Remote Physical Activity Monitoring in Neurological Disease: A Systematic Review
Identifieur interne : 000563 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000562; suivant : 000564Remote Physical Activity Monitoring in Neurological Disease: A Systematic Review
Auteurs : Valerie A. J. Block [États-Unis] ; Erica Pitsch [États-Unis] ; Peggy Tahir [États-Unis] ; Bruce A. C. Cree [États-Unis] ; Diane D. Allen [États-Unis] ; Jeffrey M. Gelfand [États-Unis]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
To perform a systematic review of studies using remote physical activity monitoring in neurological diseases, highlighting advances and determining gaps.
Studies were systematically identified in PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL and SCOPUS from January 2004 to December 2014 that monitored physical activity for ≥24 hours in adults with neurological diseases. Studies that measured only involuntary motor activity (tremor, seizures), energy expenditure or sleep were excluded. Feasibility, findings, and protocols were examined.
137 studies met inclusion criteria in multiple sclerosis (MS) (61 studies); stroke (41); Parkinson's Disease (PD) (20); dementia (11); traumatic brain injury (2) and ataxia (1). Physical activity levels measured by remote monitoring are consistently low in people with MS, stroke and dementia, and patterns of physical activity are altered in PD. In MS, decreased ambulatory activity assessed via remote monitoring is associated with greater disability and lower quality of life. In stroke, remote measures of upper limb function and ambulation are associated with functional recovery following rehabilitation and goal-directed interventions. In PD, remote monitoring may help to predict falls. In dementia, remote physical activity measures correlate with disease severity and can detect wandering.
These studies show that remote physical activity monitoring is feasible in neurological diseases, including in people with moderate to severe neurological disability. Remote monitoring can be a psychometrically sound and responsive way to assess physical activity in neurological disease. Further research is needed to ensure these tools provide meaningful information in the context of specific neurological disorders and patterns of neurological disability.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154335
PubMed: 27124611
PubMed Central: 4849800
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Remote Physical Activity Monitoring in Neurological Disease: A Systematic Review</title><author><name sortKey="Block, Valerie A J" sort="Block, Valerie A J" uniqKey="Block V" first="Valerie A. J." last="Block">Valerie A. J. Block</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco/ San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco/ San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pitsch, Erica" sort="Pitsch, Erica" uniqKey="Pitsch E" first="Erica" last="Pitsch">Erica Pitsch</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tahir, Peggy" sort="Tahir, Peggy" uniqKey="Tahir P" first="Peggy" last="Tahir">Peggy Tahir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>University of California San Francisco Library, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>University of California San Francisco Library, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cree, Bruce A C" sort="Cree, Bruce A C" uniqKey="Cree B" first="Bruce A. C." last="Cree">Bruce A. C. Cree</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allen, Diane D" sort="Allen, Diane D" uniqKey="Allen D" first="Diane D." last="Allen">Diane D. Allen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco/ San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco/ San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gelfand, Jeffrey M" sort="Gelfand, Jeffrey M" uniqKey="Gelfand J" first="Jeffrey M." last="Gelfand">Jeffrey M. Gelfand</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27124611</idno><idno type="pmc">4849800</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4849800</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4849800</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0154335</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000563</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000563</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Remote Physical Activity Monitoring in Neurological Disease: A Systematic Review</title><author><name sortKey="Block, Valerie A J" sort="Block, Valerie A J" uniqKey="Block V" first="Valerie A. J." last="Block">Valerie A. J. Block</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco/ San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco/ San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pitsch, Erica" sort="Pitsch, Erica" uniqKey="Pitsch E" first="Erica" last="Pitsch">Erica Pitsch</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tahir, Peggy" sort="Tahir, Peggy" uniqKey="Tahir P" first="Peggy" last="Tahir">Peggy Tahir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>University of California San Francisco Library, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>University of California San Francisco Library, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cree, Bruce A C" sort="Cree, Bruce A C" uniqKey="Cree B" first="Bruce A. C." last="Cree">Bruce A. C. Cree</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allen, Diane D" sort="Allen, Diane D" uniqKey="Allen D" first="Diane D." last="Allen">Diane D. Allen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco/ San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco/ San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gelfand, Jeffrey M" sort="Gelfand, Jeffrey M" uniqKey="Gelfand J" first="Jeffrey M." last="Gelfand">Jeffrey M. Gelfand</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Objective</title><p>To perform a systematic review of studies using remote physical activity monitoring in neurological diseases, highlighting advances and determining gaps.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title><p>Studies were systematically identified in PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL and SCOPUS from January 2004 to December 2014 that monitored physical activity for ≥24 hours in adults with neurological diseases. Studies that measured only involuntary motor activity (tremor, seizures), energy expenditure or sleep were excluded. Feasibility, findings, and protocols were examined.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>137 studies met inclusion criteria in multiple sclerosis (MS) (61 studies); stroke (41); Parkinson's Disease (PD) (20); dementia (11); traumatic brain injury (2) and ataxia (1). Physical activity levels measured by remote monitoring are consistently low in people with MS, stroke and dementia, and patterns of physical activity are altered in PD. In MS, decreased ambulatory activity assessed via remote monitoring is associated with greater disability and lower quality of life. In stroke, remote measures of upper limb function and ambulation are associated with functional recovery following rehabilitation and goal-directed interventions. In PD, remote monitoring may help to predict falls. In dementia, remote physical activity measures correlate with disease severity and can detect wandering.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusions</title><p>These studies show that remote physical activity monitoring is feasible in neurological diseases, including in people with moderate to severe neurological disability. Remote monitoring can be a psychometrically sound and responsive way to assess physical activity in neurological disease. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27124611</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4849800</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0154335</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-15-55629</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Public and Occupational Health</subject><subj-group><subject>Physical Activity</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Engineering and Technology</subject><subj-group><subject>Equipment</subject><subj-group><subject>Measurement Equipment</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Mental Health and Psychiatry</subject><subj-group><subject>Dementia</subject><subj-group><subject>Alzheimer Disease</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Neurology</subject><subj-group><subject>Dementia</subject><subj-group><subject>Alzheimer Disease</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Neurology</subject><subj-group><subject>Neurodegenerative Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Alzheimer Disease</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Clinical Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Clinical Immunology</subject><subj-group><subject>Autoimmune Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Multiple Sclerosis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Immunology</subject><subj-group><subject>Clinical Immunology</subject><subj-group><subject>Autoimmune Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Multiple Sclerosis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Immunology</subject><subj-group><subject>Clinical Immunology</subject><subj-group><subject>Autoimmune Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Multiple Sclerosis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Neurology</subject><subj-group><subject>Demyelinating Disorders</subject><subj-group><subject>Multiple Sclerosis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Neurology</subject><subj-group><subject>Neurodegenerative Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Multiple Sclerosis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Biotechnology</subject><subj-group><subject>Medical Devices and Equipment</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Medical Devices and Equipment</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Engineering and Technology</subject><subj-group><subject>Electronics</subject><subj-group><subject>Accelerometers</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Neurology</subject><subj-group><subject>Neurodegenerative Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Movement Disorders</subject><subj-group><subject>Parkinson Disease</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Neurology</subject><subj-group><subject>Cerebrovascular Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Stroke</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Vascular Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Stroke</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Remote Physical Activity Monitoring in Neurological Disease: A Systematic Review</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Remote Physical Activity Monitoring in Neurological Disease: A Systematic Review</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Block</surname><given-names>Valerie A. J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="currentaff001"><sup>¤a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pitsch</surname><given-names>Erica</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tahir</surname><given-names>Peggy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cree</surname><given-names>Bruce A. C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Allen</surname><given-names>Diane D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="econtrib001"><sup>‡</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gelfand</surname><given-names>Jeffrey M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="currentaff002"><sup>¤b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="econtrib001"><sup>‡</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco/ San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>University of California San Francisco Library, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>Peipeng</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical Universty, CHINA</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following competing interests: VAJB and PT have no disclosures. EP has received compensation for teaching continuing education for Summit Professional Education. BACC has received personal compensation for consulting from Abbvie, Biogen, EMD Serono, MedImmune, Novartis, Genzyme/sanofi aventis, Teva and has received contracted research support (including clinical trials) from Acorda, Biogen, EMD Serono, Hoffman La Roche, MedImmune, Novartis and Teva. DDA has received compensation as an instructor for the Neurologic Physical Therapy Residency Program at Kaiser Redwood City. She has also received compensation for co-developing an online continuing education course in rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis for Western Schools. JMG has served as a consultant on a scientific advisory board for MedImmune; has received research support from Quest Diagnostics through UCSF on a dementia care pathway; and has received compensation for medical legal consulting related to CNS inflammatory disorders. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: VAJB DDA JMG. Analyzed the data: VJAB EP. Wrote the paper: VAJB BACC DDA JMG. Advised on search strategy: PT. Supervision of search strategy and checked data extraction: DDA JMG. Study Design: VAJB DDA JMG. Independently performed the systematic search: VAJB EP. Critical revision of the manuscript: VAJB DDA JMG PT BACC.</p></fn><fn fn-type="current-aff" id="currentaff001"><label>¤a</label><p>Current address: Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science. University of California San Francisco. San Francisco, California, United States of America</p></fn><fn fn-type="current-aff" id="currentaff002"><label>¤b</label><p>Current address: Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</p></fn><fn fn-type="other" id="econtrib001"><p>‡ DDA and JMG are Joint Senior Authors on this work.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>Jeffrey.Gelfand@ucsf.edu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>4</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><elocation-id>e0154335</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>11</day><month>4</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Block et al</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Block et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pone.0154335.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Objective</title><p>To perform a systematic review of studies using remote physical activity monitoring in neurological diseases, highlighting advances and determining gaps.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title><p>Studies were systematically identified in PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL and SCOPUS from January 2004 to December 2014 that monitored physical activity for ≥24 hours in adults with neurological diseases. Studies that measured only involuntary motor activity (tremor, seizures), energy expenditure or sleep were excluded. Feasibility, findings, and protocols were examined.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>137 studies met inclusion criteria in multiple sclerosis (MS) (61 studies); stroke (41); Parkinson's Disease (PD) (20); dementia (11); traumatic brain injury (2) and ataxia (1). Physical activity levels measured by remote monitoring are consistently low in people with MS, stroke and dementia, and patterns of physical activity are altered in PD. In MS, decreased ambulatory activity assessed via remote monitoring is associated with greater disability and lower quality of life. In stroke, remote measures of upper limb function and ambulation are associated with functional recovery following rehabilitation and goal-directed interventions. In PD, remote monitoring may help to predict falls. In dementia, remote physical activity measures correlate with disease severity and can detect wandering.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusions</title><p>These studies show that remote physical activity monitoring is feasible in neurological diseases, including in people with moderate to severe neurological disability. Remote monitoring can be a psychometrically sound and responsive way to assess physical activity in neurological disease. Further research is needed to ensure these tools provide meaningful information in the context of specific neurological disorders and patterns of neurological disability.</p></sec></abstract><funding-group><award-group id="award001"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000009</institution-id><institution>National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of NIH</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>KL2TR000143</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Gelfand</surname><given-names>Jeffrey M.</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><funding-statement>This work was supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of National Institute of Health - under award KL2TR000143 (JMG). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="2"></fig-count><table-count count="6"></table-count><page-count count="41"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p></notes></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec005"><title>Introduction</title><p>Research over the last decade has examined accelerometer-based remote monitoring of physical activity in health and disease.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref001" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref006" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>] Wearable physical activity monitors have also become increasingly commonplace as consumer products, primarily marketed for fitness. When considering whether remote physical activity monitoring can inform decision-making for use in clinical populations, questions about validity, reliability, feasibility and responsiveness arise.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref007" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref010" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]</p><p>Physical activity is typically defined as voluntary bodily movement using skeletal muscle that requires energy beyond resting levels.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref011" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] Measurement of physical activity is important because of established links between physical inactivity and various morbidities.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref005" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref012" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref013" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] Neurological disease can also increase the risk of physical inactivity secondary to associated disability.