Visual outcome and rotational stability of open loop toric intraocular lens implantation in Indian eyes
Identifieur interne : 002B57 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 002B56; suivant : 002B58Visual outcome and rotational stability of open loop toric intraocular lens implantation in Indian eyes
Auteurs : Arvind Venkataraman [Inde]Source :
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology [ 0301-4738 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
To assess the visual outcome and rotational stability of single-piece open loop toric Intra Ocular Lens (IOL) in a clinical setting.
In a prospective study, 122 eyes of 77 patients were followed up for a period of 12 months after cataract surgery with toric open loop IOL implantation. The pre-operative markings for the position of incision and IOL placement were done under slit lamp by anterior stromal puncture. The visual acuity, refraction, and IOL position were assessed at day 1, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery.
The mean age of the cohort was 56 yrs (S.D. 13.88; range 16 to 87 years). The mean pre-operative cylinder of corneal astigmatism was 1.37 D. (SD 0.79, range 1.0 to 5.87 D). Mean post-operative refractive cylinder was 0.36 D (SD 0.57, range 0 to 1.50 D) at 12 months. Ninety-seven percent of the eyes were within 1 D of residual astigmatism. Ninety-four percent of patients had uncorrected visual acuity of 20/30 or better. Four eyes required IOL repositioning due to rotation. At 12 months, 96.7% of the IOLs were within 10 degrees of the target axis. There was no rotation seen after 6 months.
Toric IOLs are very effective and consistent in correcting astigmatism during the cataract surgery. IOL rotation happens mostly within a month of surgery, and if significant, requires early repositioning.
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DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.123142
PubMed: 24343593
PubMed Central: 3959075
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Visual outcome and rotational stability of open loop toric intraocular lens implantation in Indian eyes</title><author><name sortKey="Venkataraman, Arvind" sort="Venkataraman, Arvind" uniqKey="Venkataraman A" first="Arvind" last="Venkataraman">Arvind Venkataraman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Anterior Segment and corneal Surgery, Dr. Arvind Vision Care Eye Hospital, 61, Reddypalayam Road, Mogappair West, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Anterior Segment and corneal Surgery, Dr. Arvind Vision Care Eye Hospital, 61, Reddypalayam Road, Mogappair West, Chennai, Tamil Nadu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tamil Nadu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Vasan Eye Care Hospital, M77 3<sup>rd</sup> Avenue, Anna Nagar East, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea> Avenue, Anna Nagar East, Chennai, Tamil Nadu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tamil Nadu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24343593</idno><idno type="pmc">3959075</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3959075</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3959075</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/0301-4738.123142</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001F74</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001F74</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000E99</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">002B57</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Visual outcome and rotational stability of open loop toric intraocular lens implantation in Indian eyes</title><author><name sortKey="Venkataraman, Arvind" sort="Venkataraman, Arvind" uniqKey="Venkataraman A" first="Arvind" last="Venkataraman">Arvind Venkataraman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Anterior Segment and corneal Surgery, Dr. Arvind Vision Care Eye Hospital, 61, Reddypalayam Road, Mogappair West, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Anterior Segment and corneal Surgery, Dr. Arvind Vision Care Eye Hospital, 61, Reddypalayam Road, Mogappair West, Chennai, Tamil Nadu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tamil Nadu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Vasan Eye Care Hospital, M77 3<sup>rd</sup> Avenue, Anna Nagar East, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea> Avenue, Anna Nagar East, Chennai, Tamil Nadu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tamil Nadu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Indian Journal of Ophthalmology</title><idno type="ISSN">0301-4738</idno><idno type="eISSN">1998-3689</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Purpose:</title><p>To assess the visual outcome and rotational stability of single-piece open loop toric Intra Ocular Lens (IOL) in a clinical setting.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>In a prospective study, 122 eyes of 77 patients were followed up for a period of 12 months after cataract surgery with toric open loop IOL implantation. The pre-operative markings for the position of incision and IOL placement were done under slit lamp by anterior stromal puncture. The visual acuity, refraction, and IOL position were assessed at day 1, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>The mean age of the cohort was 56 yrs (S.D. 13.88; range 16 to 87 years). The mean pre-operative cylinder of corneal astigmatism was 1.37 D. (SD 0.79, range 1.0 to 5.87 D). Mean post-operative refractive cylinder was 0.36 D (SD 0.57, range 0 to 1.50 D) at 12 months. Ninety-seven percent of the eyes were within 1 D of residual astigmatism. Ninety-four percent of patients had uncorrected visual acuity of 20/30 or better. Four eyes required IOL repositioning due to rotation. At 12 months, 96.7% of the IOLs were within 10 degrees of the target axis. There was no rotation seen after 6 months.