Learning a locomotor task: with or without errors?
Identifieur interne : 001073 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 001072; suivant : 001074Learning a locomotor task: with or without errors?
Auteurs : Laura Marchal Respo [Suisse] ; Jasmin Schneider [Suisse] ; Lukas Jaeger [Suisse] ; Robert Riener [Suisse]Source :
- Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation [ 1743-0003 ] ; 2014.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- methods : Robotics.
- physiology : Brain, Learning, Motor Activity, Muscle, Skeletal.
- Algorithms, Electromyography, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Young Adult.
Abstract
Robotic haptic guidance is the most commonly used robotic training strategy to reduce performance errors while training. However, research on motor learning has emphasized that errors are a fundamental neural signal that drive motor adaptation. Thus, researchers have proposed robotic therapy algorithms that amplify movement errors rather than decrease them. However, to date, no study has analyzed with precision which training strategy is the most appropriate to learn an especially simple task.
In this study, the impact of robotic training strategies that amplify or reduce errors on muscle activation and motor learning of a simple locomotor task was investigated in twenty two healthy subjects. The experiment was conducted with the MAgnetic Resonance COmpatible Stepper (MARCOS) a special robotic device developed for investigations in the MR scanner. The robot moved the dominant leg passively and the subject was requested to actively synchronize the non-dominant leg to achieve an alternating stepping-like movement. Learning with four different training strategies that reduce or amplify errors was evaluated: (i) Haptic guidance: errors were eliminated by passively moving the limbs, (ii) No guidance: no robot disturbances were presented, (iii) Error amplification: existing errors were amplified with repulsive forces, (iv) Noise disturbance: errors were evoked intentionally with a randomly-varying force disturbance on top of the no guidance strategy. Additionally, the activation of four lower limb muscles was measured by the means of surface electromyography (EMG).
Strategies that reduce or do not amplify errors limit muscle activation during training and result in poor learning gains. Adding random disturbing forces during training seems to increase attention, and therefore improve motor learning. Error amplification seems to be the most suitable strategy for initially less skilled subjects, perhaps because subjects could better detect their errors and correct them.
Error strategies have a great potential to evoke higher muscle activation and provoke better motor learning of simple tasks. Neuroimaging evaluation of brain regions involved in learning can provide valuable information on observed behavioral outcomes related to learning processes. The impacts of these strategies on neurological patients need further investigations.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-11-25
PubMed: 24594267
PubMed Central: 3975879
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 001278
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 001278
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000B41
- to stream PubMed, to step Corpus: 000732
- to stream PubMed, to step Curation: 000732
- to stream PubMed, to step Checkpoint: 000596
- to stream Ncbi, to step Merge: 002D54
- to stream Ncbi, to step Curation: 002D54
- to stream Ncbi, to step Checkpoint: 002D54
Links to Exploration step
PMC:3975879Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Learning a locomotor task: with or without errors?</title>
<author><name sortKey="Marchal Respo, Laura" sort="Marchal Respo, Laura" uniqKey="Marchal Respo L" first="Laura" last="Marchal Respo">Laura Marchal Respo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems IRIS, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems IRIS, ETH Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Medical Faculty, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Medical Faculty, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schneider, Jasmin" sort="Schneider, Jasmin" uniqKey="Schneider J" first="Jasmin" last="Schneider">Jasmin Schneider</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jaeger, Lukas" sort="Jaeger, Lukas" uniqKey="Jaeger L" first="Lukas" last="Jaeger">Lukas Jaeger</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems IRIS, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems IRIS, ETH Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Clinic for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Clinic for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Medical Faculty, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Medical Faculty, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Riener, Robert" sort="Riener, Robert" uniqKey="Riener R" first="Robert" last="Riener">Robert Riener</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems IRIS, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems IRIS, ETH Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Medical Faculty, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Medical Faculty, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">24594267</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3975879</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3975879</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3975879</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1186/1743-0003-11-25</idno>
<date when="2014">2014</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001278</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001278</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000B41</idno>
<idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000732</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000732</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000596</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">002D54</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">002D54</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">002D54</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001073</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Learning a locomotor task: with or without errors?</title>
