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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae)</title><author><name sortKey="Miller, Jeremy A" sort="Miller, Jeremy A" uniqKey="Miller J" first="Jeremy A." last="Miller">Jeremy A. Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Postbus 9517 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Griswold, Charles E" sort="Griswold, Charles E" uniqKey="Griswold C" first="Charles E." last="Griswold">Charles E. Griswold</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scharff, Nikolaj" sort="Scharff, Nikolaj" uniqKey="Scharff N" first="Nikolaj" last="Scharff">Nikolaj Scharff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Entomology, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey=" Eza, Milan" sort=" Eza, Milan" uniqKey=" Eza M" first="Milan" last=" Ezá">Milan Ezá</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Entomology, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, CZ-161 06 Prague 6 - Ruzyně, Czechia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sz Ts, Tamas" sort="Sz Ts, Tamas" uniqKey="Sz Ts T" first="Tamás" last="Sz Ts">Tamás Sz Ts</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marhabaie, Mohammad" sort="Marhabaie, Mohammad" uniqKey="Marhabaie M" first="Mohammad" last="Marhabaie">Mohammad Marhabaie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3908, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22679386</idno><idno type="pmc">3361087</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3361087</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3361087</idno><idno type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.195.2342</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000667</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae)</title><author><name sortKey="Miller, Jeremy A" sort="Miller, Jeremy A" uniqKey="Miller J" first="Jeremy A." last="Miller">Jeremy A. Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Postbus 9517 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Griswold, Charles E" sort="Griswold, Charles E" uniqKey="Griswold C" first="Charles E." last="Griswold">Charles E. Griswold</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scharff, Nikolaj" sort="Scharff, Nikolaj" uniqKey="Scharff N" first="Nikolaj" last="Scharff">Nikolaj Scharff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Entomology, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey=" Eza, Milan" sort=" Eza, Milan" uniqKey=" Eza M" first="Milan" last=" Ezá">Milan Ezá</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Entomology, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, CZ-161 06 Prague 6 - Ruzyně, Czechia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sz Ts, Tamas" sort="Sz Ts, Tamas" uniqKey="Sz Ts T" first="Tamás" last="Sz Ts">Tamás Sz Ts</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marhabaie, Mohammad" sort="Marhabaie, Mohammad" uniqKey="Marhabaie M" first="Mohammad" last="Marhabaie">Mohammad Marhabaie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3908, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">ZooKeys</title><idno type="ISSN">1313-2989</idno><idno type="eISSN">1313-2970</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><label>Abstract</label><p>The family <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> C. L. Koch, 1850 is reviewed at the genus level. The family comprises nine genera including one new genus. They are: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content></italic> Simon, 1873, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic> C. L. Koch, 1846, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> Simon, 1876, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> Walckenaer, 1805, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> Lehtinen, 1967, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic><bold>gen. n.</bold>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic>Lawrence, 1968, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic> Purcell, 1903, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> Simon, 1873. A key to all genera and major lineages is provided along with corresponding diagnoses, as well as descriptions of selected species. These are documented with collections of photographs, scanning electron micrographs, and illustrations. A new phylogeny of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> based on molecular sequence data expands on a previously published analysis. A species of the genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> Lawrence, 1968 is sequenced and placed phylogenetically for the first time. New sequences from <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>twenty <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> Lehtinen, 1967 specimens were added to investigate species limits within the genus. The genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic><bold>gen. n.</bold> is proposed to accommodate <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus annulipes</named-content></italic> Lucas, 1857. Two species, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus semicanus</named-content></italic> Simon, 1908 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus jerbae</named-content></italic> El-Hennawy, 2005, are synonymized with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic><bold>comb. n.</bold> One new species, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic><bold>sp. n.</bold> is described. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus algericus</named-content></italic> El-Hennawy, 2004 is transferred to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content></italic> Simon, 1873. The female of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic> C. L. Koch, 1846 is described for the first time. The first figures depicting <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic> (Lawrence, 1936) are presented.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alverez Padilla, F" uniqKey="Alverez Padilla F">F Álverez-Padilla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hormiga, G" uniqKey="Hormiga G">G Hormiga</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aviles, L" uniqKey="Aviles L">L Avilés</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bacelar, A" uniqKey="Bacelar A">A Bacelar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blackwall, J" uniqKey="Blackwall J">J Blackwall</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bonnet, P" uniqKey="Bonnet P">P Bonnet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bonnet, 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Zookeys</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Zookeys</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ZooKeys</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>ZooKeys</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1313-2989</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1313-2970</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pensoft Publishers</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22679386</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3361087</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.195.2342</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae)</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Miller</surname><given-names>Jeremy A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:3B8D159E-8574-4D10-8C2D-716487D5B4D8</uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Griswold</surname><given-names>Charles E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:0676B242-E441-4715-BF20-1237BC953B62</uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Scharff</surname><given-names>Nikolaj</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref><uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:F84D2235-66D2-460C-820D-80024068759D</uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Řezáč</surname><given-names>Milan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref><uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:051B2413-2E88-41CD-B4DF-78C4880CBA6E</uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Szűts</surname><given-names>Tamás</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:C7616A0E-DA9E-4618-8EF0-AABEDDFE9EF6</uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marhabaie</surname><given-names>Mohammad</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref><uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:EF54A115-1818-4F5F-B1AC-8B1CA694C3FA</uri></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Postbus 9517 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118, USA</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Department of Entomology, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>Department of Entomology, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, CZ-161 06 Prague 6 - Ruzyně, Czechia</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label>Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3908, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding author: Jeremy Miller (<email>jeremy.miller@ncbnaturalis.nl</email>)</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Academic editor: Y. Marusik</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>5</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><issue>195</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>144</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>11</day><month>11</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>3</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Jeremy A. Miller, Charles E. Griswold, Nikolaj Scharff, Milan Řezáč, Tamás Szűts, Mohammad Marhabaie</copyright-statement><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:49FEC3E1-A8D5-4962-8AE0-475CC7B0A78C</self-uri><abstract><label>Abstract</label><p>The family <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> C. L. Koch, 1850 is reviewed at the genus level. The family comprises nine genera including one new genus. They are: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content></italic> Simon, 1873, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic> C. L. Koch, 1846, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> Simon, 1876, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> Walckenaer, 1805, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> Lehtinen, 1967, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic><bold>gen. n.</bold>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic>Lawrence, 1968, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic> Purcell, 1903, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> Simon, 1873. A key to all genera and major lineages is provided along with corresponding diagnoses, as well as descriptions of selected species. These are documented with collections of photographs, scanning electron micrographs, and illustrations. A new phylogeny of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> based on molecular sequence data expands on a previously published analysis. A species of the genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> Lawrence, 1968 is sequenced and placed phylogenetically for the first time. New sequences from <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>twenty <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> Lehtinen, 1967 specimens were added to investigate species limits within the genus. The genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic><bold>gen. n.</bold> is proposed to accommodate <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus annulipes</named-content></italic> Lucas, 1857. Two species, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus semicanus</named-content></italic> Simon, 1908 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus jerbae</named-content></italic> El-Hennawy, 2005, are synonymized with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic><bold>comb. n.</bold> One new species, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic><bold>sp. n.</bold> is described. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus algericus</named-content></italic> El-Hennawy, 2004 is transferred to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content></italic> Simon, 1873. The female of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic> C. L. Koch, 1846 is described for the first time. The first figures depicting <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic> (Lawrence, 1936) are presented.</p></abstract><kwd-group><label>Keywords</label><kwd>ladybird spiders</kwd><kwd>molecular phylogeny</kwd><kwd>spinneret spigot morphology</kwd><kwd>taxonomy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content>, commonly known as velvet spiders (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dippenaar-Schoeman and Van den Berg 1988</xref>), comprise nearly 100 known species organized into nine genera, one of them newly described. Most genera are found principally in arid areas of Africa and Eurasia although some species are found in rainforests of the Afrotropical and Neotropical regions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Platnick 2011</xref>). Many eresids are cryptic sit-and-wait predators in deserts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Dippenaar-Schoeman 1990</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">El-Hennawy 2002</xref>). Members of the genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> Simon, 1873 typically build silken nests in vegetation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4J–L</xref>) while other eresids typically live in silk tubes under objects (e.g., bark, stones) or underground (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4A–I</xref>). <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> exhibit varying degrees of solitary and subsocial behavior, and at least three species have independently evolved quasisocial behavior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Johannesen et al. 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">Seibt and Wickler 1988</xref>). Quasisocial means that these spiders live in groups throughout their lives and are non-territorial within the colony (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Avilés 1997</xref>). Quasisocial <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> colonies may contain hundreds of closely related individuals that participate in dramatic mass attacks on prey (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3E–F</xref>) and form biotic islands with a characteristic fauna of kleptoparasites, parasites and inquilines (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3E, H</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Griswold and Meikle-Griswold 1987</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Griswold and Meikle 1990</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Henschel et al. 1996</xref>). The bright red and black males of European species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> Walckenaer, 1805, colloquially known as ladybird spiders, are among the most beautiful spiders in Europe, if not the world (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2B, D</xref>). In spite of their superficial resemblance to jumping spiders (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Salticidae</named-content>) and palp-footed spiders (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Palpimanidae</named-content>), or perhaps because of it, the phylogenetic placement of eresids has long been problematic. Although some genera have been revised in recent decades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Dippenaar-Schoeman 1990</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">El-Hennawy 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>), the limits and distinguishing features of most genera are not well understood. In this paper we review the taxonomic and phylogenetic history of eresids, briefly summarize the biology of the family, redescribe the known genera and describe one new genus, provide diagnoses for these, provide the first key to the genera of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> since <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">Simon (1892)</xref>, and present a new phylogenetic hypothesis based on molecular sequence data for all genera.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p><bold>A–H</bold> Habitus of living <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content>, photographs. <bold>A, B</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea fimbriata</named-content></italic><bold>A</bold> juvenile female (photo by Martin Forman) <bold>B</bold> adult male from Israel (photo by Martin Forman) <bold>C</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus kannemeyeri</named-content></italic>, adult female from Ndumo Game Reserve, South Africa (photo Stanislav Macík) <bold>D</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> sp., adult malefrom Namibia, between the towns Aus and Helmeringhausen (<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">26°13.049'S, 16°36.063'E</named-content>; photo by Martin Forman) <bold>E, F</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp. <bold>E</bold> subadult female from Cape Town, South Africa (Stanislav Macík) <bold>F</bold> adult male from Anysberg Nature Reserve, Western Cape Province, South Africa (photo Martin Forman) <bold>G, H</bold> adult male <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic>; <bold>G</bold> from Tel Krayot, Israel (photo by Martin Forman) <bold>H</bold> from Arad, Israel (photo by Martin Forman).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p><bold>A–H</bold> Habitus of living <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content>, photographs. <bold>A, B</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic><bold>A</bold> adult female from Hungary (photo by Tamás Szűts) <bold>B</bold> adult male from Kadaň, Czechia, (photo by Pavel Krásenský) <bold>C, E</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic>; <bold>C</bold> adult female from Greece (photo by Sergio Henriques) <bold>D</bold> adult male from Mihas, Greece (photo by Martin Forman) <bold>E</bold> juvenile female <bold>F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic> sp., juvenile female, from Brandberg, Namibia (photo by Martin Forman) <bold>G, H</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic> (photos by Martin Forman) <bold>G</bold> juvenile female from Betta, Namibia <bold>H</bold> adult male from Homeb, Namibia.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p><bold>A–I</bold> Habitus of living Stegodyphus, photographs. <bold>A–C</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus lineatus</named-content></italic><bold>A</bold> adult female from Hurghada, Egypt <bold>B</bold> adult female from Negev desert, Israel (photo by Rudolf Macek) <bold>C</bold> adult female from Shoam, Israel (photo by Amir Weinstein) <bold>D</bold> juvenile <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus tibialis</named-content></italic> feeding on their mother, Dali, China (photo by Yang Zi-Zhong) <bold>E</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mimosarum</named-content></italic>, male (black arrow), females and a kleptoparasite Archeodictyna (white arrow) <bold>F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mimosarum</named-content></italic>, mass attack on a carabid <bold>G</bold> a female <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus dumicola</named-content></italic> feeding her offsprings <bold>H</bold> a pompilid wasp larva feeds on a female <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus dumicola</named-content></italic> (photos E–H by Teresa Meikle) <bold>I</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> sp. female from ShweSettaw Wildlife Reservation, Myanmar (photo by Dong Lin).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p><bold>A–L</bold> Retreats, webs, and habitus of living <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content>, photographs. <bold>A</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea fimbriata</named-content></italic> retreat on the ground from Sede Boqer, Israel (photo by Efrat Gavish-Regev) <bold>B</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> sp. retreat in the grass (photo by Charles Haddad) <bold>C</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic> retreat of juvenile from Ioannina, Greece (photo by Siegfried Huber) <bold>D–E</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp. from west of Helmeringhausen Namibia (photos by Martin Forman) <bold>D</bold> Retreat on <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Acacia</named-content></italic><bold>E</bold> female, with egg sac and various prey remnants <bold>F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp. femalefrom Amanzi Game Reserve, South Africa (photo by Tamás Szűts) <bold>G, H</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic> sp. from Namibia <bold>G</bold> retreat under sand, showing the antelope track pattern <bold>H</bold> specimen and the exposed retreat (photos <bold>E–H, J, L</bold> by Teresa Meikle) <bold>I</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic>, burrow from Sede Boqer, Israel (photo by Efrat Gavish-Regev) <bold>J–L</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> retreats <bold>J</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus dumicola</named-content></italic> from Spioenkop, South Africa <bold>K</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus lineatus</named-content></italic> from Tel-Hadid, Israel (photo by Amir Weinstein) <bold>L</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mimosarum</named-content></italic> from Spioenkop, South Africa.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g004"></graphic></fig><sec sec-type="Taxonomic and phylogenetic history of Eresidae"><title>Taxonomic and phylogenetic history of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content></title><p>Taxonomic research on <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> goes back to 1778, when <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Martini</named-content> and Goeze described a male from Bavaria, Germany, and named it <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Aranea sandaliata</named-content></italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Lister 1778</xref>). In the following decade, the spectacular <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> males were described four times under different names without reference to the already described species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Olivier 1789</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">Petagna 1792</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">Rossi 1790</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">Villers 1789</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Hahn (1821)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Brullé (1832)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Koch (1836)</xref> were the first to distinguish more than one <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> species. However, they used coloration as the only character for discrimination and elevated some infraspecific varieties to the specific level (e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Koch 1836</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">1846</xref>). Due to the remarkable sexual dimorphism, males and females of the same species were given different names (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Brullé 1832</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Koch 1846</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Koch (1850)</xref> even established a new genus, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Erythrophorus</named-content></italic>, for <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> males. Unfortunately, insufficient descriptions and lost type material during this early phase of taxonomical study brought about considerable confusion in the nomenclature of eresids. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">Řezáč et al. (2008)</xref> believe that <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic> Rossi, 1846 is the earliest identifiable name for the widespread species of this genus. Over the next century additional eresid genera were discovered: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic> C. L. Koch, 1846, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content></italic> Simon, 1873, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> Simon, 1873, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> Simon, 1876, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Penestomus</named-content></italic> Simon, 1902, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic> Purcell, 1903, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Magunia</named-content></italic> Lehtinen, 1967, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Wajane</named-content></italic> Lehtinen, 1967 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> Lawrence, 1968.</p><p>Eresidae as a family-level taxon was established by Koch, who called it <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresides</named-content> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Koch 1850</xref>: 70). Suffixes of family group names (e.g., -idae) were not standardized until the publication of the Règles Internationales de la Nomenclature Zoologique (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1905</xref>), although it is recommended at least as far back as the non-binding Strickland Code (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">Strickland et al. 1843</xref>). There is some confusion over the correct date of the publication establishing <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bonnet (1945</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1956</xref>) gives the date of this publication as 1851, in contradiction with the date on the frontispiece. No supporting evidence is presented to justify the later date. By contrast, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">Roewer (1942</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">1954</xref>) accepted the date of Koch’s publication as 1850 in his catalog. Determining the correct publication date of certain classic works in zoology can be problematic. In a paper investigating the publication dates of some works in arachnology, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Brignoli (1985)</xref> argued that the evidence for the 1850 date was stronger than the alternative.</p><p>Eresidae was historically divided into two subfamilies: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresinae</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Penestominae</named-content> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">Simon 1903</xref>). Penestomines have a controversial history (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Miller et al. 2010a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Miller et al. 2010b</xref>). Based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic analysis, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Miller et al. (2010a)</xref> removed <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Penestominae</named-content> from <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content>. As currently circumscribed, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> are three-clawed, cribellate spiders characterized by a subrectangular carapace, median eyes grouped together and subtended by a clypeal hood, ALE placed near the anterior lateral corners of the carapace, and a strongly recurved PER (a key to anatomical abbreviations is given in the Methods section, below). The male palp has a conductor that interacts with the embolus, but lacks a median apophysis and retrolateral tibial apophysis.</p><p>Nearly all eresids are distributed in Europe, Africa, and Asia, but records from Brazil also exist. In the original description of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus annulipes</named-content></italic> Lucas, 1857 (transferred <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>herein to a new genus), the author gives “Rio-Janeiro” Brazil as the locality. However, the vial with the type specimen (examined by MR) includes a label indicating that the locality is unknown (“patria ignota”). Subsequent collections indicate that this species comes from arid parts of the Mediterranean. A second Brazilian eresid, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus manaus</named-content></italic> Kraus and Kraus, 1992 appears to be a legitimate eresid not known from any other part of the world (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Kraus and Kraus 1992</xref>).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p></sec><sec sec-type="Phylogenetic placement and arrangement of Eresidae"><title>Phylogenetic placement and arrangement of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content></title><p>Presumably because of the broad carapace and ocular area and widely dispersed eyes, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> was traditionally associated with families such as <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Palpimanidae</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Salticidae</named-content>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Koch (1837)</xref> placed <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> in his <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Attides</named-content>, and later selected this as the type genus of the family level group <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresides</named-content> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Koch 1850</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Koch (1850)</xref> included the genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Palpimanus</named-content></italic>, <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>along with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Erythrophorus</named-content></italic> (representing <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> males), in his original circumscription of the family. Placement continued to vary: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Doleschall (1852)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Blackwall (1861)</xref> placed <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> in <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Salticidae</named-content> and O. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">Pickard-Cambridge (1872)</xref> placed<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> the genus in <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dictynides</named-content>. <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresinae</named-content> was used as a subfamily by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">Simon (1903)</xref> and this usage as a valid family has remained stable since.</p><p>In a landmark paper in spider systematics, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen (1967)</xref> examined all known genera of eresids, described two new genera (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Magunia</named-content></italic>, the latter synonymized with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>), produced a comparative table for a wide variety of somatic and genitalic characters (tables 46 and 47), and offered a branching diagram depicting his hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among eresid genera (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 7A</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref>: fig. 13). Notable were his association of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>, genera with modified PMS, and of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic> with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic>, sand dwelling genera with telescoping ALS. Lehtinen placed the <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> in his higher group <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Zodariides</named-content>, along with the <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Thomisoidea</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Salticoidea</named-content> and the diverse <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Zodarioidea</named-content>, this latter group including taxa traditionally associated with eresids such as <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Palpimanidae</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Zodariidae</named-content>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen (1967</xref>: 385) admitted that “limitation of this group remains rather vague” and that “it might include several polyphyletic groups.” Lehtinen’s <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Zodariides</named-content> did not gain widespread acceptance, and subsequent phylogenetic analyses corroborated Lehtinen’s initial misgivings about the naturalness of this group. In contrast, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Levi (1982)</xref> placed <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> in the <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresoidea</named-content>, including <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hersiliidae</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oecobiidae</named-content>, a suggestion followed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Coddington and Levi (1991)</xref> and corroborated by the analyses of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Griswold et al. (1999)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Griswold et al. (2005)</xref>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">Wunderlich (2004)</xref> proposed a considerably different concept of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresoidea</named-content> excluding <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hersiliidae</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oecobiidae</named-content> and including <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Archaeidae</named-content> (including <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Mecysmaucheniidae</named-content>), <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Huttoniidae</named-content>, and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Palpimanidae</named-content> (including <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stenochilidae</named-content>), plus the extinct <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lagonomegopidae</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Spatiatoridae</named-content>. Although Wunderlich did not present a matrix-based phylogenetic analysis, he did exhibit tree-based thinking in the organization of his character evidence. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">Wunderlich (2004</xref>: 761) specified the following characters as apomorphies of his <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresoidea</named-content>: a large raised cephalic region, rugose and heavily sclerotized prosoma, strong front legs, wide eye field, widely spaced median and lateral eyes, loss of dorsal and lateral leg bristles, reduced cheliceral teeth, and small male and female palpi. He also noted that the conformation of the palpal bulb is basically similar in <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Palpimanidae</named-content>, and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Spatiatoridae</named-content>, characterized by a protruding (sub)tegulum, an embolus and conductor typically originating in a distal position and directed to the tip of the cymbium, and the absence of a median apophysis. For <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> (including <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Penestomidae</named-content>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">Wunderlich (2004</xref>: 761) specified the following apomorphic characters: entelegyne female genitalia with only one pair of spermathecae, a short clypeus, median cheliceral keel, maternal feeding of offspring, molting of adults at least in females, and (excluding <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Penestomidae</named-content>) sexual size dimorphism.</p><p>After the widespread adoption of cladistic reasoning in Arachnology and advent of matrix based comparative data and computer assisted analyses, eresid placement and circumscription continued to evolve. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Coddington (1990a</xref>; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Coddington 1990b</xref>) became the first to include an eresid exemplar in a quantitative analysis. This analysis, designed primarily to test the hypothesis of orb-weaver monophyly, included the eresid <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>. This genus fell as outgroup to a clade comprising the Orbiculariae plus RTA clade, i.e., an amaurobiid, dictynid, psechrid and titanoecid. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oecobius</named-content></italic>, <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>also included in the analysis, was not sister to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>, in effect challenging Levi’s <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresoidea</named-content>. In contrast, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Platnick et al. (1991)</xref> corroborated Levi’s hypothesis: this study was the first to associate <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>) and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oecobiidae</named-content> (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oecobius</named-content></italic>) in a quantitative cladistic analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Fig. 5A</xref>); synapomorphies were loss of paracribellum, MAP spigots dispersed with the PI field, and transverse ridges on the hood of the trichobothrial base. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Griswold et al. (1999)</xref>, using an expanded exemplar set of eresids and potential sister groups, associated <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic>) and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oecobiidae</named-content> (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oecobius</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Uroctea</named-content></italic>) as <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresoidea</named-content> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Fig. 5B</xref>); <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresoidea</named-content> synapomorphies were loss of paracribellum, multiple MAP spigots dispersed with the PI field, transverse ridges on the hood of the trichobothrial base, and divided cribellum. For the first time they also suggested a suite of synapomorphies for the <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content>: a square to rectangular carapace, clypeal hood, presence of a cheliceral boss, loss of the tapetum, recurved PER, MAP shaft cuticle papillate or scaly, and loss of the MA on the palp. In keeping with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Kovoor and Lopez’ (1979)</xref> studies of eresid silk glands, the PMS were interpreted as having multiple mAP and CY spigots and lacking AC spigots; these features also optimized as eresid synapomorphies. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Schütt (2002)</xref> examined the limits of the orb building spiders (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Araneoidea</named-content>) and their kin. Her study had a sparse, but broad, sampling of taxa, including <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> as eresid exemplar. She reinterpreted eresid spinning organs and, contra Kovoor and Lopez, recognized eresids as having a brush of AC spigots. Her analysis associated <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> with <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Palpimanoidea</named-content> (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Palpimanus</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Archaea</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Afrarchaea</named-content></italic>); her taxon sampling did not allow testing of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresoidea</named-content>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Griswold et al. (2005)</xref> produced a new, expanded analysis of entelegyne relationships, and also reinterpreted many of the spigot and silk gland characters used in previous studies. Using ontogeny as the prime criterion for recognizing spigot types, they coded eresids as having AC, mAP and CY spigots. Analyses under equal weights and implied weights (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 6A</xref>) both supported an <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresoidea</named-content> comprising <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>) and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oecobiidae</named-content> (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oecobius</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Uroctea</named-content></italic>).</p><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Miller et al. (2010a)</xref> carried out a study relevant to eresid phylogeny and placement that was novel in three ways: a dense sampling of eresid genera, a broad array of entelegyne taxa, and data from 4 molecular markers (28S rDNA, 18s rDNA, H3 and CO1). This analysis included representatives of all Eresoid families (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oecobiidae</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hersiliidae</named-content>), seven of the eight eresid genera (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> was unavailable), and an additional 54 exemplars from across the Entelegynae. Notable results were that: 1) <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresoidea</named-content> was never corroborated: eresids grouped with the orbicularian <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Zygiella</named-content></italic> and the nicodamids <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Megadictya</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oncodamus</named-content></italic>, 2) <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Penestominae</named-content> never grouped with <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresinae</named-content>, but with zodariids, leading to the proposal of the new family <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Penestomidae</named-content> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 6B</xref>), and 3) a phylogeny for all eresid genera except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> was proposed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 7B</xref>). Association of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> with <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Nicodamidae</named-content> and Orbiculariae was anticipated and corroborated by the molecular studies of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">Spagna and Gillespie (2008)</xref> and of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">Spagna et al. (2010)</xref>. <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> was divided into two major clades: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> form a southern and eastern African clade. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic> is exclusively southern African, whereas the sister genera <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> occur in southern and eastern Africa. The other major clade comprises <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic> form a Palearctic/Mediterranean clade; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> is found in Africa, the paleotropics, and the Amazon.</p><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5.</label><caption><p><bold>A–B</bold> Historical hypotheses of the phylogenetic position of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content>. <bold>A</bold> simplified cladogram from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Platnick et al. (1991</xref>: 68, fig. 311) <bold>B</bold> simplified cladogram from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Griswold et al. (1999</xref>: 58, fig. 1). Terminals merged into family level (normal type) or higher level (all capital type) taxa.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="F6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6.</label><caption><p><bold>A–B</bold> Historical hypotheses of the phylogenetic position of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content>. <bold>A</bold> simplified implied weights cladogram (K=6, fit=115.93, L=488) from Griswold et al. (2005: 316, fig. 219) <bold>B</bold> simplified Bayesian tree from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Miller et al. (2010a</xref>: 792, fig. 3). Terminals merged into family level (normal type) or higher level (all capital type) taxa.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g006"></graphic></fig><fig id="F7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7.