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>Toric IOLs are very effective and consistent in correcting astigmatism during the cataract surgery. IOL rotation happens mostly within a month of surgery, and if significant, requires early repositioning.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoffer, Kj" uniqKey="Hoffer K">KJ Hoffer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Grabow, Hb" uniqKey="Grabow H">HB Grabow</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoffmann, Pc" uniqKey="Hoffmann P">PC Hoffmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hutz, Ww" uniqKey="Hutz W">WW Hütz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dada, T" uniqKey="Dada T">T Dada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Titiyal, Js" uniqKey="Titiyal J">JS Titiyal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, N" uniqKey="Sharma N">N Sharma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mendicute, J" uniqKey="Mendicute J">J Mendicute</name></author><author><name sortKey="Irigoyen, C" uniqKey="Irigoyen C">C Irigoyen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruiz, M" uniqKey="Ruiz M">M Ruiz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Illarramendi, I" uniqKey="Illarramendi I">I Illarramendi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrer Blasco, T" uniqKey="Ferrer Blasco T">T Ferrer-Blasco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Montes Mico, R" uniqKey="Montes Mico R">R Montes-Mico</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Budak, K" uniqKey="Budak K">K Budak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yilmaz, G" uniqKey="Yilmaz G">G Yilmaz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aslan, Bs" uniqKey="Aslan B">BS Aslan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duman, S" uniqKey="Duman S">S Duman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lever, J" uniqKey="Lever J">J Lever</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dahan, E" uniqKey="Dahan E">E Dahan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Inoue, T" uniqKey="Inoue T">T Inoue</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maeda, N" uniqKey="Maeda N">N Maeda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sasaki, K" uniqKey="Sasaki K">K Sasaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Watanabe, H" uniqKey="Watanabe H">H Watanabe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Inoue, Y" uniqKey="Inoue Y">Y Inoue</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nishida, K" uniqKey="Nishida K">K Nishida</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Holland, E" uniqKey="Holland E">E Holland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lane, S" uniqKey="Lane S">S Lane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horn, Jd" uniqKey="Horn J">JD Horn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ernest, P" uniqKey="Ernest P">P Ernest</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arleo, R" uniqKey="Arleo R">R Arleo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Km" uniqKey="Miller K">KM Miller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chang, Df" uniqKey="Chang D">DF Chang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chang, Df" uniqKey="Chang D">DF Chang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chernyak, Da" uniqKey="Chernyak D">DA Chernyak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carey, Pj" uniqKey="Carey P">PJ Carey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leccisotti, A" uniqKey="Leccisotti A">A Leccisotti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgilligan, Ve" uniqKey="Mcgilligan V">VE McGilligan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goodall, Ea" uniqKey="Goodall E">EA Goodall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Cb" uniqKey="Moore C">CB Moore</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Novis, C" uniqKey="Novis C">C Novis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Patel, Ck" uniqKey="Patel C">CK Patel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ormonde, S" uniqKey="Ormonde S">S Ormonde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosen, Ph" uniqKey="Rosen P">PH Rosen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bron, Aj" uniqKey="Bron A">AJ Bron</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dardzhikova, A" uniqKey="Dardzhikova A">A Dardzhikova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Cr" uniqKey="Shah C">CR Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gimbel, Hv" uniqKey="Gimbel H">HV Gimbel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Indian J Ophthalmol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Indian J Ophthalmol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJO</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Indian Journal of Ophthalmology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0301-4738</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1998-3689</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24343593</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3959075</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IJO-61-626</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0301-4738.123142</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Visual outcome and rotational stability of open loop toric intraocular lens implantation in