<author><name sortKey="Marchal Respo, Laura" sort="Marchal Respo, Laura" uniqKey="Marchal Respo L" first="Laura" last="Marchal Respo">Laura Marchal Respo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems IRIS, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems IRIS, ETH Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Medical Faculty, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Medical Faculty, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schneider, Jasmin" sort="Schneider, Jasmin" uniqKey="Schneider J" first="Jasmin" last="Schneider">Jasmin Schneider</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jaeger, Lukas" sort="Jaeger, Lukas" uniqKey="Jaeger L" first="Lukas" last="Jaeger">Lukas Jaeger</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems IRIS, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems IRIS, ETH Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Clinic for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Clinic for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Medical Faculty, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Medical Faculty, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Riener, Robert" sort="Riener, Robert" uniqKey="Riener R" first="Robert" last="Riener">Robert Riener</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems IRIS, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems IRIS, ETH Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Medical Faculty, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Medical Faculty, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1743-0003</idno>
<imprint><date when="2014">2014</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Algorithms</term>
<term>Brain (physiology)</term>
<term>Electromyography</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Learning (physiology)</term>
<term>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Motor Activity (physiology)</term>
<term>Muscle, Skeletal (physiology)</term>
<term>Robotics (methods)</term>
<term>Young Adult</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Robotics</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Brain</term>
<term>Learning</term>
<term>Motor Activity</term>
<term>Muscle, Skeletal</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Algorithms</term>
<term>Electromyography</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Young Adult</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Robotic haptic guidance is the most commonly used robotic training strategy to reduce performance errors while training. However, research on motor learning has emphasized that errors are a fundamental neural signal that drive motor adaptation. Thus, researchers have proposed robotic therapy algorithms that amplify movement errors rather than decrease them. However, to date, no study has analyzed with precision which training strategy is the most appropriate to learn an especially simple task.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods</title>
<p>In this study, the impact of robotic training strategies that amplify or reduce errors on muscle activation and motor learning of a simple locomotor task was investigated in twenty two healthy subjects. The experiment was conducted with the MAgnetic Resonance COmpatible Stepper (MARCOS) a special robotic device developed for investigations in the MR scanner. The robot moved the dominant leg passively and the subject was requested to actively synchronize the non-dominant leg to achieve an alternating stepping-like movement. Learning with four different training strategies that reduce or amplify errors was evaluated: (i) Haptic guidance: errors were eliminated by passively moving the limbs, (ii) No guidance: no robot disturbances were presented, (iii) Error amplification: existing errors were amplified with repulsive forces, (iv) Noise disturbance: errors were evoked intentionally with a randomly-varying force disturbance on top of the no guidance strategy. Additionally, the activation of four lower limb muscles was measured by the means of surface electromyography (EMG).</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>Strategies that reduce or do not amplify errors limit muscle activation during training and result in poor learning gains. Adding random disturbing forces during training seems to increase attention, and therefore improve motor learning. Error amplification seems to be the most suitable strategy for initially less skilled subjects, perhaps because subjects could better detect their errors and correct them.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Error strategies have a great potential to evoke higher muscle activation and provoke better motor learning of simple tasks. Neuroimaging evaluation of brain regions involved in learning can provide valuable information on observed behavioral outcomes related to learning processes. The impacts of these strategies on neurological patients need further investigations.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Emken, Jl" uniqKey="Emken J">JL Emken</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Benitez, R" uniqKey="Benitez R">R Benitez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reinkensmeyer, Dj" uniqKey="Reinkensmeyer D">DJ Reinkensmeyer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aoyagi, D" uniqKey="Aoyagi D">D Aoyagi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ichinose, We" uniqKey="Ichinose W">WE Ichinose</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harkema, Sj" uniqKey="Harkema S">SJ Harkema</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reinkensmeyer, Dj" uniqKey="Reinkensmeyer D">DJ Reinkensmeyer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bobrow, Je" uniqKey="Bobrow J">JE Bobrow</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Veneman, Jf" uniqKey="Veneman J">JF Veneman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kruidhof, R" uniqKey="Kruidhof R">R