To Hear or Not to Hear: Sound Availability Modulates Sensory-Motor Integration
Identifieur interne : 004002 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 004001; suivant : 004003To Hear or Not to Hear: Sound Availability Modulates Sensory-Motor Integration
Auteurs : Ivan Camponogara [Italie] ; Luca Turchet [Danemark] ; Marco Carner [Italie] ; Daniele Marchioni [Italie] ; Paola Cesari [Italie]Source :
- Frontiers in Neuroscience [ 1662-4548 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
When we walk in place with our eyes closed after a few minutes of walking on a treadmill, we experience an unintentional forward body displacement (drift), called the sensory-motor aftereffect. Initially, this effect was thought to be due to the mismatch experienced during treadmill walking between the visual (absence of optic flow signaling body steadiness) and proprioceptive (muscle spindles firing signaling body displacement) information. Recently, the persistence of this effect has been shown even in the absence of vision, suggesting that other information, such as the sound of steps, could play a role. To test this hypothesis, six cochlear-implanted individuals were recruited and their forward drift was measured before (Control phase) and after (Post Exercise phase) walking on a treadmill while having their cochlear system turned on and turned off. The relevance in testing cochlear-implanted individuals was that when their system is turned off, they perceive total silence, even eliminating the sounds normally obtained from bone conduction. Results showed the absence of the aftereffect when the system was turned off, underlining the fundamental role played by sounds in the control of action and breaking new ground in the use of interactive sound feedback in motor learning and motor development.
Url:
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00022
PubMed: 26903791
PubMed Central: 4746279
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 000485
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 000485
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000016
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4746279Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">To Hear or Not to Hear: Sound Availability Modulates Sensory-Motor Integration</title>
<author><name sortKey="Camponogara, Ivan" sort="Camponogara, Ivan" uniqKey="Camponogara I" first="Ivan" last="Camponogara">Ivan Camponogara</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Neurological and Movement Science, University of Verona</institution>
<country>Verona, Italy</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Turchet, Luca" sort="Turchet, Luca" uniqKey="Turchet L" first="Luca" last="Turchet">Luca Turchet</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology, Aalborg University Copenhagen</institution>
<country>Copenhagen, Denmark</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carner, Marco" sort="Carner, Marco" uniqKey="Carner M" first="Marco" last="Carner">Marco Carner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Verona</institution>
<country>Verona, Italy</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marchioni, Daniele" sort="Marchioni, Daniele" uniqKey="Marchioni D" first="Daniele" last="Marchioni">Daniele Marchioni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Verona</institution>
<country>Verona, Italy</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cesari, Paola" sort="Cesari, Paola" uniqKey="Cesari P" first="Paola" last="Cesari">Paola Cesari</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Neurological and Movement Science, University of Verona</institution>
<country>Verona, Italy</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">26903791</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4746279</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4746279</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4746279</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.3389/fnins.2016.00022</idno>
<date when="2016">2016</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000485</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000485</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000016</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">004002</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">To Hear or Not to Hear: Sound Availability Modulates Sensory-Motor Integration</title>
<author><name sortKey="Camponogara, Ivan" sort="Camponogara, Ivan" uniqKey="Camponogara I" first="Ivan" last="Camponogara">Ivan Camponogara</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Neurological and Movement Science, University of Verona</institution>
<country>Verona, Italy</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Turchet, Luca" sort="Turchet, Luca" uniqKey="Turchet L" first="Luca" last="Turchet">Luca Turchet</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology, Aalborg University Copenhagen</institution>
<country>Copenhagen, Denmark</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carner, Marco" sort="Carner, Marco" uniqKey="Carner M" first="Marco" last="Carner">Marco Carner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Verona</institution>
<country>Verona, Italy</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marchioni, Daniele" sort="Marchioni, Daniele" uniqKey="Marchioni D" first="Daniele" last="Marchioni">Daniele Marchioni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Verona</institution>
<country>Verona, Italy</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cesari, Paola" sort="Cesari, Paola" uniqKey="Cesari P" first="Paola" last="Cesari">Paola Cesari</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Neurological and Movement Science, University of Verona</institution>
<country>Verona, Italy</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Frontiers in Neuroscience</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1662-4548</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1662-453X</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>When we walk in place with our eyes closed after a few minutes of walking on a treadmill, we experience an unintentional forward body displacement (drift), called the sensory-motor aftereffect. Initially, this effect was thought to be due to the mismatch experienced during treadmill walking between the visual (absence of optic flow signaling body steadiness) and proprioceptive (muscle spindles firing signaling body displacement) information. Recently, the persistence of this effect has been shown even in the absence of vision, suggesting that other information, such as the sound of steps, could play a role. To test this hypothesis, six cochlear-implanted individuals were recruited and their forward drift was measured before (Control phase) and after (Post Exercise phase) walking on a treadmill while having their cochlear system turned on and turned off. The relevance in testing cochlear-implanted individuals was that when their system is turned off, they perceive total silence, even eliminating the sounds normally obtained from bone conduction. Results showed the absence of the aftereffect when the system was turned off, underlining the fundamental role played by sounds in the control of action and breaking new ground in the use of interactive sound feedback in motor learning and motor development.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aglioti, S M" uniqKey="Aglioti S">S. M. Aglioti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pazzaglia, M" uniqKey="Pazzaglia M">M. Pazzaglia</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anstis, S" uniqKey="Anstis S">S. Anstis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baram, Y" uniqKey="Baram Y">Y. Baram</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lenger, R" uniqKey="Lenger R">R. Lenger</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Castiello, U" uniqKey="Castiello U">U. Castiello</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Giordano, B L" uniqKey="Giordano B">B. L. Giordano</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Begliomini, C" uniqKey="Begliomini C">C. Begliomini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ansuini, C" uniqKey="Ansuini C">C. Ansuini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grassi, M" uniqKey="Grassi M">M. Grassi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cesari, P" uniqKey="Cesari P">P. Cesari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Camponogara, I" uniqKey="Camponogara I">I. Camponogara</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Papetti, S" uniqKey="Papetti S">S. Papetti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rocchesso, D" uniqKey="Rocchesso D">D. Rocchesso</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fontana, F" uniqKey="Fontana F">F. Fontana</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cushing, S L" uniqKey="Cushing S">S. L. Cushing</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chia, R" uniqKey="Chia R">R. Chia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="James, A L" uniqKey="James A">A. L. James</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Papsin, B C" uniqKey="Papsin B">B. C. Papsin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gordon, K A" uniqKey="Gordon K">K. A. Gordon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dauman, R" uniqKey="Dauman R">R. Dauman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dozza, M" uniqKey="Dozza M">M. Dozza</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiari, L" uniqKey="Chiari L">L. Chiari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Horak, F B" uniqKey="Horak F">F. B. Horak</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dozza, M" uniqKey="Dozza M">M. Dozza</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Horak, F B" uniqKey="Horak F">F. B. Horak</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiari, L" uniqKey="Chiari L">L. Chiari</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Durgin, F H" uniqKey="Durgin F">F. H. Durgin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pelah, A" uniqKey="Pelah A">A. Pelah</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Durgin, F H" uniqKey="Durgin F">F. H. Durgin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pelah, A" uniqKey="Pelah A">A. Pelah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fox, L F" uniqKey="Fox L">L. F. Fox</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lewis, J" uniqKey="Lewis J">J. Lewis</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kane, R" uniqKey="Kane R">R. Kane</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Walley, K A" uniqKey="Walley K">K. A. Walley</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Eustaquio, M E" uniqKey="Eustaquio M">M. E. Eustaquio</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berryhill, W" uniqKey="Berryhill W">W. Berryhill</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolfe, J A" uniqKey="Wolfe J">J. A. Wolfe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Saunders, J