Indian eyes</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Venkataraman</surname><given-names>Arvind</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kalpana</surname><given-names></given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Anterior Segment and corneal Surgery, Dr. Arvind Vision Care Eye Hospital, 61, Reddypalayam Road, Mogappair West, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Vasan Eye Care Hospital, M77 3<sup>rd</sup> Avenue, Anna Nagar East, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Correspondence to:</bold> Dr. Arvind Venkataraman, 61, Reddypalayam Road, Mogappair West, Chennai - 600 037, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail: <email xlink:href="chakraraja@gmail.com">chakraraja@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>626</fpage><lpage>629</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>22</day><month>2</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2011</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Indian Journal of Ophthalmology</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Purpose:</title><p>To assess the visual outcome and rotational stability of single-piece open loop toric Intra Ocular Lens (IOL) in a clinical setting.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>In a prospective study, 122 eyes of 77 patients were followed up for a period of 12 months after cataract surgery with toric open loop IOL implantation. The pre-operative markings for the position of incision and IOL placement were done under slit lamp by anterior stromal puncture. The visual acuity, refraction, and IOL position were assessed at day 1, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>The mean age of the cohort was 56 yrs (S.D. 13.88; range 16 to 87 years). The mean pre-operative cylinder of corneal astigmatism was 1.37 D. (SD 0.79, range 1.0 to 5.87 D). Mean post-operative refractive cylinder was 0.36 D (SD 0.57, range 0 to 1.50 D) at 12 months. Ninety-seven percent of the eyes were within 1 D of residual astigmatism. Ninety-four percent of patients had uncorrected visual acuity of 20/30 or better. Four eyes required IOL repositioning due to rotation. At 12 months, 96.7% of the IOLs were within 10 degrees of the target axis. There was no rotation seen after 6 months.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>Toric IOLs are very effective and consistent in correcting astigmatism during the cataract surgery. IOL rotation happens mostly within a month of surgery, and if significant, requires early repositioning.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Astigmatism</kwd><kwd>cataract surgery</kwd><kwd>toric lens</kwd><kwd>toric intraocular lens</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><p>The cataract surgery has evolved from a mere visual rehabilitation to a refractive procedure. Emmetropia is the expectation of both the patients as well as surgeons. This has been possible by better surgical techniques and improvement in IOL power calculations. But, astigmatism has been a hurdle in achieving good refractive results. Astigmatism, a common refractive error found in 15% to 29% of prospective cataract patients, is caused by the corneal shape, crystalline lens shape, or a combination.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref><xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref><xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] Limbal Relaxing Incisions (LRI), paired clear corneal tunnels, and astigmatic keratotomies were used to correct the pre-existing astigmatism during cataract surgery.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref><xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref><xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref><xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref><xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] These procedures are unpredictable, and the effect regresses over a period of time.[<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref><xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref><xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] A recent advance in cataract surgery was the introduction of toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) for the correction of astigmatism. Toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) are becoming more commonly available, allowing more predictable, precise, and stable correction of astigmatism than corneal or limbal relaxing incisions.</p><p>This study looked at the results of toric IOLs in correcting astigmatism and the stability of correction in a clinical setting in India.</p><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-1"><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>One hundred and twenty two eyes of were followed up for 12 months after cataract surgery with toric open loop IOL implantation. The inclusion criteria being corneal astigmatism of 1 D or more, normal cornea without any primary or secondary pathological conditions affecting its structure, visually significant cataract with intact zonules, residing in the locality so that they can attend all follow-ups post operatively. Exclusion criteria were irregular astigmatism (corneal scar, keratoconus, pterygium), previous kerato-refractive surgery, requirement for other ocular surgery at the time of intraocular lens implantation, zonular dehiscence during surgery, and planned monovision. A comprehensive ophthalmic examination was performed before the surgery. This included manifest refraction, keratometry, topography, slit lamp examination, applanation tonometry, and fundus evaluation through dilated