An optical see-through display for mutual occlusion with a real-time stereovision system
Identifieur interne : 001491 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001490; suivant : 001492An optical see-through display for mutual occlusion with a real-time stereovision system
Auteurs : Kiyoshi Kiyokawa ; Yoshinori Kurata ; Hiroyuki OhnoSource :
- Computers & Graphics [ 0097-8493 ] ; 2001.
Abstract
Conventional optical see-through displays are not capable of correctly presenting the mutual occlusion of real and virtual environments, since the synthetic objects always appear as translucent ghosts floating in front of the real scene. We have been developing an optical see-through display that is capable of such mutual occlusion. Our display, named ELMO, has both the features that are necessary for mutual occlusion: a selective light-blocking mechanism and a real-time depth sensing mechanism. Firstly, our novel optics cut off incoming light selectively without themselves going out of focus, so virtual objects that should be in front of the real scene are made opaque and sharply occlude the background. This feature also ensures that the virtual objects remain in their intended colors. Secondly, the sensing mechanism, a stereovision system built into ELMO, is used to acquire a depth map of a real scene in real-time, the system can be used in unknown and dynamic environments. As a consequence, ELMO does not require particular environmental settings such as light conditions, and can be used anywhere, e.g., outdoors. We have built prototype displays and confirmed the effectiveness of the approach. In this paper, the basic concept, design of the optics, our prototype displays, and some empirical studies are presented and discussed.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/S0097-8493(01)00119-4
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>An optical see-through display for mutual occlusion with a real-time stereovision system</title><author><name sortKey="Kiyokawa, Kiyoshi" sort="Kiyokawa, Kiyoshi" uniqKey="Kiyokawa K" first="Kiyoshi" last="Kiyokawa">Kiyoshi Kiyokawa</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Emergency Communications Group, Communications Research Laboratory, 4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-42-327-6250; fax: +81-42-327-7941</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: kiyo@crl.go.jp</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurata, Yoshinori" sort="Kurata, Yoshinori" uniqKey="Kurata Y" first="Yoshinori" last="Kurata">Yoshinori Kurata</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Topcon Co.75-1 Hasunuma-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 174-8580, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: y.kurata@topcon.co.jp</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ohno, Hiroyuki" sort="Ohno, Hiroyuki" uniqKey="Ohno H" first="Hiroyuki" last="Ohno">Hiroyuki Ohno</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Emergency Communications Group, Communications Research Laboratory, 4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: hohno@ohnolab.org</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:9A347E440A76A45F0A29B662FEDE1A29606902F4</idno><date when="2001" year="2001">2001</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/S0097-8493(01)00119-4</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/9A347E440A76A45F0A29B662FEDE1A29606902F4/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001491</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">An optical see-through display for mutual occlusion with a real-time stereovision system</title><author><name sortKey="Kiyokawa, Kiyoshi" sort="Kiyokawa, Kiyoshi" uniqKey="Kiyokawa K" first="Kiyoshi" last="Kiyokawa">Kiyoshi Kiyokawa</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Emergency Communications Group, Communications Research Laboratory, 4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-42-327-6250; fax: +81-42-327-7941</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: kiyo@crl.go.jp</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurata, Yoshinori" sort="Kurata, Yoshinori" uniqKey="Kurata Y" first="Yoshinori" last="Kurata">Yoshinori Kurata</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Topcon Co.75-1 Hasunuma-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 174-8580, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: y.kurata@topcon.co.jp</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ohno, Hiroyuki" sort="Ohno, Hiroyuki" uniqKey="Ohno H" first="Hiroyuki" last="Ohno">Hiroyuki Ohno</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Emergency Communications Group, Communications Research Laboratory, 4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: hohno@ohnolab.org</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Computers & Graphics</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">CAG</title><idno type="ISSN">0097-8493</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2001">2001</date><biblScope unit="volume">25</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="765">765</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="779">779</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0097-8493</idno></series><idno type="istex">9A347E440A76A45F0A29B662FEDE1A29606902F4</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0097-8493(01)00119-4</idno><idno type="PII">S0097-8493(01)00119-4</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0097-8493</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Conventional optical see-through displays are not capable of correctly presenting the mutual occlusion of real and virtual environments, since the synthetic objects always appear as translucent ghosts floating in front of the real scene. We have been developing an optical see-through display that is capable of such mutual occlusion. Our display, named ELMO, has both the features that are necessary for mutual occlusion: a selective light-blocking mechanism and a real-time depth sensing mechanism. Firstly, our novel optics cut off incoming light selectively without themselves going out of focus, so virtual objects that should be in front of the real scene are made opaque and sharply occlude the background. This feature also ensures that the virtual objects remain in their intended colors. Secondly, the sensing mechanism, a stereovision system built into ELMO, is used to acquire a depth map of a real scene in real-time, the system can be used in unknown and dynamic environments. As a consequence, ELMO does not require particular environmental settings such as light conditions, and can be used anywhere, e.g., outdoors. We have built prototype displays and confirmed the effectiveness of the approach. In this paper, the basic concept, design of the optics, our prototype displays, and some empirical studies are presented and discussed.