ICTsupported communication of scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb
Identifieur interne : 000365 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000364; suivant : 000366ICTsupported communication of scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb
Auteurs : Radovan VranaSource :
- New Library World [ 0307-4803 ] ; 2010-10-05.
Abstract
Purpose Information and communication technology ICT has a great influence on the global system of scientific communication. The existing system is changing towards a new communication paradigm based on the exchange of scientific information in electronic information environment. Scientists are already experiencing changes in the ways they create, find, share, process, store and use scientific information. The aim of this paper is to present results from the research among scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb Croatia, regarding changes they experienced during the use of ICT in scientific communication. Designmethodologyapproach The first part of the paper offers an introduction followed by a view on the impact of ICT on scientific communication in the second part. The third part presents the research among scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Croatia, and the findings of that research. An online survey consisting of 37 closed and opentype questions was used as a method of research after an email invitation calling for participation was sent to scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty. Findings Participants in the research used ICT for the communication with their colleagues in Croatia and abroad and for the preparation of research, although much less for publishing of the results of their work. Practical implications The outcome of the research will serve as an orientation for the planning of a future research on communication into the electronic information environment among the members of the Croatian academic community. Originalityvalue The paper aims to demonstrate the influence of ICT on scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Croatia. As ICT has become more prevalent at universities in Croatia, it is necessary to investigate how it really influences daily activities of academic community members. Each new research contributes to a better understanding of the change of the old communication paradigm based on paper publications under the influence of ICT.
Url:
DOI: 10.1108/03074801011089332
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The existing system is changing towards a new communication paradigm based on the exchange of scientific information in electronic information environment. Scientists are already experiencing changes in the ways they create, find, share, process, store and use scientific information. The aim of this paper is to present results from the research among scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb Croatia, regarding changes they experienced during the use of ICT in scientific communication. Designmethodologyapproach The first part of the paper offers an introduction followed by a view on the impact of ICT on scientific communication in the second part. The third part presents the research among scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Croatia, and the findings of that research. An online survey consisting of 37 closed and opentype questions was used as a method of research after an email invitation calling for participation was sent to scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty. Findings Participants in the research used ICT for the communication with their colleagues in Croatia and abroad and for the preparation of research, although much less for publishing of the results of their work. Practical implications The outcome of the research will serve as an orientation for the planning of a future research on communication into the electronic information environment among the members of the Croatian academic community. Originalityvalue The paper aims to demonstrate the influence of ICT on scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Croatia. As ICT has become more prevalent at universities in Croatia, it is necessary to investigate how it really influences daily activities of academic community members. Each new research contributes to a better understanding of the change of the old communication paradigm based on paper publications under the influence of ICT.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>emerald</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Radovan Vrana</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Information Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Communication technologies</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Information science</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Academic staff</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Scientists</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Teachers</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Croatia</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>research-article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Purpose Information and communication technology ICT has a great influence on the global system of scientific communication. The existing system is changing towards a new communication paradigm based on the exchange of scientific information in electronic information environment. Scientists are already experiencing changes in the ways they create, find, share, process, store and use scientific information. The aim of this paper is to present results from the research among scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb Croatia, regarding changes they experienced during the use of ICT in scientific communication. Designmethodologyapproach The first part of the paper offers an introduction followed by a view on the impact of ICT on scientific communication in the second part. The third part presents the research among scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Croatia, and the findings of that research. An online survey consisting of 37 closed and opentype questions was used as a method of research after an email invitation calling for participation was sent to scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty. Findings Participants in the research used ICT for the communication with their colleagues in Croatia and abroad and for the preparation of research, although much less for publishing of the results of their work. Practical implications The outcome of the research will serve as an orientation for the planning of a future research on communication into the electronic information environment among the members of the Croatian academic community. Originalityvalue The paper aims to demonstrate the influence of ICT on scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Croatia. As ICT has become more prevalent at universities in Croatia, it is necessary to investigate how it really influences daily activities of academic community members. 