural point of view, the descriptive markup used for representing an e‐work starts from the generic description of an e‐book. To illustrate this statement, we present the next example. The goal here is to describe structural properties expected for the e‐work from the e‐book's required properties.</p><p><italic>La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades</italic> (1554) is a classic of Spanish literature from the sixteenth century. The electronic representation of its original version, together with services designed for interacting with it (and the appearance used for showing it) can be presented as an example of an e‐book. If this original version is to be appreciated with complementary editions (updated with respect to the language, adapted to the education system or translated to different languages), services for each edition and other services which link editions and provide other external elements such as dictionaries or glossaries, then the resulting entity would be an example of an e‐work.</p><p>Taking into account the above example and the requirements on which the BiDiLiC project is based, an e‐work is defined as:<disp-quote><p>… a literary entity in which a set of related editions are integrated next to the original text, with different services allowing a global interaction with the text and, independently, with each of its editions, fitting its appearance to the established issues of style.</p></disp-quote></p><p>The editions that can be currently published under the resources of an e‐work are:<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Facsimile</italic>. This reproduces the original text of the book by means of high‐quality images which represent (individually) the electronic view of each original page.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Palaeographic</italic>. This reproduces, in textual form, the original text of the book keeping all the stated properties of style.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Modernised</italic>. This presents the original text from a modernised perspective. This vision is built around the usual criteria used by university editions.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Updated</italic>. This offers the critical text, in which annotated terms and sentences are replaced by equivalent terms according to current use of the language.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Translated</italic>. Considers the translation of the text in different languages. According to this characteristic, we define a different translated edition depending on the language in which it is expressed.</p></list-item></list>The above description defines the taxonomy of editions associated with the e‐work. According to the evolution of BiDiLiC's requirements, this taxonomy can be modified and the logical structure of the e‐work would immediately keep these changes. In conclusion, the taxonomy of editions is a key concept for building the descriptive markup used for representing the logical structure; it supposes an increase of the extensibility of our concept.</p><p>This descriptive markup facilitates, in each edition, the definition of its structure (in the global structure of the e‐work) using a hierarchy of markup elements which represent different publication levels. Inside these elements, the markup should allow an abstract definition of the content structure in each edition, according to their responsibility in it. This policy implies that neither markup element has information concerning style, except in the palaeographic edition, which needs every element to be exactly marked because the structure of this edition is fully linked to its appearance.</p><p>The structural view of an e‐work is completed with the information presented in the above paragraphs, so the article continues listing the basic interaction services described in the current version. The core interaction with an e‐work is built around the browsing service that allows access to its content inside each edition. Moreover, and restricting the previous service, this allows “traditional reading” from a sequential navigation by the content of the different editions. In conclusion, the browsing service allows an independent interaction in each edition and facilitates a global navigation in the e‐work by means of the relation between all available editions.</p><p>In the facsimile edition, the appearance of the content is developed using high‐quality images. In addition, users can use a “zoom” tool that allows a large‐size visualisation of the regions in which it is used. Moreover, this edition allows access to the edition notes, as well as the different textual editions published in the e‐work. This access is performed at the equivalent navigation point in the selected edition.</p><p>Other editions present their content in a textual way, according to the format selected for accessing the e‐work. Inside these editions navigation is allowed in an interlinked way with the rest of the editions; they offer a service of note visualisation and a concordance search by the content of the edition. Additionally, each textual edition offers the possibility of accessing dictionaries and glossaries to find the definition of the term selected within its content.</p><p>In conclusion, this section presents the concept of e‐work in structural and dynamic terms from the generic properties of the e‐book. Consequently, according to the classification's perspectives for e‐books, an e‐work should be considered a hypermedia book, as it offers multimedia content inside non‐linear information structures. This content can be homogeneously accessed by means of the e‐work's services, published in a heterogeneous environment (the internet). This supposes that e‐work services are independent of the device type used for accessing it. Finally, considering that e‐works are published with the resources of a digital library (BiDiLiC), they are distributed on a website of our library available on the worldwide.</p></sec><sec><title>Logical structure of an e‐work over TEI‐Lite</title><p>The previous section presented an e‐work as an element in the integrator of concerns, in which the logical structure describes the text organisation, contributing with an implicit semantic that facilitates the integration of appearance and functionality within the concept.</p><p>A standard element of description is necessary for the e‐book's logical structure. We understand this issue as an open field for building our approach. So, from this need and using the experience derived from the Visual‐Book and the Hyper‐TextBook integration, we present a logical structure description considering the inherited benefits of descriptive markup. Descriptive markup defines a high level of abstraction, which reflects the function that each fragment of text plays in the document. Therefore, descriptive markup is considered sufficient first for describing and then for processing. This only allows authors to assign tags which represent different structural parts in the text (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">Bia and Sánchez‐Quero, 2001</xref>).