Preservation and metadata
Identifieur interne : 000170 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000169; suivant : 000171Preservation and metadata
Auteurs : James H. Walther ; John MaxymukSource :
- The Bottom Line [ 0888-045X ] ; 2005-09-01.
Abstract
Purpose To outline the various metadata schemes and digital initiatives undertaken by the library community to preserve material in digital formats. Designmethodologyapproach Surveys a number of library metadata initiatives and digital repositories to illustrate that, even in the everchanging technological world, preservation is essential. Findings Digital technology changes at an everincreasing rate, which makes it difficult to preserve digital information. Nonetheless, if information digitally created today is to be useful in the future, it is important to save it in many ways, and migrate it to modern formats when possible. Originalityvalue This review reminds us that preservation is key if we are to ensure that information created now is still accessible in the future.
Url:
DOI: 10.1108/08880450510613623
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ISTEX:77262F17A7A2B84E93076C80DA535D2F77509EE7Le document en format XML
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Walther</name></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Maxymuk, John" sort="Maxymuk, John" uniqKey="Maxymuk J" first="John" last="Maxymuk">John Maxymuk</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Paul Robeson Library, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">The Bottom Line</title><idno type="ISSN">0888-045X</idno><imprint><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><date type="published" when="2005-09-01">2005-09-01</date><biblScope unit="volume">18</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="146">146</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="148">148</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0888-045X</idno></series><idno type="istex">77262F17A7A2B84E93076C80DA535D2F77509EE7</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1108/08880450510613623</idno><idno type="filenameID">1700180308</idno><idno type="original-pdf">1700180308.pdf</idno><idno type="href">08880450510613623.pdf</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0888-045X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Purpose To outline the various metadata schemes and digital initiatives undertaken by the library community to preserve material in digital formats. Designmethodologyapproach Surveys a number of library metadata initiatives and digital repositories to illustrate that, even in the everchanging technological world, preservation is essential. Findings Digital technology changes at an everincreasing rate, which makes it difficult to preserve digital information. Nonetheless, if information digitally created today is to be useful in the future, it is important to save it in many ways, and migrate it to modern formats when possible. Originalityvalue This review reminds us that preservation is key if we are to ensure that information created now is still accessible in the future.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>emerald</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Dr James H. 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Designmethodologyapproach Surveys a number of library metadata initiatives and digital repositories to illustrate that, even in the everchanging technological world, preservation is essential. Findings Digital technology changes at an everincreasing rate, which makes it difficult to preserve digital information. Nonetheless, if information digitally created today is to be useful in the future, it is important to save it in many ways, and migrate it to modern formats when possible. 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Do Not Edit! --><article dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="review-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bl</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1108/bl</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Bottom Line</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0888-045X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/08880450510613623</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="original-pdf">1700180308.pdf</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="filename">1700180308</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="type-of-publication"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">review-article</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">General review</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LISC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library & information science</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LLM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Librarianship/library management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LFIN</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library finances</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Preservation and metadata</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><string-name><prefix>Dr</prefix> <given-names>James H.</given-names> <surname>Walther</surname></string-name></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>John</given-names> <surname>Maxymuk</surname></string-name><aff>Paul Robeson Library, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>01</day><month>09</month><year>2005</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>146</fpage><lpage>148</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2005</copyright-year><license license-type="publisher"><license-p></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="08880450510613623.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Purpose</title><x> – </x><p>To outline the various metadata schemes and digital initiatives undertaken by the library community to preserve material in digital formats.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Design/methodology/approach</title><x> – </x><p>Surveys a number of library metadata initiatives and digital repositories to illustrate that, even in the ever‐changing technological world, preservation is essential.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Findings</title><x> – </x><p>Digital technology changes at an ever‐increasing rate, which makes it difficult to preserve digital information. Nonetheless, if information digitally created today is to be useful in the future, it is important to save it in many ways, and migrate it to modern formats when possible.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Originality/value</title><x> – </x><p>This review reminds us that preservation is key if we are to ensure that information created now is still accessible in the future.