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The existing system is changing towards a new communication paradigm based on the exchange of scientific information in electronic information environment. Scientists are already experiencing changes in the ways they create, find, share, process, store and use scientific information. The aim of this paper is to present results from the research among scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb Croatia, regarding changes they experienced during the use of ICT in scientific communication. Designmethodologyapproach The first part of the paper offers an introduction followed by a view on the impact of ICT on scientific communication in the second part. The third part presents the research among scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Croatia, and the findings of that research. An online survey consisting of 37 closed and opentype questions was used as a method of research after an email invitation calling for participation was sent to scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty. Findings Participants in the research used ICT for the communication with their colleagues in Croatia and abroad and for the preparation of research, although much less for publishing of the results of their work. Practical implications The outcome of the research will serve as an orientation for the planning of a future research on communication into the electronic information environment among the members of the Croatian academic community. Originalityvalue The paper aims to demonstrate the influence of ICT on scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Croatia. As ICT has become more prevalent at universities in Croatia, it is necessary to investigate how it really influences daily activities of academic community members. Each new research contributes to a better understanding of the change of the old communication paradigm based on paper publications under the influence of ICT.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Communication technologies</term></item><item><term>Information science</term></item><item><term>Academic staff</term></item><item><term>Scientists</term></item><item><term>Teachers</term></item><item><term>Croatia</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Emerald Subject Group"><list><label>cat-LISC</label><item><term>Library & information science</term></item><label>cat-LLM</label><item><term>Librarianship/library management</term></item><label>cat-LISE</label><item><term>Library & information services</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2010-10-05">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/D944424952046477B9760C9B03E0BB9F2C8FA6DB/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus emerald not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><!-- Auto generated NISO JATS XML created by Atypon out of MCB DTD source files. Do Not Edit! --><article dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nlw</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1108/nlw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>New Library World</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0307-4803</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/03074801011089332</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="original-pdf">0721110905.pdf</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="filename">0721110905</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="type-of-publication"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">research-article</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Research paper</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LISC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library & information science</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LLM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Librarianship/library management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LISE</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library & information services</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ICT‐supported communication of scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Radovan</given-names> <surname>Vrana</surname></string-name><aff>Department of Information Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>111</volume><issue>9/10</issue><fpage>413</fpage><lpage>425</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2010</copyright-year><license license-type="publisher"><license-p></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="03074801011089332.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Purpose</title><x> – </x><p>Information and communication technology (ICT) has a great influence on the global system of scientific communication. The existing system is changing towards a new communication paradigm based on the exchange of scientific information in electronic information environment. Scientists are already experiencing changes in the ways they create, find, share, process, store and use scientific information. The aim of this paper is to present results from the research among scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb (Croatia), regarding changes they experienced during the use of ICT in scientific communication.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Design/methodology/approach</title><x> – </x><p>The first part of the paper offers an introduction followed by a view on the impact of ICT on scientific communication in the second part. The third part presents the research among scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Croatia, and the findings of that research. An online survey consisting of 37 closed and open‐type questions was used as a method of research after an e‐mail invitation calling for participation was sent to scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Findings</title><x> – </x><p>Participants in the research used ICT for the communication with their colleagues in Croatia and abroad and for the preparation of research, although much less for publishing of the results of their work.