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref014" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref017" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] Physical activity monitoring using accelerometers, pedometers, and gyroscopes has gained traction in healthcare, wellness and medical research.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref005" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref018" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref020" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>] Monitoring can focus on gait, upper or lower limb function or other patterns of body movement or behavior. Potential variables that can be used to measure physical activity include step count, activity count, activity bouts, active minutes and energy expenditure. Remote physical activity monitoring provides a convenient way of assessing movement outside of the clinic setting and may correlate with disease-specific predictors, outcomes, or interventions.</p><p>However, remote measurement of physical activity in people with neurological disease has the potential to be complicated by neurological impairments such as gait abnormalities, weakness, spasticity or tremor that could confound remote measurement in these populations. While disease-specific examination and validation of remote physical activity is needed, systematically reviewing the literature across neurological disorders may reveal lessons about feasibility, implementation and interpretation that apply across neurological indications.</p><p>This systematic review summarizes research on remote physical activity monitoring in neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke, Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia, traumatic brain injury (TBI), ataxia, epilepsy and migraine. To focus primarily on physical activity outside of the immediate clinical setting, studies were included that monitored physical activity for at least 24 hours.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec006"><title>Methods</title><sec id="sec007"><title>Data Sources</title><p>Original research studies were identified from the PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL and SCOPUS databases. Once relevant articles were identified, they were located individually in the Web of Science database and in Google Scholar to examine citing and cited-by articles. The search strategy used a combination of MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms and keywords. The search terms used alone and in combination were categorized according to PICO: Population: “multiple sclerosis,” “parkinson*,” “stroke,” “cerebrovascular accident,” “brain injury,” “ataxia,” “headache,” “migraine,” and “epilepsy”. Intervention/ indicator: “acceleromet*,” “activity monitor*,” “free living physical activity,” “pedometer,” “wearable sensor*”.</p><p>Comparator/ Control: Not using the device. Inclusion criteria did not require studies to be intervention trials. Outcome: physical activity (measured heterogeneously e.g. step or activity count, movement count, bouts of activity)</p><p>We also examined articles that reported physical activity monitoring in samples with “heart disease” or “diabetes” to identify if sub-populations of neurological conditions were evaluated. A medical librarian (P.T.) advised on search strategy, search terms, and methodology.</p><sec id="sec008"><title>Study Selection</title><p>Studies were included if they 1) recorded human physical activity, defined as voluntary (skeletal) muscle movement during daily functioning requiring energy expenditure [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref003" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]; 2) monitored subjects for ≥24 hours; 3) used remote monitoring via devices that employ accelerometers, gyroscopes and/or pedometers to measure physical activity and capture data remotely for subsequent analysis; 4) enrolled adults 18 years of age or older with a diagnosis of MS, stroke, PD, dementia, TBI, epilepsy, migraine, headache or ataxia; 5) and were published between January 2004 and December 2014. Studies were excluded that recorded involuntary motor activity such as seizures or tremor; focused on movement during sleep or examined sleep as the primary outcome; extrapolated measures for average step counts from shorter monitoring periods; measured total daily energy expenditure (such as daily calorie consumption or diet interventions) without physical activity monitoring; or measured global positioning satellite (GPS) data exclusively rather than more direct measurement or corroboration of physical activity. We also excluded case reports and case studies.</p><p>Two authors (V.B., E.P.) searched independently. Titles and abstracts were screened for relevance and supplementary review. One author (V.B.) manually searched the reference sections of complete manuscripts for additional articles. Consensus for meeting the eligibility criteria was achieved by comparing search results (V.B., E.P.).</p></sec><sec id="sec009"><title>Data extraction and Analysis</title><p>Data were extracted (V.B.) and checked (E.P., D.D.A., J.M.G), with final adjudication by consensus from two senior authors (D.D.A., J.M.G.). Variables included population studied; disease-specific severity levels; device name, placement and intent (i.e. patient behavior change or healthcare monitoring); intervention (if any); setting; demographic data; and study details, including design, funding sources and motivational factors (i.e. subject imbursement, visual display of data). Studies were graded for risk of bias based on methodology proposed by the Cochrane Collaborations [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref021" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0154335.s002">S1a and S1e Table</xref>). Conclusions and lessons learned across studies were summarized.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec010"><title>Results</title><p>The systematic review identified 745 studies through the databases and an additional 25 articles through recursive and manual reference searches. Once eligibility criteria were applied, 137 studies remained (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone.0154335.g001">Fig 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0154335.s001">S1 Fig</xref>) [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref022" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]. Individual studies are summarized in Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0154335.t001">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0154335.t005">5</xref>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0154335.t006">Table 6</xref> (sections a-e) documents the sample characteristics. The risk of bias with level of evidence for interventional studies is reported in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0154335.s002">S1 Table</xref>. A description of the most common devices used in the included studies appears in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0154335.s003">S2 Table</xref>.</p><fig id="pone.0154335.g001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0154335.g001</object-id><label>Fig 1</label><caption><title>PRISMA Flow Diagram.</title><p>Notes: * 1 Article includes multiple groups of neurological diagnosis—MS, Parkinson’s and neuromuscular disease—(Busse et al, 2004) <sup>α</sup> 1 Article includes TBI and Stroke (Fulk et al, 2014)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0154335.g001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="pone.0154335.t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0154335.t001</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Characteristics of Published Studies Recording Physical Activity via Remote Monitoring for >34 hours in People with Multiple Sclerosis.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone.0154335.t001g" xlink:href="pone.0154335.t001"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Author / Year</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MS phenotype</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of people with RRMS</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EDSS score or equivalent PDDS</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Device name (Manufacturer)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modality of the device</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study Design</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean Age</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Experimental Group N</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Group N</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monitoring Length</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Funding source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Balantrapu et al, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref023" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 of entire sample</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph GT3X <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cavanaugh et al, 2011</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref024" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined/ Diagnosis of MS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">< = 4.5 or >4.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SAM <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Dlugonski et al, 2011</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164, OMRON pocket pedometer <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intervention</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Dlugonski & Motl, 2012</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref026" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Dlugonski et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">575 (89.2%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164, ActiGraph GT3X / Yamax SW-200 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">645</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Doerksen et al, 2007</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">174</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yamax SW-200 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">196</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Filipovic Grcic et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SAM <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Filipovic Grcic et al, 2011</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SAM <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interventional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gijbels et al, 2010</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SAM <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gosney et al, 2007</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">174</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164, Yamax SW-200 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">196</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Hale et al, 2008</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn004">(c*)</xref>[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The TriTrac RT3 (Stayhealthy Inc.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Klaren et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">711</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional and longitudinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">800</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">137</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Klassen et al, 2008</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref035" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined/ Diagnosis of MS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The TriTrac RT3 (Stayhealthy Inc.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Kos et al, 2007</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined/ Diagnosis of MS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164, ActiGraph GT3X <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lamers et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> or = 7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Motionlogger<sup>®</sup> Basic, Accelerometers</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper extremity/ arm movement</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Learmonth et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph GT3X <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Learmonth et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph GT3X <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Morris et al, 2008</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151 (SR)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph accelerometer <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">173</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">136</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2013a</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">269</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">269</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—x 6 separated by 6 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2007b</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn002">(a*)</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">133</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2010a</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl & Dlugonski, 2011</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164, Digi-Walker SW-201 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interventional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2011a</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref045" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">502</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">561</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation / Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2011b</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref046" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined/ Diagnosis of MS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SAM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2014a</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref047" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">519</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">536</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation / Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2014b</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref048" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph GT3X <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2012a</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref049" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164, Yamax SW-200 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2009a</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref050" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">246</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">292</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2006a</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref051" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164, Yamax SW-200 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2007c</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref052" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">174</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164, Yamax SW-200 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">196</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2008a</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref053" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">246</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">292</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2010b</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref054" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">269</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">269</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl & McAuley, 2009a</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref055" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">239</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">292</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl & McAuley, 2011</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref056" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">246</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">276</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl & McAuley, 2009b</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref057" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">246</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">276</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl & McAuley, 2009c</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref058" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">246</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">276</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2013b</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref059" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">215</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph GT3X <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref> Measuring wheel / GAITRite (CIR Systems, Inc.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">256</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2013c</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref060" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">710</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164, ActiGraph GT3X, Yamax SW-200 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Observational</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">786</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">157</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2012b</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref061" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref>, open-circuit spirometry system (TrueOne, Parvo Medics), GAITRite (CIR Systems, Inc.