Activation of cerebellar lobules VI-VII during motor imagery but not during motor activation in unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia
Identifieur interne : 000669 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000668; suivant : 000670Activation of cerebellar lobules VI-VII during motor imagery but not during motor activation in unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia
Auteurs : Christophe Habas [France] ; Mario Manto [Belgique]Source :
- Cerebellum & Ataxias [ 2053-8871 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
We report the case of a 25 year-old patient who underwent morphological and functional brain magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate a left neocerebellar hypoplasia discovered incidentally. We compared brain activation during overt and covert finger movements, and haptic discrimination. The contralateral cerebellar hemisphere compensated for mental imagery of hand movements and haptic discrimination, but not for motor execution. Moreover, the resting-state functional connectivity did not show compensatory functional coherence between the right cerebellum and cerebral areas connected with the hypoplastic cerebellum. Our case illustrates for the first time that cerebellar compensatory recruitment is an active, specific process related to task complexity and under the control of executive networks.
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DOI: 10.1186/2053-8871-1-6
PubMed: 26331030
PubMed Central: 4549134
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Activation of cerebellar lobules VI-VII during motor imagery but not during motor activation in unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia</title><author><name sortKey="Habas, Christophe" sort="Habas, Christophe" uniqKey="Habas C" first="Christophe" last="Habas">Christophe Habas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Service de NeuroImagerie, Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des XV-XX, 28, rue de Charenton, Paris, 75012 France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Service de NeuroImagerie, Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des XV-XX, 28, rue de Charenton, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manto, Mario" sort="Manto, Mario" uniqKey="Manto M" first="Mario" last="Manto">Mario Manto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Unité d’Etude du Mouvement, FNRS Neurologie, ULB Erasme, Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Unité d’Etude du Mouvement, FNRS Neurologie, ULB Erasme, Brussels</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26331030</idno><idno type="pmc">4549134</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4549134</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4549134</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/2053-8871-1-6</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000669</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000669</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Activation of cerebellar lobules VI-VII during motor imagery but not during motor activation in unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia</title><author><name sortKey="Habas, Christophe" sort="Habas, Christophe" uniqKey="Habas C" first="Christophe" last="Habas">Christophe Habas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Service de NeuroImagerie, Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des XV-XX, 28, rue de Charenton, Paris, 75012 France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Service de NeuroImagerie, Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des XV-XX, 28, rue de Charenton, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manto, Mario" sort="Manto, Mario" uniqKey="Manto M" first="Mario" last="Manto">Mario Manto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Unité d’Etude du Mouvement, FNRS Neurologie, ULB Erasme, Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Unité d’Etude du Mouvement, FNRS Neurologie, ULB Erasme, Brussels</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Cerebellum & Ataxias</title><idno type="eISSN">2053-8871</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>We report the case of a 25 year-old patient who underwent morphological and functional brain magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate a left neocerebellar hypoplasia discovered incidentally. We compared brain activation during overt and covert finger movements, and haptic discrimination. The contralateral cerebellar hemisphere compensated for mental imagery of hand movements and haptic discrimination, but not for motor execution. Moreover, the resting-state functional connectivity did not show compensatory functional coherence between the right cerebellum and cerebral areas connected with the hypoplastic cerebellum. Our case illustrates for the first time that cerebellar compensatory recruitment is an active, specific process related to task complexity and under the control of executive networks.