Learning Curve of Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy for a Single Experienced Surgeon: Comparison with Simultaneous Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy
Identifieur interne : 000479 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000478; suivant : 000480Learning Curve of Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy for a Single Experienced Surgeon: Comparison with Simultaneous Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy
Auteurs : Ja Yoon Ku [Corée du Sud] ; Hong Koo Ha [Corée du Sud]Source :
- The World Journal of Men's Health [ 2287-4208 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Despite the large number of analytical reports regarding the learning curve in the transition from open to robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), few comparative results with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) have been reported. Thus, we evaluated operative and postoperative outcomes in RARP versus 100 simultaneously performed LRPs.
A single surgeon had performed more than 1,000 laparoscopic operations, including 415 cases of radical nephrectomy, 85 radical cystectomies, 369 radical prostatectomies, and treatment of 212 other urological tumors, since 2009. We evaluated operative (operation time, intraoperative transfusion, complications, hospital stay, margin status, pathological stage, Gleason score) and postoperative (continence and erectile function) parameters in initial cases of RARP without tutoring compared with 100 recently performed LRPs.
Mean operation time and length of hospital stay for RARP and LRP were 145.5±43.6 minutes and 118.1±39.1 minutes, and 6.4±0.9 days and 6.6±1.1 days, respectively (p=0.003 and p=0.721). After 17 cases, the mean operation time for RARP was similar to LRP (less than 2 hours). Positive surgical margins in localized cancer were seen in 11.1% and 8.9% of cases in RARP and LRP, respectively (p=0.733). At postoperative 3 months, sexual intercourse was reported in 14.0% and 12.0%, and pad-free continence in 96.0% and 81.0% in patients with RARP and LRP, respectively (p=0.796 and p=0.012).
Previous large-volume experience of LRPs may shorten the learning curve for RARP in terms of oncological outcome. Additionally, previous experience with laparoscopy may improve the functional outcomes of RARP.
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DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.2015.33.1.30
PubMed: 25927060
PubMed Central: 4412005
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Learning Curve of Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy for a Single Experienced Surgeon: Comparison with Simultaneous Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy</title><author><name sortKey="Ku, Ja Yoon" sort="Ku, Ja Yoon" uniqKey="Ku J" first="Ja Yoon" last="Ku">Ja Yoon Ku</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Busan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ha, Hong Koo" sort="Ha, Hong Koo" uniqKey="Ha H" first="Hong Koo" last="Ha">Hong Koo Ha</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Busan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Busan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25927060</idno><idno type="pmc">4412005</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4412005</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4412005</idno><idno type="doi">10.5534/wjmh.2015.33.1.30</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000394</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000394</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000479</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Learning Curve of Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy for a Single Experienced Surgeon: Comparison with Simultaneous Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy</title><author><name sortKey="Ku, Ja Yoon" sort="Ku, Ja Yoon" uniqKey="Ku J" first="Ja Yoon" last="Ku">Ja Yoon Ku</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Busan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ha, Hong Koo" sort="Ha, Hong Koo" uniqKey="Ha H" first="Hong Koo" last="Ha">Hong Koo Ha</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Busan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Busan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The World Journal of Men's Health</title><idno type="ISSN">2287-4208</idno><idno type="eISSN">2287-4690</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Despite the large number of analytical reports regarding the learning curve in the transition from open to robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), few comparative results with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) have been reported. Thus, we evaluated operative and postoperative outcomes in RARP versus 100 simultaneously performed LRPs.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>A single surgeon had performed more than 1,000 laparoscopic operations, including 415 cases of radical nephrectomy, 85 radical cystectomies, 369 radical prostatectomies, and treatment of 212 other urological tumors, since 2009. We evaluated operative (operation time, intraoperative transfusion, complications, hospital stay, margin status, pathological stage, Gleason score) and postoperative (continence and erectile function) parameters in initial cases of RARP without tutoring compared with 100 recently performed LRPs.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Mean operation time and length of hospital stay for RARP and LRP were 145.5±43.6 minutes and 118.1±39.1 minutes, and 6.4±0.9 days and 6.6±1.1 days, respectively (p=0.003 and p=0.721). After 17 cases, the mean operation time for RARP was similar to LRP (less than 2 hours). Positive surgical margins in localized cancer were seen in 11.1% and 8.9% of cases in RARP and LRP, respectively (p=0.733). At postoperative 3 months, sexual intercourse was reported in 14.0% and 12.0%, and pad-free continence in 96.0% and 81.0% in patients with RARP and LRP, respectively (p=0.796 and p=0.012).