Languages cool as they expand: Allometric scaling and the decreasing need for new words
Identifieur interne : 000258 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000257; suivant : 000259Languages cool as they expand: Allometric scaling and the decreasing need for new words
Auteurs : Alexander M. Petersen [Italie] ; Joel N. Tenenbaum [États-Unis] ; Shlomo Havlin [Israël] ; H. Eugene Stanley [États-Unis] ; Matjaž Perc [Slovénie]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
We analyze the occurrence frequencies of over 15 million words recorded in millions of books published during the past two centuries in seven different languages. For all languages and chronological subsets of the data we confirm that two scaling regimes characterize the word frequency distributions, with only the more common words obeying the classic Zipf law. Using corpora of unprecedented size, we test the allometric scaling relation between the corpus size and the vocabulary size of growing languages to demonstrate a decreasing marginal need for new words, a feature that is likely related to the underlying correlations between words. We calculate the annual growth fluctuations of word use which has a decreasing trend as the corpus size increases, indicating a slowdown in linguistic evolution following language expansion. This “cooling pattern” forms the basis of a third statistical regularity, which unlike the Zipf and the Heaps law, is dynamical in nature.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep00943
PubMed: 23230508
PubMed Central: 3517984
Affiliations:
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Petersen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratory for the Analysis of Complex Economic Systems, IMT Lucca Institute for Advanced Studies</institution>, Lucca 55100,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tenenbaum, Joel N" sort="Tenenbaum, Joel N" uniqKey="Tenenbaum J" first="Joel N." last="Tenenbaum">Joel N. Tenenbaum</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02215,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Operations and Technology Management, School of Management, Boston University</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02215,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Havlin, Shlomo" sort="Havlin, Shlomo" uniqKey="Havlin S" first="Shlomo" last="Havlin">Shlomo Havlin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Minerva Center and Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University</institution>, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>, Ramat-Gan 52900</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ramat-Gan 52900</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stanley, H Eugene" sort="Stanley, H Eugene" uniqKey="Stanley H" first="H. Eugene" last="Stanley">H. Eugene Stanley</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02215,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perc, Matjaz" sort="Perc, Matjaz" uniqKey="Perc M" first="Matjaž" last="Perc">Matjaž Perc</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor</institution>, Koroška cesta 160, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country><wicri:regionArea>, Koroška cesta 160, SI-2000 Maribor</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>SI-2000 Maribor</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>We analyze the occurrence frequencies of over 15 million words recorded in millions of books published during the past two centuries in seven different languages. For all languages and chronological subsets of the data we confirm that two scaling regimes characterize the word frequency distributions, with only the more common words obeying the classic Zipf law. Using corpora of unprecedented size, we test the allometric scaling relation between the corpus size and the vocabulary size of growing languages to demonstrate a decreasing marginal need for new words, a feature that is likely related to the underlying correlations between words. We calculate the annual growth fluctuations of word use which has a decreasing trend as the corpus size increases, indicating a slowdown in linguistic evolution following language expansion. This “cooling pattern” forms the basis of a third statistical regularity, which unlike the Zipf and the Heaps law, is dynamical in nature.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Evans, J A" uniqKey="Evans J">J. A. 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Ferrer i Cancho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz Guilera, A" uniqKey="Diaz Guilera A">A. Díaz-Guilera</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Altmann, E G" uniqKey="Altmann E">E. G. Altmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pierrehumbert, J B" uniqKey="Pierrehumbert J">J. B. Pierrehumbert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Motter, A E" uniqKey="Motter A">A. E. Motter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Israël</li><li>Italie</li><li>Slovénie</li><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Petersen, Alexander M" sort="Petersen, Alexander M" uniqKey="Petersen A" first="Alexander M." last="Petersen">Alexander M. Petersen</name></noRegion></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Tenenbaum, Joel N" sort="Tenenbaum, Joel N" uniqKey="Tenenbaum J" first="Joel N." last="Tenenbaum">Joel N. Tenenbaum</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Stanley, H Eugene" sort="Stanley, H Eugene" uniqKey="Stanley H" first="H. Eugene" last="Stanley">H. Eugene Stanley</name><name sortKey="Tenenbaum, Joel N" sort="Tenenbaum, Joel N" uniqKey="Tenenbaum J" first="Joel N." last="Tenenbaum">Joel N. Tenenbaum</name></country><country name="Israël"><noRegion><name sortKey="Havlin, Shlomo" sort="Havlin, Shlomo" uniqKey="Havlin S" first="Shlomo" last="Havlin">Shlomo Havlin</name></noRegion></country><country name="Slovénie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Perc, Matjaz" sort="Perc, Matjaz" uniqKey="Perc M" first="Matjaž" last="Perc">Matjaž Perc</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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