Taxa and names in Cynoglossum sensu lato (Boraginaceae, Cynoglosseae): an annotated, synonymic inventory, with links to the protologues and mention of original material
Identifieur interne : 000012 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000011; suivant : 000013Taxa and names in Cynoglossum sensu lato (Boraginaceae, Cynoglosseae): an annotated, synonymic inventory, with links to the protologues and mention of original material
Auteurs : Hartmut H. Hilger [Allemagne] ; Werner Greuter [Allemagne] ; Victoria Stier [Allemagne]Source :
- Biodiversity Data Journal [ 1314-2836 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
An inventory is presented of all names so far validly published in
The inventory, generated from a list of structured data, is presented in two Supplements, as a searchable HTML document comprising a sequence of entries with internal cross-links and links to external sources, in particular to protologues accessible online or, copyright restrictions permitting, made available as scanned documents via DOIs, and as machine-readible file. With minor exceptions, all names have been verified in their original place of publication, and all were nomenclaturally assessed. Colour coding is used to distinguish between names (in
Url:
DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.3.e4831
PubMed: 25941451
PubMed Central: 4411491
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4411491Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Taxa and names in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Boraginaceae</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglosseae</named-content></named-content></italic>): an annotated, synonymic inventory, with links to the protologues and mention of original material</title><author><name sortKey="Hilger, Hartmut H" sort="Hilger, Hartmut H" uniqKey="Hilger H" first="Hartmut H." last="Hilger">Hartmut H. Hilger</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A1"><addr-line>Freie Universität Berlin - Biology, Berlin, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Freie Universität Berlin - Biology, Berlin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Greuter, Werner" sort="Greuter, Werner" uniqKey="Greuter W" first="Werner" last="Greuter">Werner Greuter</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A2"><addr-line>Botanischer Garten & Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Botanischer Garten & Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stier, Victoria" sort="Stier, Victoria" uniqKey="Stier V" first="Victoria" last="Stier">Victoria Stier</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A1"><addr-line>Freie Universität Berlin - Biology, Berlin, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Freie Universität Berlin - Biology, Berlin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25941451</idno><idno type="pmc">4411491</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4411491</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4411491</idno><idno type="doi">10.3897/BDJ.3.e4831</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000156</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000156</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000012</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Taxa and names in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Boraginaceae</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglosseae</named-content></named-content></italic>): an annotated, synonymic inventory, with links to the protologues and mention of original material</title><author><name sortKey="Hilger, Hartmut H" sort="Hilger, Hartmut H" uniqKey="Hilger H" first="Hartmut H." last="Hilger">Hartmut H. Hilger</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A1"><addr-line>Freie Universität Berlin - Biology, Berlin, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Freie Universität Berlin - Biology, Berlin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Greuter, Werner" sort="Greuter, Werner" uniqKey="Greuter W" first="Werner" last="Greuter">Werner Greuter</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A2"><addr-line>Botanischer Garten & Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Botanischer Garten & Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stier, Victoria" sort="Stier, Victoria" uniqKey="Stier V" first="Victoria" last="Stier">Victoria Stier</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A1"><addr-line>Freie Universität Berlin - Biology, Berlin, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Freie Universität Berlin - Biology, Berlin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Biodiversity Data Journal</title><idno type="ISSN">1314-2836</idno><idno type="eISSN">1314-2828</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><label>Abstract</label><sec sec-type="background"><title>Background</title><p>An inventory is presented of all names so far validly published in <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> sensu lato and its segregate genera: <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Adelocaryum</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Afrotysonia</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Kuschakewiczia</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lindelofia</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Trachelanthus</named-content></named-content></italic>,</bold> and their synonyms. Names and designations that were not validly published in the cited place, and later isonyms, are accounted for when they have been included in the International Plant Name Index (IPNI). Problems with IPNI entries, including errors and omissions, are discussed, and the hope is expressed that the present inventory may be of use for fixing them.</p></sec><sec sec-type="new information"><title>New information</title><p>The inventory, generated from a list of structured data, is presented in two Supplements, as a searchable HTML document comprising a sequence of entries with internal cross-links and links to external sources, in particular to protologues accessible online or, copyright restrictions permitting, made available as scanned documents via DOIs, and as machine-readible file. With minor exceptions, all names have been verified in their original place of publication, and all were nomenclaturally assessed. Colour coding is used to distinguish between names (in <bold>green</bold>) pertaining to <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> sensu lato, for which complete synonymies are provided; and names (in <bold>orange</bold>) pertaining to other genera but published under <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> or its segregates. They are listed together with their basionym and the corresponding correct name (if it exists), but without complete synonymy. Acceptable, potentially correct names appear in bold-face type, both under a broadly defined <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (for which purpose validation of 81 new combinations and the name of 1 new species was necessary) and under one or more of its segregates. When a name was published for a new taxon, original material is indicated, usually by direct quotation from the protologue. New type designations are exceptional (two cases), whereas former type designations are cited whenever known. Furthermore, types and original specimens, especially when their digital images are available online, are mentioned with their locations and accession numbers. Comments are added whenever appropriate, especially to explain nomenclatural assessments that are not self-evident.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Agosti, D" uniqKey="Agosti D">D. Agosti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Egloff, W" uniqKey="Egloff W">W. Egloff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Greuter, W" uniqKey="Greuter W">W. Greuter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Greuter, Werner" uniqKey="Greuter W">Werner Greuter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stier, Victoria" uniqKey="Stier V">Victoria Stier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hilger, Hartmut H" uniqKey="Hilger H">Hartmut H. Hilger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcneill, J" uniqKey="Mcneill J">J McNeill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barrie, Fr" uniqKey="Barrie F">FR Barrie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buck, Wr" uniqKey="Buck W">WR Buck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Demoulin, V" uniqKey="Demoulin V">V Demoulin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greuter, W" uniqKey="Greuter W">W Greuter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hawksworth, Dl" uniqKey="Hawksworth D">DL Hawksworth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Herendeen, Ps" uniqKey="Herendeen P">PS Herendeen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knapp, S" uniqKey="Knapp S">S Knapp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marhold, K" uniqKey="Marhold K">K Marhold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prado, J" uniqKey="Prado J">J Prado</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prud Homme Van Reine, Wf" uniqKey="Prud Homme Van Reine W">WF Prud'homme van Reine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Gf" uniqKey="Smith G">GF Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wiersema, Jh" uniqKey="Wiersema J">JH Wiersema</name></author><author><name sortKey="Turland, Nj" uniqKey="Turland N">NJ Turland</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Patterson, David J" uniqKey="Patterson D">David J Patterson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Egloff, Willi" uniqKey="Egloff W">Willi Egloff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agosti, Donat" uniqKey="Agosti D">Donat Agosti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eades, David" uniqKey="Eades D">David Eades</name></author><author><name sortKey="Franz, Nico" uniqKey="Franz N">Nico Franz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hagedorn, Gregor" uniqKey="Hagedorn G">Gregor Hagedorn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rees, Jonathan A" uniqKey="Rees J">Jonathan A Rees</name></author><author><name sortKey="Remsen, David P" uniqKey="Remsen D">David P Remsen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Popov, M G" uniqKey="Popov M">M G Popov</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Riedl, H" uniqKey="Riedl H">H. Riedl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Selvi, F" uniqKey="Selvi F">F. Selvi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coppi, A" uniqKey="Coppi A">A. Coppi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cecchi, L" uniqKey="Cecchi L">L. Cecchi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weigend, M" uniqKey="Weigend M">M. Weigend</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luebert, F" uniqKey="Luebert F">F. Luebert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Selvi, F" uniqKey="Selvi F">F. Selvi</name></author><author><name sortKey="G, Brokamp" uniqKey="G B">Brokamp G.</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hilger, H H" uniqKey="Hilger H">H. H. Hilger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biodivers Data J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biodivers Data J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">Biodiversity Data Journal</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Biodiversity Data Journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Biodiversity Data Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1314-2836</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1314-2828</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pensoft Publishers</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25941451</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4411491</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">Biodiversity Data Journal</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/BDJ.3.e4831</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="other">3904</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Data Paper</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Taxon classification"><subject>Plantae</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Subject classification"><subject>Bioinformatics</subject><subject>Systematics</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Geographical classification"><subject>World</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Taxa and names in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Boraginaceae</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglosseae</named-content></named-content></italic>): an annotated, synonymic inventory, with links to the protologues and mention of original material</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Hilger</surname><given-names>Hartmut H.</given-names></name><email>hartmut.hilger@fu-berlin.de</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">‡</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Greuter</surname><given-names>Werner</given-names></name><email>w.greuter@bgbm.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">§</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stier</surname><given-names>Victoria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">‡</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>‡</label><addr-line>Freie Universität Berlin - Biology, Berlin, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="A2"><label>§</label><addr-line>Botanischer Garten & Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding authors: Hartmut H. Hilger (<email xlink:type="simple">hartmut.hilger@fu-berlin.de</email>), Werner Greuter (<email xlink:type="simple">w.greuter@bgbm.org</email>).</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Academic editor: Thomas Couvreur</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>4</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><issue>3</issue><elocation-id>e4831</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>06</day><month>3</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>4</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Hartmut H. Hilger, Werner Greuter, Victoria Stier</copyright-statement><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><label>Abstract</label><sec sec-type="background"><title>Background</title><p>An inventory is presented of all names so far validly published in <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> sensu lato and its segregate genera: <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Adelocaryum</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Afrotysonia</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Kuschakewiczia</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lindelofia</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Trachelanthus</named-content></named-content></italic>,</bold> and their synonyms. Names and designations that were not validly published in the cited place, and later isonyms, are accounted for when they have been included in the International Plant Name Index (IPNI). Problems with IPNI entries, including errors and omissions, are discussed, and the hope is expressed that the present inventory may be of use for fixing them.</p></sec><sec sec-type="new information"><title>New information</title><p>The inventory, generated from a list of structured data, is presented in two Supplements, as a searchable HTML document comprising a sequence of entries with internal cross-links and links to external sources, in particular to protologues accessible online or, copyright restrictions permitting, made available as scanned documents via DOIs, and as machine-readible file. With minor exceptions, all names have been verified in their original place of publication, and all were nomenclaturally assessed. Colour coding is used to distinguish between names (in <bold>green</bold>) pertaining to <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> sensu lato, for which complete synonymies are provided; and names (in <bold>orange</bold>) pertaining to other genera but published under <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> or its segregates. They are listed together with their basionym and the corresponding correct name (if it exists), but without complete synonymy. Acceptable, potentially correct names appear in bold-face type, both under a broadly defined <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (for which purpose validation of 81 new combinations and the name of 1 new species was necessary) and under one or more of its segregates. When a name was published for a new taxon, original material is indicated, usually by direct quotation from the protologue. New type designations are exceptional (two cases), whereas former type designations are cited whenever known. Furthermore, types and original specimens, especially when their digital images are available online, are mentioned with their locations and accession numbers. Comments are added whenever appropriate, especially to explain nomenclatural assessments that are not self-evident.