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2009b</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref062" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">133</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2006c</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref063" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">174</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">196</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2006b</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref064" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">174</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">196</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2007d</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref065" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">174</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yamax SW-200 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">196</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2008b</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref066" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motl et al, 2007a</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref067" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">171</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164, Yamax SW-200 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">193</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pilutti et al, 2012</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref068" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">134</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph GT3X <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">168</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pilutti et al, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref069" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph GT3X, Yamax SW-200 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RCT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ranadive et al, 2012</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref070" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Rietberg et al, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref071" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitaport, portable activity monitor (TEMEC Instruments)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 day</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Rietberg et al, 2010</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref072" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitaport, portable activity monitor (TEMEC Instruments)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 days—x2 separated by 24hrs</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sandroff et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref073" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph GT3X <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sandroff et al, 2012</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref074" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sandroff & Motl, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref075" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164, ActiGraph GT3X <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Scott et al, 2011</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref076" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“Primary & Progressive MS”</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph GT1M <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Shammas et al, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref077" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Move II activity sensor (movisens GmbH)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 days every 3 months for a year</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Snook et al, 2009</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref078" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Snook & Motl, 2008</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref079" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sosnoff et al, 2010</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref080" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated/ unfunded</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ward et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref081" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Weikert et al, 2010</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref082" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">269</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">269</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Weikert et al, 2012</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref083" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-Sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t001fn001"><p><bold>Abbreviations</bold>: EDSS = Kurtzke expanded disability scale; PDDS = Patient determined disease steps (correlated to EDSS): PDDS 1 = mild MS disability, PDDS mean 2 or 3 = moderate disability; RRMS = relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis; SP = Secondary progressive; PPMS = Primary progressive multiple sclerosis; SR = self reported, LE = lower extremity; N/A = not applicable; SAM = StepWatch Activity Monitor</p></fn><fn id="t001fn002"><p><sup>(a</sup>*<sup>)</sup> = 29/86 participants (34%) used an assistive device during the ambulatory tests.</p></fn><fn id="t001fn003"><p><sup>(b</sup>*<sup>)</sup> = <underline>Yamax SW-200</underline> is a pedometer. Manufacturer: Yamax-Digiwalker, HRM USA INC, <underline>ActiGraph 7164 and GT3X</underline> use accelerometers. Manufacturer: Manufacturing Technology Inc /Health One Technology, <underline>SAM</underline> uses an accelerometer and microprocessor. Manufacturers: Orthocare Innovations/ or Manufacturer: Modus health llc, <underline>OMRON pocket pedometer</underline>. Manufacturer: HJ-720ITC, OMRON Corporation</p></fn><fn id="t001fn004"><p><sup>(c</sup>*<sup>)</sup> = Study included multiple cohorts with different neurological diagnoses.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="pone.0154335.t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0154335.t002</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Characteristics of Published Studies Recording Physical Activity via Remote Monitoring for ≥24 hours in People with Stroke.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone.0154335.t002g" xlink:href="pone.0154335.t002"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Author / year</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type of Stroke</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Time Since Stroke</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Device name (Manufacturer)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modality of the device:</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study Design</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean Age</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Experimental group N</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control group N</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monitoring Length</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Funding source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Alzahrani et al, 2012</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref084" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Alzahrani et al, 2011</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref085" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Alzahrani et al, 2009</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref086" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Askim et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref087" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ischemic / Hemorrhagic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8–14 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAL2, with a tilt switch (Gorman Promed Pty ltd)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Baert et al, 2012</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref088" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ischemic / Hemorrhagic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yamax SW-200 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref>, Polar RS-400 HR monitor (Polar Electro Oy<sup>®</sup>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Barak et al, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref089" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ischemic / Hemorrhagic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 14 days—3months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch Activity Monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">408</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Bowden et al, 2008</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref090" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch Activity Monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref>, GAITRite (CIR Systems, Inc.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government / Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Butler & Evenson, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref015" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">262</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">524</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Danks et al, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref091" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch Activity Monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Open- label</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None listed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>de Niet et al, 2007</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref092" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hemorrhagic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stroke-ULAM (Upper Limb Activity Monitor) (Biometrics Ltd)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper extremity/ arm movement</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 day</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None listed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Dobkin et al, 2011</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref093" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Medical Daily Activity Wireless Network (3M Corporation)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 day</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Frazer et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref094" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DynaPort MiniMod (McRoberts. B.V.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None listed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Fulk et al, 2010</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref095" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch Activity Monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None listed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Fulk et al, 2014</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn002">(a*)</xref>[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref096" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mixed population: TBI and Stroke (Undefined)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch Activity Monitor/ Fitbit Ultra/ Nike Fuelband/ Yamax SW-701 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 day</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gebruers et al, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref097" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ischemic / Hemorrhagic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≤ 7 days (acute)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Octagonal basic motion loggers <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper extremity/ arm movement</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gebruers et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref098" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ischemic / Hemorrhagic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≤ 7 days (acute)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Octagonal basic motion loggers <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper extremity/ arm movement</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gebruers et al, 2008</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref099" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ischemic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≤ 7 days (acute)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Octagonal basic motion loggers <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both Upper extremity and Walking</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Haeuber et al, 2004</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ischemic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch Activity Monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Knarr et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref101" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch Activity Monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lang et al, 2007</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ischemic / Hemorrhagic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8–14 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph 7164 (MTI Health Services) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper extremity/ arm movement</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 day</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lemmens et al, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Actiwatch-AW7 (CamNtech Ltd), Haptic Master (MOOG, Nieuw-Vennep, NL)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper extremity/ arm movement</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RCT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Manns & Baldwin, 2009</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 14 days—3months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch Activity Monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Michael et al, 2009</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref105" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ischemic/ Hemorrhagic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch Activity Monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intervention</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government / Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Michielsen et al, 2012</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stroke-Upper Limb-Activity Monitor (ULAM) (Biometrics Ltd)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper extremity/ arm movement</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 day</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None listed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Moore et al, 2010</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref107" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unilateral supratentorial stroke</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch Cyma Inc.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intervention</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 m (5 days pre-post interventi-on)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Mudge et al, 2009</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref108" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch Activity Monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RCT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 days x4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government/ Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Mudge & Stott, 2009</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref109" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch Activity Monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government / Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Mudge & Stott, 2008</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref110" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch Activity Monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None listed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Rand & Eng, 2012</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref111" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ischemic / Hemorrhagic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 14 days—3months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Actical (Philips Respironics)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both Upper extremity and Walking</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Rand et al, 2010</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref112" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Actical (Philips Respironics)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Rand et al, 2009</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ischemic / Hemorrhagic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Actical (Philips Respironics)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Reiterer et al, 2008</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref114" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ischemic / Hemorrhagic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≤ 7 days (acute)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Actiwatch <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper extremity/ arm movement</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 hrs x4, over 6 m</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None listed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Robinson et al, 2011</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref115" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VKRFitness Twin Step Pedometer (VKRFitness)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None listed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Roos et al, 2012</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref116" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch Activity Monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Seitz et al, 2011</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref117" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ischemic (MCA)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≤ 7 days (acute)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Actiwatch <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper extremity/ arm movement</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Shim et al, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref118" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Accelerometer (FITMETER 2010; KOREA) (U/D)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper extremity/ arm movement</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Strommen et al, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Transient ischemic attack / Ischemic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≤ 7 days (acute)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Actical (Philips Respironics)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both Upper extremity and Walking</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Thrane et al, 2011</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref120" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hemorrhagic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8–14 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph GT1M <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper extremity/ arm movement</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 day</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None listed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Uswatte et al, 2005</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref121" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Model 71256 Activity monitors (Manufacturing Technologies Inc.