E" uniqKey="Saunders J">J. E. Saunders</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Geers, A E" uniqKey="Geers A">A. E. Geers</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nicholas, J G" uniqKey="Nicholas J">J. G. Nicholas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sedey, A L" uniqKey="Sedey A">A. L. Sedey</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kohler, E" uniqKey="Kohler E">E. Kohler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Keysers, C" uniqKey="Keysers C">C. Keysers</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Umilta, M A" uniqKey="Umilta M">M. A. Umiltà</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fogassi, L" uniqKey="Fogassi L">L. Fogassi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gallese, V" uniqKey="Gallese V">V. Gallese</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rizzolatti, G" uniqKey="Rizzolatti G">G. Rizzolatti</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lahav, A" uniqKey="Lahav A">A. Lahav</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Saltzman, E" uniqKey="Saltzman E">E. Saltzman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schlaug, G" uniqKey="Schlaug G">G. Schlaug</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Madgwick, S" uniqKey="Madgwick S">S. Madgwick</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mitchell, T J" uniqKey="Mitchell T">T. J. Mitchell</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nordahl, R" uniqKey="Nordahl R">R. Nordahl</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Serafin, S" uniqKey="Serafin S">S. Serafin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Turchet, L" uniqKey="Turchet L">L. Turchet</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Philbeck, J W" uniqKey="Philbeck J">J. W. Philbeck</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Woods, A J" uniqKey="Woods A">A. J. Woods</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arthur, J" uniqKey="Arthur J">J. Arthur</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Todd, J" uniqKey="Todd J">J. Todd</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pinnington, H C" uniqKey="Pinnington H">H. C. Pinnington</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lloyd, D G" uniqKey="Lloyd D">D. G. Lloyd</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Besier, T F" uniqKey="Besier T">T. F. Besier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dawson, B" uniqKey="Dawson B">B. Dawson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rieser, J J" uniqKey="Rieser J">J. J. Rieser</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pick, H L" uniqKey="Pick H">H. L. Pick</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ashmead, D H" uniqKey="Ashmead D">D. H. Ashmead</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garing, A E" uniqKey="Garing A">A. E. Garing</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rodger, M W M" uniqKey="Rodger M">M. W. M. Rodger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Young, W R" uniqKey="Young W">W. R. Young</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Craig, C M" uniqKey="Craig C">C. M. Craig</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sedda, A" uniqKey="Sedda A">A. Sedda</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monaco, S" uniqKey="Monaco S">S. Monaco</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bottini, G" uniqKey="Bottini G">G. Bottini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goodale, M A" uniqKey="Goodale M">M. A. Goodale</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Suarez, H" uniqKey="Suarez H">H. Suarez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Angeli, S" uniqKey="Angeli S">S. Angeli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Suarez, A" uniqKey="Suarez A">A. Suarez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rosales, B" uniqKey="Rosales B">B. Rosales</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carrera, X" uniqKey="Carrera X">X. Carrera</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alonso, R" uniqKey="Alonso R">R. Alonso</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turchet, L" uniqKey="Turchet L">L. Turchet</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turchet, L" uniqKey="Turchet L">L. Turchet</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turchet, L" uniqKey="Turchet L">L. Turchet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Camponogara, I" uniqKey="Camponogara I">I. Camponogara</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cesari, P" uniqKey="Cesari P">P. Cesari</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turchet, L" uniqKey="Turchet L">L. Turchet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pugliese, R" uniqKey="Pugliese R">R. Pugliese</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Takala, T" uniqKey="Takala T">T. Takala</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turchet, L" uniqKey="Turchet L">L. Turchet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Serafin, S" uniqKey="Serafin S">S. Serafin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turchet, L" uniqKey="Turchet L">L. Turchet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Serafin, S" uniqKey="Serafin S">S. Serafin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cesari, P" uniqKey="Cesari P">P. Cesari</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turchet, L" uniqKey="Turchet L">L. Turchet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Serafin, S" uniqKey="Serafin S">S. Serafin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dimitrov, S" uniqKey="Dimitrov S">S. Dimitrov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nordahl, R" uniqKey="Nordahl R">R. Nordahl</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Der Kooij, H" uniqKey="Van Der Kooij H">H. Van Der Kooij</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jacobs, R" uniqKey="Jacobs R">R. Jacobs</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Koopman, B" uniqKey="Koopman B">B. Koopman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grootenboer, H" uniqKey="Grootenboer H">H. Grootenboer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wolpert, D M" uniqKey="Wolpert D">D. M. Wolpert</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ghahramani, Z" uniqKey="Ghahramani Z">Z. Ghahramani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jordan, M I" uniqKey="Jordan M">M. I. Jordan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Young, W" uniqKey="Young W">W. Young</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rodger, M" uniqKey="Rodger M">M. Rodger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Craig, C M" uniqKey="Craig C">C. M. Craig</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zanetti, C" uniqKey="Zanetti C">C. Zanetti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schieppati, M" uniqKey="Schieppati M">M. Schieppati</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zatorre, R J" uniqKey="Zatorre R">R. J. Zatorre</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, J L" uniqKey="Chen J">J. L. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Penhune, V B" uniqKey="Penhune V">V. B. Penhune</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Front Neurosci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Front Neurosci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Front. Neurosci.</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Frontiers in Neuroscience</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1662-4548</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1662-453X</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Frontiers Media S.A.</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26903791</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4746279</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fnins.2016.00022</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Psychology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Original Research</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>To Hear or Not to Hear: Sound Availability Modulates Sensory-Motor Integration</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Camponogara</surname>
<given-names>Ivan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn001"><sup>*</sup>
</xref>
<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/269663/overview"></uri>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Turchet</surname>
<given-names>Luca</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/310486/overview"></uri>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Carner</surname>
<given-names>Marco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marchioni</surname>
<given-names>Daniele</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cesari</surname>
<given-names>Paola</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/183949/overview"></uri>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
<institution>Department of Neurological and Movement Science, University of Verona</institution>
<country>Verona, Italy</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
<institution>Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology, Aalborg University Copenhagen</institution>
<country>Copenhagen, Denmark</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3"><sup>3</sup>
<institution>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Verona</institution>
<country>Verona, Italy</country>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by: Daniela Sammler, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Reviewed by: Dan Zhang, Tsinghua University, China; Bruno Lucio Giordano, University of Glasgow, UK</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="fn001">*Correspondence: Ivan Camponogara <email xlink:type="simple">ivan.camponogara@gmail.com</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn002"><p>This article was submitted to Auditory Cognitive Neuroscience, a section of the journal Frontiers in Neuroscience</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>10</volume>
<elocation-id>22</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>02</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Camponogara, Turchet, Carner, Marchioni and Cesari.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Camponogara, Turchet, Carner, Marchioni and Cesari</copyright-holder>