</p><p>The first step in the selection process of a descriptive markup is to define a generic structure for representing the content. In our particular case, we set generic requirements for marking structure and content in the supported editions. This markup should be capable of representing all types of literary texts, independently of their style: prose, verse or drama. Besides the descriptive requirements presented, in the markup selection we have considered the preservation of content. This issue requires that the selected format guarantees the preservation of the content over time and facilitates its conversion to other formats required by the e‐work. This consideration means that owner formats are discarded and we focus our analysis on widely used open alternatives; we hope this format makes the distribution of our documents easy. Therefore, taking into account the current state of the environment, we choose XML (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">Bray <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>) as the format to use for developing our markup.</p><p>XML is defined as an extensible markup language; this implies that the e‐work achieves the great benefit of preserving the content. Therefore, our approach is highly integratable in the current technological environment as XML is considered as the <italic>de facto</italic> standard for exchanging structured information. In conclusion, we select XML as the underlying technology for our descriptive markup, but we need a specific XML tag set for marking the content of the e‐work. This choice suggested two alternatives:<list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>to define a custom‐made schema; or</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p>to use any existing schema for this purpose.</p></list-item></list>In a previous case (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">de la Fuente <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>), we chose the first option because the requirements of that project were very specific and a custom markup fitted them better. Even so, we realise that the solution was very rigid and poorly extensible, and these weaknesses isolated the solution within the environment.</p><p>Taking into account previous experience and considering that the e‐work is an evolution of this primitive e‐book, we built the current markup schema upon an established norm. We consider two basic options:<list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>TEI‐Lite (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">Burnard and Sperberg‐McQueen, 1995</xref>), a subset of Text Encoding Initiative (TEI); and</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p>Open eBook (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">Open eBook Authoring Group, 2002</xref>).</p></list-item></list>TEI‐Lite is designed for preserving the structure of underlying texts generally obtained from paper texts. Therefore, it suggests an approach that focuses on preserving the content and the physical structure of the text, obviating presentation issues. Considering that TEI‐Lite is designed for digitalising individual instances of texts, the metadata that can be stored is principally about the evolution of the content during its life cycle. Open eBook defines its markup through three principal sets of marks. First, the e‐book's components recognise data and metadata in text. The structural content information appears in these tags mixed with style information. Next, the Open eBook offers a set of tags which mark text structure. These tags have been generalized from HTML tags (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20">Raget <italic>et al.</italic>, 1999</xref>) to cover typical components which describe the structure of actual books. Finally, it defines a set of tags that aids automatic screen‐based typesetting by means of a combination of format markup and stylesheets. With respect to metadata management, Open eBook is designed to facilitate the identification, cataloguing and control of electronic texts. To do so, it provides information on rights management as well as Dublin Core<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4">[4]</xref> cataloguing data.</p><p>We choose TEI‐Lite, as the requirements of the e‐work's logical structure are better adjusted by it than Open eBook. TEI‐Lite allows us to mark content independently of the format used for showing it. For this purpose, it has a specific set of tags capable of marking all types of classic text. However, Open eBook does not facilitate this issue as it mixes structure and style. The main contribution is its specific management of metadata, but this is not a benefit for e‐works, because it is the digital library which is responsible for this issue, identifying, cataloguing and controlling them. Moreover, we have chosen TEI as the norm for our markup because it has been used in important digitalisation projects such as Perseus<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5">[5]</xref>, Oxford Text Archive<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn6">[6]</xref> and the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, which suggests an important experience for us, taking into account the scope of these projects.</p><p>According to the underlying conceptual basis for an e‐work, the requirements of markup are structured in two levels. First, we define a global description, which has information shared by all the editions of an e‐work. This markup level therefore contains the e‐work's metadata and all content shared by editions, such as critical and historic information. Second, the other markup level contains the individual description of each edition according to its specific properties. This markup of editions should identify each one by means of the taxonomy presented.</p><p>We have defined a markup schema which restricts the TEI‐Lite tags set covering all the requirements of an e‐work. For this purpose, we use the XML Schema (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">Fallside and Walmsley, 2004</xref>) which allows us to describe the structural restrictions of the e‐work (from their TEI‐XML representation) and data types associated with each class of content stored in it. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2630260404002">Figure 2</xref> shows a general perspective of the markup structure used in e‐works. It can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2630260404002">Figure 2</xref> that logical structure has two main components:<list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p><italic>teiHeader</italic>; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p>text.</p></list-item></list>The teiHeader element represents the header's information of the e‐work. Its structure of tags stores descriptive metadata: bibliographic information, original sources used for the e‐work's digitalisation and a history of revisions which contains the evolution of the content of the e‐work.