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Internet</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Digital storage</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Librarians</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Collections management</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>peer-reviewed</meta-name><meta-value>no</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>academic-content</meta-name><meta-value>yes</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>rightslink</meta-name><meta-value>included</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p>At the end of the nineteenth century, 400,000 papyrus fragments were discovered in historic garbage dumps outside of the central Egyptian town of Oxyrhychus. The papyrus documents were blackened and partly consumed by worms and thus were unreadable for the most part. Fortunately, the papyri were collected and stored in 800 boxes in Oxford's Sackler Library for the past century. Now, at the outset of the twenty‐first century, academics from Oxford University are working with scientists from Brigham Young University in using multi‐spectral imaging techniques developed from satellite technology to make the ancient ink marks visible again.</p><p>The scholars expect that roughly five million words ultimately will be deciphered from these documents. The text is mainly in Greek, but Latin, Hebrew, Coptic, Syriac, Aramaic, Arabic, Nubian, and early Persian are all represented as well. Among the classical Greek works included are parts of a long‐lost tragedy, the <italic>Epigonoi</italic>, by Sophocles; part of a lost novel by the second century writer Lucian; mythological poetry by the first century poet Parthenios; an epic poem describing events leading up to the Trojan War by Archilochos, a seventh century follower of Homer; and other works by Euripides and Hesiod. Material unseen for over two millennia is being brought to light because of the wonders of modern technology; we live in a truly marvelous time of possibilities.</p><sec><title>Metadata</title><p>The irony is that while modern technology can rescue the badly decayed fragments of 2,000‐year‐old printed text, it may be more problematic to resurrect census data stored on magnetic tape less than 50 years ago. For electronic resources, preservation issues can be more complicated than that of providing a dehumidified safe environment for paper documents. First, the expected lifespan of electronic resources, whether the basic technology is magnetic or optical, is nowhere near that of paper. Digital data deteriorate and must be frequently refreshed to a new storage medium. Second, the rapid rate of obsolescence of both computer hardware and software creates difficulties in “reading” historic data that multiply exponentially as time passes. To be readable by more current software, digital resources periodically need to be transferred not only to a new storage device, but also to a new format.</p><p>It is a constant headache, but the advantages to preserving information electronically are persuasive. Online files take up virtually no physical space. They can be accessed at any time from almost any workstation that can attach remotely to the institution's network. They can be printed or downloaded on demand. And if they are properly described and indexed with metadata, even images, audio, video, and whole collections can be searched.</p><p>So what is metadata? Metadata is usually defined as data about data. Ultimately, it is a form of cataloging used to give structure to unstructured digital information using standardized presentation and content. There are five overlapping types of metadata that allow an institution to manage, preserve, and provide access to digital resources. Descriptive metadata describes the content of the digital object or collection – title, author, and subject data. Administrative metadata details management information like location, access control, and copyright. Technical metadata outlines file characteristics such as file format, scanning specifications, file size, software used, quality, and extent. Structural metadata controls the relationship of the parts of a compound complex objects, like the pages and chapters in an e‐book or the audio and text in a PowerPoint presentation. Lastly, preservation metadata is used to document the preservation process used to create the digital object or collection.</p><p>Needless to say, a number of metadata schemes have been developed in the past decade. The most popular so far has been Dublin Core (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dublincore.org/">http://dublincore.org/</ext-link>). Dublin Core represents a minimalist approach to metadata and essentially consists of a base set of optional elements that can be repeated. It is best for individual digital objects. A more rigorous approach is taken by the Encoded Archival Description (EAD) scheme (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.loc.gov/ead/">www.loc.gov/ead/</ext-link>), which has 146 elements and must be encoded in XML, the Extensible Markup Language that is a cousin to HTML. Therefore, working with EAD requires both cataloging and programming skills. EAD is popular in the archival and special collections community because it is designed for digital collections. Other prominent metadata schemes include the general cataloging standard of AACR2, Metadata Object Descriptive Schema (MODS) developed by the Library of Congress, and Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) that also uses XML and is difficult to use.</p><p>No matter what scheme an institution chooses, it needs to set up its own style sheet to further ensure that metadata descriptions will be standardized. Consistency is necessary in making the digital information easily accessible. Digitizing and preserving data is an exercise that almost all libraries are undertaking in some form or another as we move deeper into the twenty‐first century. Building digital collections is something our patrons have come to expect of us, and metadata is one of the ways this is made possible. Obviously, there is much more to metadata than this brief introduction covers. The International Federation of Library Associations and institutions has posted an excellent page of metadata resources for digital libraries (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ifla.org/II/metadata.htm">www.ifla.org/II/metadata.htm</ext-link>).