<license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>When we walk in place with our eyes closed after a few minutes of walking on a treadmill, we experience an unintentional forward body displacement (drift), called the sensory-motor aftereffect. Initially, this effect was thought to be due to the mismatch experienced during treadmill walking between the visual (absence of optic flow signaling body steadiness) and proprioceptive (muscle spindles firing signaling body displacement) information. Recently, the persistence of this effect has been shown even in the absence of vision, suggesting that other information, such as the sound of steps, could play a role. To test this hypothesis, six cochlear-implanted individuals were recruited and their forward drift was measured before (Control phase) and after (Post Exercise phase) walking on a treadmill while having their cochlear system turned on and turned off. The relevance in testing cochlear-implanted individuals was that when their system is turned off, they perceive total silence, even eliminating the sounds normally obtained from bone conduction. Results showed the absence of the aftereffect when the system was turned off, underlining the fundamental role played by sounds in the control of action and breaking new ground in the use of interactive sound feedback in motor learning and motor development.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>locomotion</kwd>
<kwd>auditory feedback</kwd>
<kwd>aftereffect</kwd>
<kwd>cochlear implant</kwd>
<kwd>footstep sounds</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts><fig-count count="3"></fig-count>
<table-count count="3"></table-count>
<equation-count count="0"></equation-count>
<ref-count count="35"></ref-count>
<page-count count="7"></page-count>
<word-count count="5874"></word-count>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body><sec sec-type="intro" id="s1"><title>Introduction</title>
<p>During the past 20 years, the sensory-motor aftereffect after walking on a treadmill has been widely studied as a motor consequence resulting from a mismatch of information among the senses (Anstis, <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>
; Durgin and Pelah, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">1999</xref>
; Durgin et al., <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>
; Zanetti and Schieppati, <xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>
; Philbeck et al., <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>
). Initially investigated by Anstis (<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>
), the sensory-motor aftereffect represents an unperceived forward displacement (usually called forward drift) which occurs while walking/running in place after having experienced several minutes of walking/running on a treadmill (Anstis, <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>
; Durgin and Pelah, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">1999</xref>
; Durgin et al., <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>
). Interestingly, the amount of forward displacement has been found to be proportional to the walking/running velocity on the treadmill and was assessed for different postures and tasks (Rieser et al., <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>
; Durgin et al., <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>
; Zanetti and Schieppati, <xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>
; Philbeck et al., <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>
). The classical explanation of this effect is mainly related to a conflict between visual and proprioceptive information: during treadmill walking, while the proprioceptive receptors from the lower legs record movement, the visual system relays information that the body is still. Sensory information coming from the muscle spindles, in addition to tactile and vestibular receptors, combine to create a memory for these recent actions, which diverges from the information shared by the neural circuits responsible for the integration of afferent stimuli (Van Der Kooij et al., <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">1999</xref>
). This mismatch of information leads to a perceptuo-motor re-calibration that can be seen as a forward displacement of the center of pressure while standing on a force plate (Zanetti and Schieppati, <xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>
), as a forward drift during walking in place (Anstis, <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>
), or as an overshoot of a previously seen target (Rieser et al., <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>
; Durgin et al., <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>
). Although the information-conflict hypotheses between vision and proprioception are widely accepted, several studies demonstrated that the amount of forward drift was not reduced by a removal (Anstis, <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>
; Durgin and Pelah, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">1999</xref>
; Durgin et al., <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>
) or by a supplementation of optic flow (Durgin and Pelah, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">1999</xref>
). This suggests that the aftereffect might not be due to just proprioception and vision alone. Durgin and Pelah (<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">1999</xref>
) unexpectedly discovered that the forward displacement, measured in a running in place task after an adaptation period where participants were wearing earplugs, was double compared to the one measured when the earplugs were not employed (Durgin and Pelah, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">1999</xref>
). This led them to think that hearing vs. not hearing the steps while walking on the treadmill might change the perceptuo-motor calibration. In order to thoroughly test the influence of sound, Turchet and colleagues used a classic sensory-motor aftereffect paradigm which provided participants shoes that interactively delivered sounds simulating different ground materials, returning to the participant a vivid impression of walking in deep snow or on a floor made of concrete (Turchet et al., <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>
). The authors showed that depending on the type of material experienced while walking on a treadmill, there was a different amount of unintentional forward drift while walking in place. A shorter forward drift was observed while “walking” in deep snow compared to “walking” on a solid surface; in fact, when walking in deep snow, participants experienced a clear sensation of sinking and higher effort (Turchet et al., <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>
, <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">2013b</xref>
, <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>
; Turchet and Serafin, <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>
). It is known that sounds influence movements particularly when there are no haptic or visual inputs (Dozza et al., <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>
). Moreover, in a pathological situation, sounds can alleviate gait disturbances by regularizing the movement pattern (Rodger et al., <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>
). In this regard, it has been shown in Parkinson patients that the injection of a sound of walking on gravel led to a low step length and coefficient of variation compared to when no sound was delivered (Rodger et al., <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>
).</p>
<p>Since participants typically perform the sensory-motor aftereffect paradigm walking in place with their eyes closed, it might be that they relied principally on the sounds of their steps in order to perform the task successfully (Young et al., <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>
; Cesari et al., <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>
; Rodger et al., <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>
) and regulated their movement pattern (Rodger et al., <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>
). Hence, if sounds represent relevant feedback that humans rely on, it would be interesting to test the aftereffect in the total absence of sound. Up to now, no data is available having sounds “completely” removed. In normal hearing individuals, it is practically impossible to remove sounds completely due to the bones' conduction (Dauman, <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>
). In order to test the sensory-motor aftereffect as “completely free from sounds,” we recruited hearing-impaired individuals with cochlear-implanted systems and tested their behavior with their system turned on and turned off. It is important to underline that by switching their system off, they were not able to receive any sound information, not even those transmitted by bone conduction, whereas their hearing was returned by simply switching their system on. In each hearing condition (having the system turned on or turned off), we asked participants to walk on a treadmill while they listened to their natural steps and while they listened to a simulation of them walking in deep snow (Turchet et al., <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>
; Turchet, <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>
). We quantified the amount of forward displacement in both hearing (system switched on and off) and both sound conditions (hearing the natural steps and hearing their steps as if performed on a surface covered by snow). In line with our previous findings, we expected a drift difference between the pre- and post-treadmill phases when the cochlear system was turned on, and a shorter forward drift when participants heard their steps as if walking in deep snow compared to hearing the actual sound of their natural footsteps. On the contrary, when the cochlear system was turned off, we expected no change in the amount of forward displacement between the pre- and post-treadmill phases.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="materials and methods" id="s2"><title>Materials and methods</title>
<sec><title>Participants</title>
<p>Six participants with a right mono-lateral cochlear implant (age range = 26.01 ± 9.79 years) were recruited for the experiment. Participants' data are represented in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>
. None suffered from vestibular dysfunction. The experiment was approved by the ethical committee of the Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences at the University of Verona. All participants provided consent for their participation.</p>
<table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p><bold>Participant data</bold>
.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Participants</bold>
</th>
<th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gender</bold>
</th>
<th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Years of implant</bold>
</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Etiology</bold>