</p><p>In the above analysis, we point out that TEI‐Lite has limited management of metadata as compared to Open eBook, but this is not a weakness for the e‐work. The publication of e‐works has been associated with resources rendered by a digital library; it therefore offers necessary metadata for identification, cataloguing and control of these e‐works.</p><p>The text element stores content information of the e‐work by means of a tagset which shares relevant next attributes:<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>Type is used to specify the role played by a structural division elements in the e‐work. It allows us to identify the published editions in an e‐work, and, inside of them, different types of content which has a specific semantic in the edition.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>lang defines the language in which is represented the content stored in an element. This attribute is required for translated editions and for all content (in any edition) expressed in a language other than Spanish, which is considered the default language.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>rend specifies a style for the content stored in an element. It can be only used in palaeographic editions, which require customised its presentation.</p></list-item></list>The content information of the e‐work can be classified in three categories. The global sections front and back store content shared by all editions of the e‐work; examples of this content are the cover (as a specific content) and prefaces, letters, dedications, appendixes, etc., identified by type attribute in structural div elements. On the other hand, the global section group allows the storing of all editions of an e‐work; each edition is described by a <italic>text</italic> element (the shaded region in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2630260404002">Figure 2</xref>) in which the class of edition is identified by means of a type attribute. The value of this attribute is selected from the set defined by the taxonomy of editions associated with the e‐work; moreover, this element must declare the lang attribute in translated editions.</p><p>Inside each edition's content, we define specific elements front and back which store previous and subsequent content, respectively, to the main text of the e‐work stored in the body element. The body of each edition uses elements of structural division (div1, div2, etc.) which specify their role in the text by means of a type attribute, and generic elements of content (paragraphs, lists, figures, references, notes, etc.) which can customise their presentation style (in the palaeographic edition) by means of a rend attribute.</p><p>This schema covers all current requirements of the e‐work, both structural and content perspectives. Even so, this is not a closed schema and it has high flexibility for a possible requirements evolution. Thus, modifications of the schema can be classified in two categories: on the one hand, new structural requirements, such as new types of edition or section. These can be immediately carried through a type attribute: taxonomies of editions and sections would need an update with the new values that may be required. On the other hand, the evolution of the e‐work could need new elements for marking content. We consider this an improbable possibility as the actual schema covers all literary styles, but if new elements were required, we would add tags from the TEI library according to the requirements raised. Modifications in the actual schema of descriptive markup imply a small impact on functionality and appearance. This is possible because the evolution of logical structure does not require its previous properties to be modified, and concerns can keep using them; they would only need adapting to new properties of the logical structure.</p></sec><sec><title>Generating and using the services of the e‐work</title><p>After the exhaustive definition of the logical structure, we show an e‐work at runtime to present its interaction services built around this structure. Earlier, we pointed out that services were made up of two main components with complementary tasks in the logical structure of the e‐work – functionality and appearance. This section presents the integration of concerns within a service and the way in which these services are accessible for users. Moreover, it presents the interaction process with an e‐work, starting it in the main navigation services. To illustrate this process, we use a real example developed in the e‐work <italic>La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades</italic>.</p><p>The structural representation of an e‐work, based on TEI‐Lite, is stored in an XML file which is included inside a data repository in the digital library (BiDiLiC). Taking into account the fact that the format of the file is XML and all the information processed is part of it, the design of the services is developed through a data (XML) transformation process based on the model approached in XProc (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23">Walsh and Milowski, 2006</xref>). We therefore suppose that our navigation starts in the facsimile edition of the indicated e‐work. First, the navigation service is responsible for achieving the required content and to do so, performs an XPath (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">Clark and DeRose, 1999</xref>) query.</p><p>The result achieved represents the content selected according to the logical structure of the e‐work. This supposes that the content is expressed in a generic way, and the functionality of the service can be homogeneously performed, as it is linked to the logical structure. Depending on the service, its functionality is described from a specific transformation set based on XSLT templates (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">Clark, 1999</xref>). The global result of this transformation process is represented according to the same markup used to describe the logical structure.</p><p>At this point of execution, the process already has the specific service result; therefore, the process only needs to achieve the final presentation format. To do this, we use a set of stylesheets, built through XSL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">Berglund, 2006</xref>), which represents each markup element defined to describe the logical structure and its specific presentation properties (according to the appearance concern). When the style is applied to the service result, this is serialised to the presentation format that the user expects. This step guarantees that the user, at this moment, can visualise the requested page in the facsimile edition of the e‐work used, independently of the device which he/she is using for this request. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2630260404003">Figure 3</xref> shows the result of this process when the user requests the service with a conventional browser.