</p></sec><sec><title>Digital collections</title><p>Using metadata well is one part of building a digital collection. The National Information Standards Organization (NISO) formed a NISO Framework Advisory Group to provide benchmarks for quality digital collections. In 2004, that group produced a second edition of <italic>A Framework Of Guidance For Building Good Digital Collections</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.niso.org/framework/Framework2.html">www.niso.org/framework/Framework2.html</ext-link>). This online document lays down best practices principles for digital collections (they should be thoughtfully planned, explicitly described, have a persistent presence, be widely available, and express intellectual property rights), objects (they should feature interoperability, persistent accessibility, and authenticated origins), metadata (they should be interoperable, use controlled vocabulary and standards, have explicit terms of use, have structural information for long‐term use, and be persistent), and projects (they need to have well‐designed and planned content as well as useful evaluative tools). The document is essential reading for anyone planning a digital collection of any type or size.</p><p>Digital collections can reside locally, in a digital preservation repository, or both. One example is Stanford University's <italic>Lots of copies keep stuff safe (LOCKSS)</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://lockss.stanford.edu/">http://lockss.stanford.edu/</ext-link>), an open source repository that allows libraries and publishers to maintain a safe copy of owned digital resources. Another is OCLC's Digital Archive (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.oclc.org/digitalarchive/default.htm">www.oclc.org/digitalarchive/default.htm</ext-link>) that manages such file formats as TIFFs, GIFs, PDFs and HTML pages. Its interface allows users to harvest, organize, and archive digital assets, and OCLC guarantees continued access to collections as technology evolves. A purely commercial option is Iron Mountain Inc. (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ironmountain.com/">www.ironmountain.com/</ext-link>), which has managed and preserved records, media, and data in multiple formats since 1951.</p><p>Further assistance is available from organizations devoted to digital preservation such as the Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.clir.org/">www.clir.org/</ext-link>). CLIR, a non‐profit organization, says its mission is to expand access to information, however recorded and preserved, and to support the providers and preservers of digital and non‐digital information. An offshoot of CLIR is the Digital Library Federation (DLF) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.diglib.org/">www.diglib.org/</ext-link>). DLF works on digital library structures, standards, preservation, and use, as well as archives for electronic journals, and assessments of the future roles of libraries. Finally, the federal government set up the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/">www.digitalpreservation.gov/</ext-link>) for the Library of Congress to develop a national strategy to collect, archive, and preserve digital content for current and future generations.</p><p>Preservation for future generations brings us back to the collection of Oxyrhychus papyrus fragments. What I find most striking about that resuscitated collection is the wisdom of the original archaeological team to preserve the seemingly destroyed detritus despite having no reason to expect that the contents would ever be decipherable. We should strive for that same intelligence in our own preservation efforts, no matter how small or localized they might be.</p><p>Comments on this column are welcome and can be sent to maxymuk@camden.rutgers.edu.</p></sec></body></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Preservation and metadata</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Preservation and metadata</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="termsOfAddress">Dr</namePart><namePart type="given">James H.</namePart><namePart type="family">Walther</namePart></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">John</namePart><namePart type="family">Maxymuk</namePart><affiliation>Paul Robeson Library, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA</affiliation></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="review-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2005-09-01</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2005</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract>Purpose To outline the various metadata schemes and digital initiatives undertaken by the library community to preserve material in digital formats. Designmethodologyapproach Surveys a number of library metadata initiatives and digital repositories to illustrate that, even in the everchanging technological world, preservation is essential. Findings Digital technology changes at an everincreasing rate, which makes it difficult to preserve digital information. Nonetheless, if information digitally created today is to be useful in the future, it is important to save it in many ways, and migrate it to modern formats when possible. Originalityvalue This review reminds us that preservation is key if we are to ensure that information created now is still accessible in the future.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Internet</topic><topic>Digital storage</topic><topic>Librarians</topic><topic>Collections management</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The Bottom Line</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-LISC">Library & information science</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LLM">Librarianship/library management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LFIN">Library finances</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0888-045X</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">bl</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/bl</identifier><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>18</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>146</start><end>148</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">77262F17A7A2B84E93076C80DA535D2F77509EE7</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/08880450510613623</identifier><identifier type="filenameID">1700180308</identifier><identifier type="original-pdf">1700180308.pdf</identifier><identifier type="href">08880450510613623.pdf</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>EMERALD</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><enrichments><json:item><type>refBibs</type><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/77262F17A7A2B84E93076C80DA535D2F77509EE7/enrichments/refBibs</uri></json:item></enrichments><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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