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><label>Keywords</label><kwd><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Boraginales</named-content></named-content></italic></kwd><kwd><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Boraginaceae</named-content></named-content></italic></kwd><kwd><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglosseae</named-content></named-content></italic></kwd><kwd><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato</kwd><kwd>taxonomy</kwd><kwd>nomenclature</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="0"></fig-count><table-count count="1"></table-count><ref-count count="9"></ref-count></counts></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="Introduction"><title>Introduction</title><p>The cosmopolitan genus <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Boraginaceae</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu stricto) consists of more or less short-lived, predominantly biennial herbs. Anthers and stigma are usually included in the corolla tube, which at the throat is closed by hollow scales or folds called fornices. The fruit separates at maturity into more or less roundish, mostly glochid-bearing dry mericarpids (eremocarps, “nutlets”; German: Klausen).</p><p>Delimitation of the genus <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (and thus of the main part of the <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglosseae</named-content></named-content></italic>) is controversial. Based on an unresolved relationship of taxa traditionally defined by morphological traits, mainly of the fruit, authors such as Greuter & Burdet (in <xref rid="B1214038" ref-type="bibr">Greuter 1981</xref>) plead for a very wide circumscription (with <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> sensu lato forming a single, large genus); at the other extreme, authors such as <xref rid="B1214527" ref-type="bibr">Riedl (1967)</xref> and many before and after him, subdivided that same assemblage into up to 10 genera, a position that is still favoured by one of the present authors (HHH). <xref rid="B1213914" ref-type="bibr">Popov (1953)</xref>, among others, follows an intermediate path, e.g., concerning the possible merger of <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> and <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold>.</p><p>In recent years, DNA sequencing studies (<xref rid="B1213864" ref-type="bibr">Selvi et al. 2011</xref>, <xref rid="B1213874" ref-type="bibr">Weigend et al. 2013</xref>) have tended at least in part to support the position of Greuter & Burdet (in <xref rid="B1214038" ref-type="bibr">Greuter 1981</xref>). In phylogenetic trees resulting from such studies, <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> sensu stricto, as traditionally defined (mainly by fruit characters), is clearly polyphyletic. Even when some discordant (New-World, African and South Asian) elements currently assigned to <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> are removed, <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> sensu stricto remains paraphyletic, as morphologically deviating genera such as <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Pardoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> and <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> are nested within it. This means that the characters traditionally used for delimiting genera are insufficient to define monophyletic groups. Only if and when additional, phylogenetically meaningful features are found will it be possible to define natural units, potentially of generic rank, within <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> sensu lato. This has not happened as yet but is an important task for the future, combined with DNA sequence analyses of those species (more than one half) that have not so far been investigated.</p><p>To facilitate future research, it appeared to be a worth-while task to establish a complete inventory of taxa so far described and validly named, at any rank, within <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> sensu lato. We decided to include into that inventory any and all combinations published under either <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> itself or the name of a genus pertaining to <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> sensu lato, with their respective basionyms, even when – on the basis of current phylogenetic understanding – we do not consider that the corresponding taxon belongs to the latter. In order to assess the nomenclatural status of every name, we had to verify the original publication of each, i.e. its protologue. Therefore,it appeared logical to include into our inventory the protologue information relating to the respective original material. As a corollary, we endeavoured to find and put on record as many subsequent type designations as possible. Needless to say, the tracing and incorporation of this additional information increased our self-set task manifold – but we believe that the added value conferred to the inventory justifies our effort.</p><p>Our initial approach was to establish a purely nomenclatural inventory, with cross-links between entries of homotypic names. However, we established two levels with different coverage. For all taxa falling within the unit that we call <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> sensu lato (and also for the members of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Afrotysonia</named-content></named-content></italic>, which, while phylogenetically not close to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic>, are all but distinguishable from it morphologically) we give a complete synonymy. For other, non-<bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> taxa we only list names published under genera that pertain to <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> sensu lato, plus their basionym, if any. This distinction forced us to assess the appropriate placement of the named taxa, whether within or outside of <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> sensu lato, which is a taxonomic decision – and, as it turned out, not always a trivial one. Once we realised that we had lost our taxonomically virgin status we decided that we might just as well abandon our self-imposed restraint and introduce taxonomic assessment throughout, appreciating that users are keen to be given that kind of guidance. Since the present authors disagree as to the appropriate generic classification, we are in many cases, for the same taxon, listing more than one name as being potentially correct, i.e., as expressing possible generic placements.</p><p>The International Plant Name Index (IPNI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ipni.org"><underline>http://www.ipni.org</underline></ext-link>) provided an ideal starting point and first basis for our inventory. Our task then consisted in a literature search for additional names, verification of the source of each and every entry found in IPNI, and nomenclatural (plus ultimately taxonomic) assessment of all names. Especially with respect to taxonomic assessment we made frequent use of the excellent facilities now provided by the Catalogue of Life dynamic checklist (CoL: <underline>http://<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col">www.catalogueoflife.org/col</ext-link></underline>). By the way of feedback, our inventory will hopefully be used to improve the completeness and accuracy of the data in both IPNI and CoL.</p></sec><sec><title>Geographic coverage</title><sec sec-type="Description"><title>Description</title><p>Worldwide</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Taxonomic coverage</title><sec sec-type="Description"><title>Description</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato, as defined for the purpose of the present inventory, relies heavily on the results of DNA sequencing studies, both published <xref rid="B1213864" ref-type="bibr">Selvi et al. 2011</xref>, <xref rid="B1213874" ref-type="bibr">Weigend et al. 2013</xref>, <xref rid="B1213864" ref-type="bibr">Selvi et al. 2011</xref>) and ongoing (Weigend, pers. comm.). In addition to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato as it appears in <xref rid="B1213874" ref-type="bibr">Weigend et al. 2013</xref> (fig. 4), their PAR I (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content></named-content></italic> I) clade is here included.</p><p>Conversely, the genera <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Microparacaryum</named-content></named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Bothriospermum</named-content></named-content></italic>, even though close to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato according to DNA-based phylogeny, are considered sufficiently distinct to be left outside. The same applies to the not yet sequenced <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Brandella</named-content></named-content></italic>, a likely synonym of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Microparacaryum</named-content></named-content></italic>.</p><p>Finally, there are two groups of species, or clades, that have not so far been challenged as members of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> but, according not only to sequence data, but at least to some extent morphology, do not belong here. One comprises the indigenous New-World <italic>“Cynoglossum”</italic> species, the second a group of mainly African species, some of which had been erroneously placed in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic>. These groups are here considered as non-<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> and must await their description as separate genera to be correctly placed. A similar case is that of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Afrotysonia</named-content></named-content></italic>, a small African genus morphologically very close to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic>, but which on account of recent, unpublished sequence data (Weigend, pers. comm.) is akin to the afore-mentioned African group.</p><p>To make the above taxonomic distinction immediately clear for the reader, in the inventory the headline with a name of a taxon belonging to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato appears in green type, and that for a non- <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> taxon, in orange type. Furthermore a taxonomic distinction is made: for names that are potentially acceptable under either <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> in the wide sense or one of its constituent segregate genera the headline is set in <bold>bold-face type</bold>; for those of non- <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> taxa that are currently accepted it also appears in <bold>bold-face print</bold>; for all other names (whether legitimate or illegitimate) that we consider as synonyms under any currently acceptable option the headline is left in normal type.</p><p>The list of names of genera belonging in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato, at least with respect to their nomenclatural type (mentioned in parenthesis) is as follows (potentially correct generic names appear in <bold><italic>bold-face italics</italic></bold>, currently accepted names, when heterotypic, are placed in square brackets):</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Adelocaryum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Brand (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">A.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">coelestinum</named-content></named-content></italic> (Lindl.) Brand, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">coelestinum</named-content></named-content></italic> Lindl.)</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Anchusopsis</named-content></named-content></italic> Bisch. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">A.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">longiflora</named-content></named-content></italic> (DC.) Bisch., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">longiflorum</named-content></named-content></italic> Benth. (non Lehm.), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Omphalodes</named-content><named-content content-type="species">longiflora</named-content></named-content></italic> DC. [= <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">C.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">grandiflorum</named-content></named-content></italic> Benth.] (≡ <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lindelofia</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Lehm.)</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Bilegnum</named-content></named-content></italic> Brand (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">B.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">bungei</named-content></named-content></italic> (Boiss.) Brand, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">bungei</named-content></named-content></italic> Boiss., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">bungei</named-content></named-content></italic> (Boiss.) Greuter & Stier)</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cerinthopsis</named-content></named-content></italic> Kotschy ex Paine (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">C.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">foliosa</named-content></named-content></italic> Paine, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">foliosum</named-content></named-content></italic> (Paine) Greuter & Burdet)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> L. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">C.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">officinale</named-content></named-content></italic> L.)</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cyphomattia</named-content></named-content></italic> Boiss. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">C.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lanata</named-content></named-content></italic> (Lam.) Boiss., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lanatum</named-content></named-content></italic> Lam.)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Kuschakewiczia</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Regel & Smirn. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">K.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">turkestanica</named-content></named-content></italic> Regel & Smirn., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">turkestanicum</named-content></named-content></italic> (Regel) Greuter & Stier)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lindelofia</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Lehm. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">L.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">spectabilis</named-content></named-content></italic> Lehm., nom. illeg., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">longiflorum</named-content></named-content></italic> Benth. (non Lehm.), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Omphalodes</named-content><named-content content-type="species">longiflora</named-content></named-content></italic> DC., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">L.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">longiflora</named-content></named-content></italic> (DC.) Baill.) [= <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">C.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">grandiflorum</named-content></named-content></italic> Benth.]</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattia</named-content></named-content></italic> Schult., nom. illeg. (≡ <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Pall.) (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">R.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">tetraspis</named-content></named-content></italic> Pall., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">tetraspis</named-content></named-content></italic> (Pall.) Greuter & Burdet)</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattia</named-content></named-content></italic> Roem. & Schult., nom. illeg. (non <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattia</named-content></named-content></italic> Schult.) (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">aucheri</named-content></named-content></italic> (A. DC.) Boiss., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">M.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">aucheri</named-content></named-content></italic> A. DC., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">aucheri</named-content></named-content></italic> (A. DC.) Brand, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">aucheri</named-content></named-content></italic> (A. DC.) Greuter & Burdet)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Boiss.) Brand (<named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="infraspecific-rank">sect.