</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Implantation site</bold>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F.R.</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neurofibratosis type 2</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brainstem</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D.M.</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trauma with bilateral cochlear fracture</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brainstem</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M.A.</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Congenital hearing loss</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cochlea</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P.S.</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Congenital hearing loss</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cochlea</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M.G.</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Congenital hearing loss</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cochlea</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G.A.</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Congenital hearing loss</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cochlea</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec><title>Apparatus</title>
<p>The apparatus consisted of a treadmill (HP/cosmos/Saturn 300/100r) and a laptop that delivered the footstep sound synthesis engine (Turchet, <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">in press</xref>
). This system was wirelessly connected to a pair of sandals augmented with pressure sensors (Turchet, <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>
); a wired closed headphone set with a noise canceling system (Sennheiser PXC 450), and a motion capture system (Vicon MX) composed of eight infrared cameras set up to track an area of calibration made of 4 × 4 meters. Cameras were set to collect data at a sampling frequency of 100 Hz and the treadmill was positioned near the calibrated area. The total latency between the actual foot-to-floor contact and the synthesized sound heard was not noticeable since it amounted to about eight milliseconds (ms): three ms for the data acquisition and wireless transmission using the x-OSC wireless micro-controller board (Madgwick and Mitchell, <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>
), 1 ms for the real-time data analysis, and 4 ms for the auditory feedback synthesis and delivery.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Stimuli</title>
<p>Two sound stimuli were considered in this experiment: an artificial one, which consisted of interactively generated footstep sounds simulating an aggregate surface material as Snow-Sound (SS), and a natural one, where no additional auditory feedback was delivered and participants were hearing the actual sound of their footsteps as Natural Footstep Sound (NFS). The selection of the snow surface was inspired by our previous work showing that this simulated ground material was among those most easily recognized (Nordahl et al., <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>
), and more importantly, because snow presents a high material compliance. The sound amplitude was set at 55.4 dB (A) measured with a phonometer CESVA SC-2c, whose microphone was positioned in the left and right speaker of the headphones. This value was selected according to the results of a previous experiment whose goal was to find the appropriate level of amplitude for synthesized sounds (Turchet and Serafin, <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>
). This sound amplitude was effective in completely masking the actual footstep sounds produced by participants. The sonically simulated surface material was chosen to check the presence of expected pseudo-haptic illusions capable of altering the foot-haptic perception of hardness of both the treadmill platform and the carpeted laboratory floor (the two floors' hardness was similar). The experiment was conducted in a silent laboratory [background noise 46.7 dB (A)].</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Procedure</title>
<p>Participants were first asked to put on the sandals and wear the headphones. Subsequently, the experimenter placed six reflective markers on each foot for motion tracking. Specifically, these markers were placed bilaterally on specific anatomical landmark points (lateral malleolus, calcaneus, and 5th metatarsal head).</p>
<p>For each sound feedback (SS and NFS), participants underwent three experimental phases: control (C), exercise (E) and post-exercise (PE). This protocol was inspired by one previously reported (Zanetti and Schieppati, <xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>
; Turchet et al., <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>
) and was a standard protocol for measuring the sensory-motor aftereffect (Anstis, <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>
; Durgin and Pelah, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">1999</xref>
). In the control (C) phase, participants were asked to close their eyes and walk in place for 25 s. The exercise phase (E) consisted of walking for 3 min with their eyes open on the treadmill at a speed of 4.5 Km/h. Once the exercise phase ended, we asked participants to get off the treadmill and walk in place for 25 s. We named this phase Post Exercise phase (PE) (Anstis, <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>
). Subsequently, they were asked to rest for at least 5 min before beginning the next trial (Zanetti and Schieppati, <xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>
; Turchet et al., <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>
). The reason for asking participants to get off the treadmill after the exercise phase was due to the fact that the amount of drift could be ~1.5 m or more and it was objectively difficult to let participants perform the task while staying on the treadmill. Moreover, individuals performed the task with their eyes closed, and therefore safety was a consideration as well. During phases C, E and PE, the same sound stimulus was presented. For the C and PE phases, the experimenter touched the participant's shoulder at the beginning and at the end of the trial in order to inform him/her when to start and stop the task. During the E phase, the treadmill movement signaled the beginning and the end of the task. Individuals were free to select their own step frequency and step height. No indication was given about how to step in place.</p>
<p>Sound feedback was presented in a randomized order across participants, while the experimental phases were fixed. Each individual repeated the experimental phases twice: once with the Cochlear Implant on (CIon) and once with the Cochlear Implant off (CIoff). Before data collection, participants had the opportunity to become familiar with the shoes and the interactive sounds. They were not provided information about the type of material simulated by the synthesis model. Participants took, on average, about 1 h to complete the experiment. Fatigue was not an issue.</p>
<sec><title>Questionnaire</title>
<p>At the end of the experimental data collection, subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire and to answer by means of a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The questionnaire was inspired by those previously utilized (Turchet et al., <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">2013a</xref>
,<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">b</xref>
, <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>
). For each sound condition, six questions were asked:</p>
<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>[Effort] Evaluate the sense of effort you experienced while walking [0 = no effort, 10 = high effort]</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p>[Easiness] Evaluate the degree of easiness with which you walked while listening to the sounds [0 = very hard, 10 = very easy]</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p>[Sinking] Evaluate to what extent you had the impression that your feet were sinking into the ground [0 = not at all, 10 = very much]</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p>[Influence] Evaluate to what extent the sound influenced your way of walking [0 = not at all, 10 = very much]</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p>[Softness] Evaluate the impression of softness of the floor you walked upon. [0 = not soft at all, 10 = very soft]</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p>[Hardness] Evaluate the impression of hardness of the floor you walked on. [0 = not hard at all, 10 = very hard]</p>
</list-item>
</list>
<p>The order of presentation of the questions was randomized using a 6 × 6 Latin square. At the end of the questionnaire participants were asked to name the simulated surface material. The reported scores were then analyzed.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec><title>Data handling</title>
<p>Motion capture signals were analyzed by means of Matlab R_2012a software. For each experimental condition, each experimental phase and type of auditory feedback, the participants' forward displacement (forward drift), step length and number of steps were considered for data analysis. The amount of forward drift was calculated by considering the displacement of the marker placed on the foot on the transversal plane. A moving average among points taken every 200 instants was considered (Turchet et al., <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>
) and the total path length was calculated. For the step length, we first calculated the foot center by means of the Euclidean distance between the markers of the heel and the toe. We then calculated its first derivative and defined the start of the swing phase when the velocity of the foot's center point reached 5% of its maximum value. In this way, consecutive toe off were detected and the step length for each gait cycle was derived (the distance covered during each footstep in the transversal plane); the average of each step length in 25 s of walking was then computed. Numbers of steps were calculated by considering the number of toe off performed in 25 s.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Statistics</title>
<p>In order to compare the effect of surface, we first entered all the calculated variables (step length, forward drift, number of steps) in a three-way repeated measure ANOVA, considering the Experimental Conditions (CIoff, CIon), Surface (SS, NFS) and Phase (C, PE) as within factors. Additional <italic>t</italic>
-tests were performed for the questionnaire data, considering the two Surfaces (SS, NFS) in the CIon Experimental Condition for each of the six dependent variables (Effort, Easiness, Sinking, Influence, Softness, and Hardness). All <italic>post-hoc</italic>
tests were performed using a Bonferroni correction (critical <italic>p</italic>
-value = 0.05). Due to the small sample size, we checked for a normal distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk test and performed a parameter estimation. In the Shapiro-Wilk test, all the variables for each condition and phase showed a normal distribution (<italic>p</italic>
> 0.05), while in the parameters estimation there was a significance level below 0.05.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results" id="s3"><title>Results</title>
<sec><title>Kinematic results</title>
<p>The ANOVA for the variable Step Length showed no main effect or interactions. On the other hand, the Forward drift analysis showed a main effect for the Experimental Condition, [<italic>F</italic>