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper extremity/ arm movement</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intervention</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Uswatte et al, 2006</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref122" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ischemic / Hemorrhagic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wireless accelerometer (Manufacturing Technologies Inc.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper extremity/ arm movement</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intervention</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Uswatte et al, 2009</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref123" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wireless accelerometer (Manufacturing Technologies Inc.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper extremity/ arm movement</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government/ Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Van der Pas et al, 2011</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref124" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undefined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiWatch AW7a <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper extremity/ arm movement</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t002fn001"><p><bold>Abbreviations</bold>: N/A = not applicable, U/D = undefined, non-commercial, HR = heart rate, m = months</p></fn><fn id="t002fn002"><p><sup>(a</sup>*<sup>)</sup> = Study included multiple cohorts with different neurological diagnoses.</p></fn><fn id="t002fn003"><p><sup>(b</sup>*<sup>)</sup> = <underline>Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity. Manufacturers</underline>: MiniSun Company, <underline>Octagonal basic motion loggers</underline>. Manufacturers: Amubulatory Monitoring Inc., <underline>Yamax SW-200</underline> is a pedometer. Manufacturer: Yamax-Digiwalker, HRM USA INC, <underline>ActiGraph 7164 and GT3X</underline> use accelerometers. Manufacturer: Manufacturing Technology Inc./ Health One Technology, <underline>StepWatch activity monitor</underline> use accelerometers and microprocessors. Manufacturer: Modus health llc/ or Manufacturers: Orthocare Innovations, <underline>Actiwatch</underline>. Manufacturer: Cambridge Neurotechnology, <underline>Fitbit</underline> uses accelerometers. Manufacturer: Fitbit Inc., <underline>Nike Fuel band uses accelerometers</underline>. Manufacturer: Nike Inc.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="pone.0154335.t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0154335.t003</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Characteristics of Published Studies Recording Physical Activity via Remote Monitoring for ≥24 hours in People with Parkinson’s Disease.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone.0154335.t003g" xlink:href="pone.0154335.t003"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Author / Year</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parkinson’s Level of Severity</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Device name (Manufacturer)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modality of the device</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study Design</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean Age</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Experimental group N</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control group N</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monitoring Length</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Funding source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cancela et al, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PERFORM <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t003fn002">(a*)</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government/ Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cavanaugh et al, 2012</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref126" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild /moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch activity monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t003fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Chastin et al, 2010</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref127" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild /moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActivPAL (PAL Technologies Ltd)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Device manufacturer (Involved—without monetary exchange)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Dontje et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref128" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TracmorD (Philips New Wellness Solutions, Lifestyle Incubator)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">467</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government /Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>El-Gohary et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild /moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Opal sensors (APDM, Inc.)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ellis et al, 2011</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref130" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate /severe</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch activity monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t003fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">164</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government /Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ford et al, 2010</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref131" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild /moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch activity monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t003fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Garcia Ruiz & Sanchez Bernardos, 2008</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref132" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild /moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAM ActiTrac (ActiTrac 8.29 IM Systems)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both Upper extremity and Walking</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Hideyuki & Hitoshi, 2011</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref133" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild /moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MVP-A3-05A-SD (MicroStone Corporation), Activity Monitoring And Evaluation System (Solid Brains Co., Ltd)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 day</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Hideyuki & Hitoshi, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref134" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild /moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MVP-A3-05A-SD (MicroStone Corporation)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interventional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Iluz et al, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref135" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild /moderate /severe</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DynaPort Hybrid, (McRoberts)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lord et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref136" ref-type="bibr">136</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild /moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActivPAL (PAL Technologies Ltd)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Moore et al, 2011</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref137" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">InvenSense IDG-300 (Freescale Semiconductor MMA7260QT)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 day</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government /Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pan et al, 2007</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref138" ref-type="bibr">138</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild /severe</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECOLOG (Ruputer Pro, Seiko Instruments)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government /Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Rochester et al, 2006</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref139" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild /moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitaport Activity Monitor (TEMEC Instruments Inc.)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 day</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Wallen et al, 2014a</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref140" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild /moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph GT3X, Yamax LS2000 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t003fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Wallen et al, 2014b</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref141" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild /moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph GT3X <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t003fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Weiss et al, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref142" ref-type="bibr">142</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild /moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DynaPort Hybrid system (McRoberts)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>White et al, 2007</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref143" ref-type="bibr">143</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild /moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 uni-axial (M92962) and 1 bi-axial (M92961) piezo-resistive accelerometers</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24hrs x2, 48 hrs x1 (each separated by 1 week)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Yoneyama et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref144" ref-type="bibr">144</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate/Severe</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mimamori-gait system (Mitsubishi Chemical)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 day</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Busse et al, 2004</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t003fn004">(c*)</xref>[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref145" ref-type="bibr">145</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch activity monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t003fn003">(b*)</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t003fn001"><p><bold>Abbreviations</bold>: N/A = not applicable, ECOLOG = ECOlogical neurobehavior LOGger</p></fn><fn id="t003fn002"><p><sup>(a</sup>*<sup>)</sup> = PERFORM (Multi-parametric system for continuous effective assessment and Monitoring of motor status in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disease)</p></fn><fn id="t003fn003"><p><sup>(b</sup>*<sup>)</sup> = <underline>Yamax SW-200</underline> is a pedometer. Manufacturer: Yamax-Digiwalker, HRM USA INC, <underline>ActiGraph 7164 and GT3X</underline> use accelerometers. Manufacturer: Manufacturing Technology Inc/ Health One Technology, <underline>StepWatch activity monitor</underline> use accelerometers and microprocessors. Manufacturer: Modus health llc/ or Manufacturers: Orthocare Innovations</p></fn><fn id="t003fn004"><p><sup>(c</sup>*<sup>)</sup> = Study included multiple cohorts with different neurological diagnoses.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="pone.0154335.t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0154335.t004</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>Characteristics of Published Studies Recording Physical Activity via Remote Monitoring for ≥24 hours in People with Dementia.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone.0154335.t004g" xlink:href="pone.0154335.t004"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Author / Year</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Presumed pathology</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cognitive score</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Device name (Manufacturer)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modality of the device</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study Design</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean Age</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Experimental group N</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control group N</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monitoring Length</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Funding source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>David et al, 2012</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref146" ref-type="bibr">146</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MicroMini (MotionLogger, Ambulatory- Monitoring)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government / Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Erickson et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref147" ref-type="bibr">147</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AD /other dementia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AD/MCI/Control (U/D)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BodyMedia (SenseWear)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gietzelt et al, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref148" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate/ severe</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shimmer sensor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t004fn002">(a*)</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days—x4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gietzelt et al, 2013</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref149" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dementia diagnosis</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MMSE cut off <24/30: Mild/ Moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shimmer sensor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t004fn002">(a*)</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Greiner et al, 2007</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref150" ref-type="bibr">150</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate. Mean MMSE 11.2 ± 5.5.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activity monitoring system (Matrix Co.)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Hoffmeyer et al, 2012</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref151" ref-type="bibr">151</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shimmer sensor (U/D)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>James et al, 2012</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref152" ref-type="bibr">152</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dementia diagnosis</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild / moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Actical<sup>®</sup> (Mini Mitter)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">624</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median 9 (range 2–16) days</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government / Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Kirste et al, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref153" ref-type="bibr">153</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shimmer sensors (U/D)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Nagels et al, 2007</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AD / Lewy body/ Frontotempo-ral /other dementia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Octagonal basic motionlogger (Ambulatory monitoring)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both Upper extremity and Walking</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Nagels et al, 2006</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AD / Lewy body/ Frontotempo-ral /other dementia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate/ severe</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Octagonal basic motionlogger (Ambulatory monitoring)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both Upper extremity and Walking</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Yuki et al, 2012</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref156" ref-type="bibr">156</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frontotempo-ral / other dementia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lifecorder (Suzuken)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">774</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–6 days</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t004fn001"><p><bold>Abbreviations</bold>: MCI = mild cognitive impairment, AD = Alzheimer’s Disease, U/D = undefined, MMSE = mini mental state exam, N/A = not applicable, LE = Lower extremity, N = number</p></fn><fn id="t004fn002"><p>(a*) = Shimmer—Wireless Sensor Platform for Wearable Applications. Internet: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.shimmer-research.com">http://www.shimmer-research.com</ext-link></p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="pone.0154335.t005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0154335.t005</object-id><label>Table 5</label><caption><title>Characteristics of Published Studies Recording Physical Activity via Remote Monitoring for ≥24 hours in People with Traumatic Brain Injury, Ataxia and Studies with Multiple Conditions.