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Practical implications</title><x> – </x><p>The outcome of the research will serve as an orientation for the planning of a future research on communication into the electronic information environment among the members of the Croatian academic community.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Originality/value</title><x> – </x><p>The paper aims to demonstrate the influence of ICT on scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Croatia. As ICT has become more prevalent at universities in Croatia, it is necessary to investigate how it really influences daily activities of academic community members. Each new research contributes to a better understanding of the change of the old communication paradigm based on paper publications under the influence of ICT.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Communication technologies</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Information science</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Academic staff</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Scientists</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Teachers</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Croatia</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>peer-reviewed</meta-name><meta-value>no</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>academic-content</meta-name><meta-value>yes</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>rightslink</meta-name><meta-value>included</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>1. Introduction</title><p>The existing global system of scientific communication is changing towards a new communication paradigm based on the exchange of scientific information in the electronic information environment. Different groups involved in the process of scientific communication such as: creators – authors, publishers – commercial and noncommercial, libraries – facilitators of information, institutions – academic and research, readers – society at large, all of these are witnessing a major communication paradigm shift in the light of the electronic revolution (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">Rao, 2001</xref>). The new communication paradigm should offer more ubiquitous access to scientific information resources, easier publishing of results of scientific research, easier exchange of information among scientists as well as long‐term preservation of information in the electronic format. Confirmation that the change has already taken place can be seen in the form of modifications of research methods at universities around the world, where science (in general) has become highly collaborative, network‐based and data‐intensive. More specifically, information and communication technology (ICT) and especially the web have transformed the way in which scientists in all disciplines conduct literature reviews, access research libraries, collect, store and extract research data, publish written research outcomes, communicate with editors and publishers, apply for grants, exchange pre‐prints and reprints and maintain informal networks with their peers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">Genoni <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>). Scientific research at universities depends on exchange of scientific knowledge that is cumulative, and this knowledge has been communicated through time primarily via scientific publishing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">Honey, 2005</xref>). This segment of scientific communication has also changed into publishing in the electronic environment, i.e. on the web. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">Hey and Trefethen (2003)</xref> consider that the web is the key factor that changed scientific publishing forever and that a transition towards electronic publishing is inevitable. Besides changing research methods and scientific publishing, ICT introduced many new methods of organization of research data and scientific literature and also introduced opportunities for creating entirely new ways of thinking about the scientific literature as an active, computationally‐enabled representation of knowledge that lives, grows and interacts with its contributors rather than being a passive archive or record (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">Lynch, 2006</xref>). Furthermore, the same author foresaw a greater demand for the availability of scientific literature corpora as part of the cyber infrastructure (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">Lynch, 2007</xref>). While this knowledge was usually transferred to readers by the help of printed scientific articles, the primary vehicle for communicating and documenting results in most scientific disciplines (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">Lynch, 2007</xref>), currently scientists at universities are spending much more of their time in exchanging information in the electronic information environment, i.e. on the internet. To prove that this is also the case with scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Croatia, this paper presents results from research about their communication habits.</p></sec><sec><title>2. Influence of ICT on scientific communication</title><p>To confirm the existence of the influence of ICT on the system of scientific communication, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">Costa and Meadows (2000)</xref> investigated the impact of the usage of computers on the scientific communication among social scientists in Brazil and the UK and found out that computer usage introduced greater interactivity among scientists and that ICT increased information exchange with known contacts, additionally establishing new contacts among scientists in all disciplines. Another research project carried out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">Genoni <italic>et al.</italic> (2005)</xref> showed that the internet has made it easier for researchers to locate, make contact with, and respond to contact from scientists who were previously unknown to them. There are also viewpoints that claim that the internet can be a limiting factor in the scientific communication. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">Haythornthwaite (2005)</xref> investigated social networks among scientists and found out that the internet may be the means for exclusion of those scientists that do not use it. While the internet opens new lines of communication, those without the means to access it are excluded from its information.