<sub>(1, 5)</sub>
= 64.309, <italic>p</italic>
< 0.001, η<sup>2</sup>
= 1], Surface [<italic>F</italic>
<sub>(1, 5)</sub>
= 10.882, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.022, η<sup>2</sup>
= 0.75], Phase [<italic>F</italic>
<sub>(1, 5)</sub>
= 9.240, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.029, η<sup>2</sup>
= 0.68], and an interaction between Experimental Condition X Phase [<italic>F</italic>
<sub>(1, 5)</sub>
= 12.037, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.018, η<sup>2</sup>
= 0.79].</p>
<p>The <italic>post-hoc</italic>
analysis for the Experimental Condition showed a higher forward drift for CIon compared to CIoff, demonstrating a reliance on sound feedback during the treadmill walking. The Surface factor unveiled a higher forward drift for the NFS compared to the SS; considering Phase, the ANOVA showed a higher value for the PE phase compared to the C phase. The interaction between Experimental Condition and Phase showed a higher value in PE compared to C only in the CIon condition, and a higher value for CIon compared to CIoff in the PE phase (see Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>
). This corroborated the main effect found for the Experimental Condition in showing the absence of the aftereffect when no auditory information was available.</p>
<fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p><bold>Forward Drift for the interaction Experimental Condition X Phase</bold>
. <sup>*</sup>
Represents a level of significance of <italic>p</italic>
< 0.05.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="fnins-10-00022-g0001"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>The ANOVA for the number of steps showed a main effect for Surface [<italic>F</italic>
<sub>(1, 5)</sub>
= 62.500, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.001, η<sup>2</sup>
= 1]; no other main effect or interactions were found. The <italic>post-hoc</italic>
analysis showed a higher number of steps in the NFS condition compared to the SS condition.</p>
<p>We found a slightly significant interaction between Experimental Condition X Surface X Phase [F<sub>(1, 5)</sub>
= 5.96, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.058, η<sup>2</sup>
= 0.50], which revealed a lower forward drift for SS compared to NFS in the C phase and only in the CIon condition. No other differences were found.</p>
<p>We performed an analysis considering the correlation between the C and PE forward drift value separately for each condition (CIon and CIoff). Results showed a high and significant correlation coefficient for the CIon [<italic>R</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
= 0.74, <italic>p</italic>
< 0.0001, slope = 1.34] compared to the CIoff (<italic>R</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
= 0.2, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.06, slope = 0.44) (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>
).</p>
<fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p><bold>Correlation between the C and PE forward drift value for the CIon and CIoff conditions</bold>
. The dotted line represents the regression for the CIoff and the solid line for the CIon data.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="fnins-10-00022-g0002"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>This demonstrated that when under the influence of sound, movements are regulated in a consistent manner: the increment in drift after the treadmill experience is consistently proportional across participants but only in the presence of the guidance of sound. All results are summarized in Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>
, <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref>
.</p>
<table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p><bold>Results in the CIon condition (mean ± standard deviation)</bold>
.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: thin solid #000000;" rowspan="1"><bold>CIon</bold>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid #000000;" rowspan="1"><bold>Snow sound</bold>
</th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid #000000;" rowspan="1"><bold>Natural footstep sound</bold>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Control</bold>
</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Post exercise</bold>
</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Control</bold>
</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Post exercise</bold>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Forward drift (mm)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">965.71 ± 165.38</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1448.68 ± 174.75</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1091.181 ± 149.62</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1553.77 ± 220.33</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Step length (mm)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124.59 ± 22.30</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">153.28 ± 20.78</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129.06 ± 22.86</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">143.29 ± 18.82</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of steps</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.83 ± 1.35</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.33 ± 1.45</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.16 ± 1.30</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.83 ± 1.70</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p><bold>Results in the CIoff condition (mean ± standard deviation)</bold>
.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: thin solid #000000;" rowspan="1"><bold>CIoff</bold>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid #000000;" rowspan="1"><bold>Snow sound</bold>
</th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid #000000;" rowspan="1"><bold>Natural footstep sound</bold>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Control</bold>
</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Post exercise</bold>
</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Control</bold>
</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Post exercise</bold>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Forward drift (mm)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">990.73 ± 251.50</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">847.16 ± 140.79</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">895.12 ± 140.21</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1214.41 ± 171.44</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Step length (mm)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151.61 ± 39.30</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">154.38 ± 38.55</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">130.24 ± 19.54</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">122.30 ± 16.19</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of steps</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.83 ± 2.85</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.00 ± 1.36</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.33 ± 1.94</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.66 ± 1.40</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec><title>Questionnaire results</title>
<p>In order to evaluate how participants perceived the surfaces during the CIon Experimental Condition, the VAS results for each questionnaire item were compared between the two surfaces. The analysis conducted with the <italic>t</italic>
-test procedure revealed that the SS significantly affected walking when compared to the absence of auditory feedback [<italic>t</italic>
<sub>(7.83)</sub>
= 2.681, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.028] (see Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3A</xref>
), and significantly affected the perceived softness of the walked-upon surface [<italic>t</italic>
<sub>(8.378)</sub>
= 2.599, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.03] (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3B</xref>
). Participants correctly recognized that the typology of the simulated material was aggregate, not solid or liquid. This result is in accordance with the findings reported in our previous study using the same footstep sound engine (Nordahl et al., <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>
; Turchet, <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">in press</xref>
).</p>
<fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p><bold>Visual Analog Scale score of the Sound influence on walking (A) and Perceived softness (B) for each Condition in the CIon Experimental Condition</bold>
. <sup>*</sup>
Represents a significance level of <italic>p</italic>
< 0.05.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="fnins-10-00022-g0003"></graphic>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion" id="s4"><title>Discussion</title>
<p>In this experiment we investigated whether hearing the sound of footsteps has an impact on the perception-action coupling seen as a typical sensory-motor aftereffect illusion after treadmill walking. With this aim we tested cochlear-implanted patients with their system turned off and on. We also tested whether different sounds, representing different materials, modulated the sensory-motor aftereffect when participants heard their stepping through headphones connected to a pair of sensorized shoes, giving the impression that they were walking on different surfaces. Our results strongly sustain the reliance on auditory feedback: when the cochlear system was turned off, indeed, there was no presence of a sensory-motor aftereffect. In other words, when no sound feedback was available, no increment of drift after experiencing the treadmill walking exercise was present. On the contrary, when the cochlear system was turned on, participants presented an increment in forward drift similar to the one found in normal hearing participants (Turchet et al., <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>
). This demonstrates that having a cochlear implant is important not just for language comprehension (Geers et al., <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">2003</xref>
) but also for movement planning (Zatorre et al., <xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>
). Moreover, the results corroborate the fundamental role of sounds in self-movement perception. Studies showed that sounds of action are informative about movement kinematic and dynamic (Young et al., <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>
; Cesari et al., <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>
; Rodger et al., <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>
), and contribute to the internal movement representation (Wolpert et al., <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>