Kruidhof</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hekman, Eeg" uniqKey="Hekman E">EEG Hekman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ekkelenkamp, R" uniqKey="Ekkelenkamp R">R Ekkelenkamp</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Asseldonk, Ehf" uniqKey="Van Asseldonk E">EHF van Asseldonk</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Der Kooij, H" uniqKey="Van Der Kooij H">H van der Kooij</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Riener, R" uniqKey="Riener R">R Riener</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lunenburger, L" uniqKey="Lunenburger L">L Lunenburger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jezernik, S" uniqKey="Jezernik S">S Jezernik</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anderschitz, Jm" uniqKey="Anderschitz J">JM Anderschitz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Colombo, G" uniqKey="Colombo G">G Colombo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dietz, V" uniqKey="Dietz V">V Dietz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Behrman, Al" uniqKey="Behrman A">AL Behrman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harkema, Sj" uniqKey="Harkema S">SJ Harkema</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Field Fote, Ec" uniqKey="Field Fote E">EC Field-Fote</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roach, Ke" uniqKey="Roach K">KE Roach</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Ra" uniqKey="Schmidt R">RA Schmidt</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bjork, Ra" uniqKey="Bjork R">RA Bjork</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lotze, M" uniqKey="Lotze M">M Lotze</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Braun, C" uniqKey="Braun C">C Braun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Birbaumer, N" uniqKey="Birbaumer N">N Birbaumer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anders, S" uniqKey="Anders S">S Anders</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cohen, Lg" uniqKey="Cohen L">LG Cohen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Israel, Jf" uniqKey="Israel J">JF Israel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Campbell, Dd" uniqKey="Campbell D">DD Campbell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kahn, Jh" uniqKey="Kahn J">JH Kahn</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hornby, Tg" uniqKey="Hornby T">TG Hornby</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Emken, Jl" uniqKey="Emken J">JL Emken</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bobrow, Je" uniqKey="Bobrow J">JE Bobrow</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reinkensmeyer, Dj" uniqKey="Reinkensmeyer D">DJ Reinkensmeyer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Patton, Jl" uniqKey="Patton J">JL Patton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stoykov, Me" uniqKey="Stoykov M">ME Stoykov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kovic, M" uniqKey="Kovic M">M Kovic</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mussa Ivaldi, Fa" uniqKey="Mussa Ivaldi F">FA Mussa-Ivaldi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reisman, Ds" uniqKey="Reisman D">DS Reisman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wityk, R" uniqKey="Wityk R">R Wityk</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Silver, K" uniqKey="Silver K">K Silver</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bastian, Aj" uniqKey="Bastian A">AJ Bastian</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Emken, Jl" uniqKey="Emken J">JL Emken</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reinkensmeyer, Dj" uniqKey="Reinkensmeyer D">DJ Reinkensmeyer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lam, T" uniqKey="Lam T">T Lam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anderschitz, M" uniqKey="Anderschitz M">M Anderschitz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dietz, V" uniqKey="Dietz V">V Dietz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Houldin, A" uniqKey="Houldin A">A Houldin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Luttin, K" uniqKey="Luttin K">K Luttin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lam, T" uniqKey="Lam T">T Lam</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yen, Sc" uniqKey="Yen S">SC Yen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schmit, Bd" uniqKey="Schmit B">BD Schmit</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Landry, Jm" uniqKey="Landry J">JM Landry</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roth, H" uniqKey="Roth H">H Roth</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, M" uniqKey="Wu M">M Wu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marchal Crespo, L" uniqKey="Marchal Crespo L">L Marchal-Crespo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reinkensmeyer, D" uniqKey="Reinkensmeyer D">D Reinkensmeyer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cesqui, B" uniqKey="Cesqui B">B Cesqui</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aliboni, S" uniqKey="Aliboni S">S Aliboni</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mazzoleni, S" uniqKey="Mazzoleni S">S Mazzoleni</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carrozza, M" uniqKey="Carrozza M">M Carrozza</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Posteraro, F" uniqKey="Posteraro F">F Posteraro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Micera, S" uniqKey="Micera S">S Micera</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Milot, M" uniqKey="Milot M">M Milot</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marchal Crespo, L" uniqKey="Marchal Crespo L">L Marchal-Crespo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cramer, S" uniqKey="Cramer S">S Cramer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reinkensmeyer, D" uniqKey="Reinkensmeyer D">D Reinkensmeyer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, J" uniqKey="Lee J">J Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Choi, S" uniqKey="Choi S">S Choi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sigrist, R" uniqKey="Sigrist R">R Sigrist</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rauter, G" uniqKey="Rauter