</p><p>Generally speaking, due to the use of ICT, the global system of scientific communication developed and new opportunities were presented for the faculty, staff and students to share their work with a number of people without the reliance on the traditional publishing venues (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">Graham <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>). The widespread availability of electronic content created opportunities for new forms of research and scholarship that are qualitatively different from the traditional way of using academic publications and research data (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">Arms and Larsen, 2007</xref>). For instance, while in traditional libraries scientists personally browsed library collections by using catalogs and took books off the shelves, in digital libraries computer programs perform the role of agent for people in extracting small parts of the digital library collection and scientists rarely view individual items (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">Arms and Larsen, 2007</xref>). In addition, digital libraries offer printing the results list, displaying documents sequentially from the results list, displaying the full‐text of documents, determining the pertinence of boldface terms, using the “find” feature on the browser to locate a specific term within a document and enhancing queries to identify other terms related to the query terms for inclusion in a query (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">Downs and Friedman, 1999</xref>).</p><p>The internet also influenced the development of electronic scientific and professional journals, still most valuable media for the dissemination of scientific and professional information. Today, we are witnesses of a greater acceptance of electronic publications, stimulating a gradual change in perceptions of prestige and priority for established (printed) journals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">Lougee, 2000</xref>). The internet and its use in scientific communication introduced another important change related to journals and journal articles. Until recently, the scientific article has been a basic unit of communication and the final product of scientific endeavor. Today, sets of data or datasets are becoming as valuable as research articles, which in many cases could be considered as interpretations of data (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Davis and Vickery, 2007</xref>). As a result, research datasets serve as information resources to many scientists who want to compare results of their previous research with their current research achievements.</p><p>This continuously increasing quantity of electronic content of scientific nature in diverse forms requires adequate preservation. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">Moghaddam (2007)</xref> investigated archiving of scientific electronic journals and concluded that the content of files may be lost for future scientists because the physical item deteriorates, the information cannot be extracted and interpreted correctly and due to the short lifecycle of digital media and obsolesce of the technology used. The format of the electronic resources can be damaged or lost and may no longer be intact, retrievable, understandable, or displayable. In order to preserve the content of electronic journals, universities and publishers developed digital repositories, i.e. digital archives of the intellectual product created by the faculty, research staff and students of an institution and accessible to end users both within and outside the institution, with few if any barriers to access (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">Johnson, 2002</xref>). According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">Waaijers (2005)</xref>, digital repositories offer the following good sides:<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>better long‐term digital curation;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>storage of material in repositories enables its reuse for educational purposes;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>repositories could make research results available much faster than dissemination through traditional channels;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>they offer accurate time‐stamping of publications stored in them, thus providing a basis for pressing priority claims; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>finally institutional repositories currently offer the only opportunity for storing compound documents, i.e. publications that include primary research data, images, models or simulations in a retrievable way.</p></list-item></list>Other authors, such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23">Xia (2009)</xref>, think that the development of digital repositories has gone through a period of unproductive experiments, and that academic libraries and librarians have not presented convincing arguments that institutional repositories can be an efficient way to advance scientific communication.</p><p>As the number of digital repositories available on the internet is growing, scientists in all disciplines are personally involved in investigating their good and bad sides in order to estimate whether they could represent an appropriate publishing platform and a replacement for printed scientific journals. In order to find out whether digital repositories can inherit the practice of printed scientific journal, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">Prosser (2005)</xref> compared the functions of traditional printed scientific journals and digital repositories. First, he singled out traditional functions of journals:<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>registration</italic> – the author wishes to ensure that he/she is acknowledged as the person who carried out a specific piece of research and made a specific discovery; certification – through the process of peer‐review it is determined that the author's claims are reasonable;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>awareness</italic> – the research is communicated to the author's peer group; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>archiving</italic> – the research is retained for posterity.