</label><caption><p><bold>A–B</bold> Historical phylogenetic hypotheses of relationships among <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content>. <bold>A</bold> tree from Lehtinen (1967: 387, fig. 13). <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Magunia</named-content></italic> was synonymized with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</xref>; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Wajane</named-content></italic> was synonymized with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Penestomus</named-content></italic> and removed from <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Miller et al. (2010a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">2010b</xref>) <bold>B</bold> relationships among <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Miller et al. (2010a</xref>: 792, modified fig. 3). “<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>" <italic>annulipes</italic> relabeled <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic> to reflect a nomenclatural change proposed in this work and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> species epithets removed to reflect increasing uncertainty about species limits and identity in this genus.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g007"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="Spinneret spigot morphology"><title>Spinneret spigot morphology</title><p>The silk glands and spinnerets of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> have been discussed previously but their interpretation remains controversial. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Kovoor and Lopez (1979)</xref> studied the silk glands of the eresids <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic> (as <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus niger</named-content></italic>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus dufouri</named-content></italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Peters (1992b)</xref> studied the spigots of two species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> and traced the origin of the fibers that composed the cribellate strands. Eresid spinnerets have been studied with scanning electron microscopy and coded in matrices by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Coddington (1990a)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Platnick et al. (1991)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Griswold et al. (1999)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Schütt (2002)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Griswold et al. (2005)</xref>. These studies relied upon the position, number, fine structure and ontogeny of the spigots for their classification, and these were named assuming the glands that they served, a departure from the gland-based studies of Kovoor and Lopez. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Kovoor and Lopez (1979)</xref> identified pseudoflagelliform glands in eresids. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Griswold et al. (1999)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Griswold et al. (2005)</xref> asserted homology between the pseudoflagelliform gland spigots of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Deinopoidea</named-content> and a unique spigot on the PLS of females, which they termed the “modified spigot” (MS). These spigots were overlooked in eresids by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Griswold et al. (1999)</xref>, but were recognized by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Griswold et al. (2005)</xref>. Eresid MS are unique in being anterobasal on the PLS, far removed from the rest of the spinning field, though the MS may or may not be accompanied by flanking spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F30">Figs 30D, F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">36E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F39">39D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">57D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F58">58C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F60">60D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F61">61B–C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F66">66D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F67">67D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F74">74B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F75">75F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F77">77D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F78">78D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F87">87D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F88">88D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F95">95D</xref>). Recognizing eresid MS spigots is therefore unproblematic. Eresids are unique in that their ampullate gland spigot (MAP, mAP) shafts have small papillae or imbricate protrusions, rendering these easy to recognize on the ALS and PMS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F61">Figs 61A, D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F67">67A, C</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Kovoor and Lopez (1979)</xref> further asserted that eresids have numerous ampullate and cylindrical glands but lack aciniform glands. Previous phylogenetic studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Griswold et al. 1999</xref>) relied upon these gland data to code eresids as having numerous MAP, mAP, and CY and lacking AC, but <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Schütt (2002)</xref> coded eresids as having a brush of AC spigots and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Griswold et al. (2005)</xref> relied upon ontogenetic data to recognize AC spigots as present. Nevertheless, distinguishing AC and CY spigots remains problematic. Whereas in “higher” entelegynes, e.g., Orbiculariae (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Griswold et al. 1998</xref>), <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gnaphosoidea</named-content> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">Platnick 1990</xref>) and the “austral cribellates” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Griswold et al. 2005</xref>) classes of spigots are both distinct and uniform, in the “lower entelegynes,” e.g., <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oecobiidae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content>, individual spigots vary in size and form such that, even with ontogenetic information, distinguishing AC and CY remains difficult in most cases. The field of small spigots with stout shafts located on the posterior lobe of the PMS of females (not males) of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> seems made of obvious CY spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">Figs 36C–D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">57C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F58">58E</xref>). The situation in other eresids is more puzzling. Examining the PMS of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Griswold et al. (2005)</xref> found three classes of spigots in females (large, medium and small) but only the large and small in males: the large were clearly mAP, the small likely AC (occurring in <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>males and females) and the intermediate class, found only in females, were classified as CY. This ambiguity prevails in the other genera examined here, with the exception of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>, and our classification of AC and CY on the posterior spinnerets must remain provisional.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><sec sec-type="Scanning electron microscopy"><title>Scanning electron microscopy</title><p>Specimens were critical point dried, then mounted on stubs or round-headed rivets using a combination of white glue, nail polish, and adhesive copper or aluminum tape. They were sputter coated with platinum-palladium and scanned with one or more of the following: a JEOL JSM-6335F field emission scanning electron microscope, a JEOL JSM-840A scanning electron microscope, and a FEI Inspect scanning electron microscope, all at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, or a LEO 1450VP at the California Academy of Sciences. Electron micrographs of internal female reproductive structures were accomplished by first dissolving soft tissue from dissected epigyna in pancreatin P1750 enzyme (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Álverez-Padilla and Hormiga 2008</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="Light microscopy"><title>Light microscopy</title><p>Specimens were photographed in dishes of alcohol or temporary slide mounts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Coddington 1983</xref>). Where necessary, positioning specimens was aided by the use of sand or commercial Purell Hand Sanitizer (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.purell.com/">http://www.purell.com/</ext-link>). Photographs were made using digital cameras mounted on microscopes, either a BK+ Imaging System fromVisionary Digital (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.visionarydigital.com/">http://www.visionarydigital.com/</ext-link>) based on a Canon 7D digital camera body and a K2 Infinity microscope fitted with various Infinity lenses and Nikon metallurgical objectives at the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, a Leica M205A stereoscopic microscope equipped with a Leica DFC420 camera and Leica Applications Suite software at the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, a Nikon DS-Ri1 driven by Nikon NIS Elements software mounted on a Leica M165 C stereomicroscope at the Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Leiden, or a Leica DFC500 digital camera driven by Leica Applications Suite software mounted on a Leica MZ16A stereomicroscope at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Stacks of images from multiple focal planes were combined and edited using either Helicon Focus Professional MP or Auto-Montage Pro software version 5.03, and further processed in Photoshop CS5 to adjust color, brightness, and contrast, and remove blemishes. Female reproductive structures were cleared for images of internal structures using methyl salicylate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Holm 1979</xref>). In some cases, pancreatin was also used first to digest away soft tissue. To investigate expansion of the male palp, these were removed, boiled for 2–3 minutes in a bath of hot concentrated (92%) lactic acid solution (SIGMA<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>-ALDRICH, Inc., St. Louis, USA), then transferred to warm distilled water where expansion took place. Expanded palpi were photographed in water and positioned using a temporary slide mount (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Coddington 1983</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Measurements and conventions</title><p>PLE position is expressed as a ratio of the distance from the anterior margin of the carapace to the anterior margin of the PLE divided by total carapace length. Eye diameter measured to the outside margin (analogous to measuring the cornea rather than the iris). Carapace length measured to the straight anterior margin excluding the clypeal hood.</p><p>We use the terms horizontal axis and vertical axis to describe the configuration of the median eyes. Overlapping on the horizontal axis means that if one drew a line connecting the ventral limits of the PMEs, it would pass through the AMEs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Fig. 10G</xref>); separated on the horizontal axis means that the line would not pass through the AME (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Fig. 11A</xref>). Similarly, if one drew a perpendicular line tangential to the mesal limit of a PME and it passed through the corresponding AME, we call this overlapping on the vertical axis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Fig. 11E</xref>); separated on the vertical axis means that the line would not pass through the AME (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Fig. 8I</xref>). Arrangement of the eyes and eye rows is depicted schematically in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">–11</xref>.</p><fig id="F8" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 8.</label><caption><p><bold>A–L</bold> Schematic illustrations of the carapace of assorted eresids <bold>A–D</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea fimbriata</named-content></italic><bold>E–H</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic><bold>I–L</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> sp. <bold>A–B, E–F, I–J</bold> male <bold>C–D, G–H, K–L</bold> female <bold>A, C, E, G, I, K</bold> anterior view <bold>B, D, F, H, J, L</bold> dorsal view. Dashed line in <bold>I</bold> drawn tangential to the mesal margin of the PME does not intersect with the AME indicating median eyes separated on vertical axis. Dashed lines at posterior of carapace indicate uncertainty. Not to scale.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g008"></graphic></fig><fig id="F9" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 9.</label><caption><p><bold>A–L</bold> Schematic illustrations of the carapace of assorted eresids. <bold>A–D</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic><bold>E–H</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp. <bold>I–L</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic><bold>A–B</bold>, <bold>E–F</bold>, <bold>I–J</bold> male <bold>C–D</bold>, <bold>G–H</bold>, <bold>K–L</bold> female <bold>A, C, E, G, I, K</bold> anterior view <bold>B, D, F, H, J, L</bold> dorsal view. Dashed lines at posterior of carapace indicate uncertainty. Not to scale.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g009"></graphic></fig><fig id="F10" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 10.</label><caption><p><bold>A–L</bold> Schematic illustrations of the carapace of assorted eresids. <bold>A–B</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea striatipes</named-content></italic><bold>C–D</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic><bold>E–H</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic><bold>I–L</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra henscheli</named-content></italic><bold>A–D, E–F, I–J</bold> male <bold>G–H, K–L</bold> female. <bold>A, C, E, G, I, K</bold> anterior view <bold>B, D, F, H, J, L</bold> dorsal view <bold>G</bold> illustrates example of median eyes overlapping on horizontal axis. Dashed lines at posterior of carapace indicate uncertainty. Not to scale.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g010"></graphic></fig><fig id="F11" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 11.</label><caption><p><bold>A–L</bold> Schematic illustrations of the carapace of assorted <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> species. <bold>A–D</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus lineatus</named-content></italic><bold>E–H</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mimosarum</named-content></italic><bold>I–L</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</named-content></italic>. <bold>A–B, E–F, I–J</bold> male <bold>C–D, G–H, K–L</bold> female <bold>A, C, E, G, I, K</bold> anterior view <bold>B, D, F, H, J, L</bold> dorsal view <bold>A</bold> illustrates example of median eyes separated on horizontal axis; E illustrates example of median eyes overlapping on vertical axis. Dashed lines at posterior of carapace indicate uncertainty. Not to scale.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g011"></graphic></fig><p>Specimen collection data are given in Appendix A. Latitude-longitude coordinate pairs inferred from labels are given in square brackets; coordinates explicitly given on labels are not in square brackets. Some coordinate pairs are taken from the Iziko South African Museum (Cape Town) collections database are so indicated.</p><p>Descriptions were made mostly based on alcohol-preserved museum specimens. Some color information can be lost from such specimens.</p><p>The following anatomical abbreviations were used in the text and figures: AC: aciniform gland spigot; AER: anterior eye row; AL: anterior lobe [applied to epigynum of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n.]; ALS: anterior lateral spinneret; ALE: anterior lateral eye; AME: anterior median eye; BH: basal haematodocha; C: conductor; E: embolus; MAP: major ampullate gland spigot; mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot; MH: median haematodocha; ML: median lobe (of epigynum); MS: modified spigot; PER: posterior eye row; PI: piriform gland spigot; PLS: posterior lateral spinneret; PLE: posterior lateral eye; PME: posterior median eye; PMS: posterior median spinneret; S: spermatheca; SH: spermathecal head; ST: subtegulum; T: tegulum. References to figures published elsewhere are listed in lowercase type (fig.); references to figures in this paper are listed with an initial capital (Fig.).</p><p>Institutional abbreviations are as follows: CAS: California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco); TMSA: Ditsong National Museum of Natural History [formerly the Transvaal Museum] (Pretoria); HUJ: Hebrew University of Jerusalem; SAM: Iziko South African Museum (Cape Town); MHNG: Musée d’Histoire Naturelle (Genève); MNHN: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris); ZMHB: Museum für Naturkunde der Hum<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>boldt Universität Berlin; NCA: National Collection of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Arachnida</named-content>, ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute (Pretoria); BMSA: National Museum Bloemfontein; NMN: National Museum of Namibia (Windhoek); BMNH: The Natural History Museum (London); NMW: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Vienna); RMNH: Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis (Leiden); ZMUC: Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. Some specimens used for this research are deposited in the personal collection of Milan Řezáč (MR). Specimen record codes often incorporate collection information, but this is not always the case and can be misleading. For this reason, specimens are referenced by both the record code (if available) and collection abbreviation.</p><sec sec-type="Molecular methods"><title>Molecular methods</title><p>PCR products were generated either in the DNA Markerpoint Lab at the University of Leiden using standard methods (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Miller et al. 2010a</xref>) or the NCB Naturalis DNA Barcoding Facility. Sequencing was performed by Macrogen (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.macrogen.com">http://www.macrogen.com</ext-link>). DNA sequence data was added to the manual alignment described in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Miller et al. (2010a)</xref>. GenBank accession numbers linked to online records for all new sequence data generated for this study are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>.</p><p>The data were analyzed using MrBayes version 3.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003</xref>) under the conditions described in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Miller et al. (2010a</xref>, i.e., mixed model analysis with eight data partitions, gaps treated as missing) on the Cyberinfrastructure for Phylogenetic Research (CIPRES) portal (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.phylo.org/">http://www.phylo.org/</ext-link>). Analysis proceeded until the standard deviation of split frequencies fell below 0.01 (after approximately 13,500,000 of 25,000,000 generations). The first 10% of generations was discarded as burnin based on evaluation in Tracer version 1.5 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">Rambaut and Drummond 2007</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="T1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Genbank accession numbers for new sequences generated for this study. Codes identify individual specimens and are kept as labels with vouchers.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Taxon</bold></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Code</bold></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sex</bold></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Brief location</bold></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>COI</bold></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>28S</bold></th></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18-01</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Western Cape: De Hoop Nat Reserve, Potberg</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026497">JQ026497</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18-04</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Western Cape: Swartberg, Nat. Res. Gamkaskloof</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026498">JQ026498</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18-05</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zimbabwe: Harare, 19 Walmer Drive</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026499">JQ026499</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18-06</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Western Cape: Farm Tierberg, NE of Prince Albert</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026500">JQ026500</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18-08</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Western Cape: Farm Tierberg, NE of Prince Albert</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026501">JQ026501</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">19-03</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Free State Province: Bloemfontein</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026502">JQ026502</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">19-06</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Eastern Cape: Willowmore, Uitspan</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026503">JQ026503</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">19-07</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Free State Province: Bloemfontein</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026504">JQ026504</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20-02</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Western Cape: Knysna, Southern Comfort</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026506">JQ026506</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20-04</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Gauteng: Rietfontein, Pretoria</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026496">JQ026496</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20-05</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Eastern Cape: Uitenhage, Springs Resort</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026505">JQ026505</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RMNH.ARA.14513</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Western Cape: Vanrhynsdorp</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026507">JQ026507</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RMNH.ARA.14514</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Western Cape: route N7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026508">JQ026508</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RMNH.ARA.14515</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Western Cape: Anysberg Nature Reserve</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026509">JQ026509</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RMNH.ARA.14516</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Western Cape: Cape Town</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026510">JQ026510</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RMNH.ARA.14517</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Western Cape: route N7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026511">JQ026511</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RMNH.ARA.14518</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Western Cape: route N7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026512">JQ026512</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RMNH.ARA.14519</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Western Cape: Anysberg Nature Reserve</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026513">JQ026513</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RMNH.ARA.14520</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa: Western Cape: Cape Town surroundings</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026514">JQ026514</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RMNH.ARA.14521</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Namibia: Homeb</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026515">JQ026515</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RMNH.ARA.14512</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Namibia: app. 50 km SW Aus (on road C13)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026516">JQ026516</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026518">JQ026518</ext-link></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RMNH.ARA.14522</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Namibia: app. 50 km SW Aus (on road C13)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ026517">JQ026517</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec><title>Data resources</title><p>We used the Pensoft IPT Data Hosting Center to expose specimen occurrence records to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ipt.pensoft.net/ipt/resource.do?r=specimen_occurrence_data">http://ipt.pensoft.net/ipt/resource.do?r=specimen_occurrence_data</ext-link>). A KML (Keyhole Markup Language) file for viewing these same specimen occurrence records interactively in Google Earth (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://earth.google.com/">http://earth.google.com/</ext-link>) plus links to species pages on the Encyclopedia of Life (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.eol.org/">http://www.eol.org/</ext-link>) is available as part of a Dryad data package (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qj8t7r0q">http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qj8t7r0q</ext-link>).</p><p>The alignment of the molecular sequence data used for the phylogenetic analysis is available on Dryad (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qj8t7r0q">http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qj8t7r0q</ext-link>). Figures showing the full phylogenetic tree (Fig. S1) and images of some specimens newly sequenced for this study (Figs S2, S3) are available as an electronic document via Dryad (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qj8t7r0q">http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qj8t7r0q</ext-link>).</p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
</sec><sec><title>Systematics</title><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Eresidae"><named-content content-type="family">Eresidae</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">C. L. Koch</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Eresidae</p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Chercheuses</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Erraticae</named-content>) Walckenaer, 1802: 248; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">Walckenaer 1805</xref>: 21.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> C. L. Koch, 1850: 70; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">Simon 1892</xref>: 248–254; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref>: 385–390; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Griswold et al. 2005</xref>: 24–27.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Nomenclatural note"><title>Nomenclatural note.</title><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">Walckenaer (1802)</xref> divided spiders into 18 “Famillies.” At this time, concepts of nomenclature were distinctly different from our modern understanding. All spider species were referred to by a binomen with “Aranea” as the genus regardless of “famillie” placement. Chercheuses (Erraticae) contained one species: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Aranea cinnaberina</named-content></italic> (now <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic>). Because Walckenaer’s family name was not formed from the stem name of the type genus, it was not considered valid once international codes of nomenclature were adopted starting in 1905 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1905</xref>). For an enlightening discussion of Walckenaer’s and related systems of spider classification, see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Edwards (2011)</xref>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Distinguished from other three-clawed, eight-eyed, cribellate entelegyne spiders except <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Penestomidae</named-content> by their subrectangular carapace and clypeal hood; distinguished from <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Penestomidae</named-content> by the absence of an RTA on the male palpal tibia, the absence of a median apophysis arising from the palpal tegulum, the absence of a posterior lobe of the epigynum (the posterior lobe is a separate plate in <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Penestomidae</named-content>; compare <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F45">Figs 45A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F93">93A</xref> with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Miller et al. 2010b</xref>: fig. 8A), and the absence of a tapetum in the indirect eyes. The eye arrangement in <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> is distinctive, with a straight anterior eye row and strongly recurved posterior eye row, with the median eyes close together, the ALE near the anterior lateral corners of the carapace, and the PLE position on the carapace at least 0.2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8B, D, F, H, J, L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9B, D, F, H, J, L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">10 B, D, F, H, J, L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">11B, D, F, H, J, L</xref>); by contrast, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Penestomidae</named-content> have the anterior eyes subequally spaced with the ALE placed about midway between the center and the corners of the carapace (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Miller et al. 2010b</xref>: fig. 1C), and the PLE position on the carapace ca. 0.1.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic>Somatic morphology</italic>:Carapace subrectangular in dorsal view; cephalic region may be strongly raised. Eight eyes in two rows, posterior eye row strongly recurved so that the PLE are set far back from the others (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8B, D, F, H, J, L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9B, D, F, H, J, L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">10 B, D, F, H, J, L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">11B, D, F, H, J, L</xref>). Tapetum absent from eyes. The anterior-median part of carapace extended ventrally into a clypeal hood (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8A, C, E, G, I, K</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9A, C, E, G, I, K</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">10A, C, E, G, I, K</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">11A, C, E, G, I, K</xref>). Two or more setal morphologies typically present appearing as dark and white setae in museum specimens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F35">Figs 35B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F81">81D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F91">91B</xref>). Chelicerae robust, may be contiguous (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">Fig. 19G</xref>) or excavated mesally (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">Fig. 68F</xref>), distal anterior part with dense cluster of strong setae near fang (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F28">Fig. 28C</xref>), usually with boss (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F28">Figs 28B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F46">46B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F56">56E</xref>, but see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F56">56C</xref>); large single keel anterior to fang, may be serrate, with series of small denticles leading towards base of fang; there is no distinct fang furrow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34">Figs 34F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F91">91F</xref>). Female palp with tarsal claw <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F92">Fig. 92F</xref>). Legs usually short with two rows of trichobothria on tibiae and one distal trichobothrium on metatarsi. Bothria have series of transverse grooves proximally (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F25">Figs 25D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F38">38B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F45">45E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F92">92B</xref>). Tarsal organ small, capsulate, and positioned near the distal tip (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F38">Figs 38A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F46">46D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F92">92A</xref>). Major and median claws with series of teeth (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F38">Figs 38C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F92">92C</xref>). Linear calamistrum occupies entire length of metatarsus IV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F25">Figs 25E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F38">38D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F46">46E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F92">92D</xref>), with a dorsal patch of smaller calamistral setae (i.e., with lines of teeth, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F25">Figs 25F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F31">31F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F38">38E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F46">46F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F67">67F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F82">82F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F92">92E</xref>). In some eresids, the line of primary calamistrum setae is not clearly distinguishable from the dorsal patch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F25">Figs 25F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F31">31F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F46">46F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F67">67F</xref>).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> Abdomen generally oblong with distinct dorsal sigilla (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figs 3I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">19A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F47">47I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F89">89E</xref>). Posterior respiratory system comprises four simple tracheal tubes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Lamy 1902</xref>; CEG, pers. obs. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>).</p><p><italic>Male palp</italic>: Male palpal tibia without apophysis, with two rows of trichobothria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F27">Figs 27F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34">34E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F55">55F</xref>). Palpal bulb with sclerotized conductor that interacts with spiral embolus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F27">Figs 27C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34">34D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F41">41F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F90">90D</xref>), expansion occurs in both the basal and median haematodochae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Figs 12F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">13C, F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">15C, L</xref>). Axis of spiral typically proximal-distal <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>with embolus encircling distal part (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Figs 12B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">13B, H, J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">14I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">15B, H, K</xref>), occasionally more or less ventral-dorsal with embolus encircling ventral part (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Figs 12G</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">13D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">33I–K</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F48">48A–F</xref>).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><fig id="F12" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 12.</label><caption><p><bold>A–L</bold> Left male palpi of eresid species, photomicrographs. <bold>A–C</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea fimbriata</named-content></italic> from Algeria-Morocco (MR012, MR) <bold>D–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic> from Mashabin Sand Dunes, Israel (MR006, HUJ) <bold>G–I</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> sp. from Manga Forest Reserve, Tanzania <bold>J–L</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic> from Leptokaryas, Greece (MR020, MR) <bold>A, D, G, J</bold> prolateral view <bold>B, E, K</bold> retrolateral view <bold>H</bold> ventral view <bold>C, F, I, L</bold> expanded palp. <bold>BH</bold> basal haematodocha <bold>MH</bold> median haematodocha.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g012"></graphic></fig><fig id="F13" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 13.</label><caption><p><bold>A–L</bold> Left male palpi of eresid species, photomicrographs. <bold>A–C</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic> from res. Radotinske udoli, Czechia (MR007, MR) <bold>D–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp. from Van Riebeeck Park, Western Cape, South Africa (CASENT 9023763, CAS) <bold>G–I</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic> from Haluqim Ridge, Israel (PET03, MR) <bold>J, K</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea striatipes</named-content></italic> from Otjivasandu (NMN), Namibia <bold>L</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic> from Sunnyside, South Africa (C1076, SAM) <bold>A, D, G, J, L</bold> prolateral view <bold>B, H, K</bold> retrolateral view <bold>E</bold> ventral view <bold>C, F, I</bold> expanded palp. <bold>BH</bold> basal haematodocha <bold>MH</bold> median haematodocha.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g013"></graphic></fig><fig id="F14" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 14.</label><caption><p><bold>A–L</bold> Left male palpi of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> species, photomicrographs. <bold>A</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic> from Sunnyside, South Africa (C1076, SAM) <bold>B, C</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic> from Breekkierie Dunes, Northern Cape, South Africa (C1062, SAM) <bold>D–I</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea parva</named-content></italic><bold>D–F</bold> holotype from junction of Marico and Crocodile Rivers, South Africa (B3701, SAM) <bold>G–I</bold> from 4 km N of Hopetown, Northern Cape, South Africa (AcAT 97/988, NCA) <bold>J–L</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n. holotype from Falcon College, Zimbabwe (CASENT 9039236, CAS) <bold>A, C, F, I, L</bold> retrolateral view <bold>B, D, G, J</bold> prolateral view <bold>E, H, K</bold> ventral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g014"></graphic></fig><fig id="F15" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 15.</label><caption><p><bold>A–L</bold> Left male palpi of eresid species, photomicrographs. <bold>A–C</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra henscheli</named-content></italic> from Gobabeb Station, Namibia (SMN 40828, NMN) <bold>D, F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus lineatus</named-content></italic><bold>D–E</bold> from Negev, Israel (MR) <bold>F</bold> from Nengrahar, Afghanistan (MR010, MR) <bold>G–I</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mimosarum</named-content></italic> from Forêt d'Analalava, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar (CASENT 9015950, CAS) <bold>J–L</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</named-content></italic> from 7.5 km E PwintPhyu, Magway Division, Myanmar (CASENT 9019370, CAS) <bold>A, D, G, J</bold> prolateral view <bold>B, E, H, K</bold> retrolateral view <bold>C, F, I, L</bold> expanded palp. <bold>BH</bold> basal haematodocha <bold>MH</bold> median haematodocha.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g015"></graphic></fig><fig id="F16" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 16.</label><caption><p><bold>A–L</bold> Epigyna of eresid species, photomicrographs. <bold>A, D</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea fimbriata</named-content></italic>; A from Mehav Am village, Israel (MR003, MR) <bold>D</bold> from Wadi Mashash, Israel (MR013, HUJ) <bold>B, E</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic> from Mashabim sand dunes, Israel (MR002, MR) <bold>C, F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> sp. from Klein Kariba, South Africa (CASENT 9025745, CAS) <bold>G, J</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic> from 5 km south of Monemvasia, Lakonia, Greece (ZMUC 00012903, ZMUC) <bold>H, K</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic> from res. Radotinske udoli, Czechia (MR016, MR) <bold>I, L</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> from SE of Silkeborg, Denmark (CASENT 9039243, CAS) <bold>A–C, G–I</bold> ventral view<bold>D–F, J–L</bold> dorsal view, cleared. <bold>CD</bold> copulatory duct <bold>ML</bold> median lobe <bold>S</bold> spermatheca <bold>SH</bold> spermathecal head.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g016"></graphic></fig><p><italic>Female genitalia</italic>: Epigynum present with entelegyne configuration, one pair of spermathecae (typically in a posterior position except in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>, where they are anterior), and spermathecal heads (typically in an anterior position and far from the spermathecae except in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>, where they are adjacent to the spermathecae; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16D–F, J–L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">17D–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">18D–F, J–L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F22">22B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">29D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37">37E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F42">42D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F45">45B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F59">59C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F65">65B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F76">76B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F82">82B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F86">86B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F93">93B</xref>); posterior lobe absent (compare <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F45">Figs 45A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F93">93A</xref> with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Miller et al. 2010b</xref>: fig. 8A).</p><fig id="F17" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 17.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold> Epigyna of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp., photomicrographs. <bold>A, D</bold> from Iringa, Tanzania (ZMUC 19970517, ZMUC) <bold>B, E</bold> from Kommetjie, Western Cape, South Africa (CASENT 9039241, CAS), note broken embolus left in female reproductive system <bold>C, F</bold> from Port Elizabeth, South Africa (port-3325, ZMHB) <bold>A–C</bold> ventral view <bold>D–F</bold> dorsal view, cleared. <bold>CD</bold> copulatory duct <bold>S</bold> spermatheca <bold>SH</bold> spermathecal head.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g017"></graphic></fig><fig id="F18" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 18.</label><caption><p><bold>A–L</bold> Epigyna of eresid species, photomicrographs. <bold>A, D</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic> from Wadi Mashash, Negev, Israel (MR019, MR) <bold>B, E</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic> from Steinkopf, Northern Cape, South Africa (ZMB 26964, ZMHB) <bold>C, F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra henscheli</named-content></italic>; C from Kuiseb River, Gobabeb, Namibia (SMN 46627, NMN) <bold>F</bold> from Sout Rivier, Namibia (CASENT 9039242, CAS) <bold>G, J</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus lineatus</named-content></italic> from Belkis, near Birecor, Turkey (MR015, MR) <bold>H, K</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mimosarum</named-content></italic><bold>H</bold> from Forêt d'Analalava, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar (CASENT 9015950, CAS) <bold>K</bold> from Réserve Spéciale de Cap Sainte Marie, Toliara, Madagascar (CASENT 9012844, CAS) <bold>I, L</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</named-content></italic> from 7.5 km E PwintPhyu, Magway Division, Myanmar (CASENT 9019370, CAS) <bold>A–C, G–I</bold> ventral view <bold>D–F, J–L</bold> dorsal view, cleared. <bold>AL</bold> anterior lobe <bold>ML</bold> median lobe <bold>S</bold> spermatheca <bold>SH</bold> spermathecal head.