). Hence, we found that only combining sound information together with proprioception strengthened the conflict with visual feedbacks (body is moving/body is still), giving rise to the sensory-motor aftereffect. On the other hand, sound feedback removal reduced the amount of available information for the self-movement representation, which in turn lowered the perceptual conflict leading to a lack of sensory-motor aftereffect. In the PE phase of the CIoff condition, indeed, the forward drift was less than the one of the CIon condition, confirming that when sound information is missed, the reduced information conflict experienced during the treadmill walking reduced the aftereffect. Only in the presence of sound did the drift measured before and after the treadmill experience increase consistently and in a stable manner across participants. On the contrary, in the CIoff condition, participants changed their drift after the treadmill walking independently of what they did before. Hence, hearing the step's sound together with proprioceptive information strengthened the conflict with visual feedback: the first two signaling that the body is moving while the latter signaling that the body is still.</p>
<p>Interestingly, contrary to our study, in During and Pelah' s study (Durgin and Pelah, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">1999</xref>
) when the auditory feedback was decreased by means of a pair of earplugs, the sensory-motor aftereffect persisted and even enlarged. It is important to mention though that in During and Pelah's study individuals were asked to run in place while our participants were asked to walk. Even more importantly in During and Pelah's study individuals were able to hear their steps via bone conduction while this was not the case for our participants. These differences, in particular the availability of sound feedback, were able to change the level of perceptual conflict experienced during the treadmill exercise and to show <italic>ad-hoc</italic>
motor strategies for maintaining the body balance (Suarez et al., <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>
; Cushing et al., <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>
; Eustaquio et al., <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>
) in particular in the CIoff condition.</p>
<p>Movement regulation by means of sound has been demonstrated by several studies, which showed less sway variability across subjects when sound feedback was delivered during a static balance task (Dozza et al., <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">2004</xref>
, <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>
) and less movement variability in a dynamic task such as walking (Baram and Lenger, <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>
; Rodger et al., <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>
). Thus, since in the CIon condition all participants underwent to the same sound feedback (Snow and Natural Footstep Sound), it could be possible that they used it as a reference for movement regulation, which led to a consistent growth of forward drift.</p>
<p>The overall higher forward drift found for NFS compared to SS and the higher number of steps for NFS compared to SS was mainly due to the higher forward drift obtained in the PE phase of the CIon condition. The triple interaction, although marginally significant, revealed, indeed, a lower forward drift only in the CIon condition during the C phase when participants were walking in acoustically simulated deep snow. Those results are also in line with biomechanical studies that showed reduced step cadence and a higher muscle activation when walking on a soft surface compared to a solid one (Pinnington et al., <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>
). Moreover, our results sustain that specific movement patterns can be evoked by just listening to the sounds produced (Castiello et al., <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>
; Sedda et al., <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>
; Turchet and Serafin, <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>
; Turchet et al., <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">2013b</xref>
, <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>
; Rodger et al., <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>
), and that the kinematic of a walk can be adjusted according to the heard surface (Turchet and Serafin, <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>
; Turchet et al., <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">2013b</xref>
, <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>
; Rodger et al., <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>
), underlining the strong link between sound and action. Sounds are embedded in movement, and every time the sound of an action is heard, brain networks responsible for the execution of that movement are activated (Kohler et al., <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref>
; Lahav et al., <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>
; Aglioti and Pazzaglia, <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>
). This mechanism allows the extraction of relevant kinematic action information (Young et al., <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>
) and modulates the performed movement accordingly (Young et al., <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>
; Cesari et al., <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>
).</p>
<p>Kinematic results were supported by the data collected through the questionnaire. Hearing the sound of the snow surface highly influenced the participants' way of walking (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3A</xref>
) and led them to perceive greater floor softness compared to when no augmented sound was delivered (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3B</xref>
). This, in line with our previous studies that involved normal hearing individuals (Turchet et al., <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">2013a</xref>
,<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">b</xref>
, <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>
), unveils the presence of pseudo-haptic illusions also for the cochlear-implanted population, where the auditory cues successfully created haptic sensations that have no basis in the mechanical signal perceived by the feet. This confirms that even with audio prosthesis that limit the hearable range of frequencies, cochlear implanted individuals were able to recognize the heard surface and use sound as a cue for movement planning.</p>
<p>Taken together, these findings underline that sounds are fundamental for the self-motion perception and prove that auditory feedback is effective in evoking a pseudo-haptic illusion (Turchet et al., <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">2013b</xref>
, <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>
) that influences the movement kinematic (Castiello et al., <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>
; Sedda et al., <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>
; Turchet et al., <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">2013b</xref>
, <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>
; Rodger et al., <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>
). In general, we demonstrated that sounds are fundamental not just for language comprehension, but also for movement regulation during a dynamic task, leading to consistent and better movement control when they are available (Dozza et al., <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">2004</xref>
, <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>
; Baram and Lenger, <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>
; Rodger et al., <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>
).</p>
<p>This supports the multisensory nature of the sensory-motor aftereffect (Durgin and Pelah, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">1999</xref>
; Turchet et al., <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>
), which considers not only proprioception and vision, but also audition; moreover, it breaks new ground on the use of interactive sound feedback in motor learning and opens new questions on how sounds contribute to movement representation in the brain.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="s5"><title>Author contributions</title>
<p>IC Conception, Design of the work, Data acquisition, Data analysis, Data interpretation, Drafting the work, revising the work, Final approval, accountable for all aspects of the work. LT Data acquisition, Data analysis, Revising the work, Final approval, accountable for all aspects of the work. MC Design of the work, Revising the work, Final approval, accountable for all aspects of the work. DM Design of the work, Revising the work, Final approval, accountable for all aspects of the work. PC Conception, Design of the work, Data acquisition, Data analysis, Data interpretation, Drafting the work, revising the work, Final approval, accountable for all aspects of the work.</p>
<sec><title>Conflict of interest statement</title>
<p>The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</body>
<back><ack><p>We wish to thank the participants and their families for assisting with the study. The study was supported by the Joint Project 2015 Verona University. The research leading to these results has received funding from the Danish Council for Independent Research Technology and Production Sciences (FTP), Grant No. 12-131985.</p>
</ack>
<ref-list><title>References</title>
<ref id="B1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Aglioti</surname>
<given-names>S. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pazzaglia</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2010</year>
). <article-title>Representing actions through their sound</article-title>
. <source>Exp. Brain Res.</source>
<volume>206</volume>
, <fpage>141</fpage>
–<lpage>151</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00221-010-2344-x</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20602092</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Anstis</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>1995</year>
). <article-title>Aftereffects from jogging</article-title>
. <source>Exp. Brain Res.</source>
<volume>103</volume>
, <fpage>476</fpage>
–<lpage>478</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF00241507</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7789454</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Baram</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lenger</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2012</year>
). <article-title>Gait improvement in patients with cerebral palsy by visual and auditory feedback</article-title>
. <source>Neuromodulation</source>
<volume>15</volume>
, <fpage>48</fpage>
–<lpage>52</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1525-1403.2011.00412.x</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22151772</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Castiello</surname>