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone.0154335.t005g" xlink:href="pone.0154335.t005"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Author / Year</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathology/ Diagnosis</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Time Since Diagnosis/Injury</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Device name (Manufacturer)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modality of the device</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study Design</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean Age</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Experimental group N</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control group N</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monitoring Length</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Funding source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Fulk et al, 2014</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t005fn004">**</xref>[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref096" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TBI / Stroke</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch Activity Monitor/ Fitbit Ultra/ Nike Fuelband/ Yamax DigiWalker SW-701 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t005fn002">(a*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 day</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Hassett et al, 2014</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref157" ref-type="bibr">157</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TBI</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 3 months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ActiGraph GT3X <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t005fn002">(a*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Subramony et al, 2012</bold> [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref158" ref-type="bibr">158</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spino-cerebellar Ataxia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>5–10 years</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch Activity Monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t005fn002">(a*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Hale et al, 2008</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t005fn003">(b*)</xref>[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stroke/PD/ MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 6 months stroke (N/A others diagnosis)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The TriTrac RT3 (Stayhealthy Inc.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Av. of 3 days and 7 days, repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Private Foundation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Busse et al, 2004</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t005fn003">(b*)</xref>[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref145" ref-type="bibr">145</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PD, MS, Neuromuscular</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StepWatch activity monitor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t005fn002">(a*)</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking /gait/ LE physical activity</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 days repeated once</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Government</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t005fn001"><p><bold>Abbreviations</bold>: TBI = Traumatic brain injury, PD = Parkinson’s disease, MS = Multiple sclerosis, N/A = not applicable, LE = lower extremity, Av. average</p></fn><fn id="t005fn002"><p><sup>(a</sup>*<sup>)</sup> = <underline>Yamax DigiWalker SW-701</underline> is a pedometer. Manufacturer: YAMAX Health & Sports Inc, <underline>ActiGraph GT3X</underline> use accelerometers. Manufacturer: Manufacturing Technology Inc /Health One Technology, <underline>StepWatch activity monitor</underline> uses an accelerometer and microprocessor. Manufacturers: Orthocare Innovations/ or Manufacturer: Modus health llc, <underline>Fitbit</underline> uses an accelerometer. Manufacturer: Fitbit Inc., <underline>Nike Fuelband</underline> uses accelerometers. Manufacturer: Nike Inc.</p></fn><fn id="t005fn003"><p><sup>(b</sup>*<sup>)</sup> = Study included multiple cohorts with different neurological diagnoses</p></fn><fn id="t005fn004"><p>** This study is included in <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0154335.t001">Table 1</xref>b—Stroke.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="pone.0154335.t006" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0154335.t006</object-id><label>Table 6</label><caption><title>Summary Characteristics of Studies by Neurological Diagnosis.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone.0154335.t006g" xlink:href="pone.0154335.t006"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section a</bold>:</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Number of studies</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Percent (%)</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Notes</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Number of Articles Identified</italic></bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>61</italic></bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Median year published</italic>: <italic>2011</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Mean Age of Participants / Years</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(18–50)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(>50)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sex</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Greater % of females</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female only</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>MS Phenotype</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">- 79% of participants in all included MS studies had RRMS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(RRMS)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(SPMS)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Relapsing and Progressive)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(“Diagnosed with MS” / Undefined)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Disability Level (EDSS and PDDS equivalent)</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EDSS/PDDS: 6 (2, 3.3%), ≥7 (2, 3.3%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0–5.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(>5.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Not stated)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Mean Disease Duration / Years</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–1 year (0.0%), >1 year– 5 years (0.0%) when reported</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(>5–10)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(>10–20)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(>20)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Not stated)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Reporting of Paralysis/Paresis</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Reporting of Tremor</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">- As an exclusion criteria [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Monitoring Length</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1 day)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2–6 days)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(7 days)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(7 days, repeated once)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2 days, x2—separated by 24 hours)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(7 days, every 6 months—for 2.5yrs)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(10 days, every 3 months—for 1yr)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Used in Physical Activity Monitoring</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t006fn002">*</xref>(ActiGraph 7164)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t006fn002">*</xref>(ActiGraph GT3X)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t006fn002">*</xref>(Yamax SW-200 pedometer)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Other)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(StepWatch Activity Monitor)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(RT3 accelerometer)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Intent</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Healthcare monitoring)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Patient behavior change)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Placement</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Unaffected hip)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Posterior waist)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Unaffected ankle)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Not stated)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Right hip)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both wrists)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Right ankle)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Modality</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Both (0, 0.0%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Walking/ gait activity)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Upper extremity/arm activity)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Defined Acceptable Full Days Monitoring</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Yes)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>- For yes (44)</bold>: > 10 hours of data (30, 68.2%), < 60 minutes of zero scores (24, 54.5%), >3 days per week (7, 15.9%), >5 days per week (2, 4.5%), undefined (10, 22.7%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(No)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Study Setting</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinic (0, 0.0%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Home/ community)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both Clinic and Home)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Study Design</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Observational)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Interventional)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Total N range</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[Control and neurological group]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Lowest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Greatest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">943</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Neurological groups N range</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Lowest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Greatest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">800</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Study Funding</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Device manufacturer (0, 0.0%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Private Foundation)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Not stated/ unfunded at time of publication)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Government)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section b</bold>:</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>STROKE</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Number of Articles Identified</italic></bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>41</italic></bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Median year published</italic>: <italic>2011</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Mean Age of Participants</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sex</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Type of Stroke</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Undefined)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both Ischemic and Hemorrhagic)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ischemic (Middle cerebral artery: 2, 14.3%, undefined: 13, 92.9%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Ischemic)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Hemorrhagic)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Transient Ischemic Attack)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(other)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Time Since Stroke</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(≤7 days—acute)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(8–14 days)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(>14 days– 3 months)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(>3 months)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Undefined)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Reporting of Paralysis/Paresis</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Yes)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(No)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Reporting of Tremor</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Yes)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(No)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Monitoring Length</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1 day)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2–6 days)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5 days)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(7 days)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(24 hours at 4 time points over 6 months)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3 days at: baseline x2, post-Intervention and 3 month follow-up)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(4 weeks: data from 5 days before and after intervention)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Used in Physical Activity Monitoring</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Other)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(ActiGraph 7164)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(StepWatch)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Yamax SW-200 pedometer)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Intent</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Healthcare monitoring)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Behavior change)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Modality</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Walking/ gait activity)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Upper extremity/arm activity)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Defined Acceptable Full Day</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Yes)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(No)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Study Setting</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Home)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Home and Out patient)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Home and Hospital—acute care)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Hospital—acute care)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Hospital—acute care and Out patient)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Out patient)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Study Design</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Observational)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Interventional)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Blinding</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Yes)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-If Yes: clinician and analyst (3/5), participant (3/5), researcher and analyst (1/5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(No)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Total N range</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Lowest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Greatest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">786</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Neurological groups N range</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Lowest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Greatest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">408</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Study Funding</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Government)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Private Foundation)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Not stated/unfunded at time of publication)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section c</bold>:</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>PARKINSON’S DISEASE</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Number of Articles Identified</italic></bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>20</italic></bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Median year published</italic>: <italic>2012</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Mean Age of Participants</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sex</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Reporting of Paralysis/Paresis</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(No)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Reporting of Tremor</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Yes)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(No)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Monitoring Length</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1 day)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2–6 days)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(7 days)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(7 days—repeated once)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 hrs x2, 48 hrs once (each separated by 1 week)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Used in Physical Activity Monitoring</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Other)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(StepWatch)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(ActiGraph GT3X)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(ActivPAL)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Intent</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Healthcare monitoring)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Behavior change)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Placement</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Anterior waist)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Posterior waist)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both ankles)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both wrists)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Hip unaffected or non-dominant)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Multiple limbs)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Modality</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Walking/ gait activity)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Upper extremity/arm activity)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Defined Acceptable Full Day</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Yes)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>- For Yes</bold>: greater than 10 hours minutes of zero scores (2), more than 3 days per week (3), undefined (5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(No)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Study Setting</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Home)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Home and Out patient)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Hospital—acute care)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Study Design</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Observational)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Cross sectional (17), longitudinal (2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Interventional)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Blinding</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(No)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Yes)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>- If Yes</bold>, who was blinded: participants (1), analyst (1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Total N range</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Lowest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Greatest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">467</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Neurological groups N range</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Lowest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Greatest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">467</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Study Funding</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Government)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Private Foundation)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Not stated/ unfunded at time of publication)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Device manufacturer)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">- 1 author: co-inventor of the device, not involved in data collection or analysis of results</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section: d</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>DEMENTIA</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Number of Articles Identified</italic></bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>11</italic></bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Median year published</italic>: <italic>2012</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Mean Age of Participants</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sex</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cognitive Scoring</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Mild)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Moderate)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Mild—Moderate)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">- MMSE cut off <24/30: Mild/ Moderate</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Moderate—Severe)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Presumed Pathology</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Alzheimer’s)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Probable Alzheimer’s and other dementia)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Alzheimer’s / Lewy body/ Frontotemporal /other dementia)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Dementia diagnosis)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Frontotemporal / other dementia)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Reporting of Paralysis/Paresis</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(No)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Reporting of Tremor</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Yes)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(No)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Monitoring Length</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2–6 days)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(7 days)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(7 days—repeated x4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Median of 9 days)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Used in Physical Activity Monitoring</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Other)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Intent</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Healthcare monitoring)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Behavior change)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Placement</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Left or non-dominant wrist)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Right or dominant wrist</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both wrists)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Left ankle)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both ankles)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Right hip)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Other/ Multiple limbs)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Modality</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Walking/ gait activity)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Upper extremity/arm activity)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Defined Acceptable Full Day</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Yes)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>-For Yes</bold>: greater than 10 hours of data (2), less than 60 minutes of zero scores (1), more than 3 days per week (1), undefined (4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(No)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Study Setting</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Home)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(SNF)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Study Design</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Observational)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Cross sectional (9), longitudinal (2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Blinding</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(No)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Total N range</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Lowest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Greatest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">774</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Neurological groups N range</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Lowest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Greatest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">774</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Study Funding</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Private Foundation)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Both Government and Private)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Not stated/ unfunded at time of publication)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section e</bold>:</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Number of Articles Identified</italic></bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>1</italic></bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Mean Age of Participants</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(18–50)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(>50)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sex</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Time Since Diagnosis</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(> 3 months)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Used in Physical Activity Monitoring</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(ActiGraph GT3X)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Modality</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Walking/ gait activity)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Monitoring Length</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(7 days)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Neurological groups N</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Funding</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Private Foundation)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ATAXIA</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Number of Articles Identified</italic></bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>1</italic></bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Mean Age of Participants</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(18–50)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(>50)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sex</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Modality</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Walking/ gait activity)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Monitoring Length</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(7 days)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Neurological groups N</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Funding</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Not stated /unfunded at time of publication)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ACROSS MULTIPLE NEUROLOGICAL DIAGNOSES</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Number of Articles Identified</italic></bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>3</italic></bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Diagnosis</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(TBI/ Stroke)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Stroke/PD/MS)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(PD/AD/Neuromuscular disorder)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Mean Age of Participants</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(18–50)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(>50)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sex</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Device Modality</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Walking/ gait activity)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Monitoring Length</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1 day)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(7 days)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Average of 3 days and 7 days, repeated once)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Neurological groups N range</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Lowest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Greatest N)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Funding</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Government)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Private Foundation)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Not stated /unfunded at time of publication)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t006fn001"><p><bold>Abbreviations</bold>: yrs: years, hrs: hours, MMSE: Mini-Mental Status Examination, SNF: Skilled Nursing Facility, N: number,</p></fn><fn id="t006fn002"><p>*: Used in conjunction with another activity monitor TBI: Traumatic Brain Injury, MS: Multiple Sclerosis, PD: Parkinson’s disease, AD: Alzheimer’s disease.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><sec id="sec011"><title>Multiple Sclerosis</title><p>The majority of the 61 studies (60/61, 98.4%) that remotely monitored activity in MS [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref023" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref082" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>] (Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0154335.t001">1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0154335.t006">6</xref> section a) measured physical activity by walking; one study focused on upper extremity movement.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref083" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>] The length of continuous monitoring ranged from 3 to 7 days for each discrete measurement period [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref066" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>] with 7 days being the measurement paradigm for the majority (41/61, 67.2%) of studies. Most of the studies (44/61, 72.2%) [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref023" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref046" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref056" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref058" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref074" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref076" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref079" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref082" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref084" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>] included both relapsing and progressive MS phenotypes; >78% of participants had relapsing MS. Although MS disease duration varied, studies primarily included persons with disease duration of less than 20 years. Fifty-two studies focused on people having mild to moderate disability (able to walk without a cane or support) [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref023" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref047" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref050" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref052" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref055" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref061" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref064" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref065" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref067" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref074" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref076" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref078" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref079" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>], and only two studies reported inclusion of people with greater levels of disability (requiring a walker or wheelchair for mobility).[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref024" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref083" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>] One research group (Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois) authored 49/61 studies (81.7%)[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref023" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref069" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref072" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref074" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref078" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref082" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>]; results from studies conducted by other groups generally corroborated this group’s results. No studies reported direct research funding by monitoring device manufacturers.</p><p>In two studies focused on people with MS, average daily activity and step count measured via wearable accelerometers correlated with performance-based and self-reported walking mobility and physical activity.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref078" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref081" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>] A third study observed that accelerometers correlate only with performance-based measures of walking (6-minute walk; [6MW,] and the Timed-Up and Go, test; [TUG]) and not self-reported walking activity.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref082" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>]</p><p>People with MS record lower levels of physical activity than the general population and unaffected controls.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref023" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref052" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref063" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref066" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref069" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref073" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref075" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref077" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref080" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>] People with MS also frequently fail to reach daily levels of intensity and duration recommended for the general population.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref085" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>] Lower physical activity levels in MS are associated with higher levels of disability and lower scores in a range of clinical and self-reported outcomes such as walking speed and endurance (Timed 25-Foot Walk [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref023" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref024" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref062" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref068" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref076" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>], 2-minute walk and 6MW [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref023" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref049" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref060" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref067" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref080" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref082" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>]), fatigue (i.e. Fatigue Severity Scale)[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref048" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref057" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>], depression (i.e. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref048" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref057" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref068" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>]), self-efficacy, [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref062" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>] and balance (Berg Balance Scale [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref024" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>], TUG [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref023" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref080" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref082" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>]). Higher levels of physical activity correlate significantly with better performance on mobility measures in the clinic, self-reported disability questionnaires and cognitive processing speed.