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alkan, O" uniqKey="Alkan O">O Alkan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kizilkilic, O" uniqKey="Kizilkilic O">O Kizilkilic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yildirim, T" uniqKey="Yildirim T">T Yildirim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mackel, R" uniqKey="Mackel R">R Mackel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saimpont, A" uniqKey="Saimpont A">A Saimpont</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malouin, F" uniqKey="Malouin F">F Malouin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tousignant, B" uniqKey="Tousignant B">B Tousignant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jackson, Pl" uniqKey="Jackson P">PL Jackson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Habas, C" uniqKey="Habas C">C Habas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kamdar, N" uniqKey="Kamdar N">N Kamdar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nguyen, D" uniqKey="Nguyen D">D Nguyen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keller, K" uniqKey="Keller K">K Keller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beckmann, Cf" uniqKey="Beckmann C">CF Beckmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Menon, V" uniqKey="Menon V">V Menon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greicius, Md" uniqKey="Greicius M">MD Greicius</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lehericy, S" uniqKey="Lehericy S">S Lehéricy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benali, H" uniqKey="Benali H">H Benali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van De Moortele, Pf" uniqKey="Van De Moortele P">PF Van de Moortele</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pelegrini Issac, M" uniqKey="Pelegrini Issac M">M Pélégrini-Issac</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waetcher, T" uniqKey="Waetcher T">T Waetcher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ugurbil, K" uniqKey="Ugurbil K">K Ugurbil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doyon, J" uniqKey="Doyon J">J Doyon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="case-report"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Cerebellum Ataxias</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Cerebellum Ataxias</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Cerebellum & Ataxias</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2053-8871</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26331030</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4549134</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/2053-8871-1-6</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Case Report</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Activation of cerebellar lobules VI-VII during motor imagery but not during motor activation in unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Habas</surname><given-names>Christophe</given-names></name><address><email>christophe.habas@libertysurf.fr</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Manto</surname><given-names>Mario</given-names></name><address><email>mmanto@ulb.ac.be</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><aff id="Aff2"><label></label>Service de NeuroImagerie, Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des XV-XX, 28, rue de Charenton, Paris, 75012 France</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label></label>Unité d’Etude du Mouvement, FNRS Neurologie, ULB Erasme, Brussels, Belgium</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>6</day><month>8</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>6</day><month>8</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><elocation-id>6</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Habas and Manto; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014</copyright-statement><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><p>We report the case of a 25 year-old patient who underwent morphological and functional brain magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate a left neocerebellar hypoplasia discovered incidentally. We compared brain activation during overt and covert finger movements, and haptic discrimination. The contralateral cerebellar hemisphere compensated for mental imagery of hand movements and haptic discrimination, but not for motor execution. Moreover, the resting-state functional connectivity did not show compensatory functional coherence between the right cerebellum and cerebral areas connected with the hypoplastic cerebellum. Our case illustrates for the first time that cerebellar compensatory recruitment is an active, specific process related to task complexity and under the control of executive networks.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Compensation</kwd><kwd>Neocerebellum</kwd><kwd>Hypoplasia</kwd><kwd>Motor imagery</kwd><kwd>Motor execution</kwd><kwd>Default-mode network</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2014</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="Sec1"><title>Background</title><p>The mechanisms of neurological compensation in cases of unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia are completely unknown. Functional neuroimaging allows the characterization of cerebellar and cerebral functional reorganization (neuroplasticity).</p></sec><sec id="Sec2"><title>Case presentation</title><p>Unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia is a rare cerebellar malformation affecting part of the cerebellum, sparing the other regions of the brain and is consecutive to a prenatal injury (Alkan et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>]). Patients may exhibit a slight to moderate cerebellar syndrome unilaterally to the cerebellar disruption, or may be totally asymptomatic. In this latter case, the discovery of the hypoplasia is usually fortuitous.