<given-names>U.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Giordano</surname>
<given-names>B. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Begliomini</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ansuini</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Grassi</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2010</year>
). <article-title>When ears drive hands: the influence of contact sound on reaching to grasp</article-title>
. <source>PLoS ONE</source>
<volume>5</volume>
:<fpage>e12240</fpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0012240</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20808929</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cesari</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Camponogara</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Papetti</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Rocchesso</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fontana</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2014</year>
). <article-title>Might as well jump: sound affects muscle activation in skateboarding</article-title>
. <source>PLoS ONE</source>
<volume>9</volume>
:<fpage>e90156</fpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0090156</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24619134</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cushing</surname>
<given-names>S. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chia</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>James</surname>
<given-names>A. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Papsin</surname>
<given-names>B. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gordon</surname>
<given-names>K. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2008</year>
). <article-title>A test of static and dynamic balance function in children with cochlear implants: the vestibular olympics</article-title>
. <source>Arch. Otolaryngol. HeadNeck Surg.</source>
<volume>134</volume>
, <fpage>34</fpage>
–<lpage>38</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/archoto.2007.16</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18209133</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dauman</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2013</year>
). <article-title>Bone conduction: an explanation for this phenomenon comprising complex mechanisms</article-title>
. <source>Eur. Ann. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Dis.</source>
<volume>130</volume>
, <fpage>209</fpage>
–<lpage>213</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.anorl.2012.11.002</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23743177</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dozza</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chiari</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Horak</surname>
<given-names>F. B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2004</year>
). <article-title>A portable audio-biofeedback system to improve postural control</article-title>
, in <source>Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2004. IEMBS'04. 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE, Vol. 2</source>
(<publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA</publisher-loc>
: <publisher-name>IEEE</publisher-name>
), <fpage>4799</fpage>
–<lpage>4802</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1109/IEMBS.2004.1404328</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dozza</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Horak</surname>
<given-names>F. B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chiari</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2007</year>
). <article-title>Auditory biofeedback substitutes for loss of sensory information in maintaining stance</article-title>
. <source>Exp. Brain Res.</source>
<volume>178</volume>
, <fpage>37</fpage>
–<lpage>48</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00221-006-0709-y</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17021893</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Durgin</surname>
<given-names>F. H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pelah</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>1999</year>
). <article-title>Visuomotor adaptation without vision?</article-title>
<source>Exp. Brain Res.</source>
<volume>127</volume>
, <fpage>12</fpage>
–<lpage>18</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s002210050769</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10424410</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Durgin</surname>
<given-names>F. H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pelah</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fox</surname>
<given-names>L. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lewis</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kane</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Walley</surname>
<given-names>K. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2005</year>
). <article-title>Self-motion perception during locomotor recalibration: more than meets the eye</article-title>
. <source>J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform.</source>
<volume>31</volume>
, <fpage>398</fpage>
–<lpage>419</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1037/0096-1523.31.3.398</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15982122</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Eustaquio</surname>
<given-names>M. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Berryhill</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wolfe</surname>
<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Saunders</surname>
<given-names>J. E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2011</year>
). <article-title>Balance in children with bilateral cochlear implants</article-title>
. <source>Otol. Neurotol.</source>
<volume>32</volume>
, <fpage>424</fpage>
–<lpage>427</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MAO.0b013e318210b6d2</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21358560</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Geers</surname>
<given-names>A. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nicholas</surname>
<given-names>J. G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sedey</surname>
<given-names>A. L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2003</year>
). <article-title>Language skills of children with early cochlear implantation</article-title>
. <source>Ear Hear.</source>
<volume>24</volume>
, <fpage>46S</fpage>
–<lpage>58S</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.aud.0000051689.57380.1b</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12612480</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kohler</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Keysers</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Umiltà</surname>
<given-names>M. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fogassi</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gallese</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Rizzolatti</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2002</year>
). <article-title>Hearing sounds, understanding actions: action representation in mirror neurons</article-title>
. <source>Science</source>
<volume>297</volume>
, <fpage>846</fpage>
–<lpage>848</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.1070311</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12161656</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lahav</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Saltzman</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Schlaug</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2007</year>
). <article-title>Action representation of sound: audiomotor recognition network while listening to newly acquired actions</article-title>
. <source>J. Neurosci.</source>
<volume>27</volume>
, <fpage>308</fpage>
–<lpage>314</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4822-06.2007</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17215391</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Madgwick</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mitchell</surname>
<given-names>T. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2013</year>
). <article-title>x-OSC: a versatile wireless I/O device for creative/music applications</article-title>
, in <source>SMC Sound and Music Computing Conference 2013</source>
(<publisher-loc>Stockholm</publisher-loc>
: <publisher-name>KTH Royal Institute of Technology</publisher-name>
).</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nordahl</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Serafin</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Turchet</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2010</year>
). <article-title>Sound synthesis and evaluation of interactive footsteps for virtual reality applications</article-title>
, in <source>Virtual Reality Conference (VR), 2010 IEEE</source>
(<publisher-loc>Waltham, MA</publisher-loc>
: <publisher-name>IEEE</publisher-name>
), <fpage>147</fpage>
–<lpage>153</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1109/VR.2010.5444796</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Philbeck</surname>
<given-names>J. W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Woods</surname>
<given-names>A. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Arthur</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Todd</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2008</year>
). <article-title>Progressive locomotor recalibration during blind walking</article-title>
. <source>Percept. Psychophys.</source>
<volume>70</volume>
, <fpage>1459</fpage>
–<lpage>1470</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3758/PP.70.8.1459</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19064490</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pinnington</surname>
<given-names>H. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lloyd</surname>
<given-names>D. G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Besier</surname>
<given-names>T. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dawson</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2005</year>
). <article-title>Kinematic and electromyography analysis of submaximal differences running on a firm surface compared with soft, dry sand</article-title>
. <source>Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.</source>
<volume>94</volume>
, <fpage>242</fpage>
–<lpage>253</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00421-005-1323-6</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15815938</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rieser</surname>
<given-names>J. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pick</surname>
<given-names>H. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ashmead</surname>
<given-names>D. H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Garing</surname>