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Previous large-volume experience of LRPs may shorten the learning curve for RARP in terms of oncological outcome. 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article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">World J Mens Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">World J Mens Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">WJMH</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The World Journal of Men's Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2287-4208</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2287-4690</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25927060</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4412005</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5534/wjmh.2015.33.1.30</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Learning Curve of Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy for a Single Experienced Surgeon: Comparison with Simultaneous Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ku</surname><given-names>Ja Yoon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Ha</surname><given-names>Hong Koo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.</aff><author-notes><corresp>Correspondence to: Hong Koo Ha. Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine,179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-739, Korea. Tel: +82-51-240-7351, Fax: +82-51-247-5443, <email>hongkooha@pusan.ac.kr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>4</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>30</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>10</day><month>1</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Despite the large number of analytical reports regarding the learning curve in the transition from open to robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), few comparative results with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) have been reported. Thus, we evaluated operative and postoperative outcomes in RARP versus 100 simultaneously performed LRPs.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>A single surgeon had performed more than 1,000 laparoscopic operations, including 415 cases of radical nephrectomy, 85 radical cystectomies, 369 radical prostatectomies, and treatment of 212 other urological tumors, since 2009. We evaluated operative (operation time, intraoperative transfusion, complications, hospital stay, margin status, pathological stage, Gleason score) and postoperative (continence and erectile function) parameters in initial cases of RARP without tutoring compared with 100 recently performed LRPs.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Mean operation time and length of hospital stay for RARP and LRP were 145.5±43.6 minutes and 118.1±39.1 minutes, and 6.4±0.9 days and 6.6±1.1 days, respectively (p=0.003 and p=0.721). After 17 cases, the mean operation time for RARP was similar to LRP (less than 2 hours). Positive surgical margins in localized cancer were seen in 11.1% and 8.9% of cases in RARP and LRP, respectively (p=0.733). At postoperative 3 months, sexual intercourse was reported in 14.0% and 12.0%, and pad-free continence in 96.0% and 81.0% in patients with RARP and LRP, respectively (p=0.796 and p=0.012).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Previous large-volume experience of LRPs may shorten the learning curve for RARP in terms of oncological outcome. Additionally, previous experience with laparoscopy may improve the functional outcomes of RARP.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Laparoscopy</kwd><kwd>Prostatectomy</kwd><kwd>Prostatic neoplasms</kwd><kwd>Robotics</kwd><kwd>Treatment outcome</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source country="KR">Pusan National University Hospital</funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Prostate cancer (PCA) is the most common solid carcinoma in Western countries. Although robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP) is now performed in Europe and the US, it is in a relatively early stage in other countries [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. The number of reports of robotics in the urologic field has increased rapidly. Thus, many urologists are faced with uncertainty as to whether they should learn RARP. Moreover, application of this emerging surgical skill in a robotic-naïve hospital may not ensure an acceptable outcome.</p><p>Many studies have reported on the learning curve of RARP in institutions with experience of open radical prostatectomies. They have shown that surgeons with experience in open radical prostatectomy can achieve favorable oncological and functional results [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. However, whether extensive experience with laparoscopy may overcome the learning curve in RARP remains under doubt. The surgeon evaluated in this study (H.K.H.) has performed more than 1,000 urologic laparoscopic operations, including radical prostatectomies, radical or partial nephrectomies, adrenalectomies, radical nephroureterectomies, and radical cystectomies, and recently began to perform RARP. In this study, we evaluated the oncological and functional outcomes of RARP versus 100 recently performed laparoscopic radical prostatectomies (LRPs).