Overall rate, location, and predictive factors for positive surgical margins after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer
Identifieur interne : 000462 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000461; suivant : 000463Overall rate, location, and predictive factors for positive surgical margins after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer
Auteurs : Sung Gu Kang [Corée du Sud] ; Oscar Schatloff [États-Unis] ; Abdul Muhsin Haidar [États-Unis] ; Srinivas Samavedi [États-Unis] ; Kenneth J. Palmer [États-Unis] ; Jun Cheon [Corée du Sud] ; Vipul R. Patel [États-Unis]Source :
- Asian Journal of Andrology [ 1008-682X ] ; 2015.
Abstract
We report the overall rate, locations and predictive factors of positive surgical margins (PSMs) in 271 patients with high-risk prostate cancer. Between April 2008 and October 2011, we prospectively collected data from patients classified as D’Amico high-risk who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Overall rate and location of PSMs were reported. Stepwise logistic regression models were fitted to assess predictive factors of PSM. The overall rate of PSMs was 25.1% (68 of 271 patients). Of these PSM, 38.2% (26 of 68) were posterolateral (PL), 26.5% (18 of 68) multifocal, 16.2% (11 of 68) in the apex, 14.7% (10 of 68) in the bladder neck, and 4.4% (3/68) in other locations. The PSM rate of patients with pathological stage pT2 was 8.6% (12 of 140), 26.6% (17 of 64) of pT3a, 53.3% (32/60) of pT3b, and 100% (7 of 7) of pT4. In a logistic regression model including pre-, intra-, and post-operative parameters, body mass index (odds ratio [OR]: 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.19,
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DOI: 10.4103/1008-682X.148723
PubMed: 25966623
PubMed Central: 4736340
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Overall rate, location, and predictive factors for positive surgical margins after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer</title><author><name sortKey="Kang, Sung Gu" sort="Kang, Sung Gu" uniqKey="Kang S" first="Sung Gu" last="Kang">Sung Gu Kang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Urology, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Urology, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schatloff, Oscar" sort="Schatloff, Oscar" uniqKey="Schatloff O" first="Oscar" last="Schatloff">Oscar Schatloff</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haidar, Abdul Muhsin" sort="Haidar, Abdul Muhsin" uniqKey="Haidar A" first="Abdul Muhsin" last="Haidar">Abdul Muhsin Haidar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samavedi, Srinivas" sort="Samavedi, Srinivas" uniqKey="Samavedi S" first="Srinivas" last="Samavedi">Srinivas Samavedi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, Kenneth J" sort="Palmer, Kenneth J" uniqKey="Palmer K" first="Kenneth J" last="Palmer">Kenneth J. Palmer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheon, Jun" sort="Cheon, Jun" uniqKey="Cheon J" first="Jun" last="Cheon">Jun Cheon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Urology, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Urology, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patel, Vipul R" sort="Patel, Vipul R" uniqKey="Patel V" first="Vipul R" last="Patel">Vipul R. Patel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25966623</idno><idno type="pmc">4736340</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4736340</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4736340</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/1008-682X.148723</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000462</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000462</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Overall rate, location, and predictive factors for positive surgical margins after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer</title><author><name sortKey="Kang, Sung Gu" sort="Kang, Sung Gu" uniqKey="Kang S" first="Sung Gu" last="Kang">Sung Gu Kang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Urology, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Urology, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schatloff, Oscar" sort="Schatloff, Oscar" uniqKey="Schatloff O" first="Oscar" last="Schatloff">Oscar Schatloff</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haidar, Abdul Muhsin" sort="Haidar, Abdul Muhsin" uniqKey="Haidar A" first="Abdul Muhsin" last="Haidar">Abdul Muhsin Haidar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samavedi, Srinivas" sort="Samavedi, Srinivas" uniqKey="Samavedi S" first="Srinivas" last="Samavedi">Srinivas Samavedi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, Kenneth J" sort="Palmer, Kenneth J" uniqKey="Palmer K" first="Kenneth J" last="Palmer">Kenneth J. Palmer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheon, Jun" sort="Cheon, Jun" uniqKey="Cheon J" first="Jun" last="Cheon">Jun Cheon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Urology, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Urology, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patel, Vipul R" sort="Patel, Vipul R" uniqKey="Patel V" first="Vipul R" last="Patel">Vipul R. Patel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Asian Journal of Andrology</title><idno type="ISSN">1008-682X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1745-7262</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>We report the overall rate, locations and predictive factors of positive surgical margins (PSMs) in 271 patients with high-risk prostate cancer. Between April 2008 and October 2011, we prospectively collected data from patients classified as D’Amico high-risk who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Overall