<given-names>A. E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>1995</year>
). <article-title>Calibration of human locomotion and models of perceptual-motor organization</article-title>
. <source>J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform.</source>
<volume>21</volume>
, <fpage>480</fpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1037/0096-1523.21.3.480</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7790829</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rodger</surname>
<given-names>M. W. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Young</surname>
<given-names>W. R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Craig</surname>
<given-names>C. M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2014</year>
). <article-title>Synthesis of walking sounds for alleviating gait disturbances in Parkinson's disease</article-title>
. <source>IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng.</source>
<volume>22</volume>
, <fpage>543</fpage>
–<lpage>548</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1109/TNSRE.2013.2285410</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24235275</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sedda</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Monaco</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bottini</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Goodale</surname>
<given-names>M. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2011</year>
). <article-title>Integration of visual and auditory information for hand actions: preliminary evidence for the contribution of natural sounds to grasping</article-title>
. <source>Exp. Brain Res.</source>
<volume>209</volume>
, <fpage>365</fpage>
–<lpage>374</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00221-011-2559-5</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21290243</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Suarez</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Angeli</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Suarez</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Rosales</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Carrera</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Alonso</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2007</year>
). <article-title>Balance sensory organization in children with profound hearing loss and cochlear implants</article-title>
. <source>Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.</source>
<volume>71</volume>
, <fpage>629</fpage>
–<lpage>637</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.12.014</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17275927</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Turchet</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2014</year>
). <article-title>Custom made wireless systems for interactive footstep sounds synthesis</article-title>
. <source>Appl. Acoust.</source>
<volume>83</volume>
, <fpage>22</fpage>
–<lpage>31</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.apacoust.2014.03.005</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Turchet</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>in press</year>
). <article-title>Footstep sounds synthesis: design, implementation, evaluation of foot–floor interactions, surface materials, shoe types, walkers' features</article-title>
. <source>Appl. Acoust.</source>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.apacoust.2015.05.013</pub-id>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Turchet</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Camponogara</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cesari</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2015</year>
). <article-title>Interactive footstep sounds modulate the perceptual-motor aftereffect of treadmill walking</article-title>
. <source>Exp. Brain Res.</source>
<volume>233</volume>
, <fpage>205</fpage>
–<lpage>214</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00221-014-4104-9</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25234404</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Turchet</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pugliese</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Takala</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2013a</year>
). <article-title>Physically based sound synthesis and control of jumping sounds on an elastic trampoline</article-title>
, in <source>Interactive Sonification Workshop</source>
(<publisher-loc>Erlange</publisher-loc>
: <publisher-name>Fraunhofer IIS</publisher-name>
), <fpage>87</fpage>
–<lpage>94</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Turchet</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Serafin</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2013</year>
). <article-title>Investigating the amplitude of interactive footstep sounds and soundscape reproduction</article-title>
. <source>Appl. Acoust.</source>
<volume>74</volume>
, <fpage>566</fpage>
–<lpage>574</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.apacoust.2012.10.010</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Turchet</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Serafin</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cesari</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2013b</year>
). <article-title>Walking pace affected by interactive sounds simulating stepping on different terrains</article-title>
. <source>ACM Trans. Appl. Percept.</source>
<volume>10</volume>
, <fpage>23</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1145/2536764.2536770</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Turchet</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Serafin</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dimitrov</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nordahl</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2010</year>
). <article-title>Physically based sound synthesis and control of footsteps sounds</article-title>
, in <source>Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Digital Audio Effects (DAFx-10), Vol. 1, 1 Edn.</source>
, eds <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Sontacchi</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pomberger</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zotter</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<publisher-loc>Graz</publisher-loc>
), <fpage>161</fpage>
–<lpage>168</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Van Der Kooij</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jacobs</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Koopman</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Grootenboer</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>1999</year>
). <article-title>A multisensory integration model of human stance control</article-title>
. <source>Biol. Cybern.</source>
<volume>80</volume>
, <fpage>299</fpage>
–<lpage>308</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s004220050527</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10365423</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wolpert</surname>
<given-names>D. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ghahramani</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jordan</surname>
<given-names>M. I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>1995</year>
). <article-title>An internal model for sensorimotor integration</article-title>
. <source>Science</source>
<volume>269</volume>
, <fpage>1880</fpage>
–<lpage>1882</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.7569931</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7569931</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Young</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Rodger</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Craig</surname>
<given-names>C. M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2013</year>
). <article-title>Perceiving and reenacting spatiotemporal characteristics of walking sounds</article-title>
. <source>J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform.</source>
<volume>39</volume>
, <fpage>464</fpage>
–<lpage>476</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1037/a0029402</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22866760</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zanetti</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Schieppati</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2007</year>
). <article-title>Quiet stance control is affected by prior treadmill but not overground locomotion</article-title>
. <source>Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.</source>
<volume>100</volume>
, <fpage>331</fpage>
–<lpage>339</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00421-007-0434-7</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17357791</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zatorre</surname>
<given-names>R. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>J. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Penhune</surname>
<given-names>V. B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(<year>2007</year>
). <article-title>When the brain plays music: auditory-motor interactions in music perception and production</article-title>
. <source>Nat. Rev. Neurosci.</source>
<volume>8</volume>
, <fpage>547</fpage>
–<lpage>558</lpage>
. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nrn2152</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17585307</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Danemark</li>
<li>Italie</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Camponogara, Ivan" sort="Camponogara, Ivan" uniqKey="Camponogara I" first="Ivan" last="Camponogara">Ivan Camponogara</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Carner, Marco" sort="Carner, Marco" uniqKey="Carner M" first="Marco" last="Carner">Marco Carner</name>
<name sortKey="Cesari, Paola" sort="Cesari, Paola" uniqKey="Cesari P" first="Paola" last="Cesari">Paola Cesari</name>
<name sortKey="Marchioni, Daniele" sort="Marchioni, Daniele" uniqKey="Marchioni D" first="Daniele" last="Marchioni">Daniele Marchioni</name>
</country>
<country name="Danemark"><noRegion><name sortKey="Turchet, Luca" sort="Turchet, Luca" uniqKey="Turchet L" first="Luca" last="Turchet">Luca Turchet</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Ticri/CIDE/explor/HapticV1/Data/Ncbi/Merge
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 004002 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/biblio.hfd -nk 004002 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Ticri/CIDE |area= HapticV1 |flux= Ncbi |étape= Merge |type= RBID |clé= PMC:4746279 |texte= To Hear or Not to Hear: Sound Availability Modulates Sensory-Motor Integration }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:26903791" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a HapticV1
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.23. | ![]() |