</named-content><named-content content-type="section">Mattiastrum</named-content></named-content> Boiss.) (type not designated)</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryopsis</named-content></named-content></italic> (Riedl) R. R. Mill (<named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="infraspecific-rank">sect.</named-content><named-content content-type="section">Paracaryopsis</named-content></named-content> Riedl, <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Adelocaryum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Brand) (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">C.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">coelestinum</named-content></named-content></italic> Lindl., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">P.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">coelestina</named-content></named-content></italic> (Lindl.) R. R. Mill, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">A.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">coelestinum</named-content></named-content></italic> (Lindl.) Brand)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (A. DC.) Boiss. (<named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Omphalodes</named-content><named-content content-type="infraspecific-rank">sect.</named-content><named-content content-type="section">Paracaryum</named-content></named-content> A. DC.) (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">O.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">rugulosa</named-content></named-content></italic> DC., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">P.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">rugulosum</named-content></named-content></italic> (DC.) Boiss., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">rugulosum</named-content></named-content></italic> (DC.) Greuter & Burdet)</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> Popov (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">P.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">denticulatum</named-content></named-content></italic> (A. DC.) Popov, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">denticulatum</named-content></named-content></italic> A. DC.)</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Pardoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> Barbier & Mathez (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">P.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">atlanticum</named-content></named-content></italic> (Pit.) Barbier & Mathez, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">atlanticus</named-content></named-content></italic> Pit., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">pitardianum</named-content></named-content></italic> Greuter & Burdet)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Pall. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">R.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">tetraspis</named-content></named-content></italic> Pall., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">tetraspis</named-content></named-content></italic> (Pall.) Greuter & Burdet)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Ledeb. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">S.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">circinnatus</named-content></named-content></italic> Ledeb., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">circinnatum</named-content></named-content></italic> (Ledeb.) Greuter & Burdet)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Trachelanthus</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Kunze (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">T.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">cerinthoides</named-content></named-content></italic> (Boiss.) Kunze, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">cerinthoides</named-content></named-content></italic> Boiss., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">cerinthoides</named-content></named-content></italic> (Boiss.) Greuter & Burdet</p><p>None of the following genera, with respect to their nomenclatural type (mentioned in parenthesis), is assigned by us to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato. However, each of them (except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Afrotysonia</named-content></named-content></italic>) once included taxa that are currently placed, or still includes taxa that were at one time placed, in a genus belonging to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato (potentially correct generic names appear in <bold><italic>bold-face italics</italic></bold>, currently accepted names, when heterotypic, are placed in square brackets):</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Afrotysonia</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Rauschert (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Tysonia</named-content></named-content></italic> Bolus, nom. illeg., non <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Tysonia</named-content></named-content></italic> Fontaine) (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">A.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">africana</named-content></named-content></italic> (Bolus) Rauschert, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Tysonia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">africana</named-content></named-content></italic> Bolus)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Anchusa</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> L. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">A.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">officinalis</named-content></named-content></italic> L.)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Antiotrema</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Hand.-Mazz. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">A.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">dunnianum</named-content></named-content></italic> (Diels) Hand.-Mazz., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">dunnianum</named-content></named-content></italic> Diels)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Austrocynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Popov ex R. R. Mill (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">A.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">latifolium</named-content></named-content></italic> (R. Br.) R. R. Mill, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">latifolium</named-content></named-content></italic> R. Br.)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Bothriospermum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Bunge (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">B.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">chinense</named-content></named-content></italic> Bunge)</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Brandella</named-content></named-content></italic> R. R. Mill (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">B.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">erythraea</named-content></named-content></italic> (Brand) R. R. Mill, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Adelocaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">erythraeum</named-content></named-content></italic> Brand, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">erythraeum</named-content></named-content></italic> (Brand) Riedl) [= <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Microparacaryum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold>]</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossopsis</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Brand (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">C.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">latifolia</named-content></named-content></italic> (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Brand, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Echinospermum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">latifolium</named-content></named-content></italic> Hochst. ex A. Rich., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">hochstetteri</named-content></named-content></italic> Vatke)</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossospermum</named-content></named-content></italic> Siegesb. ex Kuntze, nom. illeg. (≡ <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lappula</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Moench) (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">C.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lappula</named-content></named-content></italic> (L.) Kuntze, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Myosotis</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lappula</named-content></named-content></italic> L.) [= <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">L.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">squarrosa</named-content></named-content></italic> (Retz.) Dumort.]</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Echinospermum</named-content></named-content></italic> Lehm., nom. illeg. (≡ <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lappula</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Moench) (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">E.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lappula</named-content></named-content></italic> (L.) Lehm., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Myosotis</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lappula</named-content></named-content></italic> L.) [= <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">L.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">squarrosa</named-content></named-content></italic> (Retz.) Dumort.]</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Echium</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> L. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">E.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">vulgare</named-content></named-content></italic> L.)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eritrichium</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Schrad. ex Gaudin (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">E.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">nanum</named-content></named-content></italic> (Vill.) Schrad. ex Gaudin, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Myosotis</named-content><named-content content-type="species">nana</named-content></named-content></italic> Vill.)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Hackelia</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Opiz (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">H.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">deflexa</named-content></named-content></italic> (Wahlenb.) Opiz, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Myosotis</named-content><named-content content-type="species">deflexa</named-content></named-content></italic> Wahlenb., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">deflexum</named-content></named-content></italic> (Wahlenb.) Roth)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lappula</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Moench (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">L.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">myosotis</named-content></named-content></italic> Moench, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Myosotis</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lappula</named-content></named-content></italic> L., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lappula</named-content></named-content></italic> (L.) Scop.) [= <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">L.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">squarrosa</named-content></named-content></italic> (Retz.) Dumort.]</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lepechiniella</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Popov [type not designated]</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lobostemon</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Lehm. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">L.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">echioides</named-content></named-content></italic> Lehm.)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Microparacaryum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Popov ex Riedl) Hilger & Podlech (<named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="infraspecific-rank">sect.</named-content><named-content content-type="section">Microparacaryum</named-content></named-content> Popov ex Riedl) (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">P.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">intermedium</named-content></named-content></italic> (Fresen.) Lipsky, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">intermedium</named-content></named-content></italic> Fresen., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">M.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">intermedium</named-content></named-content></italic> (Fresen.) Hilger & Podlech</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Moltkia</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Lehm. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">M.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">coerulea</named-content></named-content></italic> (Willd.) Lehm., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Onosma</named-content><named-content content-type="species">coerulea</named-content></named-content></italic> Willd.)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Myosotidium</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Hook. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">M.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">nobile</named-content></named-content></italic> (Hook. f.) Hook., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">nobile</named-content></named-content></italic> Hook. f.) [<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">M.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">hortensia</named-content></named-content></italic> (Decne.) Baill.]</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Myosotis</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> L. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">M.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">scorpioides</named-content></named-content></italic> L.)</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Omphalium</named-content></named-content></italic> (Wallr.) Roth (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> [unranked] <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Omphalium</named-content></named-content></italic> Wallr. ≡ <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Omphalodes</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Mill.) (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">C.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">omphaloides</named-content></named-content></italic> L., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Omphalodes</named-content><named-content content-type="species">verna</named-content></named-content></italic> Moench, nom. illeg., nom. cons. prop. (<xref rid="B1214078" ref-type="bibr">Greuter et al. 2014</xref>), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Omphalium</named-content><named-content content-type="species">vernum</named-content></named-content></italic> Roth, nom. illeg.)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Omphalodes</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Mill. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">O.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">verna</named-content></named-content></italic> Moench, nom. illeg., nom. cons. prop., <xref rid="B1214078" ref-type="bibr">Greuter et al. 2014</xref>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">omphaloides</named-content></named-content></italic> L., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">O.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">omphaloides</named-content></named-content></italic> (L.) Voss, nom. rej. prop., <xref rid="B1214078" ref-type="bibr">Greuter et al. 2014</xref>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oncaglossum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Sutorý (O. <italic>pringlei</italic> (Greenm.) Sutorý, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">pringlei</named-content></named-content></italic> Greenm.)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Onosma</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> L. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">O.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">echioides</named-content></named-content></italic> L.)