rate and location of PSMs were reported. Stepwise logistic regression models were fitted to assess predictive factors of PSM. The overall rate of PSMs was 25.1% (68 of 271 patients). Of these PSM, 38.2% (26 of 68) were posterolateral (PL), 26.5% (18 of 68) multifocal, 16.2% (11 of 68) in the apex, 14.7% (10 of 68) in the bladder neck, and 4.4% (3/68) in other locations. The PSM rate of patients with pathological stage pT2 was 8.6% (12 of 140), 26.6% (17 of 64) of pT3a, 53.3% (32/60) of pT3b, and 100% (7 of 7) of pT4. In a logistic regression model including pre-, intra-, and post-operative parameters, body mass index (odds ratio [OR]: 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.19, <italic>P</italic>= 0.029), pathological stage (pT3b or higher <italic>vs</italic> pT2; OR: 5.14; 95% CI: 1.92–13.78; <italic>P</italic> = 0.001) and percentage of the tumor (OR: 46.71; 95% CI: 6.37–342.57; <italic>P</italic>< 0.001) were independent predictive factors for PSMs. The most common location of PSMs in patients at high-risk was the PL aspect, which reflects the reported tumor aggressiveness. The only significant predictive factors of PSMs were pathological outcomes, such as percentage of the tumor in the specimen and pathological stage.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wilt, Tj" uniqKey="Wilt T">TJ Wilt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brawer, Mk" uniqKey="Brawer M">MK Brawer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Km" uniqKey="Jones K">KM Jones</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barry, Mj" uniqKey="Barry M">MJ Barry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aronson, Wj" uniqKey="Aronson W">WJ Aronson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bill Axelson, A" uniqKey="Bill Axelson A">A Bill-Axelson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holmberg, L" uniqKey="Holmberg L">L Holmberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruutu, M" uniqKey="Ruutu M">M Ruutu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garmo, H" uniqKey="Garmo H">H Garmo</name></author><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Asian J Androl</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Asian J. Androl</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AJA</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Asian Journal of Andrology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1008-682X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1745-7262</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25966623</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4736340</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AJA-18-123</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/1008-682X.148723</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Overall rate, location, and predictive factors for positive surgical margins after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kang</surname><given-names>Sung Gu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schatloff</surname><given-names>Oscar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haidar</surname><given-names>Abdul Muhsin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Samavedi</surname><given-names>Srinivas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Palmer</surname><given-names>Kenneth J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cheon</surname><given-names>Jun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Patel</surname><given-names>Vipul R</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Department of Urology, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>From the Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, and University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Correspondence: Dr. VR Patel (<email xlink:href="vipul.patel.md@flhosp.org">vipul.patel.md@flhosp.org</email>)
</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Jan-Feb</season><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>123</fpage><lpage>128</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>10</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>25</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>05</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Asian Journal of Andrology</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>We report the overall rate, locations and predictive factors of positive surgical margins (PSMs) in 271 patients with high-risk prostate cancer. Between April 2008 and October 2011, we prospectively collected data from patients classified as D’Amico high-risk who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Overall rate and location of PSMs were reported. Stepwise logistic regression models were fitted to assess predictive factors of PSM. The overall rate of PSMs was 25.1% (68 of 271 patients). Of these PSM, 38.2% (26 of 68) were posterolateral (PL), 26.5% (18 of 68) multifocal, 16.2% (11 of 68) in the apex, 14.7% (10 of 68) in the bladder neck, and 4.4% (3/68) in other locations. The PSM rate of patients with pathological stage pT2 was 8.6% (12 of 140), 26.6% (17 of 64) of pT3a, 53.3% (32/60) of pT3b, and 100% (7 of 7) of pT4. In a logistic regression model including pre-, intra-, and post-operative parameters, body mass index (odds ratio [OR]: 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.19, <italic>P</italic>= 0.029), pathological stage (pT3b or higher <italic>vs</italic> pT2; OR: 5.14; 95% CI: 1.92–13.78; <italic>P</italic> = 0.001) and percentage of the tumor (OR: 46.71; 95% CI: 6.37–342.57; <italic>P</italic>< 0.001) were independent predictive factors for PSMs. The most common location of PSMs in patients at high-risk was the PL aspect, which reflects the reported tumor aggressiveness. The only significant predictive factors of PSMs were pathological outcomes, such as percentage of the tumor in the specimen and pathological stage.