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g018"></graphic></fig><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic>Spinneret spigot morphology</italic>: ALS typically with multiple MAP (absent in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F77">Figs 77B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F78">78B</xref>) and a field of PI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">Figs 36B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F94">94B</xref>). PMS with one to several mAP and a field of AC, occasionally elongated and divided into two lobes (female <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">Figs 36C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">57A, C</xref>), CY present (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">Figs 36C–D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">57C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F58">58E</xref>) or uncertain. PLS with field of AC, MS positioned on dorsal part adjacent to ALS far from rest of field, may be accompanied by one (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F30">Figs 30F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F32">32F</xref>) or two (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F67">Figs 67D</xref>,<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F87">87D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F95">95E</xref>) flanking AC (no MS-flanking AC in at least <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">Figs 36E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">57D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F58">58C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F61">61B–C</xref>). Cribellum present with median division in most genera (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">Figs 57E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F77">77E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F87">87A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F94">94A, E</xref>), each half subdivided in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">Fig. 36F</xref>). Multiple epiandrous gland spigots present in male (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F22">Figs 22E–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F28">28D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F39">39F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F45">45F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F61">61E–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F65">65F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F74">74E–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F80">80E–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F85">85E–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F93">93F</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Phylogeny"><title>Phylogeny.</title><p>Our phylogenetic analysis is a modest expansion of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Miller et al. (2010a)</xref> and the topology is congruent with the earlier study. The additions to the new analysis are two specimens of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic> and twenty more specimens of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>. As reported previously, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> is divided into two major clades: one consisting of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>, the other containing the remaining genera including <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F51">Figs 51, S1</xref>). In our topology, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> sits on a long branch sister to a clade consisting of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n., and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic>; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> is sister to this five-genus clade. Note that our exemplar for <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> is not the type species and the monophyly of this genus is uncertain. Our focus on sequencing <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> was designed to elucidate species limits within the genus, in combination with morphological data (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F50">Figs 50, S2, S3</xref>). These results are discussed further in the section on <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>, below.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Key to genera of Eresidae"><title>Key to genera of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content></title><p>(note: females of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea striatipes</named-content></italic> Lawrence, 1968, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic> (Lawrence, 1936), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea parva</named-content></italic> (Tucker, 1920), and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n. are unknown)</p><table-wrap content-type="key" orientation="portrait" id="d35e3606" position="float"><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1a</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median eyes small, subequal in size, and no more than slightly overlapping on vertical axis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8E, G</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">10I, K</xref>). ALS enlarged, extensible, PLS reduced (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F32">Figs 32A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F72">72D, H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F77">77A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F78">78A</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1b</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">PME larger than AME (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Fig. 8A</xref>) or if nearly equal in size then significantly overlapping on vertical axis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Fig. 11A</xref>). ALS no more than slightly longer than PLS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">Figs 36A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">57A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F94">94A</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2a</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cephalic region longer than wide (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F72">72A, E</xref>). Male leg I enlarged (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F72">Figs 72A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F74">74A</xref>). Palpal conductor highly variable and elaborate, usually longer than tegular division (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">Figs 15B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F72">72J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F73">73A, B</xref>; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Dippenaar-Schoeman 1990</xref>). Median lobe of epigynum clearly longer than wide with a central constriction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Figs 18C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F76">76A</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cephalic region wider than long (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8F, H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">26A, E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">29B</xref>). Male legs I and II subequal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">Fig. 26A</xref>). Palpal conductor a simple spiral, shorter than tegular division (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">Figs 26I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F27">27A</xref>). Median lobe of epigynum wider than long with more or less straight, converging lateral margins (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">29C</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3a</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median eyes separated on horizontal axis by ca. half of one AME diameter or more (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">11A</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3b</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median eyes no more than slightly separated on horizontal axis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Figs 9A, I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">10G</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4a</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">PME position ca. 0.44, cephalic region trapezoidal, much wider anteriorly than posteriorly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">68D</xref>) with straight posterior margin that overhangs thoracic region</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4b</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">PME position < 0.3, cephalic region subtriangular with round posterior margin (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">Figs 68A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F79">79A, E</xref>) that does not overhang thoracic region</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5a</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median eyes not overlapping on vertical axis, ALE much smaller than PLE (ALE/PLE ca. 0.3; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">68C</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea striatipes</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5b</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median eyes significantly overlapping on vertical axis, ALE more than half the diameter of the PLE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Fig. 11E</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6a</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clypeal hood long, acute (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Figs 11E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F81">81A</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6b</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clypeal hood short, ca. 90° (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F71">Fig. 70I</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7a</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">PLE position < 0.28. Male palp with dorsal-ventral axis with embolus encircling ventral part (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Figs 12G</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">13D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">33I–K</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F48">48A–F</xref>). Epigynum with wide atria separated by hirsute cuticle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">Figs 17A–C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F59">59A</xref>). Copulatory ducts coil at least once around fertilization ducts, spermathecal head adjacent to spermathecae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">Figs 17D–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F59">59C</xref>). Female PMS subdivided (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">Figs 36C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">57A, C</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7b</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">PLE position > 0.31. Male palp with proximal-distal axis with embolus encircling distal part (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Figs 12B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">13B, H, J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">14I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">15B, H, K</xref>). Epigynum usually with slit-like atria separated by glabrous median lobe (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">Figs 29C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F45">45A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F65">65A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F76">76A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F93">93A</xref>), if separated by hirsute cuticle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16G</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F42">42B</xref>), then copulatory ducts sinuous and spermathecal head separated from spermathecae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F42">42D</xref>). Female PMS entire (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F66">Figs 66C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F94">94C</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8a</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male with ALE on pointed apophyses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Fig. 8J</xref>). Embolus encircles palp for less than 1.5 turns (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34">Fig. 34A–D</xref>). Copulatory duct makes ca. 1 turn around fertilization ducts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37">37E</xref>). Cribellum divided into four parts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">Fig. 36F</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8b</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male ALE not on pointed apophyses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Fig. 9F</xref>). Embolus encircles palp ca. 3 turns (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F48">Figs 48</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F55">55A–D</xref>). Copulatory duct makes ca. 3 turns around fertilization duct (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">Figs 17D–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F59">59C</xref>). Cribellum usually divided into two parts, occasionally signs of four part cribellum evident (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">Fig. 57E</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9a</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cephalic region wider than long (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Figs 9J, L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F62">62A, E</xref>). Palpal conductor with bifid process (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F63">Fig. 63D, E</xref>). Vulva with compact duct system and anterior lobe (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Figs 18D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F65">65B</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9b</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cephalic region longer than wide. Palpal conductor without bifid process. Vulva variable, without anterior lobe</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10a</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clypeal hood ca 90° (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F69">Figs 69C, F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">70F, I</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10b</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clypeal hood forms clearly acute angle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9C</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11a</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male chelicerae strongly excavated mesally (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F69">Fig. 69C</xref>). Embolic division of male palp shorter than tegular division (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Figs 14B, C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F69">69G, H</xref>). Epigynum as in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Fig. 18B</xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic> (Purcell, 1904)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11b</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chelicerae only slightly excavated mesally (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">Fig. 70C, F</xref>). Embolic division of male palp longer than tegular division (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Fig. 14D–I</xref>). Female unknown</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea parva</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12a</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male with cephalic region overhanging thoracic region posteriorly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">Fig. 19D</xref>) and dorsal surface of abdomen dark gray, nearly encircled by a band of white setae, with numerous patches of white setae dorsally, especially around sigilla (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">Fig. 19A</xref>). Female with cephalic region strongly raised so posterior margin is nearly vertical (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 1A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">19H</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12b</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male with cephalic region not overhanging thoracic region posteriorly and dorsal surface of abdomen usually with two pairs of large round dark patches surrounding the first and second sigilla on a field of red setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 2B, D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F40">40A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F43">43A</xref>), occasionally all black. Female with cephalic region only moderately raised (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F40">Figs 40H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F43">43H</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Adonea"><named-content content-type="genus">Adonea</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Simon</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Adonea</p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">Simon 1873</xref>: 157. Type species <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea fimbriata</named-content></italic> Simon, 1873.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Storkaniella</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Kratochvíl and Miller 1940</xref>: 93, figs 2, 4. Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref>: 208, 265.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Note"><title>Note.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content></italic> contains one recognized species, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea fimbriata</named-content></italic> Simon, 1873, from the Mediterranean. In addition, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus algericus</named-content></italic> El-Hennawy, 2004 is transferred to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content></italic> and may be a junior synonym of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea fimbriata</named-content></italic>. We examined syntype specimens from Algeria and Tunisia, and additional specimens from the Algeria-Morocco border and Israel.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Male distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic> by the profile of the carapace, which has the posterior part of the cephalic region overhanging the anterior part of the thoracic region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">Fig. 19D</xref>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic> by several characters including the subtriangular shape of the cephalic region that is rounded posteriorly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">Fig. 19A</xref>; trapezoidal in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic> and straight poster<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>iorly, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">Fig. 68D</xref>) and by the mesally contiguous chelicerae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">Fig. 19C</xref>; mesally excavated in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">Fig. 68F</xref>).</p><p>Female distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic> Brullé, 1832, and some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> species by the relatively large PME (AME/PME ca. 0.4, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">Fig. 19G</xref>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n. by the longer than wide cephalic region (wider than long in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n.); from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic> by the presence of a glabrous median lobe between the copulatory openings (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F22">Fig. 22A</xref>; hirsute cuticle between the copulatory openings in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F42">Fig. 42B</xref>); and from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic> by the nearly vertical posterior margin of the cephalic region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 1A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">19H</xref>; cephalic region only moderately raised in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic>); females of other <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> species are unknown. The proportions of the epigynum in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content></italic>, which is more than two times wider than long, further separates it from most eresids (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F22">22A</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Natural history"><title>Natural history.</title><p>Known from Loess desert habitat with low shrubs, often in wadis. They build a simple vertical or inclined burrow lined by silk, often on the edge of stones. The opening is covered by a silken flap camouflaged from above by debris. Signaling threads radiate out from the edges of this roof. Prey include various epigaeic arthropods, especially beetles from the family <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tenebrionidae</named-content>. Prey remnants are incorporated into the roof of the burrow. Males take approximately 2–3 years to mature, females one year longer (Martin Forman, personal observation).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Adonea_fimbriata"><named-content content-type="genus">Adonea</named-content><named-content content-type="species">fimbriata</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Simon</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Adonea_fimbriata</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 1A, B</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4A</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">8A–D</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">12A–C</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">16A, D</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">19</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F20"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F21"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F22"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F23"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F24"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F25">–25</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea fimbriata</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">Simon 1873</xref>: 158, pl. 3, figs 24–25. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">Simon 1892</xref>: 253, figs 202, 207. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Kratochvíl and Miller 1940</xref>: 92, figs 1, 3. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref>: 208.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea capitata</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">Simon 1876</xref>: LXXXVI [86]. Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref>: 208.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Storkaniella janinensis</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Kratochvíl and Miller 1940</xref>: 93, figs 2, 4. Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref>: 208.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic>Male</italic> (Algeria-Morocco, MR012, MR): Carapace with band of white setae around margin of thoracic region and scattered patches elsewhere; cephalic region subtriangular, longer than wide, strongly raised with rounded posterior margin overhanging thoracic region; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.48), median eyes slightly overlapping on horizontal and vertical axes, PME somewhat sunken into carapace; ALE tubercles present; PER slightly narrower than AER (PER/AER 0.88), PLE position on carapace 0.35; clypeal hood forms acute angle; fovea indistinct. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, with lateral boss. Legs with bands of white setae; with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV and scattered short ventral macrosetae on tibia, metatarsus and tarsus I–IV. Abdomen dark gray, nearly encircled by a band of white setae, with numerous patches of white setae dorsally, especially around sigilla (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8A, B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">19A–D</xref>).</p><p>Male palp with proximal-distal axis, tegulum moderately elongate, subtrapezoidal; second loop of sperm duct curves proximally away from then back to distal margin of tegulum in retrolateral view (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Figs 12B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">19J</xref>); conductor and embolus together form apical complex making one helical turn; conductor tapers to point; tegular division longer than embolic division; cymbium with one retrolateral and several prolateral macrosetae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Figs 12A–C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">19I, J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F20">20A–F</xref>).</p><p><italic>Female</italic> (Wadi Mashash, Israel, MR013, HUJ): Carapace with scattered white setae; cephalic region subtriangular, longer than wide, so strongly raised as to be nearly vertical (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 1A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">19H</xref>); AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.37), median eyes slightly overlapping on horizontal and vertical axes; PME somewhat sunken into<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> carapace; ALE tubercles indistinct; PER slightly narrower than AER (PER/AER 0.82), PLE position on carapace 0.39; clypeal hood forms acute angle; fovea indistinct (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8C, D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">19E-H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F21">21A, B, E</xref>). Chelicerae contiguous mesally, boss present (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">Figs 19G</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F21">21C, D</xref>). Legs with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV and scattered short ventral macrosetae on tibia, metatarsus and tarsus I–IV. Abdomen with numerous patches of white setae dorsally, especially around sigilla (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 1A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">19E</xref>).</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>Epigynum with slightly converging slit-like atria occupying nearly the total length, anterior-lateral margin a curved ridge (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F22">22A</xref>). Vulva with spermathecal heads set anterior-mesally on curved stalks leading to multilobed spermathecae that diverge posteriorly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F22">22B–D</xref>).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><fig id="F19" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 19.</label><caption><p><bold>A–J</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea fimbriata</named-content></italic>. <bold>A–D, I–J</bold> male from Algeria-Morocco (MR012, MR) <bold>E–H</bold> female from Mehav Am village, Israel (MR003, MR) <bold>A–D</bold> habitus of male, photomicrographs <bold>E–H</bold> habitus of female photomicrographs <bold>I, J</bold> illustrations of left male palp <bold>A, E</bold> dorsal view <bold>B, F</bold> ventral view <bold>C, G</bold> anterior view. <bold>D, H</bold> lateral view <bold>I</bold> prolateral view <bold>J</bold> retrolateral view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g019"></graphic></fig><fig id="F20" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 20.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea fimbriata</named-content></italic> from Algeria-Morocco (MR012, MR), scanning electron micrographs of right male palp, images reversed to appear as left palp. <bold>A</bold> prolateral view <bold>B</bold> retrolateral view <bold>C</bold> detail of embolic division, prolateral view <bold>D</bold> detail of embolic division, retrolateral view <bold>E</bold> ventral view <bold>F</bold> apical view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g020"></graphic></fig><fig id="F21" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 21.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea fimbriata</named-content></italic> from Mehav Am village, Israel (MR003, MR), scanning electron micrographs of female prosoma. <bold>A</bold> anterior view <bold>B</bold> dorsal view <bold>C</bold> left chelicerae, lateral view <bold>D</bold> left cheliceral boss <bold>E</bold> lateral view <bold>F</bold> sternum and coxae, ventral view</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g021"></graphic></fig><fig id="F22" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 22.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea fimbriata</named-content></italic>, scanning electron micrographs. <bold>A</bold> female from Mehav Am village, Israel (MR003, MR) <bold>B–D</bold> female from Wadi Mashash, Israel (MR013, HUJ) <bold>E, F</bold> male from Algeria-Morocco (MR012, MR) <bold>A–D</bold> vulva <bold>E, F</bold> epiandrous region <bold>A</bold> epigynum, ventral view <bold>B</bold> cleared vulva, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> detail, spermathecal heads <bold>D</bold> detail, right spermatheca <bold>E</bold> epiandrous region <bold>F</bold> detail of epiandrous gland spigots. <bold>ML</bold> median lobe <bold>S</bold> spermatheca <bold>SH</bold> spermathecal head.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g022"></graphic></fig><fig id="F23" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 23.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea fimbriata</named-content></italic>, female from Mehav Am village, Israel (MR003, MR), scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets. <bold>A</bold> right ALS <bold>B</bold> detail of spigots on right ALS <bold>C</bold> PMS <bold>D</bold> right PLS <bold>E</bold> cribellar spigots <bold>F</bold> arrow indicating tarsal organ, left leg I. Unlabeled spigots in <bold>C</bold> thought to be a mixture of aciniform gland spigots and cylindrical gland spigots. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g023"></graphic></fig><fig id="F24" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 24.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea fimbriata</named-content></italic>, male from Algeria-Morocco (MR012, MR), scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets. <bold>A</bold> overview <bold>B</bold> right ALS <bold>C</bold> right PMS <bold>D</bold> right PLS <bold>E</bold> aciniform field on right PLS <bold>F</bold> modified spigot on right PLS. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>ALS</bold> anterior lateral spinneret <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot <bold>PLS</bold> posterior lateral spinneret <bold>PMS</bold> posterior median spinneret.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g024"></graphic></fig><fig id="F25" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 25.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea fimbriata</named-content></italic>, scanning electron micrographs. <bold>A–C</bold> male from Algeria-Morocco (MR012, MR) <bold>D–F</bold> female from Mehav Am village, Israel (MR003, MR) <bold>A–C</bold> spinnerets and vestigial cribellum. <bold>D–F</bold> legs of female <bold>A</bold> detail of spigots on right male ALS <bold>B</bold> vestigial cribellum <bold>C</bold> detail of vestigial cribellum <bold>D</bold> trichobothrium, left metatarsus I <bold>E</bold> calamistrum, right metatarsus IV <bold>F</bold> detail, calamistrum seta, right metatarsus IV. <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g025"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Spinneret spigot morphology"><title>Spinneret spigot morphology</title><p>(Mehav Am village, Israel, MR003, MR, and Algeria-Morocco, MR012, MR). Female ALS with at least 5 MAP, at least 1 within and at least 4 on mesal edge of spinning field, with at least 40 PI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F23">Fig. 23A, B</xref>); male with fewer PI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F24">Fig. 24B</xref>). Female PMS with 2 anterior mAP, posterior field of 21 spigots <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>that vary in size and shape (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F23">Fig. 23C</xref>); male with only 7 posterior spigots, suggesting that female may have both AC and CY spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F24">Fig. 24C</xref>). Male PLS with basal MS apparently unaccompanied by flanking AC, distal field of 15 AC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F24">Fig. 24D, F</xref>; our female preparation inadequate to view spigots). Male cribellar plate with no sign of spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F25">Fig. 25B, C</xref>); epiandrous gland spigots present (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F22">Fig. 22E, F</xref>).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Dorceus"><named-content content-type="genus">Dorceus</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">C. L. Koch</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Dorceus</p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> C. L. Koch, 1846: 15. C. L. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Koch 1850</xref>: 70. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Simon 1864</xref>: 300; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">1892</xref>: 254; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">1910</xref>: 290. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref>: 231. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">El-Hennawy 2002</xref>: 58. Type species <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic> C. L. Koch, 1846.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Note"><title>Note. </title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic> contains five recognized species previously recorded only from North Africa. The genus was revised by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">El-Hennawy (2002)</xref>. We examined specimens of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic> C. L. Koch, 1846 from Israel and Senegal and the Tunisian holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus viberti</named-content></italic> Simon, 1910, which is a junior synonym of this species. The holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic> is a dry pinned specimen and was not examined. But we examined material<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> that El-Hennawy examined for his 2002 revision (9126, AR5404, NMHN and 1237, AR 5405, NMNH) and compared to the holotype.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Distinguished from other eresid genera except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic> by the small median eyes subequal in size (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">Fig. 26C, G</xref>; AME/PME > 0.7), and the long, extensible ALS contrasting with reduced PLS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F32">Fig. 32A</xref>; although ALS may be retracted and therefore not look so long); distinguished from other eresid genera except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n., some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic> by the cephalic region, which is wider than long. Male distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic> by the subequal legs I and II (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">Fig. 26A</xref>; leg I enlarged in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F72">Figs 72A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F74">74A</xref>) and by the form of the conductor, which is a simple spiral or L-shaped hook shorter than the tegulum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F27">Fig. <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>27A–C</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">El-Hennawy 2002</xref>; highly variable and elaborate in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic>, usually longer than the tegulum; see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Dippenaar-Schoeman 1990</xref>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n. by the unbranched conductor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F27">Fig. 27A–C</xref>; bifid in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n., <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F63">Fig. 63D, E</xref>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> by the lack of prominent tubercles bearing the ALE and the palpal conformation, which has a proximal-ventral axis with the helical embolus encircling the distal part (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">Figs 26I, J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F27">27A–E</xref>; obliquely ventral-do<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>rsal in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> with the embolus encircling the ventral part, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">Figs 33I–K</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34">34A–D</xref>); from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic> by the subrectangular shape of the cephalic region, which does not overhang the thoracic region posteriorly and the mesally contiguous chelicerae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">26A, C</xref>; subtrapezoidal, slightly overhanging the thoracic region, chelicerae mesally excavated in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">Fig. 68D, F</xref>). Female distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic> by the median lobe of the epigynum, which is as wide as long or wider with more or less straight, converging lateral margins (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">29C</xref>; clearly longer than wide with a central constriction in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic>; see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Dippenaar-Schoeman 1990</xref>); from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n. by the small eyes subequal in size (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">Fig. 26C, G</xref>) and details of the female genitalia.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distinguishing species"><title>Distinguishing species.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic> was revised by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">El-Hennawy in 2002</xref>. However, the quantity and quality of specimens available to him for several species was limited.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Phylogenetic affinities"><title>Phylogenetic affinities.</title><p>Past morphological studies have placed <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic> as close relatives (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Fig. 8A</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref>). A recent molecular study contradicted this hypothesis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 7B</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Miller et al. 2010a</xref>). Although some of us were involved in that molecular study, we do not consider the question resolved. Morphological similarities, including features of the eyes and spinnerets, remain compelling. On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Peters (1992a)</xref> pointed out morphological characteristics shared (through parallel evolution) by <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic> and the distantly related sparasid <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Leucorchestris arenicola</named-content></italic> exclusive of the eresid <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>, particularly the large <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>ALS, which are extensible and retractable. This morphology is apparently linked to burrowing in loose sand, which <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic> does as well. Whether these attributes ultimately prove to be the result of shared ancestry or convergence in <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> remains fertile ground for future study.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Natural history"><title>Natural history.</title><p>Known from sand dunes in deserts with very sparse shrub, grass, and annual herb patches. Juveniles feed on their mother’s corpse before dispersing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">El-Hennawy 1998</xref>; cf. Fig. 3D). Males take approximately 3 years to mature, females one year longer (Martin Forman, personal observation).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Dorceus_fastuosus"><named-content content-type="genus">Dorceus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">fastuosus</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">C. L. Koch</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Dorceus_fastuosus</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8E–H</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">12D–F</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">16B, E</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">26</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F27"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F28"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F30"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F31"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F31">–32</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> C. L. Koch, 1846: 15, fig. 1088; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">Simon 1886</xref>: 366; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">1892</xref>: 254, fig. 205; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref>: 231; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">El-Hennawy 2002</xref>: 61, figs 1, 3–4, 11, 15–20.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Erythrophora fastuosus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> (C. L. Koch, 1846). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Simon 1864</xref>: 300.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus caniceps</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">Simon 1910</xref>: 291. Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">El-Hennawy 2002</xref>: 61.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus viberti</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">Simon 1910</xref>: 292. Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref>: 231.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus canicipiti</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">Simon 1910</xref>: 294 (nomen nudum); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">Roewer 1954</xref>: 1291. Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">El-Hennawy 2002</xref>: 62.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic>Male</italic> (Mashabin Sand Dunes, Israel, MR006, HUJ): Carapace with few white setae; cephalic region subrectangular, wider than long, strongly raised, with sil<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>very patches around some eyes; AME slightly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.95), median eyes adjacent on horizontal axis, slightly overlapping on vertical axis; ALE tubercles absent; PER as wide as AER (PER/AER 0.99), PLE position on carapace 0.45; clypeal hood forms a nearly 90° angle; fovea moderately deep (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8E, F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">26A–D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F28">28A</xref>). Chelicerae slightly excavated mesally, with lateral boss (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">Figs 26C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F28">28B</xref>). Legs with bands of white setae; with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV, one subdistal ventral macroseta on tibia IV, and scattered ventral macrosetae on metatarsus and tarsus I–IV, strongest and most numerous on metatarsus and tarsus IV. Abdomen gray, white dorsally with large dark heart mark (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">Fig. 26A</xref>).