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Kiyoshi Kiyokawa</name><affiliations><json:string>Emergency Communications Group, Communications Research Laboratory, 4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan</json:string><json:string>Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-42-327-6250; fax: +81-42-327-7941</json:string><json:string>E-mail: kiyo@crl.go.jp</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Yoshinori Kurata</name><affiliations><json:string>Topcon Co.75-1 Hasunuma-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 174-8580, Japan</json:string><json:string>E-mail: y.kurata@topcon.co.jp</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Hiroyuki Ohno</name><affiliations><json:string>Emergency Communications Group, Communications Research Laboratory, 4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan</json:string><json:string>E-mail: hohno@ohnolab.org</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Augmented reality</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Mixed reality</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Optical see-through display</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Mutual occlusion</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Real-time depth sensing</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>Conventional optical see-through displays are not capable of correctly presenting the mutual occlusion of real and virtual environments, since the synthetic objects always appear as translucent ghosts floating in front of the real scene. We have been developing an optical see-through display that is capable of such mutual occlusion. Our display, named ELMO, has both the features that are necessary for mutual occlusion: a selective light-blocking mechanism and a real-time depth sensing mechanism. Firstly, our novel optics cut off incoming light selectively without themselves going out of focus, so virtual objects that should be in front of the real scene are made opaque and sharply occlude the background. This feature also ensures that the virtual objects remain in their intended colors. Secondly, the sensing mechanism, a stereovision system built into ELMO, is used to acquire a depth map of a real scene in real-time, the system can be used in unknown and dynamic environments. As a consequence, ELMO does not require particular environmental settings such as light conditions, and can be used anywhere, e.g., outdoors. We have built prototype displays and confirmed the effectiveness of the approach. In this paper, the basic concept, design of the optics, our prototype displays, and some empirical studies are presented and discussed.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.496</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>544 x 743 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>5</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1350</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>5022</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>29730</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>15</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>208</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>An optical see-through display for mutual occlusion with a real-time stereovision system</title><pii><json:string>S0097-8493(01)00119-4</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>25</volume><pii><json:string>S0097-8493(00)X0039-8</json:string></pii><pages><last>779</last><first>765</first></pages><issn><json:string>0097-8493</json:string></issn><issue>5</issue><genre><json:string>Journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Computers & Graphics</title><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate></host><categories><wos><json:string>COMPUTER SCIENCE, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING</json:string></wos></categories><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2001</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0097-8493(01)00119-4</json:string></doi><id>9A347E440A76A45F0A29B662FEDE1A29606902F4</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/9A347E440A76A45F0A29B662FEDE1A29606902F4/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/9A347E440A76A45F0A29B662FEDE1A29606902F4/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/9A347E440A76A45F0A29B662FEDE1A29606902F4/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/9A347E440A76A45F0A29B662FEDE1A29606902F4/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a">An optical see-through display for mutual occlusion with a real-time stereovision system</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>ELSEVIER</p></availability><date>2001</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Fig. 1: An example of mutual occlusion.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Ray paths in an optical see-through display.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Pattern light-source system.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Head-mounted projector.</note><note type="content">Fig. 5: Basic idea of the optics.</note><note type="content">Fig. 6: Design of the optics.</note><note type="content">Fig. 7: The appearance of ELMO-1.</note><note type="content">Fig. 8: Transparency of the LCD panel.</note><note type="content">Fig. 9: ELMO-1 with an optical see-through HMD.</note><note type="content">Fig. 10: System configuration.</note><note type="content">Fig. 11: Captured images of the view presented by ELMO-1.</note><note type="content">Fig. 12: Compact folded optics.</note><note type="content">Fig. 13: (A) ELMO-2, (B) ELMO-2 with the LCD panel, and (C) ELMO-2 with its outer frame.</note><note type="content">Fig. 14: ELMO-2 with its supporting unit.</note><note type="content">Fig. 15: ELMO-2 with a see-through HMD.</note><note type="content">Fig. 16: Captured images of the view presented by ELMO-2.</note><note type="content">Fig. 17: Depth maps calculated by the FZ930. (Courtesy of Komatsu Co.)</note><note type="content">Fig. 18: ELMO-3.</note><note type="content">Fig. 19: Relationship between disparity and distance.</note><note type="content">Fig. 20: Relationship between distance and resolution.</note><note type="content">Fig. 21: View of the space used for the experiments.</note><note type="content">Fig. 22: Partitioning of the display.</note><note type="content">Fig. 23: Captured images of the view presented by ELMO-3.</note><note type="content">Table 1: Specifications of ELMO-1</note><note type="content">Table 2: Specifications of ELMO-2</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">An optical see-through display for mutual occlusion with a real-time stereovision system</title><author><persName><forename type="first">Kiyoshi</forename><surname>Kiyokawa</surname></persName><email>kiyo@crl.go.jp</email><affiliation>Emergency Communications Group, Communications Research Laboratory, 4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan</affiliation><affiliation>Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-42-327-6250; fax: +81-42-327-7941</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Yoshinori</forename><surname>Kurata</surname></persName><email>y.kurata@topcon.co.jp</email><affiliation>Topcon Co.75-1 Hasunuma-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 174-8580, Japan</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Hiroyuki</forename><surname>Ohno</surname></persName><email>hohno@ohnolab.org</email><affiliation>Emergency Communications Group, Communications Research Laboratory, 4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Computers & Graphics</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">CAG</title><idno type="pISSN">0097-8493</idno><idno