</p><p>The mechanisms of neurological compensation in case of unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia are completely unknown. Experimental studies on the mechanisms of recovery of acute cerebellar injuries indicate that preserved cerebellar regions and extra-cerebellar structures such as the somatosensory cortex play a determinant role in the reorganization of central nervous system pathways (Mackel [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>]). Motor imagery (mental simulation of an action without execution) is currently proposed as a way to preserve or improve motor function (Saimpont et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>]). The rationale is that mental imagery recruits the same neural circuits which are activated during motor action. Whether this is true or not in patients with a prenatal cerebellar lesion is currently undetermined.</p><p>We first acquired morphological data to well-characterize a case of unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia discovered incidentally during a CT-scan for orbit trauma. We compared subsequently the patterns of brain activation during (sensori-) motor execution and motor imagery, as well as brain resting-state in this asymptomatic patient.</p></sec><sec id="Sec3" sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Materials and methods</title><p>This 25 year-old patient had no history of neurological, psychiatric or cardiovascular disease. The family history was unremarkable. The details of the MRI investigation are given below. The patient gave his informed consent.</p><sec id="Sec4"><title>Functional task</title><p>Cerebral and cerebellar activations were studied during the following tasks: 1. unilateral, self-paced finger-to-thumb opposition with the right and left hand (motor task), 2. unilateral haptic representation of small chess pieces with the right and left hand (sensorimotor task), 3. unilateral covert finger-to-thumb opposition with the right and left hand (mental imagery task), and 4. at rest (brain resting-state). Each active tasks consisted of 6 alternating 30-seconds phases of rest and stimulation. For brain resting-state, the patient was instructed to keep their eyes closed and try to remain still. The scan lasted 9 min and 10 seconds.</p></sec><sec id="Sec5"><title>Acquisition sequences</title><p>The MRI study was performed with a whole-body 3 T clinical imager (General Elelectric Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA) using an eight-channel parallel head coil. The following MRI sequences were applied: sagittal T2-FLAIR CUBE, arterial time-of-flight sequence 3D-TOF, axial anatomical 3-D inversion recovery fast spoiled GRASS (IR-FSPGR), diffusion-weighted single-shot spin-echo echo-planar sequence (b = 0 and 1000s/mm<sup>2</sup>) with 50 non-colinear directions for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and, for functional imaging, axial T2 *-weighted gradient echo-planar images (EPI) (TE/TR/flip angle/FOV/matrix/Thickness: 30 ms/3000 ms/90°/24x24cm/64x64/4 mm) covering the whole brain (32 axial slices). The same functional sequence was used for the resting-state: 213 volumes were acquired with 4 dummy volumes acquired at the start of the session to allow for steady-state magnetization.</p><sec id="Sec6"><title>Post-processing</title><p><italic>DTI images</italic> were processed with Volume One software which performed a seed-based deterministic streamline fibre-tracking. Seeds were located in: the dorso-lateral upper medulla oblongata, the right dentate nucleus, the basis pontis, the red nuclei and the dorsolateral lower mesencephalon.</p><p><italic>Functional analyses</italic> were carried out using the tools of FMRIB software library (FSL, version 5; Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, UK). Data were successively format-converted, slice timing corrected, motion-corrected (MCFLIRT), co-registered with the corresponding anatomical images and with the template brain of the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), spatially smoothed with a 5-mm full-width at half-maximum of Gaussian kernel, intensity-normalized and temporal filtered with a high-pass filter. For the box-car time series data during the experimental tasks were determined using the general linear model approach. The temporal derivative of the expected hemodynamic response was also added to compensate for response-delay variations. Functional images were generated by subtraction analysis, comparing the rest and the active condition on a cluster basis (Z = 3, P = 0.05 corrected for multiple comparison. For resting-state, Independent Component Analysis (MELODIC option) (posterior probability threshold: p = 0.5) was applied to preprocessed data in order to compute correlation maps. Only intraparenchymal clusters whose domain frequency was comprised between 0.01 and 0.1 Hz, were taken into account.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="Sec7" sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><sec id="Sec8"><title>Anatomical data</title><p>A left unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia affecting VII/VIII/IX/X lobules and the dentate nucleus was confirmed (Figure <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). We also found a lesser volume of the right red nucleus compared to the left one (Figure <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">2</xref>). On the left side, inferior, middle and superior cerebellar arteries were present but the two former were spindly (not illustrated).<fig id="Fig1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p><bold>FLAIR-CUBE image of the encephalon showing left neocerebellar hypoplasia. A</bold>. Sagittal slices. <bold>B</bold>. Coronal slices. <bold>C</bold>. Axial slices passing through the posterior fossa. R. Right side.