</p><p>Male palp with proximal-distal axis; tegulum bulbous; conductor and embolus together form apical complex making one helical turn (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F27">Fig. 27C, E</xref>); conductor tapers to point; tegular division longer than embolic division; cymbium with several prolateral macrosetae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Figs 12D–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">26I, J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F27">27A–E</xref>).</p><p><italic>Female</italic> (Mashabim Reserve, Israel, MR): Carapace with scattered white setae; cephalic region subrectangular, wider than long, strongly raised (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">Fig. 26H</xref>); AME slightly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.83), median eyes slightly overlapping on horizontal axis, separated on vertical axis; ALE tubercles absent; PER as wide as AER (PER/AER 0.97), PLE position on carapace 0.47; clypeal hood forms a nearly 90° angle; fovea moderately deep (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8G, H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">26E–H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">29A, B</xref>). Chelicerae contiguous mesally, with lateral boss (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">Fig. 26G</xref>). Legs with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus III–IV and numerous macrosetae on metatarsus and tarsus III–IV. Abdomen without conspicuous white setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">Fig. 26E, H</xref>).</p><p>Epigynum with curved, converging slit-like atria occupying ca. the posterior half, anterior-lateral margin a curved ridge with median septum leading to subtrapezoidal median lobe (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">29C</xref>). Vulva with spermathecal heads set anterior-mesally on sinuous stalks leading to multilobed spermathecae that diverge posteriorly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">29D–F</xref>).</p><fig id="F26" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 26.</label><caption><p><bold>A–J</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic>. <bold>A–D, I–J</bold> male from Mashabin Sand Dunes, Israel (MR006, HUJ) <bold>E–H</bold> female from Mashabim sand dunes, Israel (MR002, MR) <bold>A–D</bold> habitus of male, photomicrographs <bold>E–H</bold> habitus of female, photomicrographs <bold>J, K</bold> illustrations of left male palp. <bold>A, E</bold> dorsal view <bold>B, F</bold> ventral view <bold>C, G</bold> anterior view <bold>D, H</bold> lateral view. <bold>I</bold> prolateral view. <bold>J</bold> retrolateral view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g026"></graphic></fig><fig id="F27" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 27.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic> from Mashabin Sand Dunes, Israel (MR006, HUJ), scanning electron micrographs of left male palp. <bold>A</bold> prolateral view <bold>B</bold> retrolateral view <bold>C</bold> detail of embolic division, prolateral view <bold>D</bold> ventral view <bold>E</bold> detail of embolic division, ventral view <bold>F</bold> palpal tibia, dorsal view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g027"></graphic></fig><fig id="F28" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 28.</label><caption><p><bold>A–D</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic>, male from Mashabin sand dunes, Israel (MR006, HUJ), scanning electron micrographs. <bold>A</bold> prosoma, anterior view <bold>B</bold> left chelicerae, lateral view <bold>C</bold> chelicerae, anterior distal view showing fangs and teeth <bold>D</bold> epiandrous region.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g028"></graphic></fig><fig id="F29" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 29.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic>, female from Mashabim sand dunes, Israel (MR002, MR), scanning electron micrographs. <bold>A</bold> median eye group <bold>B</bold> prosoma, dorsal <bold>C</bold> epigynum, ventral view <bold>D</bold> cleared vulva, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> detail, left spermathecal head <bold>F</bold> detail, right spermatheca. <bold>ML</bold> median lobe <bold>S</bold> spermatheca <bold>SH</bold> spermathecal head.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g029"></graphic></fig><fig id="F30" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 30.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic>, female from Mashabim sand dunes, Israel (MR002, MR), scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets. <bold>A</bold> left ALS <bold>B</bold> left PMS <bold>C</bold> detail of left PMS <bold>D</bold> left PLS <bold>E</bold> aciniform field on left PLS <bold>F</bold> modified spigot and flanking aciniform gland spigot on left PLS. Unlabeled spigots in <bold>B</bold> and <bold>C</bold> thought to be a mixture of aciniform gland spigots and cylindrical gland spigots. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g030"></graphic></fig><fig id="F31" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 31.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic>, female from Mashabim sand dunes, Israel (MR002, MR), scanning electron micrographs. <bold>A</bold> detail of spigots on left ALS <bold>B</bold> cribellum <bold>C</bold> detail cribellar spigots <bold>D</bold> trichobothrium, left tibia IV <bold>E</bold> calamistrum, left metatarsus IV <bold>F</bold> detail, calamistrum seta, left metatarsus IV. <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot. </p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g031"></graphic></fig><fig id="F32" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 32.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic>, male from Mashabin Sand Dunes, Israel (MR006, HUJ), scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets. <bold>A</bold> overview <bold>B</bold> left ALS <bold>C</bold> left PMS <bold>D</bold> left PLS <bold>E</bold> vestigial cribellum <bold>F</bold> modified spigot and flanking aciniform spigot on left PLS. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>ALS</bold> anterior lateral spinneret <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot <bold>PLS</bold> posterior lateral spinneret <bold>PMS</bold> posterior median spinneret.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g032"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Spinneret spigot morphology"><title>Spinneret spigot morphology</title><p>(Mashabim sand dunes, Israel, MR002, MR and MR006, HUJ)<bold>.</bold> Female ALS with at least 3 MAP near inner edge of spinning field of more the 50 PI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F30">Figs 30A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F31">31A</xref>); male with about 25 PI spigots, 1 possible MAP visible (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F32">Fig. 32B</xref>). Female PMS with 1 anterior mAP and 20 spigots of various sizes posterior to this (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F30">Fig. 30B, C</xref>); male with 1 mAP and only 7 AC spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F32">Fig. 32C</xref>), suggesting that female may have AC and CY spigots. Female PLS with anterior-basal MS and 1 accompanying AC, distal field of about 40 AC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F30">Fig. 30D–F</xref>); male same except with only 12 AC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F32">Fig. 32D</xref>). Male cribellar plate with no sign of spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F32">Fig. 32E</xref>); epiandrous gland spigots present (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F28">Fig. 28D</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Dresserus"><named-content content-type="genus">Dresserus</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Simon</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Dresserus</p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">Simon 1876</xref>: LXXXVII [87]. Type species <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus fuscus</named-content></italic> Simon, 1876.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Note"><title>Note. </title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> contains 24 recognized species from eastern and southern Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Platnick 2011</xref>). We examined specimens of multiple unidentified <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> species. O<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>bservations of the male plus the female spinneret spigot morphology is based on specimens from Mazumbai, West Usambara Mts., Tanzania (CASENT 9025746, CAS and CASENT 9025747, CAS); other observations of the female based on specimens from Klein Kariba (CASENT 9025745, CAS) and Drummond (CASENT 9037024, CAS), South Africa; other observations of the male based on specimens from Manga Forest Reserve, Tanzania (Frontier Tanzania, ZMUC), Hluhluwe Game Reserve, South Africa (TM 19739, TMSA), and Witbank, South Africa (TM 19738, TMSA).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> by the position of the PLE which are both advanced (< 0.28) and widely spaced (PER/AER > 0.95; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Fig. 8J</xref>); other eresids with advanced PLE (e.g., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>, some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic>) have them closer together (PER/AER < 0.90) than the ALE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">11B, D, F, H, J, L</xref>). Generally distinguished from other eresids by the distinctive 4-part cribellum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">Fig. 36F</xref>), although some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> specimens show signs of this characteristic. Males distinguished from other eresids by the prominent tubercles bearing the ALE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">33A</xref>), which are much more pronounced from those in other genera with ALE tubercles (e.g., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>, some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic>). Further distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> by the more or less ventral-dorsal axis of the palpal bulb with the embolus encircling the ventral part (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Figs 12G–I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">33I–K</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34">34A–D</xref>; proximal-ventral in other eresids with the embolus encircling the distal part); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> by the smooth conductor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34">Fig. 34C, D</xref>; fringed in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F55">Fig. 55C, E</xref>). The cephalic region may be wider than long (e.g., TM 19738, TMSA, Frontier Tanzania, ZMUC) or longer than wide (e.g., TM 19739, TMSA). Female further distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic> by the copulatory openings, which are broadly separated by hirsute cuticle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37">37D</xref>; separated by a glabrous median lobe in other eresids, e.g., <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">29C</xref>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> together distinguished from other eresids including <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic> by the vulva, which have the spermatheca extending anterior of the spermathecal heads, together subtended by helical copulatory ducts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37">37E</xref>; other eresids have the spermathecal head anterior, spermatheca posterior, and copulatory ducts other than helical), and by the subdivided PMS (entire in other eresids) with numerous short, conical, cylindrical(?) gland spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">Fig. 36C, D</xref>; this spigot morphology absent in other eresids); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> by the somewhat less prominent paired atria and possibly by having a single loop of the copulatory duct (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37">Fig. 37E</xref>; three in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>, although this character has been investigated in few <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> species).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distinguishing species"><title>Distinguishing species.</title><p>Thetaxonomic literature on <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> is fragmentary and rarely comparative. This genus is ripe for revision. We have been unable to confidently assign species names to the specimens used in this study. Lehtinen (1967: 231) indicated that he was working on a taxonomic revision, but none was ever published. According to him, all but one of the described species (including the type species) had been checked and verified as congeneric based on primary types and other material.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Natural history"><title>Natural history.</title><p>Known from Savanna, stony semidesert, and forest habitats. They build a silken tube under stones. Prey is mainly beetles (Milan Řezáč, personal observa<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>tion). Clutches consist of tens of juveniles (Martin Forman, personal observation of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus kannemeyeri</named-content></italic>). Juveniles do not feed on their mother’s corpse. Mature females can live for several years in captivity and can produce a number of sequential clutches (Martin Forman, personal observation of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus kannemeyeri</named-content></italic>).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Dresserus</named-content></named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp.</named-content></title><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 1D</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4B</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">8I–L</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">12G–I</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">16C, F</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">33</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F35"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F38"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F39">–39</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic>Male</italic> (Manga Forest Reserve, Tanzania, ZMUC): Carapace with few white setae, mostly in thoracic region; cephalic region subrectangular, wider than long, moderately raised; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.71), median eyes <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>overlapping on horizontal axis, separated on vertical axis; ALE placed on pointed apophyses, PER slightly wider than AER (PER/AER 1.04), PLE position on carapace 0.27, clypeal hood forms obtuse angle, fovea deep. Chelicerae slightly excavated mesally, with lateral boss. Legs with white setae, with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus II–IV. Abdomen dark gray, nearly encircled by a band of white setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8I, J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">33A–D</xref>).</p><p>Male palp with dorsal-ventral axis; tegulum disc-shaped; conductor arises on broad membranous stalk from center of tegulum, with arching distal and proximal arms covering much of mesal portion of palpal bulb, distal arm larger than proximal, fringe<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> absent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34">Fig. 34D</xref>); embolus makes slightly more than one loop, long and flexible, fits into groove originating on prolateral arm of conductor; cymbium without distinct macrosetae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Figs 12G–I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">33I–K</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34">34A–D</xref>).</p><p><italic>Female</italic> (Mazumbai, Tanzania, CASENT 9025747, CAS): Carapace without conspicuous white setae; cephalic region subrectangular, about as wide as long, moderately raised; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.41), median eyes overlapping <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>on horizontal axis, separated on vertical axis; ALE tubercles absent; PER as wide as AER (PER/AER 1.04), PLE position on carapace 0.27; clypeal hood forms obtuse angle, fovea deep. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, with lateral boss (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F35">Fig. 35E, F</xref>). Legs with white setae, with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus II–IV. Abdomen without conspicuous white setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8K, L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">33E–H</xref>).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p>Epigynum with pair of longer-than-wide atria on posterior margin separated by hirsute cuticle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37">37D</xref>). Vulva with copulatory ducts making one loop leading to anterior complex of spermatheca and spermathecal head. Fertilization duct runs posteriorly through the copulatory duct loop (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37">37E</xref>).</p><fig id="F33" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 33.</label><caption><p><bold>A–K</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> sp. <bold>A–D</bold> male from Manga Forest Reserve, Tanzania (ZMUC), image D reversed <bold>E–H</bold> female from Mazumbai, Tanzania (CASENT 9025747, CAS) <bold>I–K</bold> male from Mazumbai, Tanzania (CASENT 9025746, CAS) <bold>A–D</bold> habitus of male, photomicrographs <bold>E–H</bold> habitus of female, photomicrographs <bold>I–K</bold> illustrations of left male palp <bold>A, E</bold> dorsal view <bold>B, F</bold> ventral view <bold>C, G</bold> anterior view <bold>D, H</bold> lateral view <bold>I</bold> prolateral view <bold>J</bold> ventral view <bold>K</bold> retrolateral view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g033"></graphic></fig><fig id="F34" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 34.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> sp. <bold>A–E</bold> male from Mazumbai, Tanzania (CASENT 9025746, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of right palp, images reversed to appear as left palp <bold>F</bold> female from Klein Kariba, South Africa (CASENT 9025745, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of left chelicera <bold>A</bold> prolateral view <bold>B</bold> retrolateral view <bold>C</bold> ventral view <bold>D</bold> apical view <bold>E</bold> palpal tibia, dorsal view <bold>F</bold> distal part of chelicerae showing fang and teeth. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g034"></graphic></fig><fig id="F35" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 35.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> sp., female from Klein Kariba, South Africa (CASENT 9025745, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of prosoma. <bold>A</bold> anterior view, chelicerae removed, arrow indicates clypeal hood <bold>B</bold> dorsal view of eye region <bold>C</bold> fovea <bold>D</bold> sternum <bold>E</bold> right chelicera, ectal view <bold>F</bold> right cheliceral boss.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g035"></graphic></fig><fig id="F36" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 36.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> sp., female from Mazumbai, Tanzania (CASENT 9025747, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets. <bold>A</bold> overview <bold>B</bold> left ALS <bold>C</bold> right PMS <bold>D</bold> detail, cylindrical gland spigots on right PMS <bold>E</bold> left PLS <bold>F</bold> cribellum. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>ALS</bold> anterior lateral spinneret <bold>CR</bold> cribellum <bold>CY</bold> cylindrical gland spigot <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot <bold>PLS</bold> posterior lateral spinneret <bold>PMS</bold> posterior median spinneret.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g036"></graphic></fig><fig id="F37" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 37.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> sp., scanning electron micrographs. <bold>A, C</bold> female from Mazumbai, Tanzania (CASENT 9025747, CAS) <bold>D, F</bold> female from Klein Kariba, South Africa (CASENT 9025745, CAS) <bold>A</bold> detail of spigots on right ALS <bold>B</bold> detail of spigots on anterior part of PMS <bold>C</bold> detail of spigots on anterior part of right PMS <bold>D</bold> epigynum, ventral view <bold>E</bold> vulva, dorsal view <bold>F</bold> detail of pores on right spermathecal head. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>CD</bold> copulatory duct <bold>CY</bold> cylindrical gland spigot <bold>FD</bold> fertilization duct <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot <bold>S</bold> spermatheca <bold>SH</bold> spermathecal head <bold>t</bold> tartipore.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g037"></graphic></fig><fig id="F38" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 38.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> sp., female from Klein Kariba, South Africa (CASENT 9025745, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of legs <bold>A</bold> tarsal organ, left leg I <bold>B</bold> trichobothrium, left leg I <bold>C</bold> tarsal claw, left leg I setae removed <bold>D</bold> left metatarsus IV, retrolateral view, showing calamistrum <bold>E</bold> detail of calimistrum <bold>F</bold> detail of teeth on calimistrum setae.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g038"></graphic></fig><fig id="F39" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 39.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> sp., male from Mazumbai, Tanzania (CASENT 9025747, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets and epiandrous region. <bold>A</bold> overview of spinnerets <bold>B</bold> right ALS <bold>C</bold> PMS <bold>D</bold> left PLS <bold>E</bold> modified spigot on right PLS <bold>F</bold> epiandrous region. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>ALS</bold> anterior lateral spinneret <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>n</bold> nubbin <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot <bold>PLS</bold> posterior lateral spinneret <bold>PMS</bold> posterior median spinneret <bold>t</bold> tartipore.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g039"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Spinneret spigot morphology"><title>Spinneret spigot morphology</title><p>(Mazumbai, Tanzania, CASENT 9025746, CAS and CASENT 9025747, CAS)<bold>.</bold> Female ALS with at least 4 MAP within and 4–6 along inner edge of spinning field of more than 40 PI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">Figs 36B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37">37A</xref>); male with 4 MAP within and 3–5 along inner edge of spinning field of about 35 PI spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F39">Fig. <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>39B</xref>). Female PMS longitudinally elongate, transversely bilobed, with 2 anterior mAP, between these 2–3 AC, posterior to this on anterior and posterior lobes a dense field of more than 105 short, squat, conical CY spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">Figs 36C, D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37">37B, C</xref>); male PMS small, oval, with 2 anterior mAP and 3 AC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F39">Fig. 39C</xref>). Female PLS with anterobasal MS without accompanying spigot and distal field of 9 AC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">Fig. 36E</xref>); male same (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F39">Fig. 39D, E</xref>). Male cribellar plate with no sign of spigots; epiandrous gland spigots present (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F39">Fig. 39F</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Eresus"><named-content content-type="genus">Eresus</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Walckenaer</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Eresus</p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Walckenaer, 1805: 21. Type species <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Aranea cinnaberina</named-content></italic> Olivier, 1789.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Note"><title>Note. </title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> contains 23 recognized species group names (including 6 subspecies) from the Mediterranean and temperate latitudes of Europe and Asia. We examined specimens of several species representing the two major morphological groups within the genus. Our first exemplar, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic>, is a cohesive species, based on both morphological and molecular data (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Johannesen et al. 2005</xref>). Our specimens were from Bulgaria and Greece (Kresna, Bulgaria, MR; Pieria, Greece, MR020, MR; Lakonia, Greece, ZMUC 00012903, ZMUC). The primary types of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic> are probably lost, but the original description and drawings, and our use in part of nearly topotypic material, allow us to identify this species with confidence. The second major group within the genus is a complex of closely related species including <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic> (including the junior synonyms <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus cinnaberinus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus niger</named-content></italic>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> (Martini & Goeze, 1778); we refer to this assemblage collectively as the <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group. The somatic description was based on specimens of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic> from Czechia (Srbsko, MR016, MR; Prague, MR007, MR); scanning electron micrographs of the male palp are from a specimen of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic> from Hungary (Remete Mountain, CASENT 9037134, CAS); scanning electron micrographs and some photographs of the female genitalia are from a specimen of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> from SE of Silkeborg, Denmark (CASENT 9039243, CAS). The spinneret spigot morphology of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group species was described and scanned in Griswold et al. (2005: 24–27, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F31">figs 31–32</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">33A–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34">34A–C</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">Řezáč et al. (2008)</xref> examined copious material from the <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group including one of the two syntypes of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic>.</p><p>We found no characters that clearly and simultaneously separate <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> females from other eresid genera, despite support from molecular data for a monophyletic <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Miller et al. 2010a</xref>). Separate diagnoses for females of the two species groups appear in the following section.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Male <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> are usually recognized by their distinctive dorsal abdominal pattern, which features two pairs of large round dark patches surrounding the first and second sigilla on a field of red setae, sometimes with a pair of smaller dark patches surrounding the third sigilla (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 2B, D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F40">40A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F43">43A</xref>); if with a black abdomen, then recognized by the distinctive notch on the embolic conductor (cf. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F43">Fig. 43J</xref>; note that black-abdomened form known as <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus tristis</named-content></italic> Kroneberg, 1875 is currently cataloged as a synonym of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic>, but this is not accepted by all workers, e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">Řezáč et al. 2008</xref>: 264, who noted that it is an “obviously different species”). Females of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic> distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> by the copulatory openings, which are broadly separated by hirsute cuticle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16G</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F42">42B</xref>; separated by a glabrous median lobe in other eresids, e.g., <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16B, I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">29C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F45">45A</xref>), distinguished <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> by the more posterior position of the PLE (<0.28 in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>, > 0.33 in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic>); females of the <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic> by the large, bulbous spermathecal head (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16K, L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F45">45B–D</xref>), distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic> by the smaller size difference between the AME and PME (AME/PME > 0.5 in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Fig. 9C</xref>; < 0.4 in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Fig. 10G</xref>) and by the overall darker color; thick stalks leading to the spermathecal head in some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> species can be mistaken for large, bulbous spermathecal heads (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Fig. 18J</xref>) although they are in fact compact sinuous ducts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F82">Fig. 82B</xref>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group further distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> by the more posterior position of the PLE (> 0.33 in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group; < 0.29 in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distinguishing species"><title>Distinguishing species.</title><p>Male of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic> distinguished from those of the <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group by the ribbon-like conductor with a blunt, rounded tip (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F41">Fig. 41C, D</xref>; notched in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F44">Fig. 44D, E</xref>) and the 1.5 helical turns of the embolus (ca. 1 helical turn in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group). Various species within the <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group distinguished primarily by coloration and details of the conductor shape and vulva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Fig. 16H, I, K, L</xref>; see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">Řezáč et al. 2008</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Natural history"><title>Natural history.</title><p>Known from various non-forest warm and dry habitats. Some species build a simple vertical burrow lined with silk. The opening is covered by silken sheet camouflaged from above by debris. Signaling threads radiate out from the edges of this roof. Some species (e.g., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus crassitibialis</named-content></italic> Wunderlich) do not dig burrows; their silken tubes lie just under stones or on (Milan Řezáč, personal observation).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Eresus_walckenaeri"><named-content content-type="genus">Eresus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">walckenaeri</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Brullé</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Eresus_walckenaeri</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 2C–E</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4C</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">12J–L</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">16G, J</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F40">40</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F41"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F42">–42</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Brullé, 1832: 54, pl. 28, fig. 4; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">Walckenaer 1837</xref>: 398; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Simon 1884</xref>: 325–326; 1892: 248, fig. 201; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Kulczyński 1903</xref>: 636, pl. 1, fig. 2; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Giltay 1932</xref>: 12, fig. 5, 6; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Brignoli 1978</xref>: 288, fig. 10; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Johannesen et al. 2005</xref>: 1–8; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Le Peru 2011</xref>: 321, fig. 561.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus audouin</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Brullé, 1832: 54, pl. 28, fig. 10. (Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Simon 1884</xref>: 325).</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus theis</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Brullé, 1832: 54, pl. 28, fig. 11. (Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Simon 1884</xref>: 325).</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus ctenizoides</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> C. L. Koch, 1836: 19, fig. 176. (Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Simon 1884</xref>: 325).</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus luridus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> C. L. Koch, 1836: 20, fig. 177. (Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Simon 1884</xref>: 325).</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus puniceus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> C. L. Koch, 1837: 102, fig. 315; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">Simon 1873</xref>: 345. (Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Simon 1884</xref>: 325).</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus pruinosus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> C. L. Koch, 1846: 3, fig. 1079. (Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Simon 1884</xref>: 325).</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus siculus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Lucas, 1864: 28. (Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Simon 1884</xref>: 326).</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Erythrophora punicea</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> (C. L. Koch, 1837). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Simon 1864</xref>: 300.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic>Male</italic> (Prague, Czechia, MR007, MR): Carapace with scattered white setae; cephalic region subtriangular, longer than wide, moderately raised; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.63), median eyes adjacent on horizontal axis, slightly overlapping on vertical axis; ALE tubercles absent; PER slightly narrower than AER (PER/AER 0.89), PLE position on carapace 0.33; clypeal hood forms acute angle; fovea shallow. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, with lateral boss. Legs with clusters of white setae; with single distal ventral macroseta on metatarsus I, row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus II–IV, scattered ventral macrosetae on metatarsus and tarsus II–IV, strongest and most numerous on metatarsus and tarsus IV, and retrolateral mac<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>roseta on metatarsus IV. Abdomen red dorsally with large dark patches surrounding anterior two pairs of sigilla (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 2D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F40">40A–D</xref>).</p><p>Male palp with proximal-distal axis; tegulum subtrapezoidal; conductor and embolus together form apical complex making 1.5 helical turns; conductor ribbon-like with blunt, rounded tip; tegular division longer than embolic division (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Figs 12J–L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F40">40I, J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F41">41A–D, F</xref>); cymbium with several prolateral macrosetae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F41">Fig. 41E</xref>).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p><italic>Female</italic> (Srbsko, Czechia, MR016, MR): Carapace with few scattered white setae; cephalic region subtriangular, longer than wide, moderately raised; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.63), median eyes separated on horizontal axis, adjacent on vertical axis; ALE tubercles absent; PER slightly narrower than AER (PER/AER 0.87), PLE position on carapace 0.34; clypeal hood forms acute angle; fovea shallow. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, with lateral boss. Legs without conspicuous white setae; legs with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV plus additional <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>ventral macrosetae on metatarsus and tarsus I–IV. Abdomen without conspicuous white setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F40">Fig. 40E–H</xref>; see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2C</xref> for color of live animal).</p><p>Epigynum with pair of wide atria on posterior margin separated by hirsute cuticle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16G</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F42">42B</xref>). Vulva with spermathecal heads on long sinuous stalks gradually transitioning to sinuous multilobed spermathecae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F42">42D–F</xref>).</p><fig id="F40" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 40.</label><caption><p><bold>A–J</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic>. <bold>A–D, I–J</bold> male from Kresna, Bulgaria (MR) <bold>E–H</bold> female from 5 km south of Monemvasia, Lakonia, Greece (ZMUC 00012903, ZMUC) <bold>A–D</bold> habitus of male, photomicrographs <bold>E–H</bold> habitus of female, photomicrographs <bold>I, J</bold> illustrations of left male palp <bold>A, E</bold> dorsal view <bold>B, F</bold> ventral view <bold>C, G</bold> anterior view <bold>D, H</bold> lateral view <bold>I</bold> prolateral view <bold>J</bold> retrolateral view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g040"></graphic></fig><fig id="F41" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 41.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic> from Kresna, Bulgaria (MR), scanning electron micrographs of right male palp, images reversed to appear as left palp. <bold>A</bold> prolateral view <bold>B</bold> retrolateral view <bold>C</bold> detail of embolic division, prolateral view <bold>D</bold> detail of embolic division, retrolateral view <bold>E</bold> apex of cymbium, ventral view <bold>F</bold> detail of embolic division, apical view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g041"></graphic></fig><fig id="F42" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 42.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic> female from 5 km south of Monemvasia, Lakonia, Greece (ZMUC 00012903), scanning electron micrographs. <bold>A</bold> prosoma, anterior view <bold>B</bold> epigynum <bold>C</bold> tarsal organ, left leg I. ventral view <bold>D</bold> vulva, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> left spermatheca <bold>F</bold> left spermathecal head. <bold>S</bold> spermatheca <bold>SH</bold> spermathecal head.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g042"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec sec-type="Eresus sandaliatus group"><title><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group</title><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Eresus_kollari"><named-content content-type="genus">Eresus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">kollari</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Rossi</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Eresus_kollari</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 2A, B</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9A–D</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">13A–C</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">16H, K</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F43">43</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F44">44</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F45">45E, F</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F46">46</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">Rossi 1846</xref>: 17.. <italic>See <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Platnick 2011</xref> for additional synonymy</italic>.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic>Male</italic> (Prague, Czechia, MR007, MR): Carapace with scattered white setae; cephalic region subrectangular with broadly rounded posterior margin, longer than wide, moderately raised; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.63), median eyes slightly separated on horizontal axis, slightly overlapping on vertical axis; ALE tubercles absent, PER slightly narrower than AER (PER/AER 0.89), PLE position on carapace 0.39; clypeal hood forms acute angle; fovea moderately deep. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, with lateral boss. Legs with bands of white setae; with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV plus additional ventral macrosetae on tibia, metatarsus and tarsus I–IV. Abdomen red dorsally with large dark patches surrounding anterior two pairs of sigilla (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 2B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9A, B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F43">43A–D</xref>).</p><p>Male palp with proximal-distal axis; tegulum bulbous; conductor and embolus together form apical complex making one helical turn; conductor ribbon-like, tip broadly rounded with a notch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">Figs 13A–C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F43">43I, J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F44">44A–F</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">Řezáč et al. 2008</xref>: fig. 5A, D); tegular division longer than embolic division; cymbium with several prolateral macrosetae.</p><p><italic>Female</italic> (Srbsko, Czechia, MR016, MR): Carapace with scattered white setae; cephalic region subrectangular with broadly rounded posterior margin, longer than wide, moderately raised; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.63), median eyes slightly overlapping on horizontal and vertical axes; ALE tubercles absent; PER slightly narrower than AER (PER/AER 0.89), PLE position on carapace 0.39; clypeal hood forms acute angle; fovea shallow. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, with lateral boss. Legs with scattered white setae, with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV plus additional ventral macrosetae on metatarsus and tarsus III–IV. Abdomen without conspicuous white setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 2A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9C, D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F43">43E–H</xref>).</p><p>Epigynum with slit-like atria occupying nearly the total length, anteriomedian part with notch-shaped invagination, anteriolateral margin a curved ridge (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F45">45A</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">Řezáč et al. 2008</xref>: fig. 4G). Vulva with large, bulbous spermathecal heads anteriorly<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> leading to posterior spermathecae with multiple weakly-differentiated lobes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Fig. 16K</xref>; cf. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F45">45B–D</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">Řezáč et al. 2008</xref>: fig. 4J).</p><fig id="F43" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 43.</label><caption><p><bold>A–J</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic>. <bold>A–D,</bold><bold>I, J</bold> male from Prague, Czechia (MR007, MR) <bold>E–H</bold> female from res. Srbsko, Czechia (MR016, MR) <bold>A–D</bold> habitus of male, photomicrographs <bold>E–H</bold> habitus of female, photomicrographs <bold>I, J</bold> illustrations of left male palp <bold>A, E</bold> dorsal view <bold>B, F</bold> ventral view <bold>C, G</bold> anterior view <bold>D, H</bold> lateral view <bold>I</bold> prolateral view <bold>J</bold> retrolateral view, arrow indicates notch in conductor. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g043"></graphic></fig><fig id="F44" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 44.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic> from Remete Mountain, Hungary (CASENT 9037134, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of left male palp. <bold>A</bold> prolateral view <bold>B</bold> retrolateral view <bold>C</bold> ventral view <bold>D</bold> palpal bulb, retrolateral view <bold>E</bold> palpal bulb, retrodorsal view <bold>F</bold> apical view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g044"></graphic></fig><fig id="F45" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 45.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> spp., scanning electron micrographs. <bold>A–D</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> female from SE of Silkeborg, Denmark (CASENT 9039243, CAS) <bold>E</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic> female from Srbsko, Czechia (MR016, MR) <bold>F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic> male from Prague, Czechia (MR007, MR) <bold>A</bold> epigynum, ventral view <bold>B</bold> vulva, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> left spermathecal head <bold>D</bold> detail, left spermatheca <bold>E</bold> trichobothria, left tibia I <bold>F</bold> epiandrous region. <bold>ML</bold> median lobe <bold>S</bold> spermatheca <bold>SH</bold> spermathecal head.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g045"></graphic></fig><fig id="F46" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 46.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic> from Srbsko, Czechia (MR016, MR), scanning electron micrographs of female. <bold>A</bold> prosoma, anterior view <bold>B</bold> left cheliceral boss <bold>C</bold> detail of carapace texture <bold>D</bold> tarsal organ, left leg I <bold>E</bold> calamistrum, left metatarsus IV <bold>F</bold> detail, calamistrum seta, left metatarsus IV.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g046"></graphic></fig></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="Additional observations from the Eresus sandaliatus group"><title>Additional observations from the <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group</title><p><bold>Spinneret spigot morphology</bold> (based on <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> cf. <italic>cinnaberinus</italic> from Greece and Morocco in Griswold et al., 2005: <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F31">figs 31A–D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F32">32A–D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">33A–F</xref>): Female ALS with at least 13 MAP within and on inner edge of spinning field of more than 120 PI; <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>male with at 5 MAP and spinning field of more than 40 PI. Female PMS with anterior mAP spigots, with posterior field of more 40 small spigots of varying size and shape; male PMS with 4 mAP and 6 AC, suggesting the female may have AC and CY spigots. Female PLS with anterobasal MS with 2 accompanying spigots and distal field of about 55 AC; male MS MS with 2 accompanying spigot nubbins, with 9 AC. Male cribellar plate with no sign of spigots; numerous epiandrous gland spigots present.</p><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Gandanameno"><named-content content-type="genus">Gandanameno</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Lehtinen</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Gandanameno</p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Lehtinen, 1967: 235. Type species <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus spenceri</named-content></italic> Pocock, 1900.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Note"><title>Note.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> contains five recognized species from eastern and southern Africa. We examined the collection holdings of several museums and most primary type speci<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>mens. The oldest available name, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus fumosus</named-content></italic> C. L. Koch, 1837, apparently lacks any type specimen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref>: 235). We evaluated morphological variation and analyzed DNA sequences from 24 individuals based on previously published and new data. Descriptions are based on a female specimen from Tanzania (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC) and a male from Zimbabwe (AcAT 2005/123, NCA) supplemented by collections mostly from South Africa.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> by the position of the PLE which are both advanced (< 0.28) and widely spaced (PER/AER > 0.95; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Fig. 9F, H</xref>); other eresids with advanced PLE (e.g., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>, some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic>) have them closer together (PER/AER < 0.90) than the ALE (e.g., <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">11F</xref>). Male further<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> by the more or less ventral-dorsal axis of the palpal bulb with the embolus encircling the ventral part (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">Figs 13D, E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F48">48A–C</xref>; proximal-ventral in other eresids with the embolus encircling the distal part, e.g., <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F20">Fig. 20A–F</xref>) and conductor arising from the center of the tegulum with opposing projections covering much of the palpal bulb (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F55">Fig. 55C</xref>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> by the lack of prominent tubercles bearing the ALE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Fig. 9F</xref>; compare with <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Fig. 8J</xref>) and the fringed conductor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F55">Fig. 55C, E</xref>; smooth in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34">Fig. 34D</xref>). Female further distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic> by the copulatory openings, which are broadly separated by hirsute cuticle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">Figs 17A–C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F59">59A</xref>; separated by a gla<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>brous median lobe in other eresids, e.g., <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">29C</xref>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> together distinguished from other eresids including <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic> by the vulva, which have the spermatheca extending anterior of the spermathecal heads, together subtended by helical copulatory ducts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">Figs 17D–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F59">59C</xref>; other eresids have the spermathecal head anterior, spermatheca posterior, and copulatory ducts other than helical, e.g., <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">Fig. 29D</xref>), and by the subdivided PMS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">Fig. 57C</xref>; entire in other eresids) with numerous short, conical, cylindrical gland spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F58">Fig. 58E</xref>; cylindrical gland spigots absent or difficult to distinguish from aciniform gland spigots in other eresids); distinguished<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> by the somewhat more prominent paired atria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">Figs 17A–C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F59">59A</xref>; compare with <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37">37D</xref>) and possibly by having three loops of the copulatory duct (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">Figs 17D–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F59">59C</xref>; fewer in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>, although this character has been investigated in few <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> species, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37">37E</xref>). Both sexes usually distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> by the two part cribellum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">Figs 57E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F60">60E</xref>, compare with <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">Fig. 36F</xref>), although signs of the distinctive 4-part cribellum are sometimes apparent in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distinguishing species"><title>Distinguishing species.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> are variable in several conspicuous characteristics. In the male, these include the presence or absence of a cheliceral boss (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F56">Fig. 56C–F</xref>), palp size, details of the conductor shape, and the curvature and position of the tegular sperm duct (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F48">Figs 48B, D–F</xref>, S2A–J). In the female, these include the height of the cephalic region, and the presence of cuspules of various weights on the carapace, sternum, and basal segments of legs I, II, and sometimes III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F50">Figs 50</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F52">52A–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F53">53A–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F54">54A–F</xref>), also details of the epigynum shape (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">Figs 17A–C</xref>, S2K, L, S3A–F, H–L). It has been noted previously that multiple forms may occur sympatrically and that intermediate combinations make species determination problematic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">Tucker 1920</xref>). Indeed, in most regions where several specimens are known, a wide range of variation can be<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> found (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F50">Fig. 50</xref>). We attempted to sequence DNA from several museum specimens. Unfortunately, most of our successes were from specimens at one end of the range of variation, i.e., specimens with a moderately to strongly raised cephalic region and abundant, heavy cuspules on the carapace, sternum, and anterior legs. The three con<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>trasting female specimens (13-10: KwaZulu-Natal; 18-04: AcAT 2002/181; 14517) did not group together. Instead, relationships appear to be more strongly tied to geography than to morphology (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F51">Fig. 51</xref>). The genitalia of 23 out of 24 <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> specimens included in the molecular phylogenetic analysis are photo-documented in the electronic supplementary materials (Figs S2A–L, S3A–L).</p><p>We looked for patterns of variation in adult female morphology. Adult female specimens are much more abundant in collections than males. We defined eight geo<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>graphic regions based on two criteria: 1) concentration of specimens available to us and/or 2) type localities of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> species (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F49">Figs 49</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F50">50</xref>). We assessed a series of characters: carapace length, carapace width, presence and strength of cuspules on the ventral surface of femur I and II, prosoma, and sternum for all specimens available<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> from these regions. When cuspules are present on the prosoma, they always occur on the femurs, but the reverse is not always true. So the set of specimens with cuspules on the femurs is larger than and contains the set of specimens with cuspules on the prosoma. There appears to be a general trend towards greater spinulation and a higher carapace with increasing size (carapace length), but the spinulation data are fairly noisy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F50">Fig. 50</xref>). No morphological pattern emerged to segregate specimens by region. Not all degrees of spinulation were observed in every geographic region.</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>Based on the combination of genetic, morphometric, and spinulation data, we see no evidence that the characters traditionally used to discriminate <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> species are valid. We speculate that ontogenetic factors are responsible for the morphological variation in this genus (perhaps juvenile nutrition or post adult molting). However, we judge that the synonymy of all <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> species is premature, particularly in light of the phylogeographic signal suggested by the molecular data and the limited avai<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>lability of specimens from beyond the Republic of South Africa. We therefore identify our specimens simply as <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp. We encourage additional investigations that might further elucidate the systematics of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Natural history"><title>Natural history.</title><p>Associated with crevices in or under rocks or tree bark in savanna, parks, and gardens. They build a silken tube with a widened entrance; the tube of an adult female under bark can be up to 1 m long (Martin Forman, personal observation). Also found under tree bark well above the ground in dense aggregations (Nikolaj Scharff, Jere<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>my Miller, Iringa, Tanzania). Prey remnants are placed at the bottom of the tube. Clutches consist of tens of juveniles (Martin Forman, personal observation). Juveniles do not feed on their mother’s corpse and adult females can produce a number of sequential clutches. Males mature in less than one year, females take longer (Martin Forman, personal observation).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Gandanameno</named-content></named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp.</named-content></title><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 1E, F</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4D–F</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9E–H</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">13D–F</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">17</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F47">47</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F48"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F49"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F50">–50</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F52">52</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F53"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F54"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F55"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F56"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F58"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F59"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F60"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F61">–61</xref><xref>S2, S3</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic>Male</italic> (Harare, Zimbabwe, AcAT 2005/123, NCA): Male carapace with scattered white setae, cephalic region subrectangular, about as long as wide, slightly raised; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.63), median eyes slightly <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>overlapping on horizontal and vertical axes; ALE tubercles absent, PER nearly as wide as AER (PER/AER 0.95), PLE position on carapace 0.23; clypeal hood forms obtuse angle; fovea deep. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, without lateral boss (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F56">Fig. 56B–D</xref>; note that all other males examined have a cheliceral boss, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F56">Fig. 56E, F</xref>). Legs without conspicuous white setae; with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV. Abdomen dark without conspicuous white setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Figs 9E, F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F47">47A–D</xref>).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p>Male palp with dorsal-ventral axis; tegulum disc-shaped; conductor arises on stalk from center of tegulum, with arching prolateral and retrolateral arms covering much of anterior portion of palpal bulb, retrolateral arm with fringed posterior margin; embolus makes ca. three loops, long and flexible, fits into groove originating on prolateral arm of conductor; cymbium without distinct macrosetae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">Figs 13D–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F48">48A–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F55">55A–E</xref>, S2A–J).</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic>Female</italic> (Iringa, Tanzania, ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC): Female carapace without conspicuous white setae; cephalic region subrectangular, longer than wide, slightly raised, AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.58), median eyes slightly overlapping on horizontal axis, adjacent on vertical axis; ALE tubercles absent, PER as wide as AER (PER/AER 1.03), PLE position on carapace 0.20; clypeal hood forms obtuse angle; fovea deep. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, with lateral boss. Legs without conspicuous white setae; legs with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus III–IV. Abdomen without conspicuous white setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figs 4E, F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9G, H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F47">47E–P</xref>).</p><p>Epigynum bell-shaped, with pair of semicircular atria on posterior margin separated by hirsute cuticle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">Figs 17A–C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F59">59A, B</xref>, S2K, L, S3A–F, H–L). Vulva with copulatory ducts making three loops leading to anterior complex of spermatheca and spermathecal head. Fertilization duct runs posteriorly through the copulatory duct loops (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">Figs 17D–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F59">59C–F</xref>, S3G).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Spinneret spigot morphology"><title>Spinneret spigot morphology.</title><p>(Iringa, Tanzania, ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC; Hanover, South Africa, SAM-ENW-B006896/9958, SAM and SAM 9465, SAM): Female ALS with at least 7–8 MAP within and along inner edge of spinning field of 50–80 PI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">Fig. 57B</xref>); male with 1 MAP within and 3 along inner edge of spinning field of about 40 PI spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F60">Figs 60B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F61">61A</xref>). Female PMS longitudinally elongate, transversely bilobed, with 2–3 anterior mAP, between these 2–3 AC, posterior to this on anterior and posterior lobes a dense field of more than 40 (SAM-ENW-B006896/9958) to 55 (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC) short, squat, conical CY spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">Figs 57C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F58">58E, F</xref>); male PMS small, oval, with 2 mAP and 4 AC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F60">Figs 60C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F61">61D</xref>). Female PLS with anterobasal MS without accompanying spigot and distal field of 9–15 AC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">Figs 57D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F58">58C</xref>); male same (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F60">Figs 60D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F61">61B, C</xref>). Male cribellar plate with no sign of spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F60">Fig. 60E, F</xref>); epiandrous gland spigots present (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F61">Fig. 61E, F</xref>). Cribellar plate divided medially, although some hint of subdivision into four fields of spigots (as in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>) is evident (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">Fig. 57E</xref>).</p><fig id="F47" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 47.</label><caption><p><bold>A–P</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp., habitus, photomicrographs. <bold>A–D</bold> male from Harare, Zimbabwe (AcAT 2005/123, NCA), images reversed <bold>E–H</bold> female from Hanover, South Africa (SAM-ENW-B006896/9958, SAM) <bold>I–L</bold> female from Iringa, Tanzania (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC) <bold>M–P</bold> female from Eierfontein, South Africa (SAM-12823, SAM) <bold>A, E, I, M</bold> dorsal view <bold>B, F, J, N</bold> ventral view <bold>C, G, K, O</bold> anterior view <bold>D, H, L, P</bold> lateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g047"></graphic></fig><fig id="F48" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 48.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp., illustrations of left male palp. <bold>A–C</bold> from Naauwpoort, North West Province, South Africa (SAM 1600, SAM) <bold>D</bold> from Van Riebeeck Park, Western Cape, South Africa (CASENT 9023763, CAS) <bold>E</bold> from Graaff-Reinet, Eastern Cape, South Africa (SAM 12571, SAM) <bold>F</bold> from Hanover, South Africa (SAM 9465, SAM) <bold>A</bold> obliquely retrolateral view <bold>B,</bold><bold>D–F</bold> ventral view <bold>C</bold> obliquely prolateral view. All images at the same scale. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g048"></graphic></fig><fig id="F49" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 49.</label><caption><p>Distribution of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>. Type localities are numbered circles, males are squares (if with letters, these refer to illustrations in Fig. 48), non-type females are filled circles. Type localities: circle <bold>2</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus bubo</named-content></italic> L. Koch, 1865; circle <bold>3</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus inornatus</named-content></italic> Pocock, 1898; circle <bold>4</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus spenceri</named-content></italic> Pocock, 1900; circle <bold>5</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus echinatus</named-content></italic> Purcell, 1908; circle <bold>6</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus namaquensis</named-content></italic> Purcell, 1908; circle <bold>7</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus depressus</named-content></italic> Tucker, 1920; circle <bold>8</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus purcelli</named-content></italic> Tucker, 1920; type locality of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus fumosus</named-content></italic> C. L. Koch, 1837 is reported simply as “Afrika" and no type specimen is known (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref>: 235). Localities of males illustrated in Fig. 48: square <bold>A</bold> Fig. 48A–C square <bold>D</bold> Fig. 48D square <bold>E</bold> Fig. 48E square <bold>F</bold> Fig. 48F. Ellipsoids indicate regions for size chart Fig. 50, region names are for convenience only.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g049"></graphic></fig><fig id="F50" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 50.</label><caption><p>Carapace height plotted against carapace length for adult female <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> specimens from eight regions: Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Gauteng, Hanover, Namaqualand, Namibia, and Port Elizabeth. Regions circumscribed in Fig. 49; sample size given in parentheses. Symbol shape indicates region while symbol darkness indicates presence and strength of cuspules. Specimens were scored as having cuspules absent, having medium to strong cuspules only on the legs, having a mixture of medium and strong cuspules on the prosoma, sternum, and/or legs, and having exclusively strong cuspules on the prosoma, sternum, and legs. As reflected in the legend, not all degrees of spinulation were observed in all regions.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g050"></graphic></fig><fig id="F51" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 51.</label><caption><p>Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the spider family <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> based on mixed model analysis (eight data partitions, manually adjusted alignment; see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Miller et al. 2010a</xref>); outgroups not shown, see Fig. S1. For the genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>, DNA specimen codes are substituted for taxonomic name and specimens are linked to their collection locality in southern Africa. Male specimens indicated by male symbol, female specimens indicated either by a female symbol or a square, the darkness of which indicates the strength and presence of cuspules, scored as in Fig. 50. Branches drawn proportional to change. Numbers at nodes are percent posterior probabilities of 50 or greater.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g051"></graphic></fig><fig id="F52" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 52.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp., femur, left leg I of female, retrolateral view, scanning electron micrographs. <bold>A, C, E</bold> overview <bold>B, D, F</bold> detail of setae <bold>A, B</bold> from Iringa, Tanzania (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC) <bold>C, D</bold> from Hanover, South Africa (SAM-ENW-B006896/9958, SAM) <bold>E, F</bold> from Eierfontein, Eastern Cape, South Africa (SAM-12823, SAM).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g052"></graphic></fig><fig id="F53" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 53.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp., prosoma and coxae of female, scanning electron micrographs. <bold>A, C, E</bold> detail of setae on prosoma <bold>B, F</bold> right coxae I and II <bold>D</bold> left coxae I and II, image reversed to appear as right coxae <bold>A, B</bold> from Iringa, Tanzania (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC) <bold>C, D</bold> from Hanover, South Africa (SAM-ENW-B006896/9958, SAM) <bold>E, F</bold> from Eierfontein, Eastern Cape, South Africa (SAM-12823, SAM).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g053"></graphic></fig><fig id="F54" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 54.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp., sternum of female, scanning electron micrographs <bold>A, C, E</bold> overview of sternum <bold>B, D, F</bold> detail of setae on sternum <bold>A, B</bold> from Iringa, Tanzania (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC) <bold>C, D</bold> from Hanover, South Africa (SAM-ENW-B006896/9958, SAM) <bold>E, F</bold> from Eierfontein, South Africa (SAM-12823, SAM).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g054"></graphic></fig><fig id="F55" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 55.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp. from Harare, Zimbabwe (AcAT 2005/123, NCA), scanning electron micrographs, right male palp, images reversed to appear as left palp. <bold>A</bold> prolateral view <bold>B</bold> retrolateral view <bold>C</bold> ventral view <bold>D</bold> apical view <bold>E</bold> detail of distal tip of conductor <bold>F</bold> palpal tibia, dorsal view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g055"></graphic></fig><fig id="F56" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 56.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp., scanning electron micrographs of prosoma and chelicerae. <bold>A–D</bold> male from Harare, Zimbabwe (AcAT 2005/123, NCA) <bold>E, F</bold> male from Hanover, South Africa (SAM 9465, SAM) <bold>A</bold> prosoma, anterior view, arrow indicates clypeal hood <bold>B</bold> prosoma, lateral view <bold>C, E</bold> left chelicerae, lateral view, arrow in E indicates cheliceral boss <bold>D</bold> detail of left chelicerae showing absence of cheliceral boss <bold>F</bold> detail of left chelicerae showing cheliceral boss.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g056"></graphic></fig><fig id="F57" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 57.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp. from Iringa, Tanzania (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC), scanning electron micrographs of female spinnerets. <bold>A</bold> overview <bold>B</bold> right ALS <bold>C</bold> right PMS <bold>D</bold> left PLS <bold>E</bold> cribellum <bold>F</bold> cribellar spigots. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>ALS</bold> anterior lateral spinneret <bold>CR</bold> cribellum <bold>CY</bold> cylindrical gland spigot <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>n</bold> nubbin <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot <bold>PLS</bold> posterior lateral spinneret <bold>PMS</bold> posterior median spinneret <bold>t</bold> tartipore.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g057"></graphic></fig><fig id="F58" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 58.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp., scanning electron micrographs. <bold>A–E</bold> female from Iringa, Tanzania (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC) <bold>F</bold> female from Hanover, South Africa (SAM-ENW-B006896/9958) <bold>A, B</bold> prosoma <bold>C–F</bold> details of spinneret spigots <bold>A</bold> anterior view, arrow indicates clypeal hood <bold>B</bold> left cheliceral boss <bold>C</bold> detail of modified spigots on right female PLS <bold>D</bold> detail of spigots on anterior part of right female PMS <bold>E</bold> detail of cylindrical gland spigots on posterior part of left female PMS <bold>F</bold> right PMS. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>CY</bold> cylindrical gland spigot <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>n</bold> nubbin <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot <bold>t</bold> tartipore.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g058"></graphic></fig><fig id="F59" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 59.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold> Scanning electron micrographs of epigynum and vulva of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp. <bold>A, B</bold> from Iringa, Tanzania (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC) <bold>C–F</bold> from Kommetjie, Cape Town, South Africa (CASENT 9039241, CAS) <bold>A</bold> epigynum, ventral view <bold>B</bold> detail of right copulatory opening, ventral view <bold>C</bold> cleared vulva, dorsal view <bold>D</bold> detail of right spermatheca and spermathecal head <bold>E</bold> detail, right spermatheca <bold>F</bold> detail, right spermathecal head. <bold>CD</bold> copulatory duct <bold>FD</bold> fertilization duct <bold>S</bold> spermatheca <bold>SH</bold> spermathecal head.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g059"></graphic></fig><fig id="F60" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 60.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp. from Hanover, South Africa (SAM 9465, SAM), scanning electron micrographs of male spinnerets. <bold>A</bold> overview <bold>B</bold> left ALS <bold>C</bold> right PMS <bold>D</bold> left PLS <bold>E</bold> vestigial cribellum <bold>F</bold> detail of vestigial cribellum. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>ALS</bold> anterior lateral spinneret <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot <bold>PLS</bold> posterior lateral spinneret <bold>PMS</bold> posterior median spinneret <bold>n</bold> nubbin <bold>t</bold> tartipore.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g060"></graphic></fig><fig id="F61" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 61.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp. from Hanover, South Africa (SAM 9465, SAM), scanning electron micrographs of male spinnerets. <bold>A</bold> detail of spigots on left ALS <bold>B</bold> left PLS <bold>C</bold> detail of spigots on left PLS <bold>D</bold> detail of spigots on left PMS <bold>E</bold> epiandrous region <bold>F</bold> detail of epiandrous gland spigots. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g061"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Loureedia</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Miller, Griswold, Scharff, Řezáč, Szűts & Marhabaie</named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">gen. n.</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5FEC8D28-5F6F-4E58-A5C2-5EEBD35B0090</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Loureedia</p><sec sec-type="treatment-Type species"><title>Type species.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus annulipes</named-content></italic> Lucas, 1857.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Circumscription"><title>Circumscription.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n. is monotypic, containing only the type species. Two species are here synonymized with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic>: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus semicanus</named-content></italic> Simon, 1908 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus jerbae</named-content></italic> El-Hennawy, 2005. We examined specimens of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic> from Israel and type material from the Eugene Simon collection at the MNHN.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>Named for Lou Reed, leader of the rock band The Velvet Underground from 1965–1970; the gender is feminine.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Distinguished from other eresid genera except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic>, some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic> by the cephalic region, which is wider than long (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Fig. 9J, L</xref>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic> by the median eye group, which have the PME clearly<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> larger than the AME (AME/PME ca. 0.5; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Fig. 9I, K</xref>); median eyes small with the PME only slightly larger than the AME in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Fig. 8E</xref>), AME/PME > 0.8; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8E, G</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F28">28A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">29A</xref>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> by the lack of prominent tubercles bearing the ALE and the palpal conformation, which has a proximal-ventral axis with the helical embolus encircling the distal part (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F63">Fig. 63B</xref>; obliquely ventral-dorsal in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> with the embolus encircling the ventral part, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">Figs 33I–K</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34">34A–D</xref>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic> by the subrectangular shape of the cephalic region, which does not overhang the thoracic region posteriorly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Figs 9J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F62">62A, D</xref>; subtrapezoidal, slightly overhanging the thoracic region in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">Fig. 68D</xref>). Male further distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus dumicola</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus tentoriicola</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea striatipes</named-content></italic> by <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>the strongly bifid conductor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F63">Fig. 63D, E</xref>); separated from these species by several characters including details of the conductor shape, the shape of the cephalic region, the lack of ALE tubercles, and a striking abdominal pattern of white and red patches on a black field (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1G, H</xref>). Female further distinguished by the epigynum with its unique anterior depression and by the compact configuration of the reproductive duct system (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Figs 18A, D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F65">65A, B</xref>).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Natural history"><title>Natural history.</title><p>Known from Loess desert habitat with low shrubs, often in wadis. They build a simple vertical or inclined burrow lined by silk. The opening is covered by silken sheet camouflaged from above by debris. Signaling threads radiate out from the edges of this roof. Mating occurs in late autumn. Prey remnants are incorporated into the roof of the burrow. Juveniles feed on their mother’s corpse before dispersing (cf. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3D</xref>). Males take approximately 3 years to mature, females one year longer (Martin Forman, personal observation).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Loureedia_annulipes"><named-content content-type="genus">Loureedia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">annulipes</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Lucas)</named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">comb. n.</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Loureedia_annulipes</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 1G, H</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4I</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9I–L</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">13G–I</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">18A, D</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F62">62</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F63"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F64"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F65"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F66"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F67">–67</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus annulipes</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Lucas, 1857: 21.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus semicanus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">Simon 1908</xref>: 83; 1910: 294, fig. 5; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">El-Hennawy 2004</xref>: 28, figs 2A–B, 3A–C, 4A–B. Syn. n.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus annulipes</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> (Lucas, 1857). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Kraus and Kraus 1992</xref>: 15, 19.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus jerbae</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> El-Hennawy, 2005: 88, figs 1–4. Syn. n.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic>Male</italic> (Nitzanna village, Israel, MR018, HUJ): Carapace with scattered white setae; cephalic region subrectangular with broadly rounded posterior margin, wider than long, strongly raised; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.52), median eyes slightly overlapping on horizontal and vertical axes; ALE tubercles absent; PER as wide as AER (PER/AER 1.01), PLE position on carapace 0.42; clypeal hood forms a nearly 90° angle; fovea moderately deep. Chelicerae slightly excavated mesally, with lateral boss. Legs relatively long with bands of white setae; legs with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV, and scattered ventral macrosetae on tibia III–IV and metatarsus and tarsus II–IV, strongest and most numerous on metatarsus and tarsus III–IV. Abdomen dark with pattern of white spots surrounding sigilla and two longitudinal yellow stripes running through sigilla (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 1G, H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9I, J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F62">62A–D</xref>).</p><p>Male palp with proximal-distal axis; tegulum subtrapezoidal; conductor and embolus together form apical complex making one helical turn; conductor membranous at prolateral origin, abruptly transitioning dorsally-retrolaterally to heavily sclerotized bifid structure; tegular division longer than embolic division; cymbium with several long prolateral mesosetae (only slightly thicker than normal setae; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">Figs 13G–I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F62">62I, J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F63">63A–F</xref>).</p><p><italic>Female</italic> (Haluquim, Israel, PET03, MR): Carapace with many white setae; cephalic region subrectangular, wider than long, moderately raised; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.47), median eyes slightly overlapping on horizontal and vertical axes; ALE tubercles absent; PER nearly as wide as AER (PER/AER 0.96), PLE position on carapace 0.38; clypeal hood forms acute angle; fovea moderately deep. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, with lateral boss. Legs with scattered white setae; legs with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV plus one subdistal ventral macroseta on metatarsus III and scattered ventral macrosetae on tarsus IV. Abdomen without conspicuous white setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Figs 9K, L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F62">62E–H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F64">64A–C</xref>).</p><p>Epigynum with slightly bowed slit-like atria occupying ca. the posterior half, anterior part with transverse oblong anterior lobe (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Figs 18A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F65">65A</xref>). Vulva with compact, anteriorly converging reproductive duct system with anterior spermathecal head, sinuous duct leading to multilobed spermathecae; with transverse lobe anteriorly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Figs 18D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F65">65B–E</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Spinneret spigot morphology"><title>Spinneret spigot morphology.</title><p>Our female preparation is in poor condition but intact; the male preparation is in very poor condition making it impossible to prov<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>ide accurate counts, especially on the PMS. Female ALS with at least 5 MAP within and on inner edge of spinning field of more than 23 PI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F66">Figs 66B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F67">67A</xref>); male with MAP and PI, but number can’t be determined. Female PMS with 4 anterior mAP spigots and posterior field of 22 spigots of varying size and shape (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F66">Figs 66C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F67">67B, C</xref>); male seems to have fewer spigots than female, suggesting the female may have AC and CY spigots. Female PLS with anterobasal MS with two accompanying AC spigots and distal field of at least 19 AC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F66">Figs 66D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F67">67D</xref>); male appears to have MS and flanking AC, with field of more than 8 AC. Male cribellar plate with no sign of spigots; numerous epiandrous gland spigots present (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F65">Fig. 65F</xref>).</p><fig id="F62" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 62.</label><caption><p><bold>A–J</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic>. <bold>A, B, D</bold><bold>I, J</bold> male from Haluqim Ridge, Israel (MR008, HUJ) <bold>C</bold> male from Nitzanna village, Israel (MR018, HUJ) <bold>E, F, H</bold> female from Wadi Mashash, Israel (MR019, MR) <bold>G</bold> female from Haluquim, Israel (PET03, MR) <bold>A–D</bold> habitus of male, photomicrographs <bold>E–H</bold> habitus of female, photomicrographs <bold>I–J</bold> illustrations of left male palp <bold>A, E</bold> dorsal view <bold>B, F</bold> ventral view <bold>C, G</bold> anterior view <bold>D, H</bold> lateral view <bold>I</bold> prolateral view <bold>J</bold> retrolateral view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g062"></graphic></fig><fig id="F63" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 63.