pupils. The spherical IOL power was calculated using axial length from applanation ultrasound biometry and keratometry from a manual keratometer. The online Alcon Toric IOL calculator was used to choose the required toric IOL for implantation. The surgically induced astigmatism of the operating surgeon was found to be 0.37 D for temoral limbal and 0.41 D for supero-temporal limbal incision based vector analysis of 50 surgeries done by the surgeon. Hence, we used the surgeon induced astigmatism as 0.4 D for calculation toric IOLs, and the manufacturers’ recommendations were adhered to in each case. Phacoemulsification was performed through a 2.8 mm square wound; the limbal incision was performed at the pre-calculated site to obtain the least post-operative residual astigmatism. After phacoemulsification, a hydrophobic acrylic open loop foldable toric IOL (AcrySof, Alcon, Inc.) was inserted in the capsular bag using a Monarch II injector (Alcon, Inc.). The IOL is available in 7 models (SN60T3, SN60T4, SN60T5, SN60T6, SN60T7, SN60T8, SN60T9), each of which treats different amounts of astigmatism. All 7 toric IOL models have reference marks that indicate the axis of the astigmatic correction.</p><p>The site of incision was adjusted to obtain the minimum residual astigmatism following the surgery. The patient was seated in the slit lamp. The chin rest is adjusted so that the eye is level with the marking in the side posts. A torch is held 10 feet away at the level of the eyes as a target for fixation. This will avoid torsion problems in near fixation. Then, the slit beam is rotated to the required axis. The axis of incision is marked at the limbus using a 26 G needle by making anterior stromal puncture. The IOL placement was marked in the clear cornea by diagonally opposite anterior stromal puncture to align the markings of the IOL. These punctures can be made more visible by marking it using a sterile ink pen. Once the IOL was placed in the eye, the surgeon rotated the IOL to align with the reference marks on the cornea. Then, patients were examined postoperatively on day 1, day 7, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. The position of IOL is assessed in the slit lamp by adjusting the slit to the axis of markings on the IOL after dilatation. The error in lens placement was determined on day 1, and rotational stability was assessed in all the follow-up visits.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-2"><title>Results</title><p>One hundred and twenty two eyes of 77 patients were implanted with toric IOLs. The mean age of the patients was 56 years (SD 13.88) (range 16 to 87 years). Fifty-nine percent were males, and 41% were females. Thirty-two patients had uniocular implant and 45 patients had binocular toric IOL implant. The mean axial length was 23.42 (Range 18.55 – 26.22 mm). The mean spherical IOL power was 21.18 D (range 7.5 to 29.5 D). The mean pre-operative refractive cylinder was 1.92 D (SD 0.68, range 0.75 to 6 D), and mean pre-operative keratometric cylinder was 1.37 D (SD 0.79, range 1.0 to 5.87 D). There was a follow-up loss of 4% at the end of 12 months [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Follow-up loss over 12 months</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJO-61-626-g001"></graphic></table-wrap><p>The toric IOLs used were SN60T3 to SN60T9. T3 was the most commonly used toric IOL model. Most of the IOL implanted have a power in the range of 20-25 D. The post-operative residual cylinder at 12 months was 0.36 D (SD 0.57, range 0 to 1.50 D), and 94% of the eyes had less than 1 D of residual astigmatism [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>]. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref> summarizes the mean post-operative residual refractive cylinder for the different models. The target post-operative spherical refraction was -0.19 D (SD 0.27), and actual post-operative residual sphere was -0.32 D (SD 0.08, range -1.25 to + 0.75 D), and SRK-T formula was used in 75 patients.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Mean post-operative residual refractive cylinder compared with mean pre-operative refractive cylinder</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJO-61-626-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Residual refractive cylinder by model</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJO-61-626-g003"></graphic></fig><p>The uncorrected visual acuity of 20/20 or better was achieved in 73.5%, and 92.6% were 20/30 or better at 12 months after surgery [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>]. Overall, 96% of our patients had 20/40 or better unaided visual acuity. Of the 5 eyes having UCVA worse than 20/40, 2 eyes had residual refraction, which improved with glasses while one eye had amblyopia, one eye had myopic degeneration, and another eye of a patient had dry macular degeneration.</p><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Pre-operative best corrected vision and post-operative uncorrected vision</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJO-61-626-g004"></graphic></fig><p>The misalignment greater than 5 degrees was seen in 2 eyes on day 1 and were repositioned on the same day. One eye was repositioned at one week, and one eye had to be repositioned at 1 month [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>]. 96.7% of IOLs stayed within 10 degrees of placement after the first month [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4</xref>]. In one eye with posterior capsular tear, anterior vitrectomy was done and the toric IOL was placed in the bag, which remained stable at 1 year. One another patient had a small rhexis tear, and IOL was placed into the bag, which was also stable at 1 year.