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40673_2014_10_Fig1_HTML" id="d30e273"></graphic></fig><fig id="Fig2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p><bold>FLAIR-CUBE image of the red nucleus (RN) whithin the mesencephalon showing a reduced volume of the right nucleus compared to the left one. A</bold>. Axial slice. <bold>B</bold>. Coronal slice. L. Left side.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40673_2014_10_Fig2_HTML" id="d30e288"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="Sec9"><title>DTI data</title><p>DTI showed the absence of the left inferior cerebellar peduncle, the presence of a narrow middle cerebellar peduncle and a vestigial superior cerebellar peduncle on the left side (Figure <xref rid="Fig3" ref-type="fig">3</xref>). Therefore, the remaining left anterior lobe could receive afferents from pontine nuclei, but could not send efferents to the diencephalon (thalamus) and brainstem nuclei via the superior cerebellar peduncle, especially to the contralateral red nucleus.<fig id="Fig3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p><bold>DTI-based deterministic tractography.</bold> Tract reconstructed using a seed located in the right dentate nucleus and passing through the ipsilateral superior cerebellar peduncle (sagittal slice; image on the left side), and 3D view showing the middle cerebellar peduncles and their expanding within the cerebellar white matter (image on the right side).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40673_2014_10_Fig3_HTML" id="d30e308"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="Sec10"><title>Functional data</title><p>In all tasks, we failed to detect any left cerebellar activation (Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>). For the right hand, we observed an activation of right cerebellar lobules VI and VIII during motor execution (the superior and inferior cerebellar motor homunculi), as anticipated (Figures <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref>A-<xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref>B; Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>). However, left finger movements did not activate cerebellar lobules VI and VIII. Imagery of both right and left finger movements was associated with a clear activation of right lobules VI-VII (Figures <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref>C-AD). Moreover, unilateral haptic discrimination with left and right hands also recruited the right neocerebellum (lobules VI-VII-VIII) (Figure <xref rid="Fig5" ref-type="fig">5</xref>).<table-wrap id="Tab1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p><bold>Brain areas showing significant activation during the tasks</bold></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Right cerebellar lobules</th><th>z-score</th><th>x, y, z (mm)*</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3">RH motor task</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>11,05</td><td>18,-60,-16</td></tr><tr><td>VIIb/VIIIa</td><td>9,55</td><td>22,-66,-48</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">LH motor task</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>4,50</td><td>30,-60,-22</td></tr><tr><td>VIIb/VIIIa</td><td>4,72</td><td>32,-64,-52</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">RH sensorimotor task</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>7,18</td><td>18,-66,-20</td></tr><tr><td>Crus I (/VIII)</td><td>7,94</td><td>40,-66,-21</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">LH sensorimotor task</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>8,73</td><td>22,-64,-18</td></tr><tr><td>Crus I (/VIIb)</td><td>4,18</td><td>40,-70,-24</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">RH motor mental imagery task</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>4,05</td><td>34,-54,-24</td></tr><tr><td>Crus I</td><td>4,11</td><td>44,-68,24</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">LH motor mental imagery</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>4,63</td><td>30,-62,-20</td></tr><tr><td>Crus I</td><td>2,55</td><td>36,-72,-24</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>*MNI coordinates ; RH right hand ; LH left hand.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><fig id="Fig4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p><bold>Statistical parametric maps of the main neural activity of the patient while performing thumb-to-fingers opposition with the left hand (A) and with the right hand (B), and during mental imagery of the same left (C) and right (D) movements.</bold> A1-B1-C1-D1. Axial slices. A2-B2-C2-D2. Coronal slices. A3-B3-C3-D3. No significant cerebellar activation is detected during left movements. Sagittal slices. Abbreviations: ACC anterior cingulate cortex; M1/S1 sensorimotor cortex ; PMC premotor cortex; (pre-) SMA (pre-) supplementray motor cortex; SPL superior parietal lobule. Roman numbers indicate the cerebellar lobules. R right side.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40673_2014_10_Fig4_HTML" id="d30e518"></graphic></fig><fig id="Fig5"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p><bold>Statistical parametric maps of the main neural activity of the patient while discriminating haptically small pieces of chess with the left hand (A1-A3) and with the right hand (B1-B3).