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic> from Haluqim Ridge, Israel (MR008, HUJ), scanning electron micrographs of right male palp, images reversed to appear as left palp. <bold>A</bold> prolateral view <bold>B</bold> retrolateral view <bold>C</bold> conductor, prolateral view <bold>D</bold> ventral view <bold>E</bold> conductor, ventral view <bold>F</bold> apical view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g063"></graphic></fig><fig id="F64" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 64.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic>, scanning electron micrographs of female from from Wadi Mashash, Negev, Israel (MR019, MR), images reversed. <bold>A</bold> prosoma, anterior view <bold>B</bold> chelicera <bold>C</bold> cheliceral boss <bold>D</bold> sternum, ventral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g064"></graphic></fig><fig id="F65" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 65.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic>, scanning electron micrographs. <bold>A–E</bold> vulva of female from Wadi Mashash, Negev, Israel (MR019, MR) <bold>F</bold> male from Haluqim Ridge, Israel (MR008, HUJ) <bold>A</bold> epigynum, ventral view <bold>B</bold> cleared vulva, dorsal view <bold>C, D</bold> detail, left spermathecal head <bold>E</bold> detail, right spermatheca. <bold>F</bold> epiandrous region. <bold>AL</bold> anterior lobe on atrium <bold>ML</bold> median lobe <bold>S</bold> spermatheca <bold>SH</bold> spermathecal head.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g065"></graphic></fig><fig id="F66" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 66.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic>, female from Wadi Mashash, Negev, Israel (MR019, MR), scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets. <bold>A</bold> overview <bold>B</bold> right ALS <bold>C</bold> left and right PMS <bold>D</bold> right PLS <bold>E</bold> cribellum. <bold>F</bold> cribellar spigots. Unlabeled spigots in <bold>C</bold> thought to be a mixture of aciniform gland spigots and cylindrical gland spigots. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>ALS</bold> anterior lateral spinneret <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot <bold>PLS</bold> posterior lateral spinneret <bold>PMS</bold> posterior median spinneret.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g066"></graphic></fig><fig id="F67" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 67.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic>, female from Wadi Mashash, Negev, Israel (MR019, MR), scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets. <bold>A</bold> detail of spigots on right ALS <bold>B, C</bold> detail of spigots on left PMS <bold>D</bold> modified spigot and flanking aciniform gland spigots on left PLS <bold>E</bold> calamistrum, left metatarsus IV <bold>F</bold> detail, calamistrum seta, left metatarsus IV. Spigots in <bold>B</bold> thought to be a mixture of aciniform gland spigots and cylindrical gland spigots; unlabeled spigot in <bold>C</bold> thought to be either an aciniform gland spigot or a cylindrical gland spigot. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g067"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Paradonea"><named-content content-type="genus">Paradonea</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Lawrence</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Paradonea</p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Lawrence, 1968: 116. Type species <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea striatipes</named-content></italic> Lawrence, 1968.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Note"><title>Note.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> contains four recognized species from southern Africa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F71">Fig. 71</xref>). We examined specimens (including the primary types) of all four described species and propose one new species. Of these five, only one (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic>) is known from the female as well as the male. Two species are particularly remarkable in their morphological distinctness: the type species, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea striatipes</named-content></italic>, is large with distinct markings, an enlarged first leg with tibial brush, relatively small palpi with a distinctly bifid conductor, widely spaced median eyes, and PLE set near the front of the carapace; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic> has a strongly raised cephalic region that occupies most of the cephalothorax and slightly overhangs the thoracic region, but the palpal morphology is fairly typical of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content>. Despite our skepticism about the monophyly of this group, we are not proposing nomenclatural changes at this time. We hope that this work may help catalyze new activity in this group, including the discovery of females and the collection of fresh specimens for DNA sequencing. Our phylogenetic analysis includes <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic>, the first <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> species to be sequenced and the first time <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> has been placed phylogenetically (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F51">Figs 51</xref>, S1). We do not offer a diagnosis of the genus but distinguish each species independently in the key and species diagnostic sections.</p><p>Spinneret spigot morphology was not investigated for any species in the genus.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Paradonea_striatipes"><named-content content-type="genus">Paradonea</named-content><named-content content-type="species">striatipes</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Lawrence</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Paradonea_striatipes</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10A, B</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">13J, K</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">68A–C, G, H</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F71">71</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea striat</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><italic>ipes</italic> Lawrence, 1968: 116–118, figs 2f, 3b.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Distinguished from other <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresidae</named-content> except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>, some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus dumicola</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus tentoriicola</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic> by the bifid conductor <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">Figs 13J, K</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">68G, H</xref>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> by the palpal conformation, which has a proximal-ventral axis with the helical embolus encircling the distal part (obliquely ventral-dorsal in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> with the embolus encircling the ventral part, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Figs 12G–I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">13D–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">33I–K</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F48">48A–C</xref>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus dumicola</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus tentoriicola</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic> by the shape of the conductor branches, which strongly diverge in orientation and feature a curved, spine-like dorsal branch and a broad ventral branch with several small sharp processes<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">Fig. 68H</xref>). Distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea parva</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic>, and some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> by the enlarged leg I (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">Fig. 68A, B</xref>), distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea parva</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n., and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic> by the presence of a dense brush of setae, especially on the tibia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">Fig. 68A, B</xref>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n. and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> by the separation of the median eyes on the vertical axis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Fig. 10A</xref>; broadly overlapping in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n. and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Figs 11E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">70I</xref>). <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea striatipes</named-content></italic> has the PLE in a more advanced position (ca. 0.25) than most other eresids (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Fig. 11B</xref>; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> may also have the PLE around 0.25). The markings, especially the distribution of white setae, are unique (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">Fig. 68A–C</xref>). The palpi are relatively small proportional to body size compared to other eresids (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">Fig. 68B</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic>Male</italic> (Outjo Namibia, NMBA05700, BMSA): Carapace with broad band of white setae around margin and between AME; cephalic region subtriangular, longer than wide, strongly raised; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.33), median eyes widely separated on horizontal axis, adjacent on vertical axis; ALE on distinct tubercles; PER much narrower than AER (PER/AER 0.82), PLE position on carapace 0.25; clypeal hood forms acute angle; fovea shallow. Chelicerae with lateral boss, basal three quarters covered in white setae, contiguous mesally. Legs with bands of white setae, especially dorsally along the length of most segments; leg I somewhat thickened and elongated, tibia I with brush of dark setae; with scattered ventral macrosetae on tibia II–IV and metatarsus and tarsus I–IV. Abdomen black with series of irregular transverse stripes formed by thick patches of white setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10A, B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">68A–C</xref>).</p><p>Male palp with proximal-distal axis; tegulum moderately elongate, subtrapezoidal; second loop of sperm duct follows complicated path featuring multiple switchbacks; conductor and embolus together form apical complex making 1.5 helical turns; conductor with conspicuous bifid apophysis arising from retrolateral side, consisting of a spine-like dorsal branch curving distally for nearly 180° and a broad, flattened ventral branch with several small sharp processes along the ventral and distal margins; tegular division longer than embolic division; cymbium with a few mesosetae (only slightly thicker than normal setae) over dorsal to prolateral surface (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Figs 12J, K</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">68G, H</xref>).</p><p><italic>Female</italic>: Unknown.</p><fig id="F68" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 68.</label><caption><p><bold>A–J</bold> males of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea striatipes</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic>. <bold>A–C, G, H</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea striatipes</named-content></italic>, male from Otjivasandu, Namibia (NMN) <bold>D–F, I, J</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic>, male from Sunnyside, South Africa (C1076, SAM) <bold>A–F</bold> habitus of male, photomicrographs <bold>G–J</bold> illustrations of left male palp <bold>A, D</bold> dorsal view <bold>B, E</bold> ventral view <bold>C, F</bold> anterior view <bold>G, I</bold> prolateral view <bold>H, J</bold> retrolateral view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g068"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Paradonea_splendens"><named-content content-type="genus">Paradonea</named-content><named-content content-type="species">splendens</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Lawrence)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Paradonea_splendens</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10C, D</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">13L</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">14A</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">68D–F, I, J</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F71">71</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea splendens</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Lawrence, 1936: 146.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> (Lawrence, 1936). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Lawrence 1968</xref>: 116.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic>, some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n. by the wider than long cephalic region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">68D</xref>), distinguished from these by the subtrapezoidal shape of the cephalic region, much wider anteriorly than posteriorly <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">68D</xref>; subrectangular in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n. with little difference in width anteriorly to posteriorly, e.g., <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figs 8F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9J</xref>); distinguished from other eresids except the male of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content></italic> by the posterior margin of the cephalic region, which slightly overhangs the thoracic region; distinguished from many eresids including <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n. by the mesally excavated chelicerae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">Fig. 68F</xref>; contiguous or only slightly excavated in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n.).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic>Male</italic> (Sunnyside, South Africa, C1076, SAM): Carapace with band of white setae around margin of thoracic region, additional white setae form several patches including one on the posterior part of the cephalic region; cephalic region subtrapezoidal, wider than long anteriorly, posterior margin straight, strongly raised, slightly overhanging thoracic region posteriorly; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.40), median eyes separated on horizontal axis, some overlap on vertical axis; ALE tubercles absent; PER narrower than AER (PER/AER 0.86), PLE position on carapace 0.44; clypeal hood forms acute angle; fovea moderately deep. Chelicerae with lateral boss, excavated mesally. Legs with bands of white setae, especially dorsally along the length of most segments; with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV and scattered ventral macrosetae on tibia, metatarsus and tarsus I–IV. Abdomen black with longitudinal stripe with uneven margins formed by a thick concentration of white setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10C, D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">68D–F</xref>; note description of pattern of setae and color on carapace, legs, and abdomen based in part on specimens other than C1076, which is missing most setae; see Appendix A)</p><p>Male palp with proximal-distal axis; tegulum bulbous; conductor and embolus together form apical complex making one helical turn; conductor moderately sclerotized, tip a blunt point; tegular division longer than embolic division; cymbium with several macrosetae over dorsal to prolateral surface (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">Figs 13L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">14A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F68">68I, J</xref>).</p><p><italic>Female</italic>: Unknown.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Paradonea_variegata"><named-content content-type="genus">Paradonea</named-content><named-content content-type="species">variegata</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Purcell)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Paradonea_variegata</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 2G, H</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">10E–H</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">14B, C</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">18B, E</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F69">69</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F71">71</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea variegata</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">Purcell 1904</xref>: 137, pl. 10, fig. 7; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref>: 461, figs 457, 459.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> (Purcell, 1904). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Lawrence 1968</xref>: 116.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Male distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n. by the conductor, which bears a helical ridge fringed with distinct papillae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Figs 14B, C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F69">69G, H</xref>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n. by the mesally excavated chelicerae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F69">Fig. 69C</xref>; contiguous in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n., <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">Fig. 70I</xref>), the dorsal abdominal pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F69">Fig. 69A</xref>), the median eye group, which has only slight overlap on the vertical axis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F69">69C</xref>; significant overlap in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n., <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">Fig. 70I</xref>), and the relatively more narrow and long shape of the conductor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Fig. 14B, C</xref>; compare with <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Fig. 14J, L</xref>). Female distinguished from other eresids except members of the <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group by the large, bulbous spermathecal head (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Fig. 18E</xref>); distinguished from the <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group by the larger size difference<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> between the AME and PME (AME/PME ca. 0.5 in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F69">Fig. 69F</xref>; >0.6 in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> group, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Fig. 9C</xref>) and by the overall lighter color (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F69">Fig. 69D</xref>; compare with <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F43">Fig. 43E</xref>). Note that interpretation of the female reproductive duct characters for <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic> is based on light microscopy, not SEM, and must therefore be regarded as tentative.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic>Male</italic> (Breekkierie Dunes, South Africa, C1062, SAM): Carapace with some white setae, especially around margin of thoracic region, cephalic region subtriangular, longer than wide, moderately raised; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.52), median eyes adjacent on horizontal axis, some overlap on vertical axis; ALE tubercles absent; PER much narrower than AER (PER/AER 0.86), PLE position on carapace 0.31, clypeal hood forms a slightly less than 90° angle; fovea shallow. Chelicerae with lateral boss, excavated mesally. Legs with some white setae; with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV and scattered ventral macrosetae <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>on metatarsus and tarsus I–IV. Dorsal surface of abdomen thickly covered in white setae except for central irregular oblong dark patch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10E, F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F69">69A–C</xref>).</p><p>Male palp with proximal-distal axis; tegulum bulbous; conductor and embolus together form apical complex running more or less distally; conductor moderately sclerotized with helical ridge fringed with distinct papillae, hooked distally; tegular division longer than embolic division; cymbium with several prolateral macrosetae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Figs 14B, C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F69">69G, H</xref>).</p><p><italic>Female</italic> (Steinkopf, South Africa, ZMB 26964, ZMHB): Carapace with patches of white setae; cephalic region subtrapezoidal, longer than wide, moderately raised; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.48), median eyes with some overlap on horizontal axis, some overlap on vertical axis; ALE on small tubercles; PER slightly narrower than AER (PER/AER 0.93), PLE position on carapace 0.31; clypeal hood forms acute angle; fovea moderately deep. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, with lateral boss. Legs without conspicuous white setae; legs with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV and numerous ventral macrosetae on metatarsus and tarsus II–IV. Abdomen with numerous white setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10G, H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F69">69D–F</xref>).</p><p>Epigynum with slightly converging slit-like atria copulatory converging slits occupying ca. the posterior half, median lobe subtrapezoidal, nearly as long as wide, deeply recessed within epigynum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Fig. 18B</xref>). Vulva with bulbous lobes slightly converging anteriorly (presumably bearing the spermathecal heads) and multilobed spermathecae posteriorly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Fig. 18E</xref>).</p><fig id="F69" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 69.</label><caption><p><bold>A–H</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic>. <bold>A–C, G–H</bold> male from Breekkierie Dunes, Northern Cape, South Africa (C1062, SAM) <bold>D–F</bold> female from Steinkopf, South Africa (ZMB 26964, ZMHB) <bold>A–C</bold> habitus of male, photomicrographs <bold>D–F</bold> habitus of female photomicrographs <bold>G–H</bold> illustrations of left male palp <bold>A, D</bold> dorsal view <bold>B, E</bold> ventral view <bold>C, F</bold> anterior view <bold>G</bold> prolateral view <bold>H</bold> retrolateral view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g069"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Natural history"><title>Natural history.</title><p>Known from savanna and semiarid desert. They build silken tubes under stones or under shrubs. Sometimes, spiders build a round web approximately 10 cm in diameter that may be covered with sand and herbal debris. Juveniles feed on their mother’s corpse before dispersing (cf. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3D</xref>). Adults appear around December, juveniles disperse in October (Martin Forman, personal observation).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Paradonea_parva"><named-content content-type="genus">Paradonea</named-content><named-content content-type="species">parva</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Tucker)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Paradonea_parva</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Figs 14D–I</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">70A–F</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F71">71</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea parva</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Tucker, 1920: 451, pl. 28, fig. 2.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea parva</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> (Tucker, 1920). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Lawrence 1968</xref>: 116.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic> and some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> by the embolic division, which is much longer than the tegular division (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Fig. 14D–I</xref>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic> by the median eye group, which have the PME clearly larger than the AME (AME/PME ca. 0.5, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 70F</xref>; median eyes small and subequal <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Fig. 10K</xref>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> by having the PLE position >0.33 (<0.28 in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>). By contrast with most other eresids (except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea striatipes</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic>, and some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea parva</named-content></italic> has a slightly enlarged leg I (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 70D, E</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Note"><title>Note.</title><p>The holotype specimen is bleached and damaged (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Figs 14D–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">70A–C</xref>). The description is based mostly on better preserved, putatively conspecific individuals.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> However, there are morphological differences including carapace shape (compare <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">Fig. 70C</xref> with <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">Fig. 70F</xref>) and the shape of the palpal conductor (compare <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Fig. 14E</xref> with <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Fig. 14H</xref>), which could be taken to mean that there is more than one species in this complex. But for now, we attribute these differences to preservation artifacts. The discovery and examination of more fresh specimens would be helpful in resolving this question. For now, we present photographs of both the holotype (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Figs 14D–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">70A–C</xref>) and a more well-preserved specimen (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Figs 14G–I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">70D–F</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic>Male</italic> (4 km N of Hopetown, South Africa, AcAT 97/988, NCA): Carapace with white setae concentrated in thoracic region and posterior of cephalic region, and forming two longitudinal lines connecting the lateral eyes; cephalic region subtriangular, longer than wide, slightly raised; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.45), median eyes slightly overlapping on horizontal and vertical axes; ALE tubercles absent; PER slightly narrower than AER (PER/AER 0.94), PLE position on carapace 0.35; clypeal hood forms a slightly less than 90° angle; fovea indistinct. Chelicerae <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>slightly excavated mesally, with lateral boss. Legs with patches and bands of white setae; leg I slightly thickened; with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV, a few scattered ventral macrosetae on tarsus I–IV and metatarsus III–IV; leg I slightly thickened. Abdomen with two longitudinal stripes of white hairs ectal to sigilla (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">Fig. 70D–F</xref>).</p><p>Male palp with proximal-distal axis; tegulum bulbous; conductor and embolus together form apical complex running more or less distally; conductor moderately sclerotized, broad with longitudinal ridges, tip blunt, embolic division much longer than tegular division; cymbium with several prolateral, fewer retrolateral macrosetae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Fig. 14G–I</xref>).</p><p><italic>Female</italic>: Unknown.</p><fig id="F70" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 70.</label><caption><p><bold>A–I</bold> males of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea parva</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n., habitus, photomicrographs. <bold>A–F</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea parva</named-content></italic><bold>A–C</bold> male holotype from junction of Marico and Crocodile Rivers, South Africa (B3701, SAM) <bold>D–F</bold> male from 4 km N of Hopetown, Northern Cape, South Africa (AcAT 97/988, NCA). <bold>G–I</bold> male holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n. from Falcon College, Zimbabwe (CASENT 9039236, CAS) <bold>A, D, G</bold> dorsal view <bold>B, E, H</bold> ventral view <bold>C, F, I</bold> anterior view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g070"></graphic></fig><fig id="F71" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 71.</label><caption><p>Distribution of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> species. Circles, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea striatipes</named-content></italic>; squares, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic>; inverted triangles, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic>; diamonds, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea parva</named-content></italic>; triangles, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n. Primary type localities with all black symbols, those for other localities with white center.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g071"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paradonea</named-content><named-content content-type="species">presleyi</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Miller, Griswold, Scharff, Řezáč, Szűts & Marhabaie</named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp. n.</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:29D16AC7-AB63-4125-8CD7-9B0A7EE8456B</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Paradonea_presleyi</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Figs 14J–L</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">70F–I</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F71">71</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Types"><title>Types.</title><p>Holotype male from Falcon College, Zimbabwe, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">20°18'S, 29°E</named-content>, 10 November 1990 (V. & B. Roth, CASENT 9039236, deposited in CAS); paratype male from Kruger National Park, South Africa, 29 November 2005, pit traps PCZ (K. Harris, AcAT 2008/4480, deposited in NCA).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>A patronymic in honor of Elvis Aaron Presley, king of rock and roll and subject of innumerable black velvet paintings.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis</title><p><bold>.</bold> Distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> by the median eye group, which has large, subequal eyes (AME/PME > 0.6) with clear separation on the horizontal axis and significant overlap on the vertical axis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">Fig. 70I</xref>); distinguished from<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> by the short, slightly obtuse clypeal hood (long and acute in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Fig. 11A, E, I</xref>). Male distinguished from other eresids by the distinctive dorsal abdominal pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">Fig. 70G</xref>). Further distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic> by the conductor, which bears a helical ridge fringed with distinct papillae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Fig. 14J, L</xref>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic> by the contiguous chelicerae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">Fig. 70I</xref>; mesally excavated in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F69">Fig. 69C</xref>), by the median eye group, which has significant overlap on the vertical axis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">Fig. 70I</xref>; slight overlap in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F69">Fig. 69C</xref>), and by the proportions of the conductor, which are wider and shorter than in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Fig. 14J, L</xref>; compare with <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">14B, C</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic>Male</italic> (Kruger National Park, South Africa, AcAT 2008/4480, NCA): Carapace with white setae concentrated in thoracic region and eye region; cephalic region semicircular, wider than long, moderately raised; AME smaller than PME (0.57), median eyes slightly separated on horizontal axis, significant overlap on vertical axis, ALE tubercles absent, PER width narrower than AER width (0.87), PLE position on carapace 0.29; clypeal hood forms a slightly more than 90° angle; fovea shallow. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, with lateral boss. Legs with patches and longitudinal bands of white setae; femur I slightly thickened with thick brush of dark setae; with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV, a few scattered ventral macrosetae on tarsus I–IV and metatarsus II–IV. Dorsum of abdomen with two longitudinal stripes of white hairs more or less parallel anteriorly, diverging posteriorly, then connected by transverse portion, median part medium brown, ectal and posterior part dark brown (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">Fig. 70G–I</xref>).</p><p>Male palp with proximal-distal axis; tegulum subrectangular; conductor and embolus together form apical complex running more or less distally; conductor moderately sclerotized, broad with helical ridge fringed with distinct papillae, hooked distally; tegular division slightly longer than embolic division; cymbium with several prolateral macrosetae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Fig. 14J–L</xref>).</p><p><italic>Female</italic>: Unknown.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Seothyra"><named-content content-type="genus">Seothyra</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Purcell</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Seothyra</p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">Purcell 1903</xref>: 31; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref>: 264; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Dippenaar-Schoeman 1990</xref>: 136. Type species <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra schreineri</named-content></italic> Purcell, 1903.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Note"><title>Note.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic> contains 13 recognized species from southern Africa and was revised by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Dippenaar-Schoeman (1990)</xref>. We examined specimens of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra henscheli</named-content></italic> Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1991 from Namibia. Our species identification was based on the recent revision; we did not seek to examine type material. See <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic> for note on phylogenetic relationships.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Distinguished from other eresid genera except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic> by the small eyes subequal in size (AME/PME > 0.7, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10I, K</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F72">72C, G</xref>), and the long, extensible ALS contrasting with reduced PLS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F72">Fig. 72D</xref>, although ALS may be retracted and therefore not look so long). Male distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic> by the enlarged leg I <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F72">Figs 72A, B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F74">74A</xref>; legs I and II subequal in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">Fig. 26A</xref>), and by the form of the conductor, which is highly variable and elaborate and usually longer than the tegular division (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">Figs 15A, B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F72">72I, J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F73">73A–F</xref>; a simple spiral or L-shape hook and shorter than the tegular division in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Figs 12D, E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">26I, J</xref>; see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">El-Hennawy 2002</xref>). Female distinguished by the median lobe of the epigynum, which is clearly longer than wide with a central constriction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Figs 18C</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F76">76A</xref>; wider than long with more or less straight, converging lateral margins in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus</named-content></italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figs 16B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">29C</xref>) and by the lack of ampullate gland spigots on the ALS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F77">Fig. 77B</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distinguishing species"><title>Distinguishing species.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra</named-content></italic> was revised by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Dippenaar-Schoeman in 1990</xref>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Natural history"><title>Natural history.</title><p>Known from semi-stabilized sand dunes in semiarid desert (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Dippenaar-Schoeman 1990</xref>). They build a simple straight to curved 5–15 cm deep burrow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4H</xref>). The opening is covered by two or four lobed silk flaps covered with sand, resembling a hoof print (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4G</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Lubin 1989</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Peters 1992a</xref>). Prey remnants are placed at the bottom of the burrow. The spider positions itself upside down under the burrow cover (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Filmer 1995</xref>). Prey are mainly ants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Dippenaar-Schoeman 1990</xref>). Eggs hatch at the beginning of summer. Juveniles feed on their mother’s corpse before dispersing (cf. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3D</xref>). Mating occurs in April and May. Males are active during the day, mimicking <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Camponotus</named-content></italic> ants and mutillid wasps in behavior and appearance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Henschel 1989</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Seothyra_henscheli"><named-content content-type="genus">Seothyra</named-content><named-content content-type="species">henscheli</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Dippenaar-Schoeman</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Seothyra_henscheli</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 10I–L</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">15A–C</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">18C, F</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F72">72</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F73"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F74"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F75"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F76"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F77"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F78">–78</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra henscheli</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1991: 156, figs 15, 26, 37, 67–70.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Male</named-content></italic> (Gobabeb Station, Namibia, SMN 40828, NMN): Carapace without conspicuous white setae; cephalic region subrectangular, longer than wide, strongly raised; AME slightly larger than PME (AME/PME 1.08), median eyes adjacent on horizontal axis, some overlap on vertical axis; ALE tubercles absent; PER slightly wider than AER (PER/AER 1.18), PLE position on carapace 0.35; clypeal hood forms a slightly less than 90° angle; fovea deep. Chelicerae with small lateral boss, excavated mesally, with tooth bearing a row of four denticles adjacent to the base of the fang. Legs without conspicuous white setae; femur, patella and tibia I conspicuously thickened; with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus II–IV plus a distal ventral macroseta on tibia III and scattered ventral macrosetae on metatarsus and tarsus III–IV and tibia IV. Abdomen with many white setae dorsally (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F72">Fig. 72A–D</xref>).</p><p>Male palp with proximal-distal axis; tegulum bulbous; conductor and embolus together form apical complex making about two helical turns; conductor increasingly sclerotized distally terminating in a recurved hook; embolic division longer than tegular division; cymbium with several prolateral and retrolateral macrosetae, some macrosetae arising from retrolateral modified with subbasal enlargement (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">Figs 15A–C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F72">72I, J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F73">73A–F</xref>).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p><italic>Female</italic> (Gobabeb, Namibia, SMN 46627, NMN): Carapace with many stiff dark setae in the cephalic region and scattered white setae, especially in the thoracic region; cephalic region subrectangular, longer than wide, moderately raised; AME slightly larger than PME (AME/PME 1.05), median eyes adjacent on horizontal axis, some overlap on vertical axis; ALE tubercles absent; PER slightly wider than AER (PER/AER 1.09), PLE position on carapace 0.38; clypeal hood forms a slightly obtuse angle; fovea moderately deep. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, with small lateral boss. Legs without conspicuous white setae; legs with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus II–IV, a few scattered ventral macrosetae on tarsus II and numerous ventral macrosetae on metatarsus and tarsus III–IV. Abdomen with white setae mostly around the margin (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F72">Figs 72E–H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F75">75A, B</xref>).</p><p>Epigynum with sinuous slit-like atria occupying ca. half the total length, median lobe margin defined anteriorly and laterally by a ridge (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Figs 18G</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F76">76A</xref>). Vulva with <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>tightly-wound sinuous stalk leading to spermathecal head at anterior end, multilobed spermathecae at posterior end (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Figs 18F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F76">76B–D</xref>).</p><fig id="F72" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 72.</label><caption><p><bold>A–J</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra henscheli</named-content></italic>. <bold>A–D, I–J</bold> male from Gobabeb Station, Namibia (SMN 40828, NMN) <bold>E–H</bold> female from Kuiseb River, Gobabeb, Namibia (SMN 46627, NMN) <bold>A–D</bold> habitus of male, photomicrographs <bold>E–H</bold> habitus of female, photomicrographs <bold>I, J</bold> illustrations of left male palp <bold>A, E</bold> dorsal view <bold>B, F</bold> ventral view <bold>C, G</bold> anterior view <bold>D, H</bold> lateral view <bold>I</bold> prolateral view <bold>J</bold> retrolateral view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g072"></graphic></fig><fig id="F73" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 73.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra henscheli</named-content></italic> from Gobabeb Station, Namibia (SMN 40828, NMN), scanning electron micrographs of right male palp, images reversed to appear as left palp. <bold>A</bold> prolateral view <bold>B</bold> retrolateral view <bold>C</bold> detail of embolic division, prolateral view <bold>D</bold> detail of modified setae on retrolateral side of cymbium. <bold>E</bold> ventral view <bold>F</bold> apical view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g073"></graphic></fig><fig id="F74" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 74.