</p><p>We now present interaction possibilities with e‐works, considering that all services are built according to the above method. To facilitate this explanation, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2630260404004">Figure 4</xref> shows a simplified navigation graph over the e‐work referred. In this graph, we have omitted some edges: those which link each node with the electronic work's cover, and those which link each edition's node with its specific cover.</p><p>Each e‐work published in BiDiLiC is presented by means of its electronic cover, which details all the general information of the e‐work, and all the editions it has. In this case, the e‐work has facsimile and modernised editions, so that the electronic work's cover has different links for accessing the covers of each edition. Each edition's cover contains specific information and an index that allows access to the navigation content. The navigation is directed to the facsimile page or to the textual content (similar for textual editions) if any link from this index is selected. These pages are interlinked to allow users to access any content in one edition from the equivalent content in other editions. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2630260404003">Figure 3</xref> presents an example of a facsimile presentation. From this, users can navigate in a sequential way (emulating a traditional process of reading) through the pages of the facsimile's edition, or they can navigate by means of the miniature index that allows direct access to the edition's page. Inside of these pages, the image's resolution can be enlarged by means of a magnifying glass tool which is available thanks to the high resolution of the images which make up this facsimile edition. This property allows us to present the original text in detail in its electronic vision.</p><p>The modernised edition (as with other textual editions) shows its content through a presentation page of textual content, which is completed with an index for hypertextual navigation. This navigation can be driven by this index or by means of a sequential presentation of content. Complementary reading tools can be accessed through the content presented: each edition has a search by concordance service that allows terms (in the edition text) to be found according to the pattern indicated. By means of these results, users can access the exact position where the term is in the text. Moreover, some terms of the edition have complementary features which allow users to access their definitions in glossaries or in dictionaries.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions and future work</title><p>This work is part of a large project which aims to consolidate a digital library, so this result is one step in the global advance of the project. Even so, we extract positive conclusions from this part of the project, as the policies which support an e‐work guarantee an adequate evolution of our work towards the final objective.</p><p>The integration of concerns developed around an e‐work achieves the suggested objectives and offers high and competitive performance in the current environment. Moreover, use of the content structure, as integration of concerns core, offers us a valuable experience for the global advance of the project. BiDiLiC is being developed through a reference model proposed by DELOS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">Agosti <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>) which is implemented by a service oriented architecture (SOA). This supposes that the communication interface with services is based on the defined content structures. These structures could be used as the logical structure of an e‐work to integrate other concerns in the global library services: the functionality and appearance of these services. This decision implies that an e‐work is integrated into the library in a natural way, because the underlying technology is the same.</p><p>From the exclusive point of view offered by e‐works, its descriptive markup is a robust and extensible solution. This not only guarantees the preservation and exploitation of actual documents, it also means that other types of document can be published through actual resources as indicated in the justification of the logical structure. Moreover, this markup facilitates the integration of concerns around it, allowing that functionality and appearance can be managed independently.</p><p>In the functional aspect, we aim to offer more services within an e‐work. These should complement actual behaviour with specific properties of the educational environment, considering that our library is designed for use in it. For a general audience, we wish to use educational objects (associated with each e‐work) that facilitate the process of reading and the student's assimilation of the content. These objects, designed by teaching personnel, define different classes of activities which allow students to validate their knowledge and allow teachers to evaluate students' work.</p><p>We pretend to build an annotation service which allows researchers to add critical information associated with each e‐work. This information is introduced in an e‐work by researchers as a part of this work. For this purpose, we will define a specific markup policy which allows researchers to include annotations through an e‐work. Moreover, each researcher decides if their annotations will be available or not for the rest of the audience.</p></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2630260404001"><label><bold>Figure 1<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>An e‐work as a concept integrator of concerns</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2630260404001.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2630260404002"><label><bold>Figure 2<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Markup schema for an e‐work</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2630260404002.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2630260404003"><label><bold>Figure 3<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Facsimile edition of an e‐work edition</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2630260404003.