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oreocarya</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Greene (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">O.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">suffruticosa</named-content></named-content></italic> (Torrey) Greene, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Myosotis</named-content><named-content content-type="species">suffruticosa</named-content></named-content></italic> Torrey)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Pectocarya</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> DC. ex Meisn. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">P.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lateriflora</named-content></named-content></italic> (Lam.) DC., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lateriflorum</named-content></named-content></italic> Lam.)</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Picotia</named-content></named-content></italic> Roem. & Schult., nom. illeg. (≡ <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Omphalodes</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Mill.) (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">O.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">verna</named-content></named-content></italic> Moench, nom. illeg., nom. cons. prop., <xref rid="B1214078" ref-type="bibr">Greuter et al. 2014</xref>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">omphaloides</named-content></named-content></italic> L., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">O.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">omphaloides</named-content></named-content></italic> (L.) Voss, nom. rej. prop.<xref rid="B1214078" ref-type="bibr">Greuter et al. 2014</xref>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Pseudomertensia</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Riedl (<named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lithospermum</named-content><named-content content-type="infraspecific-rank">subg.</named-content><named-content content-type="subgenus">Oreocharis</named-content></named-content> Decne., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oreocharis</named-content></named-content></italic> (Decne.) Lindl., nom. rej.) (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">P.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">elongata</named-content></named-content></italic> (Decne.) Riedl, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">L.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">elongatum</named-content></named-content></italic> Decne.)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rochelia</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Rchb., nom. cons. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">R.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">saccharata</named-content></named-content></italic> Rchb., nom. illeg., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lithospermum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">dispermum</named-content></named-content></italic> L. f., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">R.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">disperma</named-content></named-content></italic> (L. f.) Wettst.)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Selkirkia</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Hemsl. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">S.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">berteroi</named-content></named-content></italic> (Colla) Hemsl. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">berteroi</named-content></named-content></italic> Colla)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Suchtelenia</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Kar. ex Meisn. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">S.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">cerinthifolia</named-content></named-content></italic> Kar. ex Meisn., nom. illeg., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">calycinum</named-content></named-content></italic> C. A. Mey., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">S.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">calycina</named-content></named-content></italic> (C. A. Mey.) A. DC.)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Symphytum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> L. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">S.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">officinale</named-content></named-content></italic> L.)</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Tysonia</named-content></named-content></italic> Bolus, nom. illeg. (non <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Tysonia</named-content></named-content></italic> Fontaine) (≡ <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Afrotysonia</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Rauschert) (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">T.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">africana</named-content></named-content></italic> Bolus, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">A.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">africana</named-content></named-content></italic> (Bolus) Rauschert)</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Traits coverage</title><p>Designations resembling names but that have not been validly published, being no names in the sense of the ICN (<xref rid="B1213895" ref-type="bibr">McNeill et al. 2012</xref>), have no type and no taxonomic identity (even though they may have been applied to a given taxon): therefore they appear in the database in <bold>grey type</bold>. No attempt at a complete coverage of such designations has been made. By and large, only those have been retained that have been registered in IPNI, the purpose being to document their actual status of non-names. Most often, they are junior isonyms without nomenclatural status of their own; or in some cases, phantom entries of names not appearing at all in their alleged place of publication. Several were deliberately proposed as new but failed to meet the requirements for valid publication; they were sometimes validly published subsequently – perhaps unnoticed by others, including ourselves, in which case they will have to be added in the future, with their proper source.</p><sec sec-type="The data entries"><title>The data entries</title><p>The contents of the nomenclatural database for <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato are shown in the electronic appendices Suppl. materials <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1259776">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1257666">2</xref>) to this paper as a structured, fully searchable Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) file and a text file for import into as a spreadsheet or database. The entries in both files consist of eight elements, in which the data are connected by internal links and, where appropriate, linked to external sources. The main data fields, in the order in which they appear in each entry, are:</p><p>1. Headline (mandatory), showing the name with author citation and reference to the place and year of valid publication. Colour (green, orange, grey) and type (<bold>bold-face</bold> or normal) used in the headline are those explained above and show taxonomic placement, acceptability, and nomenclatural status (or absence thereof). With minor exceptions, all places of publication cited here have been verified by us. Abbreviation of name authors and publication titles follows the standards of IPNI. Correctable orthographical errors, when they appear in the original publication, are cited parenthetically between single quotes.</p><p>2. Field “IPNI” (mandatory except for new names and combinations validated in this paper): a direct copy of the current (November 2014) entry in the International Plant Name Index, underlain by a link to the entry itself (which may and hopefully in many cases will have been modified since that date). When IPNI shows more than one entry, a choice has been made as follows: When a recent entry without stated source exists, it is preferred; otherwise, when the type or original material of the name is from the Americas the Gray Card Index (GCI) entry has been selected; when it is from Australia, the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) entry shows up; when it is from elsewhere, the Index Kewensis (IK) entry has been chosen; in case of more than one entry from the same source, the more recent, more accurate or more complete was given preference. Names not listed in IPNI at all are marked “absent”.</p><p>3. Field ASSESSMENT (mandatory for validly published names): In this field, each name is taxonomically referred to the name considered as correct under the option of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato being treated as a single genus. (A reliable assessment under a different option cannot presently be given because the definition and naming of natural segregate genera, even though it remains an option for the future, currently is not possible.) The name in the headline is either declared “accepted” or referred to the name considered as correct, if it exists; if none exists (in particular, when a taxon hitherto placed in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> has been found not to belong to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato), the existing combination is used but with <italic>“Cynoglossum”</italic> placed between quotation marks. Names in the rank of variety or below are not normally accepted but assigned to a species or subspecies. In case of heterotypic synonymy, i.e., when the accepted name has a type different from that of the name in the headline, the former is placed between square brackets. Names appearing in the ASSESSMENT field are cross-linked to their own entry. Names that are not validly published remain unassessed, as they have no type hence no taxonomic identity.</p><p>4. Field STATUS (mandatory): The nomenclatural status of each name is indicated as follows. A legitimate name published as a name of a new taxon is defined by its rank, if any (e.g., <italic>sect. nov., spec. nov., var. nov.</italic> – or <italic>taxon nov.</italic>). A legitimate name with a basionym, which results from transfer of a former name to a new rank (both ranks being mentioned) and/or from its use in a new combination, is termed <italic>comb. nov., stat. nov., comb. & stat. nov., comb. in stat. nov.</italic>, as the case may be. A replacement name, based on a replaced synonym, is designated as <italic>nom. nov.</italic> An illegitimate name (<italic>nom. illeg.</italic>) is qualified as nomenclaturally superfluous [<italic>superfl.</italic>] and/or as a junior homonym [<italic>homonym</italic>] to show the cause of illegitimacy. A name or designation that had been validly published earlier than in the place cited in the headline is termed <italic>isonym</italic>; when it was not validly published in that place, as <italic>inval.</italic> [with mention of the requirements it failed to comply with]; and when it does not appear there at all, as <italic>no name</italic></p><p>5. Field REFERENCE (optional): In this field a link to the protologue is included whenever that text is freely available online. Open-access sources are preferred whenever they exist. Links to journals available through JSTOR (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.jstor.org/">http://www.jstor.org/</ext-link>), to which limited free access is granted to individual scientists, or to items offered by journal or book publishers only upon subscription or against payment of a fee, are also provided – but only to the generally accessible level (e.g., the title and abstract of the corresponding paper).For protologues in publications not (not yet) available online, ad-hoc scans (“clippings” in pdf format) were uploaded to the Biodiversity Literature Repository (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://exchange.fu-berlin.de/OWA/redir.aspx?SURL=M2J8lTKk3gXjC84DE3l5ZUDvzITQA-35Ig9iO6CZLd1qoK_VoRnSCGgAdAB0AHAAcwA6AC8ALwB6AGUAbgBvAGQAbwAuAG8AcgBnAC8AYwBvAGwAbABlAGMAdABpAG8AbgAvAHUAcwBlAHIALQBiAGkAbwBzAHkAcwBsAGkAdAA.&URL=https%3a%2f%2fzenodo.org%2fcollection%2fuser-biosyslit">https://zenodo.org/collection/user-biosyslit</ext-link>). This solution potentially makes all the treatments of all the taxa citable and the digital representation directly accessible, while not violating the copyright, if any, of the publication (<xref rid="B1237309" ref-type="bibr">Agosti and Egloff 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B1237319" ref-type="bibr">Patterson et al. 2014</xref>). BLR provides – as part of Zenodo/CERN – the long term digital repository. Digital Object Identifiers (DOI's) issued and maintained by DataCite (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.datacite.org/">https://www.datacite.org/)</ext-link> allow the treatments to be easily cited and retrieved using a familiar, standard, and persistent identifier, and discoverable through search tools such as Refindit (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://refindit.org">http://refindit.org</ext-link>).</p><p>6. Field SYNONYMY (not mandatory): Synonymy is given once for every group of names based on the same type. The synonyms, chronologically arranged, appear either in the entry of the accepted name, or its basionym if it has one, or a replaced synonym if that is older. For each entry with one or more homotypic synonyms, a clickable cross-link to the entry including the synonymy is provided in the field BASIS, under “basionym” or “replaced synonym”. Names appearing in a SYNONYMY field are cross-linked to their own entry. For technical reasons, heterotypic synonyms (if any) are not included in these synonymies; they can be found with the help of the taxonomic equivalences given in the ASSESSMENT field in square brackets, when appropriate.</p><p>7. Field BASIS (mandatory for validly published names): For names of new taxa, this field includes information on the nomenclatural type, or relevant for its establishment if it has not been designated so far. It starts with the indication of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Original</named-content><named-content content-type="species">material</named-content></named-content></italic>, comprising the verbatim citation [<italic>from protologue</italic>] of any indication, in the protologue itself, relevant for establishing what elements have been used by the author of the validating description or diagnosis; when no original material is mentioned in the protologue, this citation is replaced by an explanatory statement. Thereafter, whenever possible, concrete type specimens (e.g., <italic>holotype, syntype, lectotype</italic>), or original specimens or illustrations, are enumerated, with their herbarium of deposit and accession number, followed by an asterisk (*) when a digital image of the specimen can be consulted online via the Internet. Whenever traced, places of lectotype designation are mentioned. – For new combinations, names at new rank and replacement names, the BASIS field mentions the basionym and/or replaced synonym, cross-linked to their own entry. – Names that are not validly published lack a nomenclatural basis.</p><p>8. Field COMMENTS (optional): Free text in which any particular circumstances related to the listed name are mentioned, e.g. those relevant for their status, adopted spelling and authorship, taxonomic assessment and typification, in particular in (but not limited to) those cases in which our conclusions differ from those currently prevailing in the literature and/or indexes.</p></sec><sec sec-type="Sources of information"><title>Sources of information</title><p>As mentioned before, our main initial source of names was the International Plant Name Index (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ipni.org"><underline>http://www.ipni.org</underline></ext-link>). However, it soon appeared that IPNI is neither complete nor consistently accurate – which is not really a surprise but does not detract from the general usefulness and value of IPNI as a first-rate means of information on names and nomenclatural data. Yet, IPNI’s shortcomings must be mentioned here as a positive fact, as they were our initial trigger. They encouraged us to embark on our self-set task: to complete and refine the inventory of names relevant in the taxonomic context of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato. Had we guessed beforehand the amount of work involved we might well have desisted, but when it dawned upon us it was too late to back out.</p><p>Our second-level sources can best be described as the entire botanical literature, both shelved and, increasingly, available online. Direct verification of the source works registered in IPNI led on to any number of further relevant publications, and through them, to a ramified and interconnected wealth of published data. Only when the snowball effect causing that avalanche started to subside and we discovered less and less new, unrecorded data did we feel that completion of our task (while never possible at 100 %) was in sight.