</label><caption><p><bold>A–D</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra henscheli</named-content></italic> from Gobabeb Station, Namibia (SMN 40828, NMN), scanning electron micrographs of male legI spinnerets, and epiandrous region. <bold>A</bold> femurI retrolateral view <bold>B</bold> detail of modified spigot on left male PLS <bold>C</bold> epiandrous region <bold>D</bold> detail of epiandrous gland spigots. <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g074"></graphic></fig><fig id="F75" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 75.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra henscheli</named-content></italic> from Kuiseb River, Gobabeb, Namibia (SMN 46627, NMN), scanning electron micrographs of female prosoma and spinnerets. <bold>A</bold> prosoma, anterior view, arrow indicates clypeal hood <bold>B</bold> left chelicerae, ectal view <bold>C</bold> detail of setae on prosoma <bold>D</bold> sternum, ventral view <bold>E</bold> detail of piriform gland spigots on left female ALS <bold>F</bold> detail of modified spigot on right female PLS. <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g075"></graphic></fig><fig id="F76" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 76.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra henscheli</named-content></italic> from Sout Rivier, Namibia (CASENT 9039242, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of epigynum <bold>A</bold> epigynum, ventral view <bold>B</bold> vulva, dorsal view <bold>C, D</bold> spermathecal head. <bold>ML</bold> median lobe <bold>S</bold> spermatheca <bold>SH</bold> spermathecal head.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g076"></graphic></fig><fig id="F77" orientation="portrait" position="float"><caption><p><bold>Figure 77. A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra henscheli</named-content></italic> from Kuiseb River, Gobabeb, Namibia (SMN 46627, NMN), scanning electron micrographs of female spinnerets. <bold>A</bold> overview <bold>B</bold> left ALS <bold>C</bold> left and right PMS <bold>D</bold> right PLS <bold>E</bold> cribellum <bold>F</bold> cribellar spigots. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>ALS</bold> anterior lateral spinneret <bold>CR</bold> cribellum <bold>CY</bold> cylindrical gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot <bold>PLS</bold> posterior lateral spinneret <bold>PMS</bold> posterior median spinneret.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g077"></graphic></fig><fig id="F78" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 78.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra henscheli</named-content></italic> from Gobabeb Station, Namibia (SMN 40828, NMN), scanning electron micrographs of male spinnerets. <bold>A</bold> overview <bold>B</bold> right ALS <bold>C</bold> left PMS <bold>D</bold> left PLS <bold>E</bold> vestigial cribellum <bold>F</bold> detail of vestigial cribellum. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>ALS</bold> anterior lateral spinneret <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot <bold>PLS</bold> posterior lateral spinneret <bold>PMS</bold> posterior median spinneret.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g078"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Spinneret spigot morphology"><title>Spinneret spigot morphology.</title><p>Female ALS with spinning field of more than 50 PI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F75">Figs 75E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F77">77B</xref>), male with more than 30 PI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F78">Fig. 78B</xref>); both sexes lack MAP on ALS. Female PMS with 2 anterior mAP spigots, a large posteromedian spigot (probably CY), and 8 smaller spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F77">Fig. 77C</xref>); male PMS with 1 central mAP and 3 AC<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F78">Fig. 78C</xref>). Female PLS with anterobasal MS and 2 accompanying spigots and distal field of more than 35 AC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F75">Figs 75F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F77">77D</xref>); male MS with 2 flanking nubbins, and only 3–4 AC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F74">Figs 74B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F78">78D</xref>); male and female PLS with peculiar, large, clavate lateral setae. Male cribellar plate with no sign of spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F78">Fig. 78E, F</xref>); numerous epiandrous gland spigots present (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F74">Fig. 74C, D</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Stegodyphus"><named-content content-type="genus">Stegodyphus</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Simon</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Stegodyphus</p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">Simon 1873</xref>: 336; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">1892</xref>: 253; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref>: 265. Type species <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus lineatus</named-content></italic> Latreille, 1817.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Magunia</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Lehtinen, 1967: 246. Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Note"><title>Note.</title><p>With the transfer of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus annulipes</named-content></italic> to the genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia</named-content></italic> gen. n., the genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> contains 20 recognized species from Africa, southern Europe and Asia, plus a single species from Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Platnick 2011</xref>). The genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Magunia</named-content></italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref> was <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>established to accommodate <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus tentoriicola</named-content></italic> Purcell, 1904 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus dumicola</named-content></italic> Pocock, 1898, both of which have a bifurcated conductor including a hook-shaped sclerotized branch (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>: figs 245, 248). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</xref> rejected this genus on the grounds that it would require dividing <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> sensu lato into at least three genera, which they considered needless. Molecular analyses have corroborated the monophyly of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> sensu lato and nested taxa representing <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Magunia</named-content></italic><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> within (not sister to) a monophyletic <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Johannesen et al. 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Miller et al. 2010a</xref>). We therefore concur with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</xref> in treating <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Magunia</named-content></italic> as a subjective junior synonym of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic>.</p><p>We studied specimens representing three <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> selected to cover a wide range of the variation present in the genus. Our exemplars were <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus lineatus</named-content></italic>, the type species for the genus, based on specimens from Afghanistan, Israel, and Turkey, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mimosarum</named-content></italic> based on specimens from Madagascar and Malawi, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</named-content></italic> based on specimens from Myanmar. Our identification was based on the revision of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</xref>; we did not seek to examine type material.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n. by the median eye group, which has large, subequal eyes (AME/PME > 0.6) with clear separation on the horizontal axis and significant overlap on the vertical axis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Fig. 11A, C, E, G, I, K</xref>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n. by the long, acute clypeal hood (short, slightly obtuse in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n., <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F70">Fig. 70I</xref>). Classically diagnosed by having the PER noticeably more narrow (65–90%) than the AER (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">Simon 1892</xref>); however, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea</named-content></italic>, and some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> species approach or even overlap with some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> species. Further distinguished from other eresids except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic>, and some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea</named-content></italic> by the advanced position of the PLE (< 0.29; > 0.31 in other eresids).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distinguishing species"><title>Distinguishing species.</title><p>Therevisionary monograph by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</xref> remains the key resource for identifying <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> species. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</xref> divided <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> into three species groups, each with one non-territorial permanently social species. In a molecular phylogenetic study, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Johannesen et al. (2007)</xref> suggested that <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus lineatus</named-content></italic> is distinctive enough to warrant its own monotypic species group, but otherwise their findings were congruent with the earlier morphological study of<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</xref> and supported the hypothesis that sociality in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> has been independently derived multiple times. The <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus africanus</named-content></italic> group contains seven species including our exemplar, the social species <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mimosarum</named-content></italic>. Males of the <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus africanus</named-content></italic> group have the palpal conductor as a distally-projecting complex comprising an outer leaf and a longer, less sclerotized, inner leaf. The embolic division is longer than the tegular division. The epigynum has the posterior part of median lobe raised, <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>membranous, and wider than long. The median eyes in both sexes are relatively heterogenous (AME/PME ca. 0.6–0.8; data from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>). The <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus dufouri</named-content></italic> group contains four or five species (depending on whether <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus pacificus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus dufouri</named-content></italic> are considered distinct) including our exemplar, the social species <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</named-content></italic>. Males of the <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus dufouri</named-content></italic> group have a spiral conductor that lacks a free inner leaf and is shorter than the tegular division. The median eyes in both sexes are relatively homogenous (AME/PME usually ca. 0.7–1.0, rarely ca. 0.6; data from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>). The <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mirandus</named-content></italic> group contains six species including our exemplar, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus lineatus</named-content></italic>, the type species of the genus (but see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Johannesen et al. 2007</xref>). Males of the <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mirandus</named-content></italic> group have complex conductors with a membranous inner lobe similar to that found in the <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus africanus</named-content></italic> group, although it is characteristically more spiral (as opposed to distally-projecting) and the embolic division is shorter than the tegular division. In some species (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus tentoriicola</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus dumicola</named-content></italic>), a sclerotized hook-like apophysis arises from the inner lobe of the conductor. The median eyes in both sexes are relatively homogenous (AME/PME ca. 0.8–0.9) except in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus tibialis</named-content></italic> (AME/PME ca. 0.5–0.6; data from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>). The epigynum of some <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mirandus</named-content></italic> group species is more or less rotated into vertical position (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Natural history"><title>Natural history.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> are known from a variety of warm, dry habitats and include both solitary and social species. The solitary species make webs with a central, funnel-like retreat and an irregular cribellate mass appressed to the substrate or multiple cribellate sheets in different planes on which they walk. The social species make a large nest of silk, plant debris and chitinous remains of their insect prey, and large sheets of cribellate silk may extend out in several directions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4J–L</xref>). The spiders walk upon or hang beneath these sheets. The cribellate silk carding leg is braced with a mobile leg IV, and the margins of the cribellate band are entire (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Griswold et al. 2005</xref>). We have never observed them to wrap captured prey. The fine structure of the cribellate silk of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> was studied by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Kullmann (1975)</xref> who recorded both axial fibers and reserve warp and noted that the cribellar fibrils are cylindrical in cross section. Prey include a variety of arthropods (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Dewar and Koopowitz 1970</xref>); social spiders hunting cooperatively are more effective than solitary hunters (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">Ward and Enders 1985</xref>). Juveniles feed on the bodies of dead females (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3D</xref>), which may or may not be their mother in social species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Schneider 2002</xref>). The sex ratio is female biased (more than 4:1) in social species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Avilés 1997</xref>). Social colonies last for 7–8 years. Mating in many species occurs in December–February (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Stegodyphus_lineatus"><named-content content-type="genus">Stegodyphus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lineatus</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Latreille)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Stegodyphus_lineatus</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figs 3A–C</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4K</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">11A–D</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">15D–F</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">18G, J</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F79">79</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F80"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F81"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F82"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F83">–83</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus lineatus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Latreille, 1817: 393.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus acanthophilus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Dufour, 1820: 302, pl. 95, figs 3–4 (not seen); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">Walckenaer 1837</xref>: 399, pl. 11, fig. 1. Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">Simon 1873</xref>: 337.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus unifasciatus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> C. L. Koch, 1846: 5, fig. 1081. Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">Simon 1873</xref>: 337.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus fuscifrons</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> C. L. Koch, 1846: 9, fig. 1084 (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Platnick 2011</xref>). Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">Simon 1873</xref>: 337.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus lituratus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> C. L. Koch, 1846: 11, fig. 1085. Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">Simon 1873</xref>: 337.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus lineatus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> (Latreille, 1817). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">Simon 1873</xref>: 337; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">1892</xref>: 253, fig. 208; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">1910</xref>: 286, fig. 4A; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Pavesi 1876</xref>: 443; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bacelar 1929</xref>: 252, figs 6–7; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Nenilin and Pestova 1986</xref>: 1734, figs 5, 6, 8; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>: 231, figs 1–2, 28, 202–205, 227–228, 234–242; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ergashev 1990</xref>: 44, figs 17–23; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Melic 1995</xref>: 11, figs 11–16; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">El-Hennawy 2009</xref>: 130, figs 3–4, 9, 11; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Le Peru 2011</xref>: 321, fig. 562.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus arenarius</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Kroneberg 1875</xref>: 44, pl. 5, fig. 32 (not seen). Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Nenilin and Pestova 1986</xref>: 1734.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus lineatus deserticola</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">Simon 1908</xref>: 79; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">1910</xref>: 287. Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>: 232.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus quadriculatus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Franganillo 1925</xref>: 38; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">1926</xref>: 75. Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>: 232.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic>Male</italic> (Nengrahar, Afghanistan, MR010, MR): Carapace with numerous white setae, cephalic region subtriangular, longer than wide, strongly raised; AME nearly as large as PME (AME/PME 0.88), median eyes separated on horizontal axis, largely overlapping on vertical axis; ALE on small tubercles; PER much narrower than AER (PER/AER 0.62), PLE position on carapace 0.24; clypeal hood forms acute angle; fovea shallow. Chelicerae with lateral boss, excavated mesally. Legs with numerous white setae; leg I distinctly thickened and elongated (contra <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>: 232), without thick brush of setae; with distal ventral macrosetae on tibia I–IV, row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV plus scattered ventral macrosetae on metatarsus and tarsus I–IV. Abdomen with numerous white setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Figs 11A, B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F79">79A–D</xref>).</p><p>Male palp with proximal-distal axis; tegulum subtrapezoidal; conductor and embolus together form apical complex making one helical turn; conductor with more or less membranous and papilliated inner layer extending beyond moderately sclerotized outer layer; tegular division slightly longer than embolic division; cymbium with several prolateral macrosetae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">Figs 15D–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F79">79I, J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F80">80A–D</xref>).</p><p><italic>Female</italic> (Belkis, Turkey, MR015, MR): Carapace with numerous white setae, cephalic region subtriangular, longer than wide, moderately raised; AME nearly as large as PME (AME/PME 0.87), median eyes separated on horizontal axis, largely overlapping on vertical axis; ALE on small tubercles; PER much narrower than AER (PER/AER 0.68), PLE position on carapace 0.21; clypeal hood forms acute angle; fovea shallow. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, with lateral boss. Legs with numerous white setae, with pair of distal ventral macrosetae on tibia I–IV and row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV plus scattered ventral macrosetae on metatarsus and tarsus I–IV. Abdomen with numerous white setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Figs 11C, D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F79">79E–H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F81">81A–F</xref>).</p><p>Epigynum with converging slit-like atria occupying nearly the total length, anteriomedian part with weak notch-shaped invagination, anteriolateral margin a strong <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>curved ridge (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Figs 18G</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F82">82A</xref>). Vulva with spermathecal heads on thick sinuous stalks leading to multilobed spermathecae posteriorly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Figs 18J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F82">82B–D</xref>).</p><fig id="F79" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 79.</label><caption><p><bold>A–J</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus lineatus</named-content></italic>. <bold>A–D, I, J</bold> male from Nengrahar, Afghanistan (MR010, MR) <bold>E–H</bold> female from Belkis, near Birecor, Turkey (MR015, MR) <bold>A–D</bold> habitus of male, photomicrographs <bold>E–H</bold> habitus of female, photomicrographs <bold>I, J</bold> illustrations of left male palp <bold>A, E</bold> dorsal view <bold>B, F</bold> ventral view <bold>C, G</bold> anterior view <bold>D, H</bold> lateral view <bold>I</bold> prolateral view <bold>J</bold> retrolateral view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g079"></graphic></fig><fig id="F80" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 80.</label><caption><p><bold>A–D</bold> male <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus lineatus</named-content></italic> from Nengrahar, Afghanistan (MR010, MR), scanning electron micrographs. <bold>A–D</bold> right palp, images reversed to appear as left palp <bold>E, F</bold> epiandrous region <bold>A</bold> prolateral view <bold>B</bold> retrolateral view <bold>C</bold> apical view <bold>D</bold> detail, prolateral view <bold>E</bold> ventral view <bold>F</bold> detail of epiandrous gland spigots. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g080"></graphic></fig><fig id="F81" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 81.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold> Female <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus lineatus</named-content></italic> from Belkis, near Birecor, Turkey (MR015, MR), scanning electron micrographs of prosoma and chelicerae. <bold>A</bold> anterior view, arrow indicates clypeal hood <bold>B</bold> left lateral view <bold>C</bold> eye region, dorsal view <bold>D</bold> detail, prosoma cuticle <bold>E</bold> left chelicera <bold>F</bold> left cheliceral boss.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g081"></graphic></fig><fig id="F82" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 82.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold> female <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus lineatus</named-content></italic> from Belkis, near Birecor, Turkey (MR015, MR), scanning electron micrographs of epigynum, vulva, and calamistrum. <bold>A</bold> epigynum, ventral view <bold>B</bold> vulva, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> right spermatheca and fertilization duct <bold>D</bold> right spermathecal head <bold>E</bold> calamistrum, left metatarsus IV <bold>F</bold> detail, calamistrum setae. <bold>FD</bold> fertilization duct <bold>ML</bold> median lobe; <bold>S</bold> spermatheca <bold>SH</bold> spermathecal head.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g082"></graphic></fig><fig id="F83" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 83.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus lineatus</named-content></italic>, scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets and trichobothrium. <bold>A–D</bold> male from Nengrahar, Afghanistan (MR010, MR) <bold>E, F</bold> female from Belkis,near Birecor, Turkey (MR015, MR). <bold>A</bold> overview <bold>B, E</bold> right ALS <bold>C</bold> left PMS <bold>D</bold> right PLS <bold>F</bold> trichobothrium on left metatarsus I. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>ALS</bold> anterior lateral spinneret <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot <bold>PLS</bold> posterior lateral spinneret <bold>PMS</bold> posterior median spinneret.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g083"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Spinneret spigot morphology"><title>Spinneret spigot morphology.</title><p>Our preparations are collapsed, obscuring the spigots of the posterior spinnerets, especially of the female. We are nevertheless able to make some provisional comments about the spigots. Female ALS with 5 MAP within and on inner edge of spinning field of more than 60 PI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F83">Fig. 83E</xref>); male with at least 2 MAP within PI field; MAP shafts nearly smooth (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F83">Fig. 83B</xref>). Male PMS with 2 median mAP spigots flanked by a large anterior mAP tartipore (with shafts scaly as in other eresids), with 11 AC scattered anterior and posterior of mAP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F83">Fig. 83C</xref>); female PMS spinning surface nearly hidden, but there a<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>ppears to be numerous spigots, more than in male, so it is possible that, as in other eresids, both AC and CY are present. Male PLS with at least 13 AC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F83">Fig. 83D</xref>); the base of the male PLS and most of the female PLS are not visible, so we cannot confirm the presence of a MS or flanking spigots. Male cribellar plate with no sign of spigots; numerous epiandrous gland spigots present (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F80">Fig. 80E, F</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Stegodyphus_mimosarum"><named-content content-type="genus">Stegodyphus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">mimosarum</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Pavesi</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Stegodyphus_mimosarum</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figs 3E, F</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4L</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">11E–H</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">15G–I</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">18H, K</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F84">84</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F85"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F86"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F87"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F88">–88</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mimosarum</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Pavesi, 1883: 81; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">Simon 1909</xref>: 30; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">Strand 1913</xref>: 329; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Lehtinen 1967</xref>: 461, fig. 454; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>: 195, figs 3–4, 8–12, 14–19, 37–39, 43–45, 49–51, 58–76, 96–99, 261, 266; 1990: 226, figs 6–8.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus gregarius</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">O. Pickard-Cambridge 1889</xref>: 42, pl. 2, figs 4–5 (Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>: 195).</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus corallipes</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">Simon 1906</xref>: 305 (Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>: 195).</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus hildebrandti</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> (Karsch, 1878). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">Tullgren 1910</xref>: 95, pl. 1, fig. 5 (misidentified, see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>: 186).</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus simoni</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Giltay, 1927: 105, figs 1–6 (Synonymy in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>: 195).</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic>Male</italic> (Forêt d’Analalava, Madagascar, CASENT 9005869, CAS): Carapace with band of white setae around margin, longitudinal line in cephalic region and patches near PLE; cephalic region subtriangular, longer than wide, moderately raised; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.62), median eyes separated on horizontal axis, largely overlapping on vertical axis; ALE on small tubercles; PER much narrower than AER (PER/AER 0.76), PLE position on carapace 0.32; clypeal hood forms acute angle; fovea shallow. Chelicerae with lateral boss, slightly excavated mesally. Legs with patches and longitudinal bands of white setae; leg I thickened with thick brush of dark setae on femur and especially tibia; with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV, a few scattered ventral macrosetae on tarsus I–IV and metatarsus II–IV. Dorsum of abdomen with median longitudinal stripe and posterior patch of white setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Figs 11E, F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F84">84A–D</xref>).</p><p>Male palp with proximal-distal axis; tegulum subtrapezoidal; conductor and embolus together form apical complex making one helical turn; conductor with more or less membranous and papilliated inner layer extending beyond moderately sclerotized outer layer; embolic division longer than tegular division; cymbium with several prolateral macrosetae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">Figs 15G–I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F84">84I, J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F85">85A–D</xref>).</p><p><italic>Female</italic> (Forêt d’Analalava, Madagascar, CASENT 9005869, CAS):Carapace with band of white setae around margin, densely mixed in cephalic region, fewer in thoracic region mesal to lateral band; cephalic region subtrapezoidal, longer than wide, moderately raised; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.69), median eyes separated on horizontal axis, largely overlapping on vertical axis; ALE on small tubercles; PER much narrower than AER (0.77), PLE position on carapace 0.27; clypeal hood forms acute angle; fovea shallow. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, with lateral boss. Legs with patches of white setae; with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV, scattered ventral macrosetae on tarsus I–IV and metatarsus II–IV. Dorsum of abdomen with alternating light and dark longitudinal bands (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Figs 11G, H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F84">84E–<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>H</xref>).</p><p>Epigynum bell-shaped with fleshy, bell-shaped median lobe, higher posteriorly than anteriorly, anteriomedian part with notch-shaped invagination (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Figs 18H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F86">86A</xref>). Vulva with spermathecal heads on compact sinuous stalks leading to multilobed spermathecae posteriorly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Figs 18K</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F86">86B–D</xref>).</p><fig id="F84" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 84.</label><caption><p><bold>A–J</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mimosarum</named-content></italic> from Forêt d'Analalava, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar (CASENT 9005869, CAS), images reversed. <bold>A–D, I, J</bold> male <bold>E–H</bold> female <bold>A–D</bold> habitus of male, photomicrographs <bold>E–H</bold> habitus of female, photomicrographs <bold>J–K</bold> illustrations of left male palp <bold>A, E</bold> dorsal view <bold>B, F</bold> ventral view <bold>C, G</bold> anterior view <bold>D, H</bold> lateral view <bold>I</bold> prolateral view <bold>J</bold> retrolateral view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g084"></graphic></fig><fig id="F85" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 85.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mimosarum</named-content></italic>, scanning electron micrographs of male from Forêt d'Analalava, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar (CASENT 9015950, CAS). <bold>A–D</bold> right palp, images reversed so as to appear a left palp <bold>E, F</bold> epiandrous gland spigots <bold>A</bold> prolateral view <bold>B</bold> retrolateral view <bold>C</bold> apical view <bold>D</bold> ventral view <bold>E</bold> epiandrous region, ventral view <bold>F</bold> detail, epiandrous gland spigots. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g085"></graphic></fig><fig id="F86" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 86.</label><caption><p><bold>A–D</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mimosarum</named-content></italic> female from Forêt d'Analalava, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar (CASENT 9015950, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of genitalia. <bold>A</bold> epigynum, ventral view <bold>B</bold> vulva, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> spermathecal head <bold>D</bold> spermatheca and fertilization duct. <bold>FD</bold> fertilization duct <bold>ML</bold> median lobe <bold>S</bold> spermatheca <bold>SH</bold> spermathecal head.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g086"></graphic></fig><fig id="F87" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 87.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mimosarum</named-content></italic> female from Forêt d'Analalava, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar (CASENT 9015950, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets. <bold>A</bold> Overview <bold>B</bold> Left ALS <bold>C</bold> Left PMS <bold>D</bold> Right PLS <bold>E</bold> Left lobe of cribellum <bold>F</bold> Cribellar spigots. Unlabeled spigots in <bold>C</bold> thought to be a mixture of aciniform gland spigots and cylindrical gland spigots. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>ALS</bold> anterior lateral spinneret <bold>CR</bold> cribellum <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot <bold>PLS</bold> posterior lateral spinneret <bold>PMS</bold> posterior median spinneret <bold>t</bold> tartipore.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g087"></graphic></fig><fig id="F88" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 88.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mimosarum</named-content></italic> male from Forêt d'Analalava, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar (CASENT 9015950, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets. <bold>A</bold> Overview <bold>B</bold> Right ALS <bold>C</bold> Left PMS <bold>D</bold> Right PLS <bold>E</bold> Detail of modified spigot on right PLS <bold>F</bold> Vestigial cribellum. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>ALS</bold> anterior lateral spinneret <bold>CR</bold> cribellum <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot mAP minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot <bold>PLS</bold> posterior lateral spinneret <bold>PMS</bold> posterior median spinneret <bold>t</bold> tartipore.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g088"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Spinneret spigot morphology"><title>Spinneret spigot morphology.</title><p>Female ALS with 6–8 MAP within and on inner edge of spinning field of 40–80 or more PI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F87">Fig. 87B</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Griswold et al. 2005</xref>: <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37">fig. 37B</xref>); male with 2 MAP and spinning field of more than 25 PI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F88">Fig. 88B</xref>). Female PMS with 2 median mAP spigots, with posterior field of about 25 spigots of varying size and shape (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F87">Fig. 87C</xref>); male PMS with 1 median mAP and 12 AC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F88">Fig. 88C</xref>); the large anterolateral spigot on the female may be a mAP or CY; other smaller <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>spigots on the female may also be CY, though these cannot be differentiated morphologically (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F87">Fig. 87C</xref>). Female PLS with anterobasal MS with 2 accompanying AC spigots and distal field of 35–50 AC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F87">Fig. 87D</xref>); male MS and flankers same, with about 18 AC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F88">Fig. 88D, E</xref>). Male cribellar plate with no sign of spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F88">Fig. 88F</xref>); numerous epiandrous gland spigots present (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F85">Fig. 85E, F</xref>). See also Griswold et al. (2005: 24–27, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34">figs 34D–F</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F25">25A–D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">36A–D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37">37A–D</xref>).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Stegodyphus_sarasinorum"><named-content content-type="genus">Stegodyphus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">sarasinorum</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Karsch</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Stegodyphus_sarasinorum</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Figs 11I–L</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">15I, L</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">18I, L</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F89">89</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F90"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F91"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F92"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F93"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F94"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F95">–95</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Karsch, 1891: 275, pl. 10, fig. 4; 209, fig. 65; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bradoo 1975</xref>: 239, figs 9, 11; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">Tikader and Biswas 1981</xref>: 15, figs 5–7; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">Wunderlich 1986</xref>: 208, fig. 199; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Kraus and Kraus 1988</xref>: 204, figs 21–27, 103, 110, 117, 120, 125, 139–141; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Gajbe 2007</xref>: 428, figs 16–19.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><italic>Male</italic> (7.5 km E PwintPhyu, Myanmar, CASENT 9019370, CAS): Carapace with few white setae, cephalic region subtriangular, longer than wide, moderately raised; AME nearly as large as PME (AME/PME 0.87), median eyes separated on horizontal axis, largely overlapping on vertical axis; ALE on small tubercles; PER much narrower than AER (PER/AER 0.86), PLE position on carapace 0.24; clypeal hood forms acute angle; fovea shallow. Chelicerae with lateral boss, slightly excavated mesally, with a single large keel-like tooth bearing denticles on the ectal side. Legs with numerous white setae; leg I somewhat thickened and elongated; with distal ventral <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>macrosetae on tibia I–IV, row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV plus scattered ventral macrosetae on metatarsus and tarsus I–IV. Abdomen with numerous white setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Figs 11I, J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F89">89A–D</xref>).</p><p>Male palp with proximal-distal axis; cymbium slightly excavated retrobasally; conductor and embolus together form apical complex making more than one helical turn;<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> conductor moderately sclerotized, tegular division longer than embolic division; cymbium with several prolateral macrosetae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">Figs 15J–L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F89">89I, J</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F90">90A–E</xref>).</p><p><italic>Female</italic> (7.5 km E PwintPhyu, Myanmar, CASENT 9019370, CAS):Carapace with numerous white setae, cephalic region subtriangular, longer than wide, slightly raised; AME nearly as large as PME (AME/PME 0.84), median eyes separated on horizontal axis, largely overlapping on vertical axis; ALE on small tubercles; PER much <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>narrower than AER (0.86), PLE position on carapace 0.24; clypeal hood forms acute angle; fovea shallow. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, with lateral boss. Legs with numerous white setae; with pair of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I–IV, scattered ventral macrosetae on tibia III and metatarsus and tarsus III–IV. Abdomen with numerous white setae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Figs 11K, L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F89">89E–H</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F91">91A, B, D, E</xref>).</p><p>Epigynum with slit-like atria that converge then briefly diverge near anterior limit, occupying nearly the total length, anteriomedian part with moderate notch-shaped invagination, anteriolateral margin a moderate curved ridge (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Figs 18I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F90">93A</xref>). Vulva with spermathecal heads on long sinuous stalks leading to multilobed spermathecae posteriorly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Figs 18L</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F93">93B–E</xref>).</p><fig id="F89" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 89.</label><caption><p><bold>A–J</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</named-content></italic> from 7.5 km E PwintPhyu, Magway Division, Myanmar (CASENT 9019370, CAS). <bold>A–D,</bold><bold>I–J</bold> male, images reversed <bold>E–H</bold> female <bold>A–D</bold> habitus of male, photomicrographs <bold>E–H</bold> habitus of female, photomicrographs <bold>I, J</bold> illustrations of left male palp <bold>A, E</bold> dorsal view <bold>B, F</bold> ventral view <bold>C, G</bold> anterior view <bold>D, H</bold> lateral view <bold>I</bold> prolateral view <bold>J</bold> retrolateral view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g089"></graphic></fig><fig id="F90" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 90.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</named-content></italic> male from 7.5 km E PwintPhyu, Magway Division, Myanmar (CASENT 9019370, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of right palp, images reversed to appear as left palp. <bold>A</bold> prolateral view <bold>B</bold> retrolateral view <bold>C</bold> ventral view <bold>D</bold> ventral-apical view <bold>E</bold> apical view <bold>F</bold> palpal tibia, dorsal view. <bold>C</bold> conductor <bold>E</bold> embolus <bold>ST</bold> subtegulum <bold>T</bold> tegulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g090"></graphic></fig><fig id="F91" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 91.