</p><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Details of eyes were repositioning were performed</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJO-61-626-g005"></graphic></table-wrap><fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Toric IOL rotation over time</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJO-61-626-g006"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-3"><title>Discussion</title><p>The toric IOL has added another tool to our armamentarium in treating astigmatism during cataract surgery. The toric IOL has been a boon to our practice. There have always been highly demanding patients who were not completely satisfied with the outcome due to the residual astigmatism. Unlike the multifocal implants, we don’t restrict our advice of toric lenses in patients with retinal problems or amblyopia. Though toric lens has a high predictability in ensuring accurate astigmatic correction, they are not suitable to correct irregular corneal astigmatism like keratoconus. Conditions that can affect the long term stability of IOL centration like zonular loss or weakness can result in loss of effect due to decentration over a period of time. Hence, we have excluded any case of irregular astigmatism or zonular weakness in our study. Though we have not used paired clear corneal incision or astigmatic keratotomy to reduce corneal astigmatism, it is worth considering these to compliment toric IOL for eyes with astigmatism that can’t be corrected by IOL alone.</p><p>Good outcomes with toric IOL depend on accurate measurement of keratometry and alignment of IOL marking with estimated steep axis of residual astigmatism. After phacoemulsification, the toric IOL needs to be implanted into the capsular bag. It is essential to remove all the viscoelastices including those behind the IOL. Else, the perfectly positioned lens can rotate in the early post-operative period. We also suggest tapping the optic so that it sticks to the capsule and only gentle hydration of side ports to prevent the fluid from slightly turning the lens. Except for 1 eye, we achieved excellent positioning on post-operative day 1. The positioning of IOL during surgery is not simple in spite of pre-operative marking. The parallax errors can result in misplacement. The error could be in the range of 2-5 degrees depending on the technique and parallax.[<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref><xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref><xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] The other factor is the cyclotorsion when the patient lies down for the cataract surgery.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] In our cohort, we have offset this by marking the patient in the sitting position with the patient seeing straight ahead on a target parallel to the eyes at a distance.</p><p>Post operatively measuring the axis of IOL is not fool proof. In a slit lamp examination, it is difficult to measure the precise alignment. The factors that can affect include slight torsion of the eye, convergence, bells phenomenon, and axis marking for the slit is measurable in 5 degree increments. Carey <italic>et al</italic>. had similar findings in their study and found that slit lamp marking and IOL positioning is reliable but not perfect.[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] Hence, we considered < +/- 5 degree as precise positioning. Any misalignment of greater than 5 degrees is considered as a significant rotation in our study.</p><p>The rotational stability of toric IOL determines the effectiveness and stability of the outcomes. There is a 3.3% loss of effectiveness for each degree of rotation.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] If an IOL rotates to 10 degrees, there is a 30% loss in effectiveness of toric IOL. Any rotation beyond 33 degrees will induce more astigmatism. As proven by Patel <italic>et al</italic>., the plate haptic lens tend to rotate more than a loop haptic design in the early post-operative period and loop haptic turn anti-clockwise after 2 weeks.[<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] In our study, we found excellent stability of open loop toric IOL in the bag. The most significant variable might have been capsular bag size because early post-operative IOL rotation is more likely to occur in larger diameter bags.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] Dardzhikova <italic>et al</italic>. also found that the rotation happens in eyes that have larger capsular bags and longer axial lengths.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] In our cohort, we found that significant rotations happened in eyes with longer axial length. There were 3 patients who had a residual astigmatism of > 1.0 D though the IOL position was matched that planned by the toric calculator. This could not be explained by the change in corneal astigmatism following surgery, and hence, we attribute this due to the internal astigmatism of the eye. Our rotation < 10 degrees is similar to the results of other studies on Alcon Acry Sof Toric IOL.[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref><xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</p><p>The toric IOL has become an effective tool to give best quality of vision to our patients by almost eliminating pre-operative astigmatism. The results depend on accurate pre-operative assessment of astigmatism, precise marking in the slit lamp, and perfect placement of IOL during surgery. 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