</p></list-item></list>Then he compared journals with digital repositories and demonstrated that digital repositories mirror at least three functions of traditional journals:<list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p><italic>registration</italic> – by depositing in the repository the researcher would submit a claim for their discovery;</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p><italic>awareness</italic> – by constructing the repository to OAI standards the institution would ensure that the researcher's work would be found by search engines and available to their peers; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>3. </label><p><italic>archiving</italic> – the institution would be responsible for maintaining the long term archive of all the work produced by members of that institution.</p></list-item></list>These functions have confirmed the growth of importance of digital repositories in preserving and making available research data and research papers. Digital repositories are becoming an essential component of the growing e‐science infrastructure.</p><p>The technological change that has taken place in science had a rapid impact on the science‐based disciplines, where academics were most comfortable with technology and were often actively at the forefront of developing technological means to support their research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13">Lally, 2001</xref>). In the last couple of years, involvement of ICT in collaboration of scientists is known as e‐science. E‐science refers to scientific activities supported by high bandwidth computer‐mediated telecommunications networks, and particularly to encompass the variety of such digital information‐processing applications that are expected to be made possible by the grid, i.e. the general purpose network technology which will serve to facilitate new, computationally intensive forms of scientific inquiry (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">David and Spence, 2003</xref>). E‐science offers better collaborative science support, i.e. the ability to have broader interactions through the sharing of data, experimental approaches and both intermediate and final results in systems that will maintain a history of the data, processes, outcomes and conversations among scientists (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">Wright <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>). For e‐science to be successful, new infrastructure is needed. This infrastructure includes collaborative activities that combine the abilities of distributed groups of researchers in order to achieve research goals that individual researchers or local groups could not hope to accomplish (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20">Voss and Proctor, 2009</xref>). It also incorporates digital repositories, as the next feasible solution to the problem of collecting, organizing, storing and using peer‐reviewed scientific content as well as research data.</p></sec><sec><title>3. Research</title><p>A research project was initiated to confirm that scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Croatia, (scientists have also the additional role of being teachers at the same Faculty) are part of the most recent changes happening to the system of scientific communication. The main research question was whether communication in the electronic information environment has replaced traditional paper based communication among the participants in this research. The web survey consisting of combination of 37 closed and open type questions was chosen as the most appropriate method of conducting the research as all scientists and teachers at the Faculty have an active personal e‐mail address. The research project started on September 16, 2009 by sending e‐mail invitations to all employees at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb who participate in research and teaching process (approx. 680) at this Faculty using the method of convenience sampling. The survey was available online until December 1, 2009.</p><sec><title>3.1 Findings</title><p>The total of 151 participants (22.2 percent) filled out the online survey (46 male and 103 female Faculty employees, (two respondents failed to indicate their gender)). In this survey, 105 participants came from humanities and 45 came from social sciences (one respondent did not indicate his/her discipline). The structure of the respondents was the following: assistant (65), assistant professor (4), professor (19), associate professor (14), senior assistant (12), senior foreign‐language instructor (7), foreign‐language instructor (3), lecturer (1), senior lecturer (1), professional associate (1). The described structure can be attributed to the assumption that younger employees at the Faculty use e‐mail as a communication tool more frequently than their older colleagues. It must be noted that some categories, such as lecturers and foreign‐language instructors, have a small number of members, so their number will always be smaller compared to, for instance, assistants.</p><p><italic>3.1.1 Communication and cooperation with colleagues,</italic> Most respondents used e‐mail (148), significantly less respondents used social networks (43), and almost none used blogs (2) for communication with their colleagues. As e‐mail had proven to be a very popular method of communication among participants of this survey, 124 used e‐mail for sending their published works to other scientists, and 102 used it for sending unpublished works (manuscripts).</p><p>The internet is used for cooperation with colleagues outside the Faculty or even outside the country in joint projects, either at the Faculty (56 respondents), or remotely (64 respondents). Finally, 53 respondents did not use the internet for this type of activity.</p><p>ICT supported communication could result in burdening of the scientists' daily work. Overall, 46 respondents felt additionally burdened by using electronic communication, 85 did not feel any additional burden, and 19 respondents could not estimate if there was any additional burden in their daily work. A total of 141 participants found communicating with other colleagues on the internet appropriate type of communication, while only one participant found it inappropriate and five respondents could not reach a decision. Furthermore, 132 respondents felt improvement in communication with colleagues supported by ICT, six of them could not feel improvement and 11 respondents could not estimate a possible improvement. In addition to improvement in communication, ICT can encourage interdisciplinary cooperation. 124 respondents were encouraged to do so, ten did not and 15 could not estimate whether there was any encouragement. ICT supported communication can lead to loss of boundaries between formal and informal communication. Of the respondents, 57 confirmed the loss of boundaries between formal and informal communication, 56 claimed that there was no loss of boundaries and 36 were undecided.