type="PII">S0097-8493(00)X0039-8</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2001"></date><biblScope unit="volume">25</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="765">765</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="779">779</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">9A347E440A76A45F0A29B662FEDE1A29606902F4</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0097-8493(01)00119-4</idno><idno type="PII">S0097-8493(01)00119-4</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2001</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Conventional optical see-through displays are not capable of correctly presenting the mutual occlusion of real and virtual environments, since the synthetic objects always appear as translucent ghosts floating in front of the real scene. We have been developing an optical see-through display that is capable of such mutual occlusion. Our display, named ELMO, has both the features that are necessary for mutual occlusion: a selective light-blocking mechanism and a real-time depth sensing mechanism. Firstly, our novel optics cut off incoming light selectively without themselves going out of focus, so virtual objects that should be in front of the real scene are made opaque and sharply occlude the background. This feature also ensures that the virtual objects remain in their intended colors. Secondly, the sensing mechanism, a stereovision system built into ELMO, is used to acquire a depth map of a real scene in real-time, the system can be used in unknown and dynamic environments. As a consequence, ELMO does not require particular environmental settings such as light conditions, and can be used anywhere, e.g., outdoors. We have built prototype displays and confirmed the effectiveness of the approach. In this paper, the basic concept, design of the optics, our prototype displays, and some empirical studies are presented and discussed.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Augmented reality</term></item><item><term>Mixed reality</term></item><item><term>Optical see-through display</term></item><item><term>Mutual occlusion</term></item><item><term>Real-time depth sensing</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2001">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr3" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr3"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr4" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr4"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr5" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr5"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr6" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr6"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr7" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr7"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr8" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr8"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr9" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr9"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr10" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr10"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr11" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr11"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr12" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr12"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr13" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr13"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr14" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr14"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr15" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr15"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr16" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr16"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr17" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr17"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr18" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr18"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr19" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr19"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr20" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr20"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr21" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr21"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr22" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr22"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr23" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr23"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>CAG</jid><aid>973</aid><ce:pii>S0097-8493(01)00119-4</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0097-8493(01)00119-4</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="full-transfer" year="2001">Elsevier Science Ltd</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>An optical see-through display for mutual occlusion with a real-time stereovision system</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>Kiyoshi</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Kiyokawa</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFFA"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address>kiyo@crl.go.jp</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Yoshinori</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Kurata</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFFB"><ce:sup>b</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address>y.kurata@topcon.co.jp</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Hiroyuki</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Ohno</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFFA"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address>hohno@ohnolab.org</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="AFFA"><ce:label>a</ce:label><ce:textfn>Emergency Communications Group, Communications Research Laboratory, 4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFFB"><ce:label>b</ce:label><ce:textfn>Topcon Co.75-1 Hasunuma-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 174-8580, Japan</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-42-327-6250; fax: +81-42-327-7941</ce:text></ce:correspondence></ce:author-group><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>Conventional optical see-through displays are not capable of correctly presenting the mutual occlusion of real and virtual environments, since the synthetic objects always appear as translucent ghosts floating in front of the real scene. We have been developing an optical see-through display that is capable of such mutual occlusion. Our display, named ELMO, has both the features that are necessary for mutual occlusion: a selective light-blocking mechanism and a real-time depth sensing mechanism. Firstly, our novel optics cut off incoming light selectively without themselves going out of focus, so virtual objects that should be in front of the real scene are made opaque and sharply occlude the background. This feature also ensures that the virtual objects remain in their intended colors. Secondly, the sensing mechanism, a stereovision system built into ELMO, is used to acquire a depth map of a real scene in real-time, the system can be used in unknown and dynamic environments. As a consequence, ELMO does not require particular environmental settings such as light conditions, and can be used anywhere, e.g., outdoors. We have built prototype displays and confirmed the effectiveness of the approach. In this paper, the basic concept, design of the optics, our prototype displays, and some empirical studies are presented and discussed.