</p><p>During the implementation of our plans, when tracking down every reference found within and outside the IPNI dataset, we were greatly assisted by the modern search mechanisms now available online. Literature directories such as WorldCat (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.worldcat.org"><underline>http://www.worldcat.org</underline></ext-link>) and the Karlsruhe Virtual Catalogue (KVK; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/kvk.html">http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/kvk.html</ext-link>) for books, and for journals the German Zeitschriftendatenbank (ZDB; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dispatch.opac.dnb.de/DB=1.1">http://dispatch.opac.dnb.de/DB=1.1</ext-link>), are invaluable tools, registering both physical publications with their location and virtual, digitised media with their access links. Other directories, concerned with online-accessible publications only, were also regularly consulted, in particular Biological Heritage Library (BHL, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org"><underline>http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org</underline></ext-link>), Botanicus (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.botanicus.org/">http://www.botanicus.org/</ext-link>), Biblioteca digital del Real Jardín Botánico [Madrid] (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/index.php">http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/index.php</ext-link>), Gallica, bibliothèque numérique de la Bibliothèque Nationale de France (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://gallica.bnf.fr"><underline>http://gallica.bnf.fr</underline></ext-link>), Europeana (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.europeana.eu/">http://www.europeana.eu/</ext-link>), and several others. [For European users, access through Google Books (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://books.google.com">http://books.google.com</ext-link>) or HathiTrust Digital Library (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.hathitrust.org/digital_library">http://www.hathitrust.org/digital_library</ext-link>) is a frustrating experience, as many titles are not accessible due to (real or alleged) copyright restrictions.]</p><p>The ever increasing presence in the Internet of digitised images of herbarium specimens, particularly types, has enabled us to add a feature to our data that would have been unthinkable a few years back: direct reference to type specimens and elements of the original material, usually with herbarium location and accession numbers, plus an indication by means of an asterisk (*) that an image has been consulted by us. The most complete and useful gateway to type specimen illustrations is JSTOR’s Global Plants (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://plants.jstor.org">http://plants.jstor.org</ext-link>), which unfortunately is not accessible for free. Other important (and free) sources of images are institute-based and must be accessed individually, as there is no global portal to that information yet. Many important herbarium holdings are presently accessible online, at least in part, including Virtual Herbaria (W, WU, JE, etc.; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://herbarium.univie.ac.at/database/search.php"><underline>http://herbarium.univie.ac.at/database/search.php</underline></ext-link>), Muséum national d’histoire naturelle (P, MPU; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://coldb.mnhn.fr/colweb/form.do?model=SONNERAT.wwwsonnerat.wwwsonnerat.wwwsonnerat">http://coldb.mnhn.fr/colweb/form.do?model=SONNERAT.wwwsonnerat.wwwsonnerat.wwwsonnerat</ext-link>), Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem (B; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ww2.bgbm.org/herbarium">http://ww2.bgbm.org/herbarium</ext-link>), Conservatoire botanique de la Ville de Genève (G; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/chg/advanced.php">http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/chg/advanced.php</ext-link>), Linnean Society of London (LINN; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://linnean-online.org/linnaean_herbarium.html">http://linnean-online.org/linnaean_herbarium.html</ext-link>), Botany Portal of Field Museum (F, MO, NY; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://emuweb.fieldmuseum.org/botany/BotanyPortal/Query.php"><underline>http://emuweb.fieldmuseum.org/botany/BotanyPortal/Query.php</underline></ext-link>), Harvard University Herbaria (GH, etc.; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/specimen_index.html">http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/specimen_index.html</ext-link>), Smithsonian Institution Washington (US; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/botany">http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/botany</ext-link>), Herbarium Centrale Italicum, Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Università die Firenze (FI; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://parlatore.msn.unifi.it/types/">http://parlatore.msn.unifi.it/types/</ext-link>) etc.</p><p>Finally, mention must be made of Species 2000 and ITIS’ Catalogue of Life (CoL; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col">http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col</ext-link>). While less complete than IPNI as an inventory of names, it has one quality that is absent from the latter: it advises on synonymy. During the last stage of editing our inventory, when we introduced taxonomic assessment of names into it, we have repeatedly consulted CoL’s dynamic checklist and found it a useful and usually, though not invariably, accurate guide in matters of taxonomic synonymy. Especially when the correct identity of non-<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> names had to be assessed, we mostly found ourselves in full agreement with the choices in CoL.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Usage rights</title><sec sec-type="Use license"><title>Use license</title><p>Creative Commons CCZero</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Additional information</title><p>The nomenclatural database for <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato comprises 1338 entries: 209 (in grey) of names not validly published in the place cited (these include isonym entries for names previously validated elsewhere); 268 (in orange) of names of which the types do not belong to our core or target group but have been nomenclaturally or taxonomically associated with it in the past, in some way or other; and 861 (in green) that do really pertain. The statistical digest in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1211484">1</xref> is limited to names in the green group, as this is the only one for which coverage is supposed to be complete.</p><p>From the very beginning, one of our self-set targets was a comparison of the information found by us with what is currently in the IPNI database. We wanted, for one, to get an idea of how reliable IPNI is and to which extent, and in which respect, it might be inaccurate and/or incomplete. Also, we had and keep the hope that, subsequent to their publication, our data will be of use for updating the IPNI record, as we know and appreciate the hard work of the IPNI staff, both at Kew and Harvard, to continually improve their entries.</p><p>We will not dwell on minor errors, including wrong numbers, some of which may well go back to weaknesses of the optical character recognition (OCR) software used when the original <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.66720"><italic>Index Kewensis</italic></ext-link> volumes were scanned; nor on the failure to adopt IPNI’s own standards in many of the old entries, as we know that standardising them is among the ongoing concerns of the IPNI staff. Apart from such minor, trivial aspects, we found that IPNI currently has shortcomings principally in three fields.</p><p>1. Missing names. These are in their great majority found in ranks between genus and species and below species, which is explained by the fact that <italic>Index Kewensis</italic>, from which the bulk of IPNI entries originates, did not cover these ranks (contrary to the <italic>Gray Card Index</italic>). Only in recent years have infraspecific names and those of subdivisions of genera been registered consistently, and if it is judged worth while to fill that gap retroactively, this will constitute a gigantic task that will take decades to complete. Currently, for infraspecific names in particular, information in IPNI is fragmentary only. On the other hand, at the level of genera (94.4 %) and species (95.8 %) the coverage is reasonably good.</p><p>2. Inclusion of non-names. In a nomenclatural database, designations that are not validly published (some of which do not appear at all in the indicated place) should be either eliminated or – if maintained to avoid loss of information – prominently flagged. Current IPNI policy is to record them when they are intended as a nomenclatural novelty, but the author fails to comply with the conditions for valid publication, a fact that is then duly noted. But of old, such “names” were accepted at face value, and if and when validation finally occurred no note was taken. Worse, the early volumes of <italic>Index Kewensis</italic> are full of records of what appear to be junior homonyms, but are in fact mere misapplications of earlier names – a distinction that, while nomenclaturally relevant now, was not made at that time. This ballast, of what in terms of current nomenclature are junior isonyms without standing, lost whatever relevance it may once have had when it was decided to eliminate from the IPNI database the original reason of being of such entries: the sense in which the names had been misapplied, carefully recorded in <italic>Index Kewensis.</italic> As they are listed now, devoid of their rationale, all these isonyms are just only confusing, and a real nuisance. We hope that sooner or later they will be thrown over board.</p><p>3. Wrong assessment of the status of names, wrong author citations. For newly added names, IPNI is careful to distinguish legitimate from illegitimate ones, and new combinations or replacement names are referred to their basionym or replaced synonym – additionally, with increasing frequence, they are linked to outside sources available online. Old entries, however, have been updated only in part. The early volumes of <italic>Index Kewensis</italic> did not cite basionyms nor mention parenthetical authors, and illegitimacy at that time was an unheard-of concept. Updating such imperfect information is a big, demanding task for the future, requiring verification of the original source if it is to be properly done; we hope that the present inventory will be used for that purpose. Verification of author citations is a particular aspect of status assessment and is also necessary for former entries, because the relevant rules have changed substantially after the Tokyo Congress in 1993.</p><p>The problems just highlighted with respect to IPNI, the main existing nomenclatural data source for vascular plants, strengthen our belief in the usefulness of improved nomenclatural inventories such as the present one. We are conscious of the fact that no such list will ever be perfect, but we also believe that, beyond a certain point, aiming at an ever greater level of reliability becomes a futile exercise, an investment of time and money for little if any useful return. Once an inventory of this kind exists, it should be possible to confer official sanction to its basic contents, meaning certain parameters of the listed names (such as status, authorship, date and place of publication, spelling, etc.). We strongly advocate the creation of such a stabilising option under the rules governing nomenclature.</p><sec sec-type="Conclusions"><title>Conclusions</title><p>As stated in the introduction, the authors of this paper are divided as to their preferred generic concept for <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato. This is no disadvantage. On the contrary, it permits us to present our readers with a dual approach, allowing them to choose between alternative classifications.</p><p>The problem with narrowly defined genera, the option endorsed by HHH, is that it would be premature to present them in a firm classificatory frame. Traditional generic definitions, based mainly on fruit morphology, are clearly unnatural in some cases. A reassessment leading to the establishment of natural segregate units requires further in-depth morphological and expanded molecular studies. The solution presented here – the best that is currently feasible – is to declare as acceptable, or potentially correct, names that exist under any of the currently adopted genera. This does not of course preclude the treatment of some names as synonyms when they belong to a taxon (species or subspecies) for which an older name exists, but for the time being it prevents the validation of new, potentially correct combinations in cases when they are likely needed under the segregate-genera concept.</p><p>The option of treating <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato as a single genus, favoured by WG and VS, is less prone to future change. It is certainly possible, indeed likely, that some species currently assigned to that genus will have to be excluded from it in the future, but in general terms the unit that has emerged as monophyletic (<xref rid="B1213864" ref-type="bibr">Selvi et al. 2011</xref>, <xref rid="B1213874" ref-type="bibr">Weigend et al. 2013</xref>) is well circumscribed. We have therefore decided to facilitate the practical implementation of this scenario by creating the required combinations that do not so far exist, as follows:</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">alaicum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Lazkov) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content><named-content content-type="species">alaica</named-content></named-content></italic> Lazkov in Bot. Zhurn. (Moskva & Leningrad) 85(8): 116. 2000. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146588-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146588-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">albiflorum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Czukav. & Meling) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">albiflorus</named-content></named-content></italic> Czukav. & Meling in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 19: 161. 1982. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146589-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146589-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">anchusoides</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> subsp. <bold><italic>asperum</italic></bold> (Rech. f.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lindelofia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">aspera</named-content></named-content></italic> Rech. f. in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 58: 48. 1951 ≡ <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lindelofia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">anchusoides</named-content><named-content content-type="infraspecific-rank">subsp.</named-content><named-content content-type="subspecies">aspera</named-content></named-content> (Rech. f.) Sadat in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 28: 104. 1989. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146590-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146590-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">asperum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Stocks) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">asperum</named-content></named-content></italic> Stocks in Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 175. 1852. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146591-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146591-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">austroechinatum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Popov) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content><named-content content-type="species">austroechinata</named-content></named-content></italic> Popov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 222. 1950. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146592-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146592-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">badghysii</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Sadat) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">badghysii</named-content></named-content></italic> Sadat in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 28: 67. 