G">G Rauter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Riener, R" uniqKey="Riener R">R Riener</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolf, P" uniqKey="Wolf P">P Wolf</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wulf, G" uniqKey="Wulf G">G Wulf</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shea, Ch" uniqKey="Shea C">CH Shea</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, V" uniqKey="Huang V">V Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Krakauer, J" uniqKey="Krakauer J">J Krakauer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Plautz, Ej" uniqKey="Plautz E">EJ Plautz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Milliken, Gw" uniqKey="Milliken G">GW Milliken</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nudo, Rj" uniqKey="Nudo R">RJ Nudo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Krakauer, Jw" uniqKey="Krakauer J">JW Krakauer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marchal Crespo, L" uniqKey="Marchal Crespo L">L Marchal-Crespo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hollnagel, C" uniqKey="Hollnagel C">C Hollnagel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bruegger, M" uniqKey="Bruegger M">M Bruegger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kollias, S" uniqKey="Kollias S">S Kollias</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Riener, R" uniqKey="Riener R">R Riener</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hollnagel, C" uniqKey="Hollnagel C">C Hollnagel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vallery, H" uniqKey="Vallery H">H Vallery</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sch Dler, R" uniqKey="Sch Dler R">R Schädler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="L Pez, Ig" uniqKey="L Pez I">IG López</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jaeger, L" uniqKey="Jaeger L">L Jaeger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolf, P" uniqKey="Wolf P">P Wolf</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Riener, R" uniqKey="Riener R">R Riener</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marchal Crespo, L" uniqKey="Marchal Crespo L">L Marchal-Crespo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hermens, Hj" uniqKey="Hermens H">HJ Hermens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Freriks, B" uniqKey="Freriks B">B Freriks</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Disselhorst Klug, C" uniqKey="Disselhorst Klug C">C Disselhorst-Klug</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rau, G" uniqKey="Rau G">G Rau</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bristow, D" uniqKey="Bristow D">D Bristow</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tharayil, M" uniqKey="Tharayil M">M Tharayil</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alleyne, A" uniqKey="Alleyne A">A Alleyne</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Emken, Jl" uniqKey="Emken J">JL Emken</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harkema, Sj" uniqKey="Harkema S">SJ Harkema</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Beres Jones, J" uniqKey="Beres Jones J">J Beres-Jones</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Ck" uniqKey="Ferreira C">CK Ferreira</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reinkensmeyer, Dj" uniqKey="Reinkensmeyer D">DJ Reinkensmeyer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Xiang, F" uniqKey="Xiang F">F Xiang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wikander, J" uniqKey="Wikander J">J Wikander</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bryden, M" uniqKey="Bryden M">M Bryden</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guadagnoli, M" uniqKey="Guadagnoli M">M Guadagnoli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, T" uniqKey="Lee T">T Lee</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marchal Crespo, L" uniqKey="Marchal Crespo L">L Marchal-Crespo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mchughen, S" uniqKey="Mchughen S">S McHughen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cramer, S" uniqKey="Cramer S">S Cramer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reinkensmeyer, D" uniqKey="Reinkensmeyer D">D Reinkensmeyer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marchal Crespo, L" uniqKey="Marchal Crespo L">L Marchal-Crespo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Raai, M" uniqKey="Van Raai M">M van Raai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rauter, G" uniqKey="Rauter G">G Rauter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolf, P" uniqKey="Wolf P">P Wolf</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Riener, R" uniqKey="Riener R">R Riener</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Krebs, Hi" uniqKey="Krebs H">HI Krebs</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fasoli, Se" uniqKey="Fasoli S">SE Fasoli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dipietro, L" uniqKey="Dipietro L">L Dipietro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fragala Pinkham, M" uniqKey="Fragala Pinkham M">M Fragala-Pinkham</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hughes, R" uniqKey="Hughes R">R Hughes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stein, J" uniqKey="Stein J">J Stein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hogan, N" uniqKey="Hogan N">N Hogan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Ticri/CIDE/explor/HapticV1/Data/Main/Merge
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001073 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Merge/biblio.hfd -nk 001073 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Ticri/CIDE |area= HapticV1 |flux= Main |étape= Merge |type= RBID |clé= PMC:3975879 |texte= Learning a locomotor task: with or without errors? }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Merge/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:24594267" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Merge/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a HapticV1
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.23. | ![]() |