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword"><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Augmented reality</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Mixed reality</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Optical see-through display</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Mutual occlusion</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Real-time depth sensing</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>An optical see-through display for mutual occlusion with a real-time stereovision system</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>An optical see-through display for mutual occlusion with a real-time stereovision system</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Kiyoshi</namePart><namePart type="family">Kiyokawa</namePart><affiliation>Emergency Communications Group, Communications Research Laboratory, 4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan</affiliation><affiliation>Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-42-327-6250; fax: +81-42-327-7941</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: kiyo@crl.go.jp</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Yoshinori</namePart><namePart type="family">Kurata</namePart><affiliation>Topcon Co.75-1 Hasunuma-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 174-8580, Japan</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: y.kurata@topcon.co.jp</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Hiroyuki</namePart><namePart type="family">Ohno</namePart><affiliation>Emergency Communications Group, Communications Research Laboratory, 4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: hohno@ohnolab.org</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2001</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2001</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Conventional optical see-through displays are not capable of correctly presenting the mutual occlusion of real and virtual environments, since the synthetic objects always appear as translucent ghosts floating in front of the real scene. We have been developing an optical see-through display that is capable of such mutual occlusion. Our display, named ELMO, has both the features that are necessary for mutual occlusion: a selective light-blocking mechanism and a real-time depth sensing mechanism. Firstly, our novel optics cut off incoming light selectively without themselves going out of focus, so virtual objects that should be in front of the real scene are made opaque and sharply occlude the background. This feature also ensures that the virtual objects remain in their intended colors. Secondly, the sensing mechanism, a stereovision system built into ELMO, is used to acquire a depth map of a real scene in real-time, the system can be used in unknown and dynamic environments. As a consequence, ELMO does not require particular environmental settings such as light conditions, and can be used anywhere, e.g., outdoors. We have built prototype displays and confirmed the effectiveness of the approach. In this paper, the basic concept, design of the optics, our prototype displays, and some empirical studies are presented and discussed.</abstract><note type="content">Fig. 1: An example of mutual occlusion.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Ray paths in an optical see-through display.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Pattern light-source system.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Head-mounted projector.</note><note type="content">Fig. 5: Basic idea of the optics.</note><note type="content">Fig. 6: Design of the optics.</note><note type="content">Fig. 7: The appearance of ELMO-1.</note><note type="content">Fig. 8: Transparency of the LCD panel.</note><note type="content">Fig. 9: ELMO-1 with an optical see-through HMD.</note><note type="content">Fig. 10: System configuration.</note><note type="content">Fig. 11: Captured images of the view presented by ELMO-1.</note><note type="content">Fig. 12: Compact folded optics.</note><note type="content">Fig. 13: (A) ELMO-2, (B) ELMO-2 with the LCD panel, and (C) ELMO-2 with its outer frame.</note><note type="content">Fig. 14: ELMO-2 with its supporting unit.</note><note type="content">Fig. 15: ELMO-2 with a see-through HMD.</note><note type="content">Fig. 16: Captured images of the view presented by ELMO-2.</note><note type="content">Fig. 17: Depth maps calculated by the FZ930. (Courtesy of Komatsu Co.)</note><note type="content">Fig. 18: ELMO-3.</note><note type="content">Fig. 19: Relationship between disparity and distance.</note><note type="content">Fig. 20: Relationship between distance and resolution.</note><note type="content">Fig. 21: View of the space used for the experiments.</note><note type="content">Fig. 22: Partitioning of the display.</note><note type="content">Fig. 23: Captured images of the view presented by ELMO-3.</note><note type="content">Table 1: Specifications of ELMO-1</note><note type="content">Table 2: Specifications of ELMO-2</note><subject><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Augmented reality</topic><topic>Mixed reality</topic><topic>Optical see-through display</topic><topic>Mutual occlusion</topic><topic>Real-time depth sensing</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Computers & Graphics</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>CAG</title></titleInfo><genre type="Journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">200110</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0097-8493</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0097-8493(00)X0039-8</identifier><part><date>200110</date><detail type="issue"><title>Mixed realities - beyond conventions</title></detail><detail type="volume"><number>25</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>5</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>727</start><end>928</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>765</start><end>779</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">9A347E440A76A45F0A29B662FEDE1A29606902F4</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0097-8493(01)00119-4</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0097-8493(01)00119-4</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="">© 2001Elsevier Science Ltd</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Elsevier Science Ltd, ©2001</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><enrichments><istex:catWosTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/9A347E440A76A45F0A29B662FEDE1A29606902F4/enrichments/catWos"><teiHeader><profileDesc><textClass><classCode scheme="WOS">COMPUTER SCIENCE, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING</classCode></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:catWosTEI></enrichments><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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