1989. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146593-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146593-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">bakhtiaricum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Khat.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">bakhtiaricus</named-content></named-content></italic> Khat. in Iranian J. Bot. 8: 6. 1999. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146594-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146594-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">brachystemon</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">brachystemon</named-content></named-content></italic> Fisch. & C. A. Mey. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 11: 306. 1838. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146595-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146595-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">bungei</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Boiss.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">bungei</named-content></named-content></italic> Boiss., Fl. Orient. 4: 274. 1875. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146596-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146596-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">campanulatum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Riedl) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lindelofia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">campanulata</named-content></named-content></italic> Riedl in Biol. Skr. 13: 198. 1963. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146597-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146597-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">coechinatum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Popov) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content><named-content content-type="species">coechinata</named-content></named-content></italic> Popov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 223. 1950. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146598-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146598-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">crista-galli</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">crista-galli</named-content></named-content></italic> Rech. f. & Riedl in Biol. Skr. 13: 207. 1963. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146599-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146599-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">cristulatum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Lipsky) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content><named-content content-type="species">cristulata</named-content></named-content></italic> Lipsky in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 26: 570. 1910. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146600-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146600-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">cyclhymenium</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Boiss.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">rugulosum</named-content><named-content content-type="infraspecific-rank">var.</named-content><named-content content-type="variety">cyclhymenium</named-content></named-content> Boiss., Fl. Orient. 4: 256. 1875 ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">cyclhymenium</named-content></named-content></italic> (Boiss.) Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 102. 1967. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146602-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146602-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">cynoglossoides</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">cynoglossoides</named-content></named-content></italic> Rech. f. & Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 123. 1967. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146603-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146603-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">densum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">densum</named-content></named-content></italic> Rech. f. & Riedl in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 110: 519. 1963. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146604-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146604-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">dielsii</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Bornm.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">dielsii</named-content></named-content></italic> Bornm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 66: 236. 1934. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146607-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146607-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">dieterlei</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Sadat) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">dieterlei</named-content></named-content></italic> Sadat in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 28: 88. 1989. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146611-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146611-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">dubium</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">dubius</named-content></named-content></italic> Fisch. & C. A. Mey. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 11: 306. 1838. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146616-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146616-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">dumanii</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Aytaç & R. R. Mill) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content><named-content content-type="species">dumanii</named-content></named-content></italic> Aytaç & R. R. Mill in Edinburgh J. Bot. 61: 113. 2005. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146617-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146617-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">eriocalycinum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Boiss. & Buhse) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">eriocalycinus</named-content></named-content></italic> Boiss. & Buhse in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 12: 156. 1860. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146618-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146618-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">ferganicum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Popov) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content><named-content content-type="species">ferganica</named-content></named-content></italic> Popov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 219. 1950. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146619-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146619-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">flaviflorum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">flaviflorum</named-content></named-content></italic> Rech. f. & Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 122. 1967. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146620-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146620-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">fornicatum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Pazij) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content><named-content content-type="species">fornicata</named-content></named-content></italic> Pazij in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 15: 24. 1959. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146621-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146621-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">glabratum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Pazij) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content><named-content content-type="species">glabrata</named-content></named-content></italic> Pazij in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 15: 26. 1959. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146622-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146622-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">glandulosum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Khat.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">glandulosum</named-content></named-content></italic> Khat. in Iranian J. Bot. 6: 228. 1994. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146623-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146623-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">hedgei</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Aytaç & R. R. Mill) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">hedgei</named-content></named-content></italic> Aytaç & R. R. Mill in Edinburgh J. Bot. 61: 109. 2005. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146624-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146624-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">heratense</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">heratense</named-content></named-content></italic> Rech. f. & Riedl in Biol. Skr. 13: 210. 1963. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146625-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146625-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">himalayense</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Klotzsch) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">himalayensis</named-content></named-content></italic> Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garcke, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar: 94. 1862. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146627-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146627-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">hissaricum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Lipsky) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Trachelanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">hissaricus</named-content></named-content></italic> Lipsky in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 23: 202. 1904. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146629-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146629-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">holochiton</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Popov) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content><named-content content-type="species">holochiton</named-content></named-content></italic> Popov in Komarov, Fl. SSSR 19: 716. 1953. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146631-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146631-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">hupehense</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (R. R. Mill) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">hupehensis</named-content></named-content></italic> R. R. Mill in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44: 271. 1987. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146633-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146633-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">hystrix</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Greuter & Stier, <bold>nom. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content><named-content content-type="species">echinata</named-content></named-content></italic> Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(1): 92. 1868 (non <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">echinatum</named-content></named-content></italic> Thunb.). (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146637-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146637-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">indecorum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Greuter & Stier, <bold>nom. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">micranthus</named-content></named-content></italic> Riedl in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 76: 635. 1972 (non <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">micranthum</named-content></named-content></italic> Poir.). (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146640-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146640-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">integerrimum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (P. Myrzakulov) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">integerrimum</named-content></named-content></italic> P. Myrzakulov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Bot. Acad. Nauk Kazakhsk. S.S.R. 9: 30. 1975. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146641-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146641-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">karakoricum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Podlech & Sadat) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">karakoricum</named-content></named-content></italic> Podlech & Sadat in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 27: 65. 1988. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146647-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146647-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">karataviense</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Pavlov ex Popov) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">karataviense</named-content></named-content></italic> Pavlov ex Popov in Komarov, Fl. URSS 19: 715. 1953. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146648-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146648-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">karateginum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Lipsky) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">karateginus</named-content></named-content></italic> Lipsky in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 23: 196. 1904. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146649-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146649-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">khorassanicum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Khat.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">khorassanicum</named-content></named-content></italic> Khat. in Iranian J. Bot. 8: 4. 1999. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146650-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146650-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">kokanicum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Regel) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">kokanicus</named-content></named-content></italic> Regel in Izv. Imp. Obshch. Lyubit. Estestv. Moskovsk. Univ. 34(2) [Putesh. Turkest. 3(18)]: 60 (‘<italic>olgae</italic>’), 89. 1882. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146651-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146651-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">korolkowii</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Lipsky) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Trachelanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">korolkowii</named-content></named-content></italic> Lipsky in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 23: 199. 1904. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146652-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146652-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">korshinskyi</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Lipsky) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cyphomattia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">korshinskyi</named-content></named-content></italic> Lipsky in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 26: 511. 1910. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146653-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146653-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">krasniqii</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Wraber, <bold>spec. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] –</bold> Descr.: Wraber in Candollea 41: 145. 1986. – Holotype: Srbija, Kosovo: Paštrik supra vicum Gorožup prope oppidum Prizren, 1520 m s.m., 30.4.1983 (flor.), <italic>T. Wraber</italic> (BEO). (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146654-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146654-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">kuhitangicum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Raenko) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content><named-content content-type="species">kuhitangica</named-content></named-content></italic> Raenko in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 34: 151. 2002. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146655-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146655-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">kuramense</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Turak.