</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><sec><title>1. Patient selection</title><p>Until November 2013, the primary surgeon's gold standard treatment for localized PCA was LRP. Since December 2013, following installation of a da Vinci robotic system (Intuitive Surgical Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA) in the operating room at our hospital, this surgeon has performed LRP and RARP. Because the national insurance scheme covers the cost of LRP in Korea, but not RARP (which is about four times more expensive than LRP), patients typically select the surgical method according to their economic status. Thus, selection bias can likely be ruled out. We evaluated the oncological and functional outcomes of 50 initial cases of RARP compared with 100 recently performed LRPs.</p></sec><sec><title>2. Surgical method</title><p>Since 2009, the primary surgeon has performed extraperitoneal-approach intrafascial LRPs using one camera port (umbilicus), two working ports, and one assistance port, as reported previously [<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. The surgeon first identified the bladder neck using a Foley catheter balloon and started the bladder dissection, confirming the prostate margin, which resulted in a narrow bladder neck. After the bladder neck dissection, the surgeon dissected the radial margin of the prostate using 5 mm clips and cold scissors with no thermal injury so that variable, but consistent, cavernosal nerve branches could be identified along the lateral and ventral aspects of the prostate [<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. The surgeon dissected the intrafascial plane bluntly between the prostatic capsule and the visceral prostatic fascia, which develops deep to the venous sinuses of Santorini's plexus [<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. This maneuver may preserve the detrusor apron and puboprostatic ligaments at the ventral aspect of the prostate. Urethral preservation was maintained so long as this was achievable. During RARP, all patients were operated on extraperitoneally, excepting the first 5 cases. The surgeon used four robotic arms and one assistance port, similar to the approach for LRP. The patient was routinely discharged on day 3 postoperatively and the Foley catheter was removed at the outpatient clinic without cystography.</p><p>We compared the oncologic and functional outcomes of RARP with those of 100 recently performed cases of LRP. Since the first LRP was performed in 2009, the patients' characteristics, clinicopathological features of PCA, operative and perioperative data, and oncological and functional results have been collected in a Microsoft Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) spreadsheet.</p><p>The functional outcome data of each patient were entered at 6 weeks, and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Additionally, erectile dysfunction was documented using the 5-item International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire, and continence status was determined by an interview with a urologic nurse, not the surgeon, to reduce bias.</p></sec><sec><title>3. Statistical analysis</title><p>To validate the comparability of the LRP and RARP, we evaluated the characteristics of the patients and the clinicopathological data. We then compared the operative data-including operative time, amount of blood loss, and perioperative complications. Recently, the early continence rate was emphasized because incontinence may cause severe issues in the daily life of the patient. Thus, we evaluated the continence rate at 6 weeks and 3 months postoperatively. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test or the χ<sup>2</sup> test for categorical variables. SPSS software ver. 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to perform the statistical analyses.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>RESULTS</title><sec><title>1. Patient characteristics in the robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy groups</title><p>The mean ages and prostate volumes in the RARP and LRP groups were 64.6±6.9 years (57~76 years) and 66.3±6.0 years (54~74 years), and 34.2±14.9 mL (18.8 ~89.0 mL) and 32.3±9.9 mL (20.4~76.0 mL), respectively (p=0.205 and p=0.520). The mean preoperative prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 10.1±10.4 ng/mL and 12.7±15.9 ng/mL in the RARP and LRP groups, respectively (p=0.403). The mean Gleason scores and percentages of pathologically localized PCA were 7.0% and 7.1%, and 72.0% and 56.0% in the RARP and LRP groups, respectively (p=0.852 and p=0.075).</p><p>The intrafascial, interfascial, and extrafasical nerve sparing procedure was done in 87 (87.0%), 10 (10.0%), and 3 (3.0%) patients in the LRP group, respectively. In the RARP group, each of these procedures was done in 42 (84.0%), 5 (10.0%), and 3 (6.0%) patients, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>2. Operative and postoperative outcomes in the robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy groups</title><p>Mean operation time and mean hospital stay in the RARP and LRP groups were 145.5±43.6 minutes (90~240 minutes) and 118.1±39.1 minutes (80~220 minutes), and 6.4±0.9 days (5~9 days) and 6.6±1.1 days (5~11 days), respectively (p=0.003 and p=0.721). The mean operation time for RARP in the 1st to the 10th RARP, the 11th to the 20th, the 21st to the 30th, the 31st to the 40th, and beyond the 40th were 170, 144, 123, 121, and 127 minutes, respectively. After 20 cases, the mean operation time for RARP was similar to that for LRP (less than 2 hours). There were no intraoperative transfusions or open conversions due to any complications in either approach. Positive surgical margins in localized PCA were seen in 11.1% (4/36) and 8.9% (5/56) of the RARP and LRP groups, respectively (p=0.733). At 6 weeks postoperatively, sexual intercourse was reported in 12.0% and 8.0%, and pad-free continence in 68.0% and 33.0%, of patients in the RARP and LRP groups, respectively (p=0.552 and p<0.001). At 3 months postoperatively, sexual intercourse was reported in 14.0% and 12.0%, and pad-free continence in 96.0% and 81.0%, of patients in the RARP and LRP groups, respectively (p=0.796 and p=0.012) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>LRP is associated with a relative reduction in the range of motion, counterintuitive movements, 2 dimensional (D) vision, and reduced haptic sense [<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. These limitations of LRP may be obstacles to its wider use. Schuessler et al [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>] first reported nine cases of LRP in 1997 and concluded that there was no advantage to LRP regarding oncological or functional outcomes compared with open surgery. However, 3 years later, Guillonneau and Vallancien [<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>] reported that LRP was not only feasible but, more importantly, reproducible and that this procedure may replace open surgery.