</p><p><italic>3.1.2 Use of printed and electronic journals in research.</italic> The next part of the survey was dedicated to investigating the use of printed and electronic journals in scientific research at the Faculty (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_0721110905001">Table I</xref>).</p><p>Generally speaking, the respondents read regularly seven journals (printed and electronic) in one year.</p><p>As can be observed from <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_0721110905001 F_0721110905002">Tables I and II</xref>, electronic journals were well represented (when compared with printed journals) and used among the participants of the survey who were very precise when selecting criteria for choosing printed and electronic journals.</p><p>Participants in the survey were asked to estimate the average age of journals and books they usually read. The response was that journals are 3.08 years old (on average), while books are 3.48 years old (on average).</p><p>Findings in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_0721110905003">Table III</xref> show an inclination towards negative opinions about the importance of average age of journals and books in the daily work. The respondents' opinion depended on whether they had come from social sciences or humanities. In the latter discipline, the average age of publications could be less important for the quality of research and teaching (in contrast to STM publications).</p><p>When participants were offered both types of journals, printed and electronic, 40 participants would choose printed journals, 46 would choose electronic journals and 40 would choose both variants if they were available.</p><p><italic>3.1.3 Use of full‐text databases and digital repositories.</italic> In addition to the use of printed and electronic journals, scientists and teachers used full‐text databases. Of the respondents, 106 confirmed the use of full‐text databases on the internet and more than a half of the respondents used digital repositories (more details about the use of digital repositories can be found in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_0721110905004">Table IV</xref>). Those participants who used full‐text databases, accessed them at different places (multiple answers): at work (107 participants), in the library at the Faculty (27 participants), in the National and University Library in Zagreb (six participants), at home (101 participant), and, finally, in libraries of other universities when they had been traveling (one participant).</p><p>Overall, 74 participants used digital repositories in their daily work; 35 respondents did not know what a digital repository was, and 19 gave additional reasons for non‐usage of these digital information resources.</p><p>Other reasons (given by respondents) were:<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>there isn't any repository relevant for my field of work;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>I didn't need repositories so far (multiple answers);</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>I have sufficient information even without access to repositories;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>inadequate ICT literacy;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>I'd have to investigate whether they offer papers related to my work, however, this may take some time;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>there aren't many open access repositories in my field of work;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>they don't offer content relevant for my work (multiple answers);</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>I don't know what they offer;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>I intend to use them in future;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>I use them sometimes but not every day; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>my PC is too old.</p></list-item></list>To improve their skills in using electronic information resources, 42 respondents participated in some type of training while 85 did not. Despite participation in some form of training, respondents were not always successful in the use (searching) of full‐text databases (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_0721110905005">Table V</xref>).</p><p>Respondents were asked to rank reasons for these failures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_0721110905006">Table VI</xref>).</p><p>Electronic information resources can be time savers during preparation of research or professional papers. A total of 61 respondents saved time by using electronic information resources, 46 saved time only partially, 13 could estimate how much time they saved, three did not save any time but were close to the expected amount of time used, and four respondents needed even more time than initially expected.</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_0721110905007">Table VII</xref> presents perceptions of the presence of respondents' disciplines in electronic information resources. Their perceptions could be decisive when the Faculty reaches the decision which electronic information resources to acquire. Respondents in this survey could not agree or disagree about the presence in electronic information resources.</p><p>The final confirmation of their opinion regarding printed scientific information resources being replaced by the electronic information resources were answers from 20 respondents while 74 respondents gave a negative answer, and 33 respondents could not estimate whether this was possible.</p><p><italic>3.1.4 Publishing in printed and electronic information resources.</italic> In the following section of the survey, the respondents were asked to select criteria for selection of journals in which they would publish their works.</p><p>Results in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_0721110905008">Table VIII</xref> show that more respondents selected criteria for publishing in printed journals than for publishing in electronic journals. As printed journals exist much longer than their electronic counterparts, it was expected that respondents would have better defined opinions about publishing in printed journals (based on their experience).