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content><named-content content-type="species">kuramensis</named-content></named-content></italic> Turak. in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 28: 131. 1991. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146656-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146656-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lambertianum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (C. B. Clarke) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lambertianum</named-content></named-content></italic> C. B. Clarke in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 161. 1883. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146657-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146657-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">longifolium</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Leichtlin ex Beck & F. Abel) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lindelofia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">longifolia</named-content></named-content></italic> Leichtlin ex Beck & F. Abel in Wiener Ill. Gart.-Zeitung 13: 326. 1888. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146658-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146658-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">longipedicellatum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Riedl) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lindelofia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">longipedicellata</named-content></named-content></italic> Riedl in Biol. Skr. 13: 199. 1963. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146659-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146659-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">luristanicum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Nábělek) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">luristanicum</named-content></named-content></italic> Nábělek in Spisy Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 70: 23. 1926. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146660-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146660-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">medium</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Turrill) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Bilegnum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">medium</named-content></named-content></italic> Turrill in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929: 232. 1929. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146661-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146661-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">minimum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Brand) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">minimus</named-content></named-content></italic> Brand in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 547. 1915. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146662-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146662-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">minutiflorum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Greuter & Stier, <bold>nom. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lindelofia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">micrantha</named-content></named-content></italic> Rech. f. & Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 139. 1967 (non <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">micranthum</named-content></named-content></italic> Poir.). (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146663-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146663-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">modestum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">modestum</named-content></named-content></italic> Boiss. & Hausskn. in Boissier, Pl. Or. Nov. Dec. 2: 5. 1875. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146664-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146664-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">multicaule</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">multicaule</named-content></named-content></italic> Rech. f. & Riedl in Biol. Skr. 13: 216. 1963. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146665-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146665-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">nebulicola</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (R. R. Mill) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Adelocaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">nebulicola</named-content></named-content></italic> R. R. Mill in Edinburgh J. Bot. 67: 148. 2010. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146666-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146666-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">neubaueri</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Rech. f.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Moltkia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">neubaueri</named-content></named-content></italic> Rech. f. in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 58: 57. 1951. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146667-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146667-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">nigrum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Riedl) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">nigrum</named-content></named-content></italic> Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 118. 1967. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146668-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146668-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">oblongifolium</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Popov) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content><named-content content-type="species">oblongifolia</named-content></named-content></italic> Popov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 224. 1950. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146669-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146669-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">ochroleucum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Kar. & Kir.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content><named-content content-type="species">ochroleuca</named-content></named-content></italic> Kar. & Kir. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 408. 1842. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146670-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146670-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">olgae</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Regel & Smirn.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">olgae</named-content></named-content></italic> Regel & Smirn. in Izv. Imp. Obshch. Lyubit. Estestv. Moskovsk. Univ. 34(2) [Putesh. Turkest. 3(18)]: 59. 1882. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146671-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146671-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">oschense</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Popov) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content><named-content content-type="species">oschensis</named-content></named-content></italic> Popov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 220. 1950. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146672-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146672-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">persicum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Boiss.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Omphalodes</named-content><named-content content-type="species">persica</named-content></named-content></italic> Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 7: 30. 1846. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146673-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146673-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">phardycalyx</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Greuter & Stier, <bold>nom. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">platycalyx</named-content></named-content></italic> Riedl in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 110: 535. 1963 (non <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">platycalyx</named-content></named-content></italic> (Riedl) Greuter & Stier). (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146674-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146674-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">plantaginifolium</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Lipsky) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">plantaginifolius</named-content></named-content></italic> Lipsky in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 23: 198. 1904. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146675-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146675-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">platycalyx</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Riedl) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lindelofia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">platycalyx</named-content></named-content></italic> Riedl in Biol. Skr. 13: 202. 1963. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146676-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146676-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">polyanthum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">polyanthum</named-content></named-content></italic> Rech. f. & Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 123. 1967. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146677-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146677-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">pygmaeum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Rech. f.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">pygmaeum</named-content></named-content></italic> Rech. f. in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 58: 52. 1951. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146678-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146678-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">rechingeri</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Greuter & Stier, <bold>nom. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">formosum</named-content></named-content></italic> Rech. f. & Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 119. 1967 (non <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">formosum</named-content></named-content></italic> (R. R. Mill) Greuter & Burdet). (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146679-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146679-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">regelii</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Greuter & Stier, <bold>nom. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">hirsutus</named-content></named-content></italic> Regel in Izv. Imp. Obshch. Lyubit. Estestv. Moskovsk. Univ. 34(2) [Putesh. Turkest. 3(18)]: 60. 1882 (non <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">hirsutum</named-content></named-content></italic> Thunb.). (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146680-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146680-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">regium</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (S. G. Gmel.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Symphytum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">regium</named-content></named-content></italic> S. G. Gmel., Reise Russland 3: 363, t. 36. f. 1. 1774. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146684-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146684-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">sessiliflorum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">sessiliflorum</named-content></named-content></italic> Rech. f. & Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 125. 1967. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146685-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146685-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">strictissimum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Brand) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">strictissimus</named-content></named-content></italic> Brand in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 546. 1915. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146686-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146686-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">stylosum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> subsp. <bold><italic>pterocarpum</italic></bold> (Rupr.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Solenanthus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">nigricans</named-content><named-content content-type="infraspecific-rank">var.</named-content><named-content content-type="variety">pterocarpus</named-content></named-content> Rupr. in Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, ser. 7, 14: 62. 1869 ≡ <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lindelofia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">stylosa</named-content><named-content content-type="infraspecific-rank">subsp.</named-content><named-content content-type="subspecies">pterocarpa</named-content></named-content> (Rupr.) Kamelin in Novon 3: 263. 1993. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146687-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146687-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">subscaposum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">subscaposum</named-content></named-content></italic> Rech. f. & Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 120. 1967. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146688-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146688-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">tenerum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Bornm.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">tenerum</named-content></named-content></italic> Bornm. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 33: 175. 1915. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146689-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146689-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">trinervium</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Duthie) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">trinervium</named-content></named-content></italic> Duthie in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 39. 1912. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146690-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146690-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">tschotkalense</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Popov) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Rindera</named-content><named-content content-type="species">tschotkalensis</named-content></named-content></italic> Popov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 217. 1950. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146691-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146691-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">turcomanicum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Bornm. & Sint.) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">turcomanicum</named-content></named-content></italic> Bornm. & Sint. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 20: 193. 1906. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146692-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146692-1</ext-link>)</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">turkestanicum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (Regel) Greuter & Stier, <bold>comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Kuschakewiczia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">turkestanica</named-content></named-content></italic> Regel in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 5: 626. 1877. (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146693-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146693-1</ext-link>)</p><p>Concerning nomenclatural types, we have as a rule limited ourselves to (a) record lectotype designations that we noted during our searches (well aware of the fact that such a search can never be complete and fully reliable), or (b), when no such designation is known, to provide data (as explained under “Data entries”, Field BASIS) on which future specialists may base their choice. In the following exceptional cases, new type designations are being effected here:</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">officinale</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> var. <bold><italic>corsicum</italic></bold> E. Rev. ex Brand – Lectotype (designated here): Fl. Corsica: Evisa, [6 July] 1885, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Reverchon</named-content></named-content></italic> in Baenitz, Herbarium europaeum, FR (FR00360781!).