</p><p>RARP was first reported in 2001 [<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>], and it has recently gained popularity rapidly. The da Vinci system offers 10×magnification, binocular vision, tremor filtration, 3D vision, and articulated instruments, which together enable more precise tissue dissection and preservation of anatomical structures around the prostate during the surgery. The more precise dissection of the prostate produces more favorable outcomes in recovery of incontinence and erectile dysfunction. The main obstacle to RARP remains its cost. The initial cost of the system is 3 million US dollars, and maintenance costs are approximately 200,000 US dollars per year. Menon and colleagues reported that 75 robotic surgeries per year were required to cover the cost of the system [<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]. At our institution, the cost of RARP is about fivefold that of LRP.</p><p>Although RARP may offer more convenient movements of the instruments and other advantages, as mentioned above, there has been no consensus as to the superiority of RARP over LRP. Pure laparoscopy has a long learning curve, which is a disadvantage in starting with laparoscopy. Thus, a greater number of surgeons have become familiar with robotic systems recently than ever performed pure laparoscopy, which makes it difficult to compare the outcomes of the two approaches. Hakimi et al [<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] demonstrated similar functional outcomes of both approaches by a single surgeon. Another study reported outcomes of RARP compared with LRP [<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>] and concluded that the oncological and functional outcomes of LRP were similar to those of RARP for a surgeon with large-volume experience of LRP. Gosseine et al [<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] reported no statistically significant difference in the recovery of continence between the groups, although incontinence appeared to be less severe and less frequent in the RARP group.</p><p>While the learning curve from radical retropubic prostatectomy to RARP has been reported, the learning curve for LRP to RARP has not been well documented [<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]. This study evaluated the learning curve for RARP for a single surgeon with experience of more than 1,000 laparoscopic urologic operations. The current report reviewed the characteristics of patients in the LRP and RARP groups retrospectively. All LRPs were performed extraperitoneally. Although the surgeon used an intraperitoneal approach in the first five cases of RARP, since the sixth patient, all RARP procedures have been performed using an extraperitoneal approach. The mean operative time of 100 recently performed LRP cases was 118 minutes. Jaffe et al [<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] reported an operative time of 134 minutes after 189 RARP cases. In his study, the operation duration fell to less than 2 hours after 210 cases. The mean operation time was more than 4 hours in the initial 12 cases of RARP. Bhandari et al [<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] reported that the mean operative time decreased to 180 minutes after 250 cases of RARP. Although the mean operative time was significantly longer in the RARP group compared with LRPs (145 minutes vs. 118 minutes), it fell to less than 2 hours after patient 17, which was similar to that following the performance of over 200 RARP procedures, as reported by Jaffe et al [<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>].</p><p>In the LRP group, the positive surgical margin rate of pathologically localized PCA was 8.9%. Although the positive surgical margin rate for RARP in patients with pathologically localized PCA was 11.1%, which was higher than that of LRP, this oncological result was comparable to other studies involving participants with large-volume experience of RARP. Atug et al [<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] demonstrated that the positive surgical margin rate was 45.1% in their initial series of 33 RARP cases, which decreased to 21.2% for the following 33 patients. Other studies also reported positive surgical margin rates of 50.0% to 59.0% in their initial experience of RARP [<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. Weizer et al [<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] suggested that 80 cases of RARP were needed to overcome the learning curve of a positive surgical margin.</p><p>The continence recovery rates at postoperative 6 weeks and 3 and 6 months were 33.0%, 81.0%, and 95.0%, respectively. These operative and postoperative functional outcomes were more favorable than those in other previous LRP studies [<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. The RARP patients included in this study showed similar ages, prostate volumes, preoperative PSAs, and percentages of localized PCA compared with the LRP group. Erectile function and continence recovery rates were more favorable with RARP at 6 weeks and 3 months postoperatively. No postoperative complications or conversions to open surgery occurred in either group.