</p><p>In addition to printed and electronic journals, scientists and teachers had an opportunity for publishing their works on personal web pages (nine respondents published their works on the personal web page, 116 did not); on the web page of the Faculty (17 respondents published, 109 did not); finally, in the form of books (56 respondents published books, 70 did not). Digital repositories are one of the most recent additions to the category of electronic information resources, which publish and/or preserve scientific and professional papers, students' papers, etc. Scientists and teachers at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb who participated in this survey were asked whether they would publish their works in digital repositories. Of the respondents, 72 would publish their work in a digital repository unconditionally, five would do so under explicitly stated conditions, five respondents would not publish in a digital repository, 15 claim that they did not know what a digital repository was and 26 would like to see some kind of protection of their work and would like to receive material compensation for publishing in digital repositories.</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_0721110905009 F_0721110905010">Tables IX and X</xref> present opinions and attitudes about publishing in the electronic environment and about choosing the type of publication in which they would like to publish their works.</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_0721110905009">Table IX</xref> shows positive attitudes towards publishing in electronic information environment. Results in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_0721110905009">Table IX</xref> show a slight discrepancy with the results from the previous question (about publishing in a digital repository) but still firmly support the general idea of accepting publishing of works in electronic information resources. Results in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_0721110905010">Table X</xref> show a more detailed picture about where respondents would like to publish their works. Traditional forms such as journals, proceedings and books do not give way to web pages, blogs and social networks. These results are consistent with the results from the initial questions about the use of blogs and social networks for communication with colleagues.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>4. Discussion</title><p>The findings of the research indicate active participation of scientists and teaching staff in electronic communication with their colleagues, both locally and remotely. The basic internet service, such as e‐mail, is still more valuable to scientists and teachers in their communication than social networks which are not used for scientific communication. On the whole, ICT has improved communication among scientists and teachers and presents an incentive for interdisciplinary cooperation. Proliferation of electronic journals has created competition for printed journals. Both types of journals are almost equally used by the participants of the research. While full‐text databases are well known to scientists who use them regularly, digital repositories are less frequently used among the same group of scientists and university teachers. Digital repositories represent new and important solutions for the problem of access and preservation of research data and research papers and books. Though a significant number of the respondents uses digital repositories, many among those who do not use them still do not know what digital repositories are. This situation could be changed and it can be changed during training for the use of electronic information resources, when the respondents can be presented details about digital repositories. The participants in this survey formed clear criteria for publishing of the results of their research in printed journals. However, these criteria are not equally applicable to electronic journals, which means that, besides fast publication, there should be other criteria that would motivate scientists to choose electronic journal in which they want to publish the results of their research. While journals and proceedings are still a very popular form of publications in science, the most recent forms such as a web page, a blog or a social network are still not accepted as publishing environments among scientists. Even though scientists in this research project communicate with each other on the internet by e‐mail and exchange their works electronically, they still prefer publishing in paper journals and proceedings rather than on the web, blog or on social networks. This could mean that they still lack confidence in publishing in electronic information environment until such time that this environment proves to be reliable as printed journals and books.</p></sec><sec><title>5. Conclusion</title><p>There is no doubt that the global system of scientific communication is undergoing a major change – the change towards a more collaborative, networked information environment. Scientists and teachers who participated in this research project are already participating actively in this transformation by communicating with their colleagues on the internet, by using electronic information resources for research and teaching, by exchanging their research with colleagues on the internet and by the determination to publish their works in the digital information environment. They have also confirmed their active participation in communication supported by ICT on a daily basis, which is important for the development of their communication habits in the electronic environment. Despite advantages of electronic communication they still hesitate to publish in the electronic environment; however, their positive attitude towards the electronic information environment leads to the conclusion that they are preparing for more frequent publishing in it if certain conditions were met. It is expected that confidence towards publishing in the electronic environment will be built gradually, as electronic information resources become taken into account more intensively for promotion. Although participants have confirmed that they are already involved in the change of the communication paradigm taking place globally as well as at their own Faculty, they will still need assistance to assess critically the value of the new and emerging technology which might influence their daily work. This assistance could come from librarians who are already introducing new types of electronic information resources to scientists and teachers. A future research project should include an evaluation of user needs regarding electronic resources as well as the evaluation of the actual use of news information technologies used in research and teaching.