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2630260404004"><label><bold>Figure 4<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Navigation graph over <italic>La Vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2630260404004.tif"></graphic></fig></sec></body><back><fn-group><title>Notes</title><fn id="fn1"><p>See <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.bl.uk/">www.bl.uk/</ext-link></p></fn><fn id="fn2"><p>See <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/">www.cervantesvirtual.com/</ext-link></p></fn><fn id="fn3"><p>See <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/ttpbooks.html">www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/ttpbooks.html</ext-link></p></fn><fn id="fn4"><p>See <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dublincore.org/">http://dublincore.org/</ext-link></p></fn><fn id="fn5"><p>See <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/">www.perseus.tufts.edu/</ext-link></p></fn><fn id="fn6"><p>See <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ota.ahds.ac.uk/">http://ota.ahds.ac.uk/</ext-link></p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="b1"><mixed-citation><person-group 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Martínez‐Prieto is a PhD Student at the University of Valladolid, Spain. His research interests include Software Architectures and Digital Libraries. He is currently working on an architectural model based on XML processing for building complex and specific services in SOA solutions. The implementation of this model is the structural basis for the development of BiDiLiC over the DELOS Reference Model for Digital Libraries. Miguel A. Martínez‐Prieto is the corresponding author and can be contacted at: migumar2@infor.uva.es.</p><p>Pablo de la Fuente is an Associate Professor at the University of Valladolid, Spain. His research interests include information retrieval, software architectures for digital libraries and text compression. He has been Coordinator for the research group GRINBD (Information Retrieval and Digital Libraries Group) since its creation in 1997. He has also participated in several Latin American projects and has been main researcher for several Spanish projects on the subjects related with his research issues. He is member of IEEE and ACM.</p><p>Jesús M. Vegas is an Associate Professor of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence at the University of Valladolid, Spain. His research interests include, among others, the improvements of the web search process and the study of new strategies in the search user interfaces. He is the director and promoter of the Master of Digital Libraries at the same University.</p><p>Joaquín Adiego, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Computer Science at the Polytechnical Faculty of the University of Valladolid, Spain. His research interest include digital libraries and data compression, in particular text compression and natural language modelling for compression. He is the co‐author of more than 30 papers in these fields.</p><p>Carlos E. Cuesta is an Associate Professor of Computer Systems and Languages at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid, Spain. His research interest include software architecture, in particular dynamic architectures, and its interactions with several research fields in software engineering, such as model‐driven software engineering, service‐orientation, aspect‐orientation, formal methods and reflection. In 2007 he co‐chaired the First European Conference on Software Architecture.</p></app></app-group></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Enhancing literary electronic books with logical structure electronic work</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Enhancing literary electronic books with logical structure electronic work</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Miguel A.</namePart><namePart type="family">MartnezPrieto</namePart><affiliation>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Pablo</namePart><namePart type="family">de la Fuente</namePart><affiliation>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jess M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Vegas</namePart><affiliation>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Joaqun</namePart><namePart type="family">Adiego</namePart><affiliation>GRINBD, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Carlos E.</namePart><namePart type="family">Cuesta</namePart><affiliation>Kybele, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="case-report" displayLabel="case-report"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2008-08-08</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2008</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract>Purpose This paper aims to present the concept of electronic work, such as an ebook integrator of concerns logical structure, appearance and functionality, for representing literary texts available in electronic heterogeneous environments. Designmethodologyapproach From the generic description of an ebook and the descriptive requirements of the BiDiLiC project, the concept of electronic work is presented. These requirements involve a descriptive markup policy based on TEILite which defines the text's logical structure and is used for integrating the other concerns associated with the text functionality and appearance. Finally, the article presents an example showing the integration of the previous concepts to achieve a functional implementation of the electronic work. Findings The electronic work covers the requirements of classic literary texts, while still allowing other types of texts to be represented easily. For this purpose, a robust logical structure based on TEI is defined, which offers an interchange norm for information stored in an electronic form. This representation, developed in XML, allows the logical structure of the text to be described generically, facilitating the integration around it of the service's functionality, as well as adapting its appearance for use in heterogeneous environments, such as the internet. Originalityvalue This paper proposes a new approach for interacting with electronic content. This approach is presented from conceptual basis to functional representation by way of theoretical reasoning and innovative technology.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Electronic books</topic><topic>Literature</topic><topic>Extensible Markup Language</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The Electronic Library</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-IKM">Information & knowledge management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-ICT">Information & communications technology</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-INT">Internet</topic></subject><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-LISC">Library & information science</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LLM">Librarianship/library management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LTC">Library technology</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0264-0473</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">el</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/el</identifier><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>26</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>490</start><end>504</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">ABE0507B435F00ED2BA191960041078389B04A84</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/02640470810893747</identifier><identifier type="filenameID">2630260404</identifier><identifier type="original-pdf">2630260404.pdf</identifier><identifier type="href">02640470810893747.pdf</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>EMERALD</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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