</p><p>The current study had several limitations. First, this report concerns relatively short-term follow-up results for functional outcomes. However, today, many urologic oncologists emphasize early functional outcomes after radical prostatectomies, especially in the first 3 months. Second, the surgeon of the present study recommended RARP in patients with large prostate volumes (>70 mL) because of the limited potential for movement of instruments in LRP, which may act as a selection bias.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>This study demonstrated that experience with LRP shortened the learning curve for RARP because the LRP procedure is somewhat similar to that of RARP. The results showed that the learning curve for the operative time and positive surgical margin rate of RARP could be overcome by accumulation of considerable experience with LRP. 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xlink:href="wjmh-33-30-i001"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristic</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RARP</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LRP</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean age (yr)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.6±6.9</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.3±6.0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.205</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean prostate volume (mL)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.2±14.9</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.3±9.9</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.520</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean preoperative PSA (ng/mL)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.1±10.4</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.7±15.9</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.403</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean Gleason score</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.852</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathological T2 or less</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (72.0)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (56.0)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.075</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).</p><p>RARP: robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, LRP: laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, PSA: prostate specific antigen.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Intraoperative and postoperative outcomes</title></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="wjmh-33-30-i002"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RARP</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LRP</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean operative time (min)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">145.5±43.6</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118.1±39.1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean hospital stay (d)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.4±0.9</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.6±1.1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.721</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Positive margin rate</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (28.0)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34 (34.0)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.578</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> In pathologically T2 or lower</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (11.1)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (8.9)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.733</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> In pathologically T3 or higher</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (71.4)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (65.9)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recovery of potency</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> At postoperative 6 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (12.0)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (8.0)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.552</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> At postoperative 3 months</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (14.0)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (12.0)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.796</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recovery of continence</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> At postoperative 6 weeks</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34 (68.0)</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (33.0)</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> At postoperative 3 months</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 (96.0)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81 (81.0)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.012</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).</p><p>RARP: robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, LRP: laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Corée du Sud</li></country></list><tree><country name="Corée du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ku, Ja Yoon" sort="Ku, Ja Yoon" uniqKey="Ku J" first="Ja Yoon" last="Ku">Ja Yoon Ku</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Ha, Hong Koo" sort="Ha, Hong Koo" uniqKey="Ha H" first="Hong Koo" last="Ha">Hong Koo Ha</name><name sortKey="Ha, Hong Koo" sort="Ha, Hong Koo" uniqKey="Ha H" first="Hong Koo" last="Ha">Hong Koo Ha</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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