</p></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_0721110905001"><label><bold>Table I<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Type and frequency of use of professional and scientific journals</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="0721110905001.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_0721110905002"><label><bold>Table II<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Criteria for choosing journals for reading (multiple answers)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="0721110905002.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_0721110905003"><label><bold>Table III<x> </x></bold></label><graphic xlink:href="0721110905003.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_0721110905004"><label><bold>Table IV<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Use of digital repositories (at other universities in Croatia and abroad)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="0721110905004.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_0721110905005"><label><bold>Table V<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Unsuccessful search in full‐text databases</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="0721110905005.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_0721110905006"><label><bold>Table VI<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Reasons for failure in searching electronic information resources</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="0721110905006.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_0721110905007"><label><bold>Table VII<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Presence of respondents' scientific discipline in electronic information resources on the internet</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="0721110905007.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_0721110905008"><label><bold>Table VIII<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Criteria for choosing journals for 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<fpage>371</fpage><x>‐</x><lpage>83</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list><app-group><app id="APP1"><title>About the author</title><p>Radovan Vrana is Assistant Professor in the Department for Information Sciences at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb. His areas of interest include digital libraries, use of information technology in libraries and library management. Radovan Vrana can be contacted at: rvrana@ffzg.hr</p></app></app-group></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>ICTsupported communication of scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>ICTsupported communication of scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Radovan</namePart><namePart type="family">Vrana</namePart><affiliation>Department of Information Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia</affiliation></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2010-10-05</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2010</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract>Purpose Information and communication technology ICT has a great influence on the global system of scientific communication. The existing system is changing towards a new communication paradigm based on the exchange of scientific information in electronic information environment. Scientists are already experiencing changes in the ways they create, find, share, process, store and use scientific information. The aim of this paper is to present results from the research among scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb Croatia, regarding changes they experienced during the use of ICT in scientific communication. Designmethodologyapproach The first part of the paper offers an introduction followed by a view on the impact of ICT on scientific communication in the second part. The third part presents the research among scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Croatia, and the findings of that research. An online survey consisting of 37 closed and opentype questions was used as a method of research after an email invitation calling for participation was sent to scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty. Findings Participants in the research used ICT for the communication with their colleagues in Croatia and abroad and for the preparation of research, although much less for publishing of the results of their work. Practical implications The outcome of the research will serve as an orientation for the planning of a future research on communication into the electronic information environment among the members of the Croatian academic community. Originalityvalue The paper aims to demonstrate the influence of ICT on scientists and teaching staff at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Croatia. As ICT has become more prevalent at universities in Croatia, it is necessary to investigate how it really influences daily activities of academic community members. Each new research contributes to a better understanding of the change of the old communication paradigm based on paper publications under the influence of ICT.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Communication technologies</topic><topic>Information science</topic><topic>Academic staff</topic><topic>Scientists</topic><topic>Teachers</topic><topic>Croatia</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>New Library World</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-LISC">Library & information science</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LLM">Librarianship/library management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LISE">Library & information services</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0307-4803</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">nlw</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/nlw</identifier><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>111</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>9/10</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>413</start><end>425</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">D944424952046477B9760C9B03E0BB9F2C8FA6DB</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/03074801011089332</identifier><identifier type="filenameID">0721110905</identifier><identifier type="original-pdf">0721110905.pdf</identifier><identifier type="href">03074801011089332.pdf</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>EMERALD</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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