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref045" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref053" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>] Lower physical activity in MS correlates with age, [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref064" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>] disease duration, [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>] progressive forms of MS, [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] spasticity, [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref023" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>] and unemployment, [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] but not race.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>] However, rate of disability accumulation over 6 months was similar in an active versus a more sedentary group in one study.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref050" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>] Of the 4 studies in MS that tested interventions, internet-based interventions appear to be beneficial in promoting objective and self-reported physical activity and are associated with decreased disability.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref026" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref068" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec012"><title>Stroke</title><p>More than half of the studies (24/41 studies, 58.5%)[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref015" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref086" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>] that reported on activity monitoring post-stroke (Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0154335.t002">2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0154335.t006">6</xref> section b) measured walking or gait; 14 studies (34.1%)[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref094" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref098" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref099" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref109" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref115" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref118" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref121" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>] assessed upper extremity or arm movement; and 3 (7.3%)[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref112" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref120" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>] measured both arm movement and walking. One study included participants with either a diagnosis of stroke (n = 30) or TBI (n = 20). This study is listed under both diagnostic headings and results are analyzed by diagnosis group.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref126" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>] Monitoring duration was usually between 2 and 6 days (28 studies, 68.3%)[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref086" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref093" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref098" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref105" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref110" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref114" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref117" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref120" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref122" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>], although one study monitored step count for 4 weeks, reporting change in daily average steps between the 5 days prior and post intervention.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>] Monitoring usually commenced between 3 and 6 months after the stroke (28, 68.3%)[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref015" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref086" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref088" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref092" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref097" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref101" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref111" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref114" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref116" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref117" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref122" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>]. Fewer than 40% of studies reported details about the type of stroke (i.e. ischemic or hemorrhagic and/or neuroanatomical localization). The presence and side of paralysis or paresis was reported in 92.7% (38/41)[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref015" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref086" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref101" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>] of the articles; one article reported on the presence or absence of tremor as a potential confounder.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>] During monitoring, participants were in the “home/ community” or “hospital—acute care” settings; none of these studies specifically monitored patient activity in acute rehabilitation or at skilled nursing facilities.</p><p>Post-stroke, people tend to have a lower frequency of moderate to vigorous bouts of physical activity and are less likely to reach generally recommended minimum levels of physical activity than healthy controls.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref015" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref086" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>] However, one study found that the “time participants spent on their feet” was similar to healthy controls.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref086" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>] Lower physical activity level post-stroke is associated with poor balance and greater depression scores.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref088" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>] Four intervention studies were identified: 3 aimed at improving arm function, [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref122" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref123" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>] and 1 successfully increased daily step counts using a goal-directed step activity-monitoring program.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref093" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>] An observational study showed little change in daily limb use with accelerometer results, despite significant improvements in clinical measures.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref112" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>] Measuring both upper extremities post-stroke facilitated differentiation of uni- vs. bi-manual tasks, distribution of arm usage, and comparison of impaired vs. unimpaired arm function.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>] Spontaneous early arm movement activity was associated with greater neurological recovery post stroke, [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref118" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>] although results varied regarding prediction of upper extremity recovery. [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref121" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref124" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec013"><title>Parkinson’s Disease</title><p>All 20 studies [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref127" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref146" ref-type="bibr">146</xref>] that reported on activity monitoring in PD (Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0154335.t003">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0154335.t006">6</xref> section c) measured physical activity through walking. Durations of monitoring were mostly for 2–6 days (6, 35.0%)[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref127" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref134" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref136" ref-type="bibr">136</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref140" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref144" ref-type="bibr">144</xref>] or 7 days (8, 40.0%).[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref133" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref137" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref142" ref-type="bibr">142</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref143" ref-type="bibr">143</xref>] Thirty-five per cent of studies (7/20) reported on the presence or absence of tremor as a potential confounder.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref127" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref134" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref136" ref-type="bibr">136</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref139" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref141" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>]</p><p>One activity-monitoring device (DynaPort Hybrid) was able to differentiate between ON/OFF phases and detect “missteps/ near falls” in people with PD in the clinic and home environments.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref136" ref-type="bibr">136</xref>] Participants wore the device in the clinic while missteps were induced, an algorithm was developed to detect deviations from their gait patterns, and the algorithms were validated during an additional three days of device wear-time outside the clinic. Abnormal gait patterns, such as lower amplitude and greater step-to-step variability, were associated with fall risk in people with PD whereas total walking amount was not.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref144" ref-type="bibr">144</xref>]</p><p>People with PD tend to take fewer steps and do shorter bouts of physical activity than the general population.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref130" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref137" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref147" ref-type="bibr">147</xref>] A reduction in total number of steps per day correlates with PD progression, [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref128" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>] and milder severity of PD is associated with higher physical activity levels.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref135" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>] People with PD tend to have a smaller number of longer sedentary periods than healthy controls, although total sedentary time is similar.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>] An intervention study aimed at increasing physical activity in people with PD resulted in increased muscle strength and flexibility, self-directed exercise frequency and duration, reduced fear of falls, but no overall change in the total amount of physical activity.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref135" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec014"><title>Dementia</title><p>Nine [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref148" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref156" ref-type="bibr">156</xref>] of the 11 [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref148" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref158" ref-type="bibr">158</xref>] studies (81.8%) that reported on activity monitoring in dementia (Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0154335.t004">4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0154335.t006">6</xref> section d) measured physical activity as walking. Two studies focused on upper extremity or arm movement in addition to walking or gait.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref157" ref-type="bibr">157</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref158" ref-type="bibr">158</xref>] Monitoring typically lasted 2–6 days (6/11 studies, 54.5%).[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref149" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref153" ref-type="bibr">153</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref158" ref-type="bibr">158</xref>] Most studies involved people with a presumed Alzheimer's dementia or a combination of Alzheimer’s dementia and frontotemporal or Lewy Body dementias (8/11 studies, 72.7%).[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref148" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref150" ref-type="bibr">150</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref152" ref-type="bibr">152</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref153" ref-type="bibr">153</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref157" ref-type="bibr">157</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref158" ref-type="bibr">158</xref>] Severity of cognitive dysfunction was usually mild to moderate (9/11 studies, 81.8%).[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref148" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref149" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref151" ref-type="bibr">151</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref157" ref-type="bibr">157</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref159" ref-type="bibr">159</xref>] Only 2 studies involved people with severe cognitive disability.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref150" ref-type="bibr">150</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref158" ref-type="bibr">158</xref>]</p><p>Physical activity level in people with dementia depended on stage of disease. People with mild Alzheimer’s dementia have lower mean physical activity (associated with apathy and more daytime napping)[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref148" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>] and lower step count per day [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref149" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>] compared to people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or healthy controls. Monitoring was feasible in people with cognitive impairment [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref149" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref>] and accelerometry was able to distinguish partners with and without early Alzheimer’s disease even before deficits were clinically visible.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref>] Monitoring in people with dementia distinguished “intensive wandering behavior,” which, when assessed along with estimations of energy expenditure, facilitated accurate calculation of nutritional requirement.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref152" ref-type="bibr">152</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec015"><title>Traumatic Brain Injury</title><p>The single study in TBI concluded that 7 days of accelerometry was feasible in 30 people more than 3 months post-TBI (adherence >86%). Physical activity was below recommended levels.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref160" ref-type="bibr">160</xref>] Data were more reliable than a self-reported physical activity questionnaire to determine amount, but not type of, moderate to vigorous physical activity.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref160" ref-type="bibr">160</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec016"><title>Ataxia</title><p>In a single study of physical activity monitoring in ataxia, 19 participants with spinocerebellar ataxia wore a step activity monitor for 7 days; greater physical activity was associated with shorter disease duration and lower disability scores.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref161" ref-type="bibr">161</xref>]</p><p>The remaining studies that reported physical activity monitoring in mixed populations [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref126" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref147" ref-type="bibr">147</xref>] measured walking activity or gait (Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0154335.t005">5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0154335.t006">6</xref> section e). One study observed 50 people with either TBI or stroke over the age of 50 and greater than 3 months post injury assessing various activity monitoring systems.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref126" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>] Another study evaluated a tri-axial accelerometer (TriTrac RT3) over 7 days in a study sample of patients with stroke (> 6 months in duration) (20), PD (7), or MS (11), and sedentary healthy controls (9).[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>] Mobility was more accurately assessed using 7-day activity monitoring than with a patient reported measure. A third study measured step count in participants with PD (10), MS (10), primary muscle disorder (10) and healthy controls (30) over 7 days in free-living conditions.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref147" ref-type="bibr">147</xref>] Neurological patients were observed to have a lower level of physical activity than healthy controls.</p></sec><sec id="sec017"><title>Reliability and Validity</title><p>Many studies provided evidence of the reliability of various devices. For the StepWatch Activity Monitor post-stroke, the test-retest interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values were 0.93–0.99 over a minimum of 3 days.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref110" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>] Other studies documented similar ICC values for Actical accelerometer activity counts (ICC >0.94; 95% CI 0.91–0.97) in people post-stroke with no differences between workdays and weekend days.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref114" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>] In MS, test-retest ICC values were 0.91 and 0.88 for steps per day and activity counts per day (ActiGraph GT3X), respectively, over 6 months, although the ICC was smaller for people with greater disability (ICC = 0.672 for activity counts/day and ICC = 0.774 for steps/day).[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>] In a direct comparison in MS, seven days of monitoring (ActiGraph 7164) produced an ICC of 0.93 whereas three days yielded an ICC of 0.80, with no difference noted between days of the week (weekdays or weekend days) when measuring walking activity or gait.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref066" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>] A 7-day period (using a TriTrac RT3 accelerometer) was most reliable in patients with stroke, MS or PD.