</bold> A2-B2. Cerebellar activation is detected during movements of both sides suggesting a compensatory role of the right cerebellum during a contralateral sensorimotor task. A1-B1. Axial slices. A2-B2. Coronal slices. A3-B3. Sagittal slices. Abbreviations: ACC anterior cingulate cortex; M1/S1 sensorimotor cortex; PMC premotor cortex; (pre-) SMA (pre-) supplementray motor cortex; SPL superior parietal lobule. Roman numbers indicate the cerebellar lobules. R right side.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40673_2014_10_Fig5_HTML" id="d30e530"></graphic></fig></p><p>Brain resting state showed that: 1. the main canonical intrinsic networks (Habas et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">4</xref>]) were discernable such as: default-mode, right and left executive, visual and sensorimotor networks, 2. the sensorimotor networks displayed no functional coherence with the cerebellum, and 3. the default-mode network was characterized by a decreased and less extended fronto-parietal coherence on the right side compared to the left one (Figure <xref rid="Fig6" ref-type="fig">6</xref>).<fig id="Fig6"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p><bold>Spatial map of the independent component computed at rest and corresponding to the default-mode network (red).</bold> Contiguous axial slices of the encephalon from the cerebellum (top and left side) to the cerebral vertex (bottom and right side). Z-score is represented by a color gradient (vertical bar: blue clusters are anticorrelated with the rest-specific red ones). Note that the inferior parietal clusters are less correlated and less extended than the left ones. DLPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DMPFC dorsomedian prefrontal cortex; IPL inferior parietal lobule; PC/RSC precuneus/retrosplenial cortex; PHC prahippocampus. Roman numbers refer to cerebellar lobules.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40673_2014_10_Fig6_HTML" id="d30e550"></graphic></fig></p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec11" sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>In this unique case, we demonstrate that the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere compensates for mental imagery of hand movements and haptic discrimination, but not for motor execution. Our case illustrates that the internal representations for motor commands and for mental imagery do not share the same cerebellar circuits in the case of unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia. Our results suggest that an extra-cerebellar zone compensates for hand movements. One possibility would be that the lenticular nucleus could subserve this compensatory mechanism as this structure is involved in early and late motor sequence learning (Lehéricy et al., [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>]). However, we did not detect any activation in the striatum although a subthreshold activation cannot be completely ruled out. Alternatively, striatum might have been recruited early in childhood to induce compensatory motor mechanisms in the cereberal cortex for example. However, for complex sensorimotor integration, the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere is still recruited.Therefore, it can be inferred that compensation by the intact cerebellar hemisphere is related to the complexity of the task and, consequently, to the involvement of cognitive systems (attention focusing, working memory, information filtering, decision making, sensory expectations guiding movements). Furthermore, it turns out that this compensation was not reflected in the resting-state functional connectivity mapping since, for instance, no functional coherence was found between the right cerebellum and motor cortical areas, and right executive network. In the DMN, activation of the right fronto-parietal regions interconnected with the left hypoplastic cerebellum was descreased in comparison with the left fronto-parietal ones in relation with the normal cerebellum demonstrating an absence or, at least, a suboptimal compensation by the right cerebellum. One hypothesis might be that cerebellar compensatory action is actively and temporally commanded and controlled by executive networks according to the specificity and the complexity of the task. Passive, spontaneous “mind-wandering”, at rest, should not then require an increased amount of cognitive ressources and, thus, active cortico-cerebellar compensation.</p><p>Lastly, given the laterality of cerebellar functions, it can be speculated that the cerebellar hypoplasia could have determined different subclinical or clinical impairments in terms of visuospatial alterations for instance. Alternatively, a right cerebellar hypoplasia could have caused linguistic troubles.</p></sec><sec id="Sec12" sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusion</title><p>The attempts to stimulate brain circuits with techniques based on mental imagery should take into account the possible dissociation in the recruitment of networks controlling motor execution on the one hand and motor imagery on the other hand, as reported here. Our patient was clinically asymptomatic, confirming a viable compensatory process. The dissociation observed here could represent a signature of a full recovery process facing a prenatal injury. This should be confirmed in future studies.</p></sec><sec id="Sec13"><title>Consent</title><p>The patient has given his consent for the case report to be published.</p></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Competing interests</bold></p><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></fn><fn><p><bold>Authors’ contributions</bold></p><p>CH carried out MRI examination, and image post-processing. 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