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>prostate</kwd><kwd>prostatectomy</kwd><kwd>prostatic neoplasm</kwd><kwd>residual</kwd><kwd>robotics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Growing evidence supports the need for observation or active surveillance of men with localized prostate cancer (PCa), especially those who are at low clinical risk.<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref><xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref><xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref><xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref><xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> In contrast, contemporary studies support a trend toward performing radical prostatectomy (RP) in men with high-risk PCa given their favorable results.<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref><xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref><xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> Reports of RP in patients at high-risk is not new, but high-quality evidence of the merits of surgery has not been reported. Therefore, the merits of surgery in patients at high-risk with PCa remain debatable and many treatment options exist. Lawrentschuk <italic>et al</italic>.<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> noted that the life expectancy of the patient, the characteristics and the curability of the cancer, and the morbidity of treatment should all be considered when selecting the best treatment option.</p><p>The role of RP in patients at high-risk is part of a multimodal approach, although a significant number of patients undergo surgery as a monotherapy.<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref><xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> Modalities that do not include organ removal cannot accurately determine tumor characteristics, such as grade and stage, and eventual prognosis. Although the D’Amico classification is generally used to predict patient prognosis preoperatively, the aggressiveness of PCa can be more precisely evaluated from RP specimens. These pathological outcomes are useful in planning the optimal additional local treatment strategies.</p><p>The morbidity of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) for most men is comparable to RT another treatment option in patients at high-risk.<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> RALP arguably decreases complications, blood transfusions, and lengths of stay.<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> Although no randomized trial has compared open RP and RALP, the increased use of robots corresponds with decreasing morbidity.<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> A recent comparative study assessing >7000 men reported that patients with high-risk PCa had lower mortality when treated with RP than with radiation or androgen-deprivation therapy alone.<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> RALP can also achieve a positive surgical margin (PSM) rate equivalent to that of open RP.<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref><xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> However, several studies in patients at high-risk have suggested that the PSM rates are too high. They also suggest that open surgery is preferred because the absence of haptic feedback with RALP can result in a high PSM rate.<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref><xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> Few studies of RALP have included patients with high-risk PCa and most included a small number of patients.<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> The current study includes 271 men with high-risk PCa where RALP was performed by a single surgeon. We only included surgeries performed after the surgeon's first 1500 surgeries to minimize the effects of the learning curve on the rate, location, and predictive factors of PSMs. We investigated the overall PSM rate and specific PSM locations following robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). We also determined predictive factors for PSM by evaluating pre-, intra-, and post-operative variables.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><sec id="sec2-1"><title></title><sec id="sec3-1"><title>Patient selection</title><p>From 2008 to 2011, 3156 patients underwent RARP performed by a single surgeon (VRP) who had performed more than 1500 such operations. The clinical records of all patients who provided informed consent were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed after receiving approval from the Institutional Review Board. Of these men, we identified 271 who met the D’Amico high-risk criteria: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level > 20 ng ml<sup>−1</sup>, Gleason score (GS) of 8–10, or clinical stage ≥ T2c.<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> The clinical stage was determined from a thorough examination of the bilateral prostate lobe by digital rectal examination (DRE) under anesthesia. A bone scan was performed on patients with a PSA > 20 ng ml<sup>−1</sup>, a clinical stage ≥ T3, GS ≥ 8, or clinical symptoms to evaluate metastases. Computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were not routinely recommended. However, a CT scan was recommended if the clinical stage was ≥ T3 or the PSA level was >10 ng ml<sup>−1</sup> in selected patients. All bone scans and pelvic imaging (CT or MRI) in this study were negative for metastases.</p></sec><sec id="sec3-2"><title>Surgical technique</title><p>All surgical procedures were performed using a transperitoneal, six-port technique as previously reported.<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> This technique is an early retrograde, athermal, interfacial nerve sparing (NS) procedure performed with minimal traction.<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> After the seminal vesicles were mobilized and the posterior dissection was completed, the procedure usually began at the left side NS. The prostate was axially rotated clockwise and fixed with an assistant microfrance grasper to expose the left lateral aspect of the prostate. An interfascial plane between the neurovascular bundle (NVB) and prostate was developed at the level of the midprostate and dissected posteriorly until it reached the posterior plane of dissection between the prostate and rectum, created previously. The interfascial plane was extended both distally to the apex, and proximally to the prostatic pedicle. At this stage, the nerve bundle was only attached to the prostate by the pedicle. The pedicle was divided athermally after applying hemolock clips. A few millimeters of space was usually created between the NVB and the base of the prostate to safely apply the clips. The NS on the right side was then replicated in a similar fashion. The full surgical technique is well described in our previous reports.</p><p>A certain degree of NS was generally attempted in all patients. The indication for partial versus full NS is not clearly described in the literature. In this study, the decision was made based on multiple factors: GS, a clinical stage, and side of the tumor on preoperative biopsy. An ongoing study aims to delineate a clear indication for the NS procedure taking into account the extent of extracapsular extension (mm) in relation to multiple preoperative variables. Before the vesicourethral anastomosis, a standard lymphadenectomy was performed in patients at high-risk.</p></sec><sec id="sec3-3"><title>Prostate biopsy and pathologic analysis of the surgical specimen</title><p>As previously described, most patients in this study came from other centers, so the biopsy technique and number of cores were not standardized.<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> However, all slides were thoroughly reviewed by a second uropathologist at our institution. Primary and secondary Gleason grades and the total number and percentage of positive cores in the biopsy specimens were investigated. Surgical specimens from the RARP were used to assess postoperative pathological parameters such as pathological stage, GS, percentage of tumor, perineural invasion (PNI), high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, atrophy, and prostate weight. PSM was defined as the presence of tumor on the inked margin of the specimen. PSM was categorized into four groups based on site: apical, posterolateral (PL), bladder neck (BN), and multifocal (MF). Pathological staging was performed using the 2002 tumor node metastasis classification.</p></sec><sec id="sec3-4"><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>Univariate analysis was performed for all individual pre-, intra-, and post-operative parameters, which may potentially predict the PSM after RARP. Two multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors for predictive PSMs after RARP. The first logistic regression model was fit including only preoperative variables, such as age, body mass index (BMI), a clinical stage, and biopsy GS. In the second model, pre-, intra-, and post-operative variables were included and the independent variables used were age, BMI, PSA, preoperative GS, clinical stage, type of NS procedure, PNI, HGPIN, BPH, prostatitis, atrophy, pathological stage, pathological GS, and percentage of tumor. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., an IBM Company, Chicago, IL, USA), and null hypotheses of no difference were rejected if <italic>P</italic> < 0.05.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>RESULTS</title><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="T1"><bold>Table 1</bold></xref> shows the basic characteristics of the 271 evaluated patients. The mean age was 62.9 years (range, 40.0–80.0), and the mean BMI was 28.6 kg m<sup>−2</sup> (range, 21.0–41.0). The mean preoperative PSA level was 9.9 ng mg<sup>−1</sup> (range, 1.5–71.0), and the mean prostate weight was 53.0 g (range, 24.0–135.0). The clinical stages were as follows: 121 (44.6%) with T1c, 126 (46.5%) with T2, and 19 (7.0%) with T3 or higher. Biopsy GSs were 6 in 13 patients (4.8%), 7 in 26 patients (9.6%), and 8 or higher in 232 patients (85.6%). Pathologic stages were T2 in 140 patients (51.7%), T3a in 64 patients (23.6%), T3b in 60 patients (22.1%), and T4 in 7 patients (2.6%). Pathological GSs were 6 in 22 patients (8.1%), 7 in 138 patients (50.9%), and 8 or higher in 111 patients (41.0%).</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Patient characteristics</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AJA-18-123-g001"></graphic></table-wrap><p>The overall PSM rate was 25.1% (68 of 271 patients). The PSM rate of patients with pathological stage pT2 was 8.6% (12 of 140), 26.6% (17 of 64) of pT3a, 53.3% (32/60) of pT3b, and 100% (7 of 7) of pT4. Of the PSMs, 38.2% (26 of 68) were PL, 26.5% (18 of 68) were MF, 16.2% (11 of 68) were apical, 14.7% (10 of 68) were in the BN, 2.9% (2 of 68) were in the anterior prostate, and 1.5% (1/68) were in the vas deferens. In pT2 specimens, 41.7% of PSMs were located at the apex and 41.7% were PL. In pT3a and pT3b specimens, the most common PSM site was PL (41.2% and 40.6%, respectively), and the most common PSM site in pT4 specimens was MF (42.9%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2"><bold>Table 2</bold></xref>).</p><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>PSM rate and site-specific PSM rate by pathological stage</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AJA-18-123-g002"></graphic></table-wrap><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="T3"><bold>Table 3</bold></xref> shows the association between pre-, intra-, and post-operative parameters and PSMs by univariate analysis. Preoperative PSA and clinical stage were predictors of PSM (<italic>P</italic> = 0.045 and <italic>P</italic> = 0.040, respectively). Among patients with pT2 and pT3 tumors, the PSM rates were similar regardless of the type of NS procedure performed (<italic>P</italic> = 0.996 and <italic>P</italic> = 0.130, respectively). Pathological stage, pathological GS, and percentage of tumor were associated with an increased risk of PSM (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001, <italic>P</italic> = 0.048, and <italic>P</italic> < 0.001, respectively).</p><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Association between preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative parameters with PSMs: univariate analysis</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AJA-18-123-g003"></graphic></table-wrap><p>In the multiple logistic regression model that included only preoperative parameters, preoperative PSA and clinical stage were independent predictive factors for PSMs. A clinical stage of T3 or higher was associated with a 4.43-fold higher-risk of PSM than was a stage of T1c (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.55–12.71). Preoperative PSA was also significantly associated with PSMs in this model (odds ratio [OR]: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.00–1.05, <italic>P</italic> = 0.042). In the logistic regression model that included pre-, intra-, and post-operative parameters, BMI, pathological stage, and the percentage of tumor were independent predictive factors for PSM. A pathological stage of T3b or higher was associated with a 5.14-fold higher-risk of PSM than was stage of pT2 (95% CI: 1.92–13.78). BMI was also associated with PSMs by multivariate analysis (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.01–1.19, <italic>P</italic> = 0.029). The percentage of tumor in the surgical specimen was the most significant predictor of a PSM in the multivariate analysis (OR: 46.71; 95% CI: 6.37–342.57; <italic>P</italic> < 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T4"><bold>Table 4</bold></xref>).</p><table-wrap id="T4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Multivariate analysis of independent predicting factors of PSMs</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AJA-18-123-g004"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>Men with high-risk localized PCa require active treatment, but no consensus regarding the optimal treatment has been reached.<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref><xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> When selecting treatments for these patients, several factors should be considered such as the patient's age, the natural history of the PCa, the curability of the disease, and treatment morbidities such as continence.<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> Although RP has been performed in patients at high-risk, surgery is less frequently performed in these patients because of the known risk of disease recurrence.<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> However, the trend toward performing RP in more patients at high-risk is supported by recent reports of favorable results.<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref><xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> Surgery is best used as part of a multimodal approach combining RP, extensive lymphadenectomy, and when required, additional radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy.<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> Although the optimal timing of RT in men with PSMs is still controversial, the rationale for offering additional local therapy to men with PSMs is generally accepted.<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref><xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref> Therefore, knowing the margin status in these patients at high-risk is important to develop an additional treatment plan.<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref><xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> Thus, in patients at high-risk, RP can initially be used to cure the cancer or as the first step of a treatment plan to improve pathological outcomes.<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> However, only a few studies have reported PSM rates and factors predictive of PSMs from high-volume centers.</p><p>The increasing use of surgery to treat patients at high-risk coincides with the increasing use of minimally invasive RALP.<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> Although the role of RALP in patients at high-risk has not been well described, the purported advantages of a decreased length of stay and earlier return to baseline function correspond with the increased use of RALP.<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> Technical refinement and technological advantages such as three-dimensional vision, magnification, and 7° of freedom have contributed to decreases in PSM rates in recent RP series. Patel <italic>et al</italic>.<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> reported that the PSM rate for patients with pT2 tumors in a multi-institutional series was lower in the RARP group than in open RP group. The overall PSM rate in patients at high-risk was sparse and highly variable in previous studies. Røder <italic>et al</italic>.<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> recently reported that the overall PSM rate of RARP was 49.8% in 231 patients at high-risk, but the overall PSM rate reported by Lavery <italic>et al</italic>.<xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> in 123 patients at high-risk was 31%.</p><p>In our study, the overall PSM rate was 25% in 271 patients at high-risk. Our data showed that the overall PSM rate of RP performed by an experienced surgeon is excellent regardless of the availability of haptic feedback. However, the PSM rate in patients at high-risk in our study cannot be applied to low-volume centers. Recently, Sooriakumaran <italic>et al</italic>.<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> reported that PSM rates were highly affected by an individual surgeon's caseload, and previous studies have suggested that 1000–1500 surgeries using a robotic approach are needed to minimize the PSM rate. In our study, a single surgeon who had performed more than 1500 RALP cases performed all of the surgeries. In addition, our study had a high proportion (51.7% in pT2) of organ-confined patients, similar to the previous RARP study that showed low PSM rates.</p><p>In our study, the mean PSM rate for pT2 tumors was 8.6% and 39.5% for pT3 tumors. Van der Kwast <italic>et al</italic>.<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> showed that a PSM was predictive for a better adjuvant RT outcome based on European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. They suggested that immediate postoperative radiotherapy might not be recommended for PCa patients with negative surgical margins. Although the optimal timing of additional local therapy is still controversial and requires results from ongoing prospective randomized studies, PSMs are useful in planning the strategy with multimodal treatments.<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref> Recently, Connolly <italic>et al</italic>.<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> suggested that RALP should be the first step in a multimodal treatment strategy for men with high-risk PCa. Our results also showed that RARP can be useful for planning additional treatments and may be curative, even in patients at high-risk.</p><p>A multivariate analysis that included only preoperative variables showed that PSA levels and clinical stage were independent predictive factors for PSM. However, when considering pre-, intra-, and post-operative variables combined, a clinical stage and PSA were excluded from the predictive factors of PSM. Pathological stage (over pT3b <italic>vs</italic> pT2 OR: 5.14, 95% CI: 1.96–13.78), the percent of tumor in the surgical specimen (OR: 46.71, 95% CI: 6.37–342.57), and BMI were the only independent predictive factors for PSMs.</p><p>Although the percent of tumor was significant and had a high CI, the OR was 46.71 and had a wide CI (6.37–342.57). This outcome might be the result of a relatively small number of events (68) and having eight covariates in multivariate analysis. This result should be verified with a larger number of patients.</p><p>The lack of preoperative variables in the multivariate analysis might be explained by the inaccuracy of DRE and high T upstaging. Clinical stage by DRE has had a high rate of upstaging in previous reports. Lavery <italic>et al</italic>.<xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> reported that among 123 patients with high-risk PCa, high T upstaging happened in 4.5%–68% of cases. Similarly, Røder <italic>et al</italic>.<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> reported T upstaging rates of 11.7%–65.8%. In our study, T upstaging also happened from 7% to 78%. Although only postoperative pathologic variables were included in predicting PSMs, preoperative variables are important in planning which surgical technique to use for each patient and cannot be replaced by postoperative variables. Hence, the lack of accuracy of DRE will need to be reinforced with radiologic evaluations such as multiparametric MRI. Therefore, the importance of preoperative parameters should not be overlooked during preoperative risk stratification. Postoperative variables obtained from RALP are useful in planning additional local treatment strategies in a multimodal approach.</p><p>A recent study at our institution investigated factors predictive for PSMs and their location after RALP in 876 consecutive patients.<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> In that report, the apex was the most frequent site (36%), and the overall PSM rate was 11.5%. In addition, 38.6% of PSMs were in the apex, 34.6% were PL, 15.8% were MF, and 10.9% were in the BN. In the current study, the overall PSM rate was 25.1%, with 38.2% PL, 26.5% MF, 16.2% in the apex and 14.7% in the BN. Thus, the PL and MF sites were the most common PSM locations, not the apex. The apical surgical margin is usually reported to be the most common PSM site, but apical PSMs may result from factors other than cancer aggressiveness.<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref><xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref><xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref><xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> Further, apical PSMs are thought to be affected by iatrogenic factors, such as surgical experience and maximizing urethral length.<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> Outcomes associated with an increased rate of biochemical relapse have been reported.<xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref><xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref> Our data from patients at high-risk showed a lower rate of PSM at the apex and a higher proportion of PL and MF PSMs than in the previous report. This result supports the conclusion that an apical margin may result from other factors and that tumor biology may be more important in patients at high-risk.</p><p>Several iatrogenic factors such as the type of procedure, technique, and surgeon volume and experience could influence PSMs in organ-confined tumors. In our study, the use of a single, experienced surgeon could eliminate these iatrogenic factors. A higher BMI can also increase the rate of iatrogenic PSMs in the apex. Coelho <italic>et al</italic>.<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> suggested that intra-abdominal fat can obscure vision, working space, and instrumentation angles in the surgical field; thus, surgery may be suboptimal in patients with higher BMIs. Thus, they suggested that, in these technically difficult situations, the surgeon's expertise is needed to prevent iatrogenic PSMs, especially in apical dissection. In our study, there was a higher rate of apical PSMs in T2 patients, which could be explained by BMI. Unfortunately, we could not perform subgroup analyses by PSM location due to an inadequate sample size. However, apical PSMs were more common in T2 patients, and patients with apical PSMs had higher BMIs in this study (data is not shown). In addition, BMI was an independent predictive factor of PSMs in multivariate analysis.</p><p>The most common location for PSMs in our study was PL, which are indicative of an aggressive cancer.<xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> Eastham <italic>et al</italic>.<xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> using retropubic RP data, suggested that the PSMs at the PL site affect disease-free survival because the PL site has an abundance of neurovascular tissue that allows cancer cells to migrate more easily. In our study, the PL site was the most common location of PSMs, and the rate of apical PSM was lower than in our previous results. In addition, most PL and MF PSMs occurred in pT3 patients. Our results show that the PSM site in patients at high-risk is more affected by tumor aggressiveness than by iatrogenic causes. Although the role of PSM location is still controversial, the decision to add local therapy can be affected by the location and extent of the PSM.<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> Many questions regarding PSM location remain, and an individualized approach and recommendation is still required. However, a thorough pathologic assessment of specimens is needed to create a treatment plan and decrease the risk of PSA relapse after RP.</p><p>Limitations of our study included the lack of enough patients for subgroup analysis by PSM location. In addition, we did not have a long enough follow-up to assess biochemical recurrence or cancer-specific mortality. The surgeries were performed by an experienced surgeon, so the PSM rate cannot be applied to low-volume centers. Another limitation of this study was the inability to report the exact number of high-risk patients who underwent salvage versus adjuvant external beam radiation therapy since most patients were referred from distant centers and continued their follow-up with their primary urologists. Finally, extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND), removal of the common iliac, external iliac, internal iliac, and obturator lymph nodes, was not performed in these surgeries. However, ePLND is an essential part of surgical treatment and is recommended by the European Association of Urology guidelines for patients at high-risk.<xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> Therefore, RALP should be performed with ePLND to treat high-risk PCa, and further studies including ePLND should be performed.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec1-5"><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>The overall PSM rate in 271 patients at high-risk was 25.1%. This result shows that RALP is a promising surgical technique for treating high-risk PCa, but it should only be performed at experienced centers, and it should be compared with other techniques in randomized clinical trials to determine the best technique in terms of oncological outcomes. The pathological stage and percent of tumor in the surgical specimen were the only independent predictive factors of PSM, and preclinical variables cannot replace postoperative pathological outcomes in predicting PSMs. More large-scale RALP data are needed from patients at high-risk, and additional long-term studies should be performed to evaluate the effect of PSMs on biochemical recurrence and cancer-specific mortality.</p></sec><sec id="sec1-6"><title>AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS</title><p>SGK and OS participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis. SGK, AMH and SS were involved in data collection and drafting the manuscript. KJP, JC, and VRP read and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. VRP approved the final manuscript.</p></sec><sec id="sec1-7"><title>COMPETING INTERESTS</title><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title><p>This study was supported by a research grant from Vipul R Patel in Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital, USA.</p></ack><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wilt</surname><given-names>TJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Brawer</surname><given-names>MK</given-names></name><name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>KM</given-names></name><name><surname>Barry</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Aronson</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Radical prostatectomy versus observation for localized prostate cancer</article-title><source>N Engl J 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