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>] In PD, 24 hours of monitoring was found to be reliable to record a participants’ functional activity (average step count, inactive vs. active minutes using an activity monitor).[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref145" ref-type="bibr">145</xref>] In spinocerebellar ataxia, internal consistency was highest with 7-days of monitoring, but 3 days of monitoring using a step activity monitor still correlated strongly with 7-day measures.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref161" ref-type="bibr">161</xref>]</p><p>Evidence of validity primarily comes from comparison of activity data collected remotely with established performance-based and self-report measures. In MS, number of steps per day correlates with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), the Patient Determined Disease Steps (PDDS) scale, performance-based ambulatory measures in the clinic and patient-reported outcomes.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref024" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>] Post-stroke, the ICC was high when comparing activity counts for the paretic and non-paretic hip (0.96), [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref114" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>] but correlation was moderate when comparing activity with patient-reported activity questionnaires.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref090" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>] Post-stroke, activity counts for the upper extremity had high predictive value for good arm recovery; [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref098" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>] both arms are used less than by healthy controls, and less arm activity correlates with increased impairment and reduced muscle activity measured by EMG.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref098" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref099" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref118" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>] In TBI, activity counts were more accurate than questionnaires in characterizing levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref160" ref-type="bibr">160</xref>] In spinocerebellar ataxia, average step count across 7 days correlated strongly with disability scores and moderately with walking speed.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref161" ref-type="bibr">161</xref>]</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec018"><title>Discussion</title><p>This systematic review examines a decade of literature on remote monitoring of physical activity in people with neurological diseases. Physical activity monitoring is feasible in these populations, including in those with impaired cognition. Some of the evidence was sparse: very few of the eligible studies used remote activity monitoring as an outcome for an intervention (9/134), [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref026" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref068" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref093" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref122" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref123" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref135" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>] indicating that use of these tools in neurological populations is still primarily in an observational or validation phase. Nevertheless, the data in some diagnostic groups indicate that remote monitoring of physical activity can be a clinically useful way to assess activity status over time.</p><p>A wide array of variables can be used to measure physical activity. The most common are permutations of activity count or step count. However, other activity variables may provide better prognostic value in disease-specific situations. For example, length and number of moderate to vigorous activity bouts [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref086" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref105" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>] reflected differences better than total step count in some studies following stroke, [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref086" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref116" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>] whereas total step count, highest step rate in 1 minute, highest step rate in 5 minutes, and peak activity index appeared most reliable in others.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref110" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>] Detection of upper limb recovery via accelerometer measures of arm/upper extremity movement was also favored post-stroke, [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref098" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref109" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref112" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref118" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>] and may prove helpful in other populations, such as upper limb function in MS. In PD, average number of steps per day correlated with activity level and disease progression in many studies.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref128" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref132" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref133" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>] However, in a minority there was no correlation between activity count and patient-reported assessments of symptom severity.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref140" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>] Physical activity monitoring using specialized devices may also be used to predict fall-risk and measure missteps in PD, [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>] functionality that, if replicated and validated, could be very be useful in other neurological populations, including MS and stroke.</p><p>Across diagnoses, physical activity is consistently lower in neurological populations than in those without neurological disease.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref083" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref148" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref149" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>] The total amount of activity or step counts measured via accelerometers is lower in MS (e.g.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref063" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref069" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>]), dementia (e.g.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref151" ref-type="bibr">151</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref153" ref-type="bibr">153</xref>]), and stroke [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref118" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>] than in controls. In people with moderate to severe PD, pattern of activity was different (sedentary bouts were longer) but total volume of sedentary time was similar to controls.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>] In those with mild to moderate PD, speed of turns was slower than in healthy controls, and reductions in daily ambulatory activity (volume of moderate to vigorous physical activity) were detected over a year, even without evident changes in clinical measures of gait or disease severity.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref128" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>]</p><p>Remote physical activity monitoring for durations of >24 hours was feasible in the neurological populations studied; [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref076" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>] however, adherence was a potential concern. Post-stroke, the placement of sensors in pockets (confounding clothing movement with activity and increasing risk of leaving the device behind when changing clothes), impaired mental status, depression, and device discomfort (leading to withdrawal of 25% of patients from one study) all reduced adherence.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref089" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref091" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref096" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>] In PD, patients concerned with appearance also had reduced adherence (affecting over a quarter of participants in one study).[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref127" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>] Physical activity monitoring for extended periods of time was well tolerated in people with Alzheimer's Disease, although adherence was lower (83%) compared to healthy controls (100%).[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref149" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>] Tolerability was not recorded as a significant problem in studies involving people with MS, although adherence and loss of data from attrition was noted in several studies (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0154335.s002">S1a Table</xref>).</p><p>Intervention studies in stroke are heterogeneous with regards to adherence and walking performance. A circuit-based rehabilitation study aimed at increasing stroke patients’ amount and rate of walking in their home environment, found high adherence rates to the program.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref108" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>] Specific mention of device adherence was not recorded.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref108" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>] A separate intervention study recording steps per day during 4 weeks, reported ~25% attrition due to non-compliance.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>]</p><p>Interventional studies testing physical activity monitoring in stroke patients observed changes in clinical and patient-reported measures, but, perhaps in part due to inadequate adherence, failed to demonstrate changes in physical activity (average steps per day) in the home environment. [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref107" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref108" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>] Likewise, home intervention for increasing activity in people with PD observed improvements in strength, flexibility and a reduction in fear of falling, without noting changes is overall daily physical activity levels.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref135" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>] Studies in MS, however, indicated that Internet-based exercise interventions can help to increase physical activity (activity/ steps per day), and improve self-reported disease symptoms and self-efficacy over 6 months.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref068" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>]</p><p>The few reviewed intervention studies using remote monitoring affirm that measuring activity levels of patients with minimal invasiveness in their natural environment has potential advantages over traditional self-reported and clinic-based measures. Self-reported measures are easy to obtain through questionnaires but are prone to recall bias. Performance-based measures in clinic can provide a useful snapshot of physical activity and may have prognostic value but are primarily measures of physical activity patients are <italic>capable of</italic> rather than how active patients <italic>actually are</italic> in their natural environment.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref107" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref108" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>] Future intervention studies should continue measuring outcomes in multi-faceted ways as researchers gather more evidence of the relationship between the different categories of measures.</p><p>The accelerometer-based activity monitors used in many of the included studies are not primarily designed or marketed for consumer use, with current prices ranging from ~$200 to $600, which do not include software (~$2000) necessary for data analysis (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0154335.s003">S2 Table</xref>). Many commercially available monitors have not yet been evaluated in neurological populations. One recent study in healthy individuals showed no systematic bias when comparing step counts recorded via commercially available activity monitors (i.e. Fitbit) versus research grade accelerometers (ActiGraph).[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref162" ref-type="bibr">162</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref163" ref-type="bibr">163</xref>] However, the accuracy of non-research grade activity monitors remains an active source of debate, [<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref010" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref019" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0154335.ref164" ref-type="bibr">164</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref167" ref-type="bibr">167</xref>] as does the failure of activity monitors to efficiently track many non-walking-based physical activities such as swimming, cycling, strength training and yoga.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref>]</p><p>Lessons learned from this systematic review lead to several recommendations for translation of remote physical activity monitoring in neurological indications. 1) Remote physical activity monitoring research would benefit from standardization in reporting. We provide a checklist that might aid researchers and clinicians in future research and clinical use (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone.0154335.g002">Fig 2</xref>). 2) While remote monitoring devices and measurement protocols should be tested and validated in specific neurological conditions, solutions are likely to translate across neurological conditions that share patterns of functional impairment. 3) Activity monitors have the potential to be retooled with suites of variables specific to particular diagnostic indications. For example, a disease-specific remote monitoring suite for MS might include step and activity count, fall detection, upper extremity function and temperature sensors to correlate with possible heat-induced demyelination-related disability. Additional functionality could include reminders to exercise, take medication or keep to a schedule for bowel and bladder maintenance.[<xref rid="pone.0154335.ref169" ref-type="bibr">169</xref>] For all diagnostic groups, monitors could be tailored to track adherence to home exercise programs. If worn for longer periods of time, they could detect continuation of or changes in activity after specific punctate interventions (pharmacologic, medical, telehealth, or exercise-based) aimed to increase activity levels. Further studies are needed for longer periods of time (continuously for months/years) to determine the feasibility and responsiveness of activity monitoring devices for these purposes.</p><fig id="pone.0154335.g002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0154335.g002</object-id><label>Fig 2</label><caption><title>Checklist for Standardization of Reporting for Remote Physical Activity Monitoring in Neurological Disease.</title><p><italic>From</italic>: Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 6(6): e1000097. doi:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed1000097">10.1371/journal.pmed1000097</ext-link> For more information, visit: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.prisma-statement.org">www.prisma-statement.org</ext-link>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0154335.g002"></graphic></fig><p>Limitations of this review include the focus on adults with neurological disease; lessons learned do not necessarily extend to pediatric populations with these conditions. This review also focuses specifically on physical activity monitoring and by necessity does not analyze advances in non-voluntary activities that can also be assessed via remote monitoring, such as seizure detection and sleep. Because only 9 of the 134 studies were interventional, our review does not include a meta-analysis.</p><p>In conclusion, this review records emerging evidence to support the use of remote physical activity monitoring in neurological care and neurorehabilitation. Because some patients already regularly perform such monitoring on themselves using commercial wearable devices or through their smartphones, providers also need to become familiar with these technologies and strategies for interpretation and to consider this knowledge translation when planning future studies.</p></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="sec019"><title>Supporting Information</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="pone.0154335.s001"><label>S1 Fig</label><caption><title>PRISMA checklist.</title><p>(TIFF)</p></caption><media xlink:href="pone.0154335.s001.tiff"><caption><p>Click here for additional data file.</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="pone.0154335.s002"><label>S1 Table</label><caption><title>Risk of Bias for Individual Studies.</title><p>(a = multiple sclerosis, b = stroke, c = Parkinson’s disease, d = Dementia/Alzheimer’s disease, and e = Multiple neurological disorders)</p><p>(DOCX)</p></caption><media xlink:href="pone.0154335.s002.docx"><caption><p>Click here for additional data file.</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="pone.0154335.s003"><label>S2 Table</label><caption><title>Summary of Common Monitors Used In Studies Monitoring Physical Activity for ≥ 24 Hours.</title><p>(PDF)</p></caption><media xlink:href="pone.0154335.s003.pdf"><caption><p>Click here for additional data file.</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="pone.0154335.s004"><label>S3 Table</label><caption><title>Level of Evidence Intervention studies.</title><p>(DOCX)</p></caption><media xlink:href="pone.0154335.s004.docx"><caption><p>Click here for additional data file.</p></caption></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="pone.0154335.ref001"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Trost</surname><given-names>SG</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Tudor-Locke</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>. <article-title>Advances in the science of objective physical activity monitoring: 3rd International Conference on Ambulatory Monitoring of Physical Activity and Movement</article-title>. <source>British journal of sports medicine</source>. <year>2014</year>;<volume>48</volume>(<issue>13</issue>):<fpage>1009</fpage>–<lpage>10</lpage>. 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