</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> sect. <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> Boiss. – Type (designated here): <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">P.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">aucheri</named-content></named-content></italic> (A. DC.) Boiss. (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">aucheri</named-content></named-content></italic> A. DC., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Mattiastrum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">aucheri</named-content></named-content></italic> (A. DC.) Brand, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">aucheri</named-content></named-content></italic> (A. DC.) Greuter & Burdet).</p><p>Additionally we correct an erroneous name:</p><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Microparacaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">intermedium</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> f. <bold><italic>stellatum</italic></bold> (Riedl) Hilger & Podlech, <bold>stat. nov</bold>. <bold>[BDJ 2015, hoc loco]</bold> ≡ <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paracaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">stellatum</named-content></named-content></italic> Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 104. 1967 ≡ <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Microparacaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">intermedium</named-content><named-content content-type="infraspecific-rank">var.</named-content><named-content content-type="variety">stellatum</named-content></named-content> (Riedl) Hilger & Podlech in Pl. Syst. Evol. 148: 304. 1985 ≡ <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Microparacaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">intermedium</named-content><named-content content-type="infraspecific-rank">f.</named-content><named-content content-type="form">paracaryoides</named-content></named-content> Hilger & Podlech in Pl. Syst. Evol. 148: 305. 1985 (non <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Microparacaryum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">intermedium</named-content><named-content content-type="infraspecific-rank">f.</named-content><named-content content-type="form">paracaryoides</named-content></named-content> Hilger & Podlech in Pl. Syst. Evol. 148: 303. 1985). (IPNI <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146694-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146694-1</ext-link>)</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S1259776"><label>Supplementary material 1</label><caption><p>Nomenclatural database for Cynoglossum s.l.</p></caption><p>Data type: list</p><p>Brief description: Nomenclatural database for <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato - a structured, fully searchable Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) file with names connected by internal links and, where appropriate, linked to external sources.</p><p>File: oo_42064.html</p><media xlink:href="biodiversity_data_journal-3-e4831-s001.html" mimetype="html file" mime-subtype="html" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="d36e5208" position="anchor"></media><attrib specific-use="authors">Hilger, H.H.; Greuter, W.; Stier, V.</attrib></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S1257666"><label>Supplementary material 2</label><caption><p>Machine readable nomenclatural database for Cynoglossum s.l.</p></caption><p>Data type: list</p><p>Brief description: Nomenclatural database for <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato - a structured text file for import, e.g., in MS Excel.</p><p>File: oo_42065.txt</p><media xlink:href="biodiversity_data_journal-3-e4831-s002.txt" mimetype="txt file" mime-subtype="txt" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="d36e5228" position="anchor"></media><attrib specific-use="authors">Hilger, H.H.; Greuter, W.; Stier, V.</attrib></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>We are grateful to the online data sources mentioned above, and also to several institutions and libraries, botanists and librarians, for their helpful assistance. Special thanks go to Ms. K. Oehme (Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Museum), Ms. F. Cobbing (London), P. Perret (Conservatoire botanique, Ville de Genève), Ms. S. V. Ovchinnikova (Novosibirsk), A. Sennikov (Helsinki), and many others. Advice from M. Weigend (Bonn), including access to yet unpublished results, and F. Selvi (Firenze) has substantially contributed to improving the quality of our inventory.</p><p>Above all, we thank Terry Catapano and Donat Agosti (Plazi, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://exchange.fu-berlin.de/OWA/redir.aspx?SURL=J1n7Djdk8CuTu0PXy3zi_2m2FT_Y0tvvVMmbKVVerj9qoK_VoRnSCGgAdAB0AHAAOgAvAC8AcABsAGEAegBpAC4AbwByAGcALwA.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fplazi.org%2f">http://plazi.org/</ext-link>) who pointed us to Zenodo and uploaded the “clippings” to BLR.</p></ack><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="B1237309"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Agosti</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Egloff</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2009</year><article-title>Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach</article-title><source>BMC Research Notes</source><volume>2</volume><fpage>53</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-2-53">http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-2-53</uri><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1756-0500-2-53</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19331688</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B1214038"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Greuter</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name></person-group><year>1981</year><article-title>Med-checklist notulae, 3</article-title><source>Willdenowia</source><volume>11</volume><fpage>23</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><comment>English</comment><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3995788">http://www.jstor.org/stable/3995788</uri></element-citation></ref><ref id="B1214078"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Greuter</surname><given-names>Werner</given-names></name><name><surname>Stier</surname><given-names>Victoria</given-names></name><name><surname>Hilger</surname><given-names>Hartmut H.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2014</year><article-title>(2280) Proposal to conserve the name <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Omphalodes</named-content><named-content content-type="species">verna</named-content></named-content></italic> against <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Omphalodes</named-content><named-content content-type="species">omphaloides</named-content></named-content></italic> (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Boraginaceae</named-content></named-content></italic>)</article-title><source>Taxon</source><volume>63</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>435</fpage><lpage>436</lpage><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/632.28">http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/632.28</uri><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12705/632.28</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B1213895"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McNeill</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Barrie</surname><given-names>FR</given-names></name><name><surname>Buck</surname><given-names>WR</given-names></name><name><surname>Demoulin</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Greuter</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Hawksworth</surname><given-names>DL</given-names></name><name><surname>Herendeen</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name><name><surname>Knapp</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Marhold</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Prado</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Prud'homme van Reine</surname><given-names>WF</given-names></name><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>GF</given-names></name><name><surname>Wiersema</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name><name><surname>Turland</surname><given-names>NJ</given-names></name></person-group><year>2012</year><source>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011.</source><volume>Regnum Veg. 154</volume><publisher-name>Koeltz</publisher-name><size units="page">240</size></element-citation></ref><ref id="B1237319"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Patterson</surname><given-names>David J</given-names></name><name><surname>Egloff</surname><given-names>Willi</given-names></name><name><surname>Agosti</surname><given-names>Donat</given-names></name><name><surname>Eades</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><name><surname>Franz</surname><given-names>Nico</given-names></name><name><surname>Hagedorn</surname><given-names>Gregor</given-names></name><name><surname>Rees</surname><given-names>Jonathan A</given-names></name><name><surname>Remsen</surname><given-names>David P</given-names></name></person-group><year>2014</year><article-title>Scientific names of organisms: attribution, rights, and licensing</article-title><source>BMC Research Notes</source><volume>7</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>79</fpage><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-79">http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-79</uri><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1756-0500-7-79</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24495358</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B1213914"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>M G</given-names></name></person-group><year>1953</year><chapter-title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="family">Boraginaceae</named-content></named-content></chapter-title><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Komarov</surname><given-names>VL</given-names></name></person-group><source>Flora SSSR</source><volume>19 (Tubiflorae)</volume><publisher-name>Akademija Nauk SSSR</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Moskva & Leningrad</publisher-loc><size units="page">97-691, 703-718</size><comment>Russian (English translation 1974 see URL)</comment><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30047003">http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30047003</uri></element-citation></ref><ref id="B1214527"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Riedl</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group><year>1967</year><chapter-title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="family">Boraginaceae</named-content></named-content></chapter-title><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Rechinger</surname><given-names>K H</given-names></name></person-group><source>Flora iranica</source><volume>48</volume><publisher-name>Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Graz</publisher-loc><comment>Latin</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B1213864"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Selvi</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Coppi</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cecchi</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2011</year><article-title>High epizoochorous specialization and low DNA sequence divergence in Mediterranean <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content> (<named-content content-type="subgenus">Boraginaceae</named-content>)</named-content>: Evidence from fruit traits and ITS region</article-title><source>Taxon</source><volume>60</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>969</fpage><lpage>985</lpage><comment>English</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B1213874"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Weigend</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Luebert</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Selvi</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>G.</surname><given-names>Brokamp</given-names></name><name><surname>Hilger</surname><given-names>H. H.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2013</year><article-title>Multiple origins for hound’s tongues (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> L.) and navel seeds (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Omphalodes</named-content></named-content></italic> Mill.) – the phylogeny of the borage family (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Boraginaceae</named-content></named-content></italic> s. str.)</article-title><source>Molec. Phylog. Evol.</source><volume>68</volume><fpage>604</fpage><lpage>618</lpage><comment>English</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.009</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><table-wrap id="T1211484" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Numbers of taxa and names in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Cynoglossum</named-content></named-content></italic> sensu lato.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>accepted</bold><break></break><bold>taxa</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>potentially</bold><break></break><bold>accepted</bold><break></break><bold>names</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>synonyms</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>(illegitimate)</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>validly</bold><break></break><bold>published</bold><break></break><bold>names</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>not in IPNI</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Genus</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subgenus</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Section</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subsection</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Series</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unranked (supraspecific)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species (incl. nothospecies)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">204</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">407</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">205</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">612</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subspecies</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variety</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">138</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">138</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">124</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subvariety</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Forma</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unranked (infraspecific)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Total</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>215</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>432</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>432</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>34</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>864</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>219</bold></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li></country><region><li>Berlin</li></region><settlement><li>Berlin</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Berlin"><name sortKey="Hilger, Hartmut H" sort="Hilger, Hartmut H" uniqKey="Hilger H" first="Hartmut H." last="Hilger">Hartmut H. Hilger</name></region><name sortKey="Greuter, Werner" sort="Greuter, Werner" uniqKey="Greuter W" first="Werner" last="Greuter">Werner Greuter</name><name sortKey="Stier, Victoria" sort="Stier, Victoria" uniqKey="Stier V" first="Victoria" last="Stier">Victoria Stier</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Ticri/CIDE/explor/OcrV1/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000012 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd -nk 000012 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Ticri/CIDE
|area= OcrV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Checkpoint
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:4411491
|texte= Taxa and names in Cynoglossum sensu lato (Boraginaceae, Cynoglosseae): an annotated, synonymic inventory, with links to the protologues and mention of original material
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:25941451" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a OcrV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |