Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the visual cortex induces somatotopically organized qualia in blind subjects
Identifieur interne : 002506 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 002505; suivant : 002507Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the visual cortex induces somatotopically organized qualia in blind subjects
Auteurs : Ron Kupers [Danemark] ; Arnaud Fumal [Belgique] ; Alain Maertens De Noordhout [Belgique] ; Albert Gjedde [Danemark] ; Jean Schoenen [Belgique] ; Maurice Ptito [Danemark, Canada]Source :
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 0027-8424 ] ; 2006.
Abstract
After loss of a particular sensory channel, the deprived cortex can be activated by inputs from other sensory modalities. It is not known whether activation of the rewired cortex evokes subjective experiences characteristic of that cortex or consistent with the rerouted sensory information. In a previous study, blind subjects were trained to perform visual tasks with a tongue display unit, a sensory substitution device that translates visual displays into electrotactile tongue stimulation. This cross-modal sensory stimulation activated their visual cortices. We now extend this finding by using transcranial magnetic stimulation to examine the perceptual correlates of training-induced plastic responses. We find that blind subjects proficient with the use of the tongue display unit report somatopically organized tactile sensations that are referred to the tongue when transcranial magnetic stimulation is applied over the occipital cortex. No such sensations were evoked in trained, blindfolded, seeing control subjects who performed the sensory substitution task equally well. These data show that the perceptual correlate of activity in a given cortical area reflects the characteristics of its novel sensory input source.
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DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602925103
PubMed: 16916936
PubMed Central: 1550769
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>After loss of a particular sensory channel, the deprived cortex can be activated by inputs from other sensory modalities. It is not known whether activation of the rewired cortex evokes subjective experiences characteristic of that cortex or consistent with the rerouted sensory information. In a previous study, blind subjects were trained to perform visual tasks with a tongue display unit, a sensory substitution device that translates visual displays into electrotactile tongue stimulation. This cross-modal sensory stimulation activated their visual cortices. We now extend this finding by using transcranial magnetic stimulation to examine the perceptual correlates of training-induced plastic responses. We find that blind subjects proficient with the use of the tongue display unit report somatopically organized tactile sensations that are referred to the tongue when transcranial magnetic stimulation is applied over the occipital cortex. No such sensations were evoked in trained, blindfolded, seeing control subjects who performed the sensory substitution task equally well. These data show that the perceptual correlate of activity in a given cortical area reflects the characteristics of its novel sensory input source.</p>
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id>
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<journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title>
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<issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn>
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<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">1550769</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">3085</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0602925103</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Psychology</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the visual cortex induces somatotopically organized qualia in blind subjects</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kupers</surname>
<given-names>Ron</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">*</xref>
<xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff"><sup>†</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>‡</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fumal</surname>
<given-names>Arnaud</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff"><sup>§</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Noordhout</surname>
<given-names>Alain Maertens</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff"><sup>§</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gjedde</surname>
<given-names>Albert</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff"><sup>†</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schoenen</surname>
<given-names>Jean</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff"><sup>§</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ptito</surname>
<given-names>Maurice</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff"><sup>†</sup>
</xref>
<xref rid="aff4" ref-type="aff"><sup>¶</sup>
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<aff id="aff1">*Department of Surgical Pathophysiology and Positron Emission Tomography Unit, Rigshosptitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><sup>†</sup>
Positron Emission Tomography Center, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;</aff>
<aff id="aff3"><sup>§</sup>
Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Citadelle Hospital, 4000 Liège, Belgium; and</aff>
<aff id="aff4"><sup>¶</sup>
Ecole d’Optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>‡</sup>
To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
<addr-line>Department of Surgical Pathophysiology and Positron Emission Tomography Unit, Rigshospitalet KF-3982, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.</addr-line>
E-mail:
<email>ron@pet.rh.dk</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by Leslie G. Ungerleider, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and approved June 23, 2006</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: Author contributions: R.K., A.F., and M.P. designed research; R.K., A.F., and M.P. performed research; J.S., A.G., and A.M.d.N. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; R.K., A.F., and M.P. analyzed data; and R.K. and M.P. wrote the paper.</p>
</fn>
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<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>29</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>103</volume>
<issue>35</issue>
<fpage>13256</fpage>
<lpage>13260</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>10</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2006</year>
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<copyright-statement>© 2006 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2006</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access"><p>Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.</p>
</license>
<abstract><p>After loss of a particular sensory channel, the deprived cortex can be activated by inputs from other sensory modalities. It is not known whether activation of the rewired cortex evokes subjective experiences characteristic of that cortex or consistent with the rerouted sensory information. In a previous study, blind subjects were trained to perform visual tasks with a tongue display unit, a sensory substitution device that translates visual displays into electrotactile tongue stimulation. This cross-modal sensory stimulation activated their visual cortices. We now extend this finding by using transcranial magnetic stimulation to examine the perceptual correlates of training-induced plastic responses. We find that blind subjects proficient with the use of the tongue display unit report somatopically organized tactile sensations that are referred to the tongue when transcranial magnetic stimulation is applied over the occipital cortex. No such sensations were evoked in trained, blindfolded, seeing control subjects who performed the sensory substitution task equally well. These data show that the perceptual correlate of activity in a given cortical area reflects the characteristics of its novel sensory input source.</p>
</abstract>
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