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</named-content></italic> female from 7.5 km E PwintPhyu, Magway Division, Myanmar (CASENT 9019370, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of prosoma and chelicerae. <bold>A</bold> Prosoma, anterior view, left chelicera removed, arrow indicates clypeal hood <bold>B</bold> prosoma, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> sternum, ventral view <bold>D</bold> left chelicerae, ectal view <bold>E</bold> left cheliceral boss <bold>F</bold> distal part of left chelicera showing fang and teeth.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g091"></graphic></fig><fig id="F92" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 92.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</named-content></italic>, scanning electron micrographs of female from 7.5 km E PwintPhyu, Magway Division, Myanmar (CASENT 9019370, CAS). <bold>A</bold> tarsal organ indicated by arrow, left leg I <bold>B</bold> trichobothrium, left metatarsus I <bold>C</bold> tarsal claws, left legI retrolateral view <bold>D</bold> calamistrum, left metatarsus IV <bold>E</bold> detail of calamistrum setae <bold>F</bold> left female palp, retrolateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g092"></graphic></fig><fig id="F93" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 93.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</named-content></italic> from 7.5 km E PwintPhyu, Magway Division, Myanmar (CASENT 9019370, CAS), scanning electron micrographs. <bold>A–E</bold> female <bold>F</bold> male <bold>A</bold> epigynum, ventral view <bold>B</bold> vulva, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> vulva, dorsolateral view <bold>D</bold> detail of spermatheca <bold>E</bold> detail of spermathecal head <bold>F</bold> epiandrous gland spigots. <bold>FD</bold> fertilization duct <bold>ML</bold> median lobe <bold>S</bold> spermatheca <bold>SH</bold> spermathecal head.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g093"></graphic></fig><fig id="F94" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 94.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</named-content></italic>, scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets of female from 7.5 km E PwintPhyu, Magway Division, Myanmar (CASENT 9019370, CAS). <bold>A</bold> overview <bold>B</bold> right ALS <bold>C</bold> left PMS <bold>D</bold> right PLS <bold>E</bold> cribellum <bold>F</bold> cribellar spigots. Unlabeled spigots in <bold>C</bold> thought to be a mixture of aciniform gland spigots and cylindrical gland spigots. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>ALS</bold> anterior lateral spinneret <bold>CR</bold> cribellum <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>n</bold> nubbin <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot <bold>PLS</bold> posterior lateral spinneret <bold>PMS</bold> posterior median spinneret <bold>t</bold> tartipore.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g094"></graphic></fig><fig id="F95" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 95.</label><caption><p><bold>A–F</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</named-content></italic>, spinnerets of male from 7.5 km E PwintPhyu, Magway Division, Myanmar (CASENT 9019370, CAS). <bold>A</bold> overview <bold>B</bold> right ALS <bold>C</bold> right PMS <bold>D</bold> right PLS <bold>E</bold> detail of modified spigot on right PLS <bold>F</bold> vestigial cribellum. <bold>AC</bold> aciniform gland spigot <bold>ALS</bold> anterior lateral spinneret <bold>MAP</bold> major ampullate gland spigot <bold>mAP</bold> minor ampullate gland spigot <bold>MS</bold> modified spigot <bold>PI</bold> piriform gland spigot <bold>PLS</bold> posterior lateral spinneret <bold>PMS</bold> posterior median spinneret <bold>t</bold> tartipore.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-195-001-g095"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Spinneret spigot morphology"><title>Spinneret spigot morphology.</title><p>Female ALS with at least 7 MAP within and on inner edge of spinning field of more the 90 PI and many small tartipores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F94">Fig. 94B</xref>); male with at least 1 MAP on inner margin and 3 more within spinning field of about<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> 50 PI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F95">Fig. 95B</xref>). Female PMS with 1 central mAP spigot, a large anterior spigot (probably CY) flanked by 2 large tartipores, and 30 smaller spigots scattered from anterior to posterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F94">Fig. 94C</xref>); male PMS with 1 central mAP and about 9 AC, suggesting that the additional spigots on the female may comprise AC and CY spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F95">Fig. 95C</xref>). Female PLS with anterobasal MS and 1 accompanying spigot and distal field of more than 35 AC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F94">Fig. 94D</xref>); male MS with 2 flanking spigots, also with about 35 AC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F95">Fig. 95D, E</xref>). Male cribellar plate with no sign of spigots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F95">Fig. 95F</xref>); numerous epiandrous gland spigots present (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F93">Fig. 93F</xref>).</p></sec></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment1" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="family">Eresidae</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment1.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment2" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Adonea</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment2.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment3" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Adonea</named-content><named-content content-type="species">fimbriata</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment3.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment4" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Dorceus</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment4.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment5" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Dorceus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">fastuosus</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment5.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment6" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Dresserus</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment6.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment7" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Dresserus</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment7.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment8" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Eresus</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment8.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment9" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Eresus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">walckenaeri</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment9.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment10" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Eresus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">kollari</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment10.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment11" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Gandanameno</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment11.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment12" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Gandanameno</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment12.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment13" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Loureedia</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment13.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment14" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Loureedia</named-content><named-content content-type="species">annulipes</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment14.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment15" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Paradonea</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment15.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment16" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Paradonea</named-content><named-content content-type="species">striatipes</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment16.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment17" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Paradonea</named-content><named-content content-type="species">splendens</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment17.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment18" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Paradonea</named-content><named-content content-type="species">variegata</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment18.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment19" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Paradonea</named-content><named-content content-type="species">parva</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment19.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment20" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Paradonea</named-content><named-content content-type="species">presleyi</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment20.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment21" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Seothyra</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment21.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment22" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Seothyra</named-content><named-content content-type="species">henscheli</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment22.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment23" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Stegodyphus</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment23.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment24" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Stegodyphus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lineatus</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment24.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment25" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Stegodyphus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">mimosarum</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment25.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.195.2342-treatment26" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Stegodyphus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">sarasinorum</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.195.2342-treatment26.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>We are grateful to the following institutions and individuals for the loan of specimens: Janet Beccaloni (BMNH); Tharina Bird (NMN); Hörweg Christoph (NMW); Margie Cochrane (SAM); Ansie Dippenaar-Schoeman, Petro Marais, and Annette Van Den Berg (NCA); Jason Dunlop and Benjamin Nitsche (ZMHB); Martin Forman, Gershom Levy (HUJ); Leon Lotz (BMSA); Robin Lyle (TMSA); Christine Rollard (MNHN); Peter Schwendinger (MHNG). Thanks to Yael Lubin for facilitating access to the HUJ collection for MR. Thanks to Yuri Marusik, Ansie Dippenaar-Schoeman, and Jörg Wunderlich for helpful comments on a draft of the manuscript.</p><p>Major support for this research was provided by an integrated research grant from EDIT (the European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy). Participation by Mohammad Marhabaie was facilitated by a Martin Fellowship from NCB Naturalis. Tamás Szűts was supported by a Schlinger Chair of Arachnology Postdoctoral Fellowship (CAS); M. Řezáč was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (206/09P521), the Czech Ministry of Agriculture (MZE0002700604), and the Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (IAA601110808). Christine Rollard and Christophe Hervé kindly hosted M. Řezáč during his visit to the NMNH. Yael Lubin and Efrat Gavish-Regev kindly hosted M. Řezáč during his visit to Israel. Thanks to Giovanni Maki for providing all coquille board illustrations of male palpi and to a grant from the Schlinger Foundation to the Planidium Fund (CAS) for funding his participation in this project. The Exline-Frizzel Fund for Arachnological Research provided material support for project participants at CAS. Nikolaj Scharff acknowledges the Danish National Research Foundation for support to the Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate and the Danish Natural Science Foundation (grant no. 21020502). Field work and photography was supported by grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation (Systematics and Biogeography of Afromontane Spiders, BSR-9020439 and DEB-9020439, Terrestrial Arthropod inventory of Madagascar, DEB-0072713 and PBI: Collaborative Research: The Megadiverse, Microdistributed Spider Family <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oonopidae</named-content>, DEB-0613775, C. Griswold, P.I.; Assembling the Tree of Life: Phylogeny of Spiders, EAR-0228699, W. Wheeler, P.I.; The Amphibian & Reptile Diversity of Myanmar (Burma), DEB-0451832, A. Leviton, P.I.) and the Lindsay Travel Fund (CAS).</p><p>Thanks to Ansie Dippenaar-Schoeman and Rudy Jocqué for help with the history of the common name velvet spiders. Thanks to Charles Fransen (NCB Naturalis, Leiden), Eric van Nieukerken (NCB Naturalis, Leiden), and G.B. Edwards (Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville) for advice on nomenclatural issues. Charles Haddad and Martin Forman contributed new specimens for the molecular portion of this study. Gábor Kovács (Szeged, Hungary) generously donated specimens from his personal collection and allowed them to be deposited at CAS. Thanks to Martin Forman (Charles University, Prague) for sharing his observations of natural history. 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Kral, MR003, MR); 1 ♀, Wadi Mashash, 20 km S of Beer Sheva, 22 July 1993 (MR013, HUJ).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic> C. L. Koch, 1846</p><p>Primary types</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus fastuosus</named-content></italic> C. L. Koch, 1846</p><p><bold>Senegal:</bold> 1 ♂, Mian (Kat.-Nr. 1527, ZMHB, not examined). Note: As reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">El-Hennawy 2002</xref>, the holotype is a dry pinned specimen.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorceus viberti</named-content></italic> Simon, 1910</p><p><bold>Tunisia:</bold> 1 ♂ [+ 1 misidentified ♀, see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">El-Hennawy 2002</xref>: 62] Nefzana [Nefza?], Vibert [no date] (9126, AR5404, NMHN, holotype).</p><p>Additional specimens examined</p><p><bold>Israel:</bold> 5 ♂, Mashabin Sand Dunes, 23 August 2007 (J. Kral, MR006, HUJ); 1 ♀, Mashabim sand dunes, collected as juvenile 18 January 2009, matured in captivity 1 May 2009 (I. Hoffman, MR002, MR); 1 ♀, Negev, Mashabim sand dunes, 2008 (J. Kral, MR); 1 ♀, Negev desert, Mashabim Reserve, top of the sandy hill between the crop station of the Ben Gurion University and Wadi Bessor, Vysata [“sucked" - mother cannibalized by spiderlings], nest 1, 2008 (J. Kral, MR). <bold>Senegal:</bold> 3 ♂, Dakar [no date] (1237, AR 5405, NMNH).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dresserus</named-content></italic> spp.</p><p>Specimens examined</p><p><bold>Republic of South Africa:</bold><italic>KwaZulu-Natal Province</italic>: 1 ♀ Drummond, 600 m, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°44'S, 30°42'E</named-content>, 16 December 1990 (V. D. & B. Roth, CASENT 9037024, CAS); 1 ♂, Hluhluwe Game Reserve, 18 November 1992 (Endrody-Younga, TM 19739, TMSA); <italic>Mpumalanga</italic>: 1 ♂, Witbank, 10 November 1991 (TM 19738, TMSA); <italic>Northern [Limpopo] Province</italic>: Klein Kariba, ca 7 km W Warmbad, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">24°50'S, 28°20'E</named-content>, 24–28 November 1996, 1140 m (C. E. Griswold, CASENT 9025745, CAS). <bold>Tanzania:</bold> 1 ♂, Tanga region, Muheza District, Manga Forest Reserve, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">38°47'E, 5°02'S</named-content>, October–December 1994 (Frontier Tanzania, ZMUC); 1 ♀, Tanga region, West Usambara Mts., Mazumbai station [Mazumbai Research Station], <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">4°48.5'S, 38°30'E</named-content>, 1500m, 10–20 November 1995 (C. E. Griswold, N. Scharff, and D. Ubick,<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> CASENT 9025747, CAS); 1 ♂, Tanga region, West Usambara Mts., Mazumbai station [Mazumbai Research Station], <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">4°48.5'S, 38°30'E</named-content>, 1500m, 10–20 November 1995 (C. E. Griswold, N. Scharff, and D. Ubick, CASENT 9025746, CAS).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus walckenaeri</named-content></italic> Brullé, 1832</p><p>Primary type</p><p><bold>Greece:</bold> 4 ♀, Laconie near Sparta [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">37.075°N, 22.43333°E</named-content>] (syntypes, presumed lost, not examined).</p><p>Specimens examined</p><p><bold>Bulgaria:</bold> 2 ♂, Kresna, Skalni Stepi, 27 May 2008 (J. Chytil, MR). <bold>Greece:</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pieria</named-content></italic>: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Leptokaryas, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">40°3.221'N, 22°32.917'E</named-content>, 22 June 2008 (J. Maruch, MR020, MR); <italic>Lakonia</italic>: 1♀, 5 km south of Monemvasia, 6–20 April 1981 (Bjarne Skule leg., ZMUC 00012903, ZMUC).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus kollari</named-content></italic> Rossi, 1846</p><p>Primary type</p><p><bold>Austria:</bold> 1 ♀, Baden near Vienna [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">48.20833°N, 16.37166°</named-content>], August 1841 (K. Kollar, NMW, syntype).</p><p>Additional specimens examined</p><p><bold>Czechia:</bold> 18 ♀, Srbsko, res. Koda [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">49°56'0.896"N, 14°7'13.176"E</named-content>] 29 October 2002, rocky steppe on limestone (M. Řezáč, MR016, MR); 6♂, Prague, res. Radotinske udoli [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">49°59'59.41"N, 14°19'6.579"E</named-content>] 1998, rocky steppe on limestone (M. Řezáč, MR007, MR). <bold>Hungary:</bold> 1 ♂,Remete Mountain, close to Remeteszolos [Remeteszőlős], ~8 km NNW from Budapest, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">18.93051°E, 47.56685°N</named-content>, 3 October 2007 (G. Kovacs [Kovács], CASENT 9037134, CAS). See Řezáč et al. (2008) for additional specimen records.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus sandaliatus</named-content></italic> (Martini & Goeze, 1778)</p><p>Specimens examined</p><p><bold>Denmark:</bold> 1 ♂, 1 ♀ SE of Silkeborg, on road from Rye to Gl. Salten, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">9°35'E, 56°05'N</named-content>, 25 November 1994 (P. d. Place Bjørn, CASENT 9039243, CAS).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> Lehtinen, 1967</p><p>Primary types</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus depressus</named-content></italic> Tucker, 1920</p><p><bold>South Africa:</bold><italic>Eastern Cape</italic>: 6 ♀, Hanover, E. Karoo [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31.068°S, 24.440°E</named-content>] September–October 1901, (S. C. Schreiner, SAM-ENW-X012852, SAM, syntypes); 5 ♀, Hanover, E. Karoo [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31.068°S, 24.440°E</named-content>] September–October 1901 (S. C. Schreiner, SAM-12852, SAM, syntypes).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus echinatus</named-content></italic> Purcell, 1908</p><p><bold>Namibia:</bold> 1 ♀, Rooibank, SW of Walvis Bay, S. Hereroland [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">23.174°S, 14.655°E</named-content>] May 1905 (L. Schultze, SAM-ENW-X150519, SAM, holotype).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus purcelli</named-content></italic> Tucker, 1920</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><bold>South Africa:</bold><italic>Eastern Cape</italic>: 1 ♀, East London [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.013°S, 27.903°E</named-content>] 29 September–October 1905 (Mr. & Mrs. W. F. Purcell, SAM-ENW-B002435, SAM, holotype).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus spenceri</named-content></italic> Pocock, 1900</p><p><bold>South Africa:</bold><italic>Eastern Cape</italic>: 1 ♀, Port Elizabeth [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°58'S, 25°36'E</named-content>] 18 July 1890 (BMNH, holotype).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus inornatus</named-content></italic> Pocock, 1898</p><p><bold>Nyasaland [Malawi]:</bold> 1 ♀, Nyika Plateau [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">10.350°S, 33.600°E</named-content>] 25 April 1897 (A. Whyte, BMNH, holotype).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus bubo</named-content></italic> L. Koch, 1865</p><p><bold>South Africa:</bold><italic>Eastern Cape</italic>: ♀, Algoa Bay [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°50'S, 25°50'E</named-content>] (not examined).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus namaquensis</named-content></italic> Purcell, 1908</p><p><bold>South Africa:</bold><italic>Northern Cape</italic>: ♀, Namaqualand, Steinkopf [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°16'S, 17°44'E</named-content>] July–August 1904 (L Schultze, not examined).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Gandanameno</named-content></italic> sp.</p><p>Additional specimens examined</p><p><bold>Namibia:</bold> 1 ♀, 20 juveniles, Gobabeb, Kuiseb River Bed [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">23.6°S, 15°E</named-content>], 7 February 1978, with an egg sac, O. Lomholdt (19780207, ZMUC); 1 ♀, Homeb, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">23.638350°S, 15.18663333°E</named-content>, October 2009, under the bark on the tree (M. Forman, F. Stahlavsky, MF collection #9, “adult 13 October 2009, died 29 January 2010, I breed few of their offspring", DNA sample RMNH.ARA.1452113, RMNH). <bold>Republic of South Africa:</bold><italic>Eastern Cape</italic>: 1 ♂, 7 Park Road, Grahamstown, C.P. [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.3°S, 26.528°E</named-content>] 25 March 1979, under dry brick in aviary (P. Hawkes, P. Croeser, AcAT 82/317, NCA); 1 ♀, Addo Bush, C. Col. [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°32'S, 25°50'E</named-content>, SAM database] September 1919 (J. Drury, SAM-B4653, SAM); 1 ♀, Cradock [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.878°S, 18.574°E</named-content>] 25 October 1989, pit trap (M. de Jager, AcAT 90/464, NCA); 1 ♂, Farm Hermanuskraal near Fort Brown [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.143°S, 26.621°E</named-content>] 2 October 1993, on soil-pit trap (M. Burger, AcAT 96/34, M.B.-236, NCA); 1 ♂, 2 juveniles, Graaff-Reinet [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">32°15'S, 24°33'E</named-content>, SAM database] September 1902 (J. Paynter, SAM 12571, SAM); 1 ♀, Grahamstown [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.310°S, 26.520°E</named-content>] October 1979 (P. Croeser, AcAT 82/18, NCA); 4 ♀, Grahamstown [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.310°S, 26.520°E</named-content>] 15 October 1938 (Tenther, 19381015, MHNG); 1 ♀, Grahamstown [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.310°S, 26.520°E</named-content>] (Reimoser, MHNG); 1 ♀, Grahmstown, Gretna Farm [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.310°S, 26.520°E</named-content>] 1 January 1980, in web in tree stump (P. Hawkes, AcAT 82/108, NCA); 1 ♀, Middleburg, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31°33.714'S, 24°48.229'E</named-content>, 7 February 2006 (J. Miller, H. Wood, L. Lotz, M. de Jager, DNA sample 09-05, CASENT 9023623, CAS); 1 ♀, Port Elizabeth [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.958°S, 25.619°E</named-content>] 5 April 1987, bark of tree in caravan park (G. Gelderblom, AcAT 89/40, NCA); 1 ♀, Port Elizabeth [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.9°S, 25.6°E</named-content>] (S. Hansen, port-3325, ZMHB); 1 ♀, Port Elizabeth [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°58'S, 25°36'E</named-content>, SAM database] 29 July 1899 (J. L. DrŠje, SAM-5398, SAM); 1 ♀, Port Elizabeth [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°58'S, 25°36'E</named-content>, SAM database] November 1897 (J. L. DrŠje, SAM-2148, SAM); 1 ♀, Port Elizabeth [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°58'S, 25°36'E</named-content>, SAM database] January 1900 (J. L. DrŠje, SAM-8461, SAM); 1 ♀, Tarkastad [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">32°1'S, 26°18'E</named-content>, SAM database] 1903, (R. Brown [R. Pegler in SAM<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> database], SAM-12887, SAM); 1 ♀, 1 juvenile, Uitenhage district, Dunbrody [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°28'S, 25°33'E</named-content>, SAM database] 1903 (J. A. O'N,eil, SAM-12881, SAM); 1 ♀, Uitenhage district, Dunbrody [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°28'S, 25°33'E</named-content>, SAM database] 1901 (J. A. O'N,eil, SAM-9215, SAM); 1 ♂, Uitenhage, Springs Resort, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°42'S, 25°26'E</named-content>, 19 January 2004, Night hunting (L. Lotz, NMBA 09196, BMSA, DNA sample 20-05); 1 ♀, 1 juvenile, Willowmore [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°18'S, 23°29'E</named-content>, SAM database] 1903 (H. Brauns, SAM-12846, SAM); 1 ♀, Willowmore, Uitspan, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°31'S, 23°42'E</named-content>, 27–28 February 2008, in cave (L. Lotz, NMBA 11579, BMSA, DNA sample 19-06); <italic>Free State Province</italic>: Amanzi Game Reserve 11.64 km 344° N Brandfort, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">28°35.438'S, 26°26.145'E</named-content>, 1425 m, 25 October 2011, bushveld/ grassland (L. Almeida, C. Griswold, T. Meikle, C. Haddad, CAS); 1 ♀, Bloemfontein, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°8'S, 26°10'E</named-content>, 8 September 1991, dead on dogs nose (A. Truter, NMBA 08050, BMSA); 1 ♀, Bloemfontein, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°8'S, 26°10'E</named-content>, 13 January 1994 (A. Lombard, NMBA 07917, BMSA); 1 ♀, Bloemfontein, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°8'S, 26°10'E</named-content>, 9 May 1993 (A. Pretorius, NMBA 07950, BMSA); 1 ♀, Bloemfontein, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°8'S, 26°10'E</named-content>, 17 September 1989, in house (S. Louw, NMBA 02940, BMSA); 1 ♀, Bloemfontein, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°8'S, 26°10'E</named-content>, 25 February 1991, under stone (Museum Staff, NMBA 05379, BMSA); 1 ♂, Bloemfontein, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°8'S, 26°10'E</named-content>, 26 September 1990, in house (J. du Preez, NMBA 05322, BMSA); 1 ♀, Bloemfontein, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°8'S, 26°10'E</named-content>, 27 January 1997, in garden (L. Lotz, NMBA 07948, BMSA, DNA sample 19-03); 1 ♀, Bloemfontein, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°8'S, 26°10'E</named-content>, 19 January 1998, in garden (B. v/d Walt, NMBA 08705, BMSA); 2 ♀, Bloemfontein, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°8'S, 26°10'E</named-content>, 12 November 1998, in house (R. Nuttall, DNA sample 19-07, NMBA 08847, BMSA); 1 ♀, Bloemfontein [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°S, 26.100°E</named-content>] 29 January 2005 (from Johannesen et al. 2007, M. Řezáč, 14-06); 1 ♀, Brandfort, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">28°42'S, 26°27'E</named-content>, 1974, by hand (S. van Ee, NMBA 05250, BMSA); 1 ♀, Jagersfontein, Klein Preezfontein, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°49'S, 25°25'E</named-content>, 15 August 1989, under stones (Students, NMBA 02925, BMSA); 1 ♀, Jacobsdal, Kimberley Rd., <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°8'S, 24°41'E</named-content>, 4 May 1988, in channel (Museum Staff, NMBA 02568, BMSA); 1 ♂, nr Lindley, Doornkloof Nature Reserve, Overspruit Campsite [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">30.331°S, 24.987°E</named-content>] 25 September 2007, in web under rocks (D. du Plessis, AcAT 2008/554, NCA); 1 ♀, Vaalpark [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">26.775°S, 27.849°E</named-content>] 16 November 1993, in house, strong silk thread (E. Els, AcAT 94/64, NCA); <italic>[Gauteng?]</italic>: 1 ♀, Transvaal [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">26°S, 28°E</named-content>] (Reimoser, MHNG); <italic>Gauteng</italic>: 1 ♀, Botha Plotte [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">26.200°S, 27.670°E</named-content>] 8 April 1987, on tree trunk (C. Scheepers, AcAT 89/75, NCA); 1 ♀, Craighall, Johannesburg [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">26.115°S, 28.026°E</named-content>] 11 May 1987, from tree in garden (Rod Wilson, AcAT 87/731, NCA); 1 ♀, Johannesburg [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">26°12'S, 28°5'E</named-content>, SAM database] (SAM-12824, SAM); 1 ♀, Johannesburg, Melville Koppies [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">26.169°S, 28°E</named-content>] 7 April 1988, web under rock (L. Prendini, AcAT 91/911, NCA); 1 ♀, Magalieoberg [Magaliesberg] district [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">26°S, 27°32'45"E</named-content>] 13 March 1987, ander bas v boon (M. Vogt, AcAT 88/190, NCA); 1 ♀, Pretoria [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">25.742°S, 28.188°E</named-content>] 5 April 1987, Op klipmuur in gat (H. Scheepers, AcAT 91/1104, NCA); 1 ♂, Pretoria, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">25.450°S, 28.120°E</named-content>, 15 October 1986 (L. Vrey, AcAT 86/578, NCA); 1 ♀, Pta [Pretoria], Hatfield, [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">25.750°S, 28.230°E</named-content>] 14 February 1987, on tree (L. van Heerden, AcAT 90/322, NCA); 1 ♀, Pretoria, Leaufon<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>tein, Roodeplaat Dam [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">25°37'44.15"S, 28°21'2.08"E</named-content>] 3 December 2002 (L. Prinsloo, TM21768, TMSA); 1 ♀, Rietfontein, Pretoria [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">25.707°S, 28.221°E</named-content>] 13 November 1997, in garden (B. Sunkel, AcAT 98/48, NCA, DNA sample 20-04); 1 ♀, Roodepoort, Kloofendal [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">26.133841°S, 27.885662°E</named-content>] 16 February 1989, under loose bark of gum trees (A. Leroy, AcAT 89/688, LR493, NCA); <italic>KwaZulu-Natal</italic>:1 ♀, Greytown [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29.064°S, 30.389°E</named-content>] 25 June 1983 (P. Reavell, AcAT 92/408, NCA); 1 ♀, Ophathe Game Reserve, Ophathe River crossing, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">28°23.727'S, 31°23.643'E</named-content>, 5 July 2007, active searching under logs (C. Haddad, DNA sample 13-10, NCA); 1 ♀, Ophathe Game Reserve, Ophathe River crossing, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">28°23.727'S, 31°23.643'E</named-content>, 5 July 2007, active searching under logs (C. Haddad, DNA sample 19-02, NCA); 1 ♀, 1 juvenile, Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve Nr. Park Rynie [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">30.300°S, 30.720°E</named-content>] 25 March 1985 (R. Maartens, AcAT 86/565, NCA); <italic>Northern Cape</italic>: 1 ♂, Barkly West, Vaalbos National Park [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">28°26'S, 24°16'E</named-content>] 17–21 October 1988, under stones (Ent. Staff, NMBA 02789, BMSA); 2 ♀, E Karroo, Hanover [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31°4'S, 24°27'E</named-content>, SAM database] December 1901 (S. C. Schreiner, SAM-12854, SAM); 1 ♀, E Karroo, Hanover [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31°4'S, 24°27'E</named-content>, SAM database] November 1901 (S. C. Schreiner, SAM-12853, SAM); 1 ♀, E Karroo, Hanover [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31°4'S, 24°27'E</named-content>, SAM database] January 1902 (S. C. Schreiner, SAM-11800, SAM); 4 ♂, E. Karroo, Hanover [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31°4'S, 24°27'E</named-content>, SAM database] September–October 1901 (S. C. Schreiner, SAM 9465, SAM); 3 ♀, Eierfontein, 8–9 miles west of Hanover [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31°5'S, 24°18'E</named-content>, SAM database] December 1901–February 1902 (S. C. Schreiner, SAM-12823, SAM); 1 ♀, Eierfontein, 8–9 miles west of Hanover [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31°5'S, 24°18'E</named-content>, SAM database] December 1901–February 1902 (S. C. Schreiner, SAM-11948, SAM); 1 ♀, Eierfontein, 8–9 miles west of Hanover [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31°5'S, 24°18'E</named-content>, SAM database] 1902 (S. C. Schreiner, SAM-12579, SAM); 1 ♀, Hanover [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31.068°S, 24.440°E</named-content>] (SAM-ENW-B006896/SAM-9958, SAM); 1 ♀, Hanover, E Karroo, C.P. [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31°4'S, 24°27'E</named-content>, SAM database] December 1901 (S. C. Schreiner, SAM-11813, SAM); 1 ♀, Kimberley [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">28.743°S, 24.762°E</named-content>] December 1918 (J. H. Power, SAM-B4202/Aran 2248, SAM); 1 ♀, Kleinsee [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°40'S, 17°5'E</named-content>, SAM database] March 1935 (A. J. Hesse, Thorne, R. F. Lawrence, SAM-B8885, SAM); 1 ♀, Namaqualand [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29.350°S, 17.630°E</named-content>] 1905 (G. Alston, SAM-14426/Aran 2246, SAM); 2 ♀, Namaqualand, Steinkopf [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°16'S, 17°44'E</named-content>, SAM database] July–August 1904 (L. Schultze, SAM-150518/Aran 2165, SAM); 1 ♀, Namaqualand, Wolfberg, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29°37'S, 17°25'E</named-content>, 16 September 1994 (J. Irish, NMBA 08112, BMSA); 1 ♂, Poortjiesfontein, 5–6 miles N of Hanover [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31°S, 24°28'E</named-content>, SAM database] 1905 (E. Neeser, SAM-14479, SAM); 1 ♀, Vlagkop, 5–6 miles north of Hanover [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31°S, 24°28'E</named-content>, SAM database] December 1901–January 1902 (SAM-11924, SAM); <italic>North West Province</italic>: 1 ♀, Barberspan [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">26.620°S, 25.570°E</named-content>] 23 February 1991, under bark of blue gum tree (M. Filmer, AcAT 91/805, NCA); 1 ♂, Barberspan [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">26.620°S, 25.570°E</named-content>] 25 September 1990, in house (K. Morgan, AcAT 91/758, NCA); 1 ♀, Naauwpoort [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">26.188°S, 25.577°E</named-content>; for this and the following record, the SAM database gives alternative coordinates: <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">32°07'S, 23°00'E</named-content>, the location of Nelspoort, Western Cape] 12 October 1905 (W. F. P., SAM-B1565, SAM);<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> 1 ♂, Naauwpoort [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">26.188°S, 25.577°E</named-content>] 16–17 September 1913 (W. F. Purcell, SAM 1600, SAM); 1 ♀, Vryburg [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">26°58'S, 22°44'E</named-content>, SAM database] (SAM, SAM-14291); <italic>Western Cape</italic>: 1 ♂, Anysberg Nature Reserve [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.491550°S, 20.473876°E</named-content>] September 2007 (C. Haddad & R. Lyle, MF collection #16, DNA sample RMNH.ARA.14515, RMNH); 1 ♀, Anysberg Nature Reserve [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.491550°S, 20.473876°E</named-content>] September 2007 (C. Haddad & R. Lyle, MF collection #13, DNA sample RMNH.ARA.14519, RMNH); 1 ♀, Beaufort West [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">32°21'S, 22°35'E, SAM database</named-content>] 24–29 October 1905 (W. F. Purcell, SAM-B1560, SAM); 1 ♂, Bergvliet [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34°3'S, 18°27'E</named-content>, SAM database] September 1904 (W. F. Purcell, SAM-14207, SAM); 2 ♀, Bergvliet flats, Constantia [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34°3'S, 18°27'E</named-content>, SAM database] December 1899 (W. F. Purcell, SAM-8700, SAM); 1 ♀, Bergvliet, Cape Province [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34°3'S, 18°27'E</named-content>, SAM database] September 1904 (W. F. Purcell, SAM-13896, SAM); 1 ♀, Buffels Bay [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°34'S, 18°21'E</named-content>, SAM database] [no date] (R. Smithers, SAM-B9112, SAM); 1 ♀, Cape Peninsula, Clifton on Sea [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°56'S, 18°22'E</named-content>, SAM database] 3 May 1918 (B. Wallace, SAM-B4182, SAM); 2 ♀, Cape Point [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34.357°S, 18.497°E</named-content>] 15 February 1990, caught under <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eucalyptus gomphocephala</named-content></italic> bark with +- 40 dead adult beetles (G. Tribe, AcAT 91/499, NCA); 1 ♂, Cape Town [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.95°S, 18.45°E</named-content>] (MF #11, “born in captivity, offspring of the female no 10 from Cape Town," DNA sample RMNH.ARA.14516, RMNH); 1 ♀, Cape Town surroundings [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.95°S, 18.45°E</named-content>] (C. Haddad, MF collection #10, “I breed second generation from this female," DNA sample RMNH.ARA.14520, RMNH); 1 ♀, Cape Town [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°56'S, 18°28'E</named-content>, SAM database] [no date] (SAM-832, SAM); 1 ♀, Cape Town, Cable Way, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°59'S, 18°30'E</named-content>, February 1986, tree bark (M. Filmer, AcAT 87/122, NCA); 1 ♀, Cape Town, Green Point [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°54'S, 18°24'E</named-content>, SAM database] [no date] (H. Pitcher, SAM-B9285, SAM); 1 ♀, Cape Town, Oranjezicht [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°56'S, 18°25'E</named-content>, SAM database] 30 June 1991 (N. Larsen, SAM-C2215, SAM); 1 ♀, Cape Town, Signal Hill [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°55'S, 18°24'E</named-content>, SAM database] 1896–1898 (SAM-3539, SAM); 4 ♀, 1 juvenile, Cape Peninsula [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34.15°S, 18.4°E</named-content>] (SAM-B9113, SAM); 1 ♀, De Hoop Nat Reserve [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34°28'45"S, 20°30'45"E</named-content>, SAM database] January 1992 (N. Larsen, SAM-C2411, SAM); 1 ♀, De Hoop Nat Reserve, Bredasdorp [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34°28'35"S, 20°30'45"E</named-content>, SAM database] 17–20 April 1992, under stone (Norman Larsen, SAM-C2507, NL351, SAM); 1 ♀, De Hoop Nat Reserve, Potberg [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34.422°S, 20.545°E</named-content>] 7 April 2004, fynbos under rock (C. Haddad, DNA sample 18-01, AcAT 2006/112, NCA); 3 ♀, 1 juvenile, Devil'S, Peak (North slope) [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°57'S, 18°26'E</named-content>, SAM database] May 1902 (W. F. Purcell, SAM-12102, SAM); 1 ♀, Devil'S, Peak (North slope) [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°57'S, 18°26'E</named-content>, SAM database] January 1902 (W. F. P., SAM-12099, SAM); 1 ♀, Devil'S, Peak (North slope) [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°57'S, 18°26'E</named-content>, SAM database] September 1901 (W. F. Purcell, SAM-9005, SAM); 1 ♂, Farm Tierberg, NE of Prince Albert [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.202°S, 22.069°E</named-content>] 17 February 2007, Trap 19-1 (M. Burger, M. Fabricius, DNA sample 18-06, AcAT 2008/3804, NCA); 1 ♂, Farm Tierberg, NE of Prince Albert [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.202°S, 22.069°E</named-content>] 17 February 2007, Trap 19-2 (M. Burger, M. Fabricius, DNA sample 18-08, AcAT 2008/3782, NCA); 1 ♀, Karoo National Park near Beaufort West [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">32.350°S, 22.580°E</named-content>] 5 April 1989, web in grass (A. Leroy, <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>AcAT 89/766, LR426, NCA); 1 ♀, Karoo National Park near Beaufort West [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">32.350°S, 22.580°E</named-content>] 4 April 1989, web in grass (A. Leroy, AcAT 89/761, LR404, NCA); 1 ♀, Knysna, Southern Comfort, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34°2'S, 23°15'E</named-content>, 10 April 2006, per hand (L. Lotz, DNA sample 20-02, NMBA 09686, BMSA); 1 ♀, 3 juveniles, Kommetjie, 30 air km S Cape Town, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34°9'S, 18°20'E</named-content>, 5 April 2001, coastal strand (D. Ubick, S. Prinsloo and K. Muller, CASENT 9039241, CAS); 1 ♀, Leeukoppie, Hout Bay [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34°1'S, 18°21'E</named-content>, SAM database] [no date] (R. Smithers, SAM-B9295, SAM); 1 ♀, Maitland flats [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°55'S, 18°29'E</named-content>, SAM database] September 1899 (Mrs. [W. F.] Purcell, SAM-6083, SAM); 1 ♀, Mossel Bay [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34°11'S, 22°8'E</named-content>, SAM database] 14 April 1899 (J. L. DrŠje, SAM-5366, SAM); 1 ♀, Mossel Bay [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34°11'S, 22°8'E</named-content>, SAM database] (J. H. Power, SAM-B4594, SAM); 3 ♀, 2 juveniles, Pacaltsdorp, George [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34°1'S, 22°27'E</named-content>, SAM database] 1899 (L. Leipoldt (Pattison), SAM-5126, SAM); 1 ♀, Poortjiesfontein, 5–6 miles N of Hanover [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31°S, 24°28'E</named-content>, SAM database] 1905 (E. Neeser, SAM-14475, SAM); 9 ♀, 8 juveniles, Robin Island [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°48'S, 18°22'E</named-content>, SAM database] December 1896 (Lightfoot & Purcell, SAM-947, SAM); 1 ♂, route N7, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">32.4649°S, 18.96103333°E</named-content>, 7 October 2009, under the bark on the tree (M. Forman, F. Stahlavsky, MF collection #4, DNA sample RMNH.ARA.14514, RMNH); 1 ♂, route N7, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">32.4492°S, 18.95845°E</named-content>, 7 October 2009, under the bark on the tree (M. Forman, F. Stahlavsky, MF collection #8, “I breed few of their offspring" DNA sample RMNH.ARA.14517, RMNH); 1 ♂, route N7, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">32.4649°S, 18.96103333°E</named-content>, October 2009, under the bark on the tree as juvenile (M. Forman, F. Stahlavsky, MF collection #5, DNA sample RMNH.ARA.14518, RMNH); 1 ♀, 1 juvenile, Signal Hill [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°55'S, 18°24'E</named-content>, SAM database] [no date] (R. Smithers, Thorne, SAM-B9897, SAM); 1 ♀, Signal Hill [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°55'S, 18°24'E</named-content>] June 1900 (W. F. Purcell, SAM-8542, SAM); 1 ♀, Somerset West [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34°5'S, 18°51'E</named-content>, SAM database] 17 April 1996 (Anne Gray, SAM-ENW-C003710, SAM); 1 ♀, Stellenbosch [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.930°S, 18.860°E</named-content>] 2 May 1977, onder klippe (S. Neser, AcAT 77/966, NCA); 1 ♀, 2 juveniles, Swartberg, Nat. Res. Gamkaskloof [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.371°S, 21.843°E</named-content>] 15 February 2000, on soil (Z. v. d. Walt, DNA sample 18-04, AcAT 2002/181, NCA); 1 ♀, 1 juvenile, Swellendam, Tradouw Pass [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°58'S, 20°42'E</named-content>, SAM database] November 1925 (SAM-B6896, SAM); 1 ♂, Vanrhynsdorp, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31.611650°S, 18.73591667°E</named-content>, 29 October 2009, under the bark on the tree (M. Forman, F. Stahlavsky, MF collection #7, DNA sample RMNH.ARA.14513, RMNH); 1 ♂, Van Riebeeck Park, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°56.901'S, 18°25.182'E</named-content>, 210 m, 28 February 2006, under rocks in pine forest and fynbos (J. Miller, H. Wood, N. Larsen, DNA sample 09-02, CASENT 9023763, CAS); 1 ♀, Van Wyks Rus [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34.050°S, 21.200°E</named-content>] 19 October 1987, under angle iron frame in web (I. Barone, AcAT 88/106, NCA); 1 ♀, Viljoenshof [farm?], Bredasdorp [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34°40'S, 19°41'E</named-content>, SAM database] 11 August 1939 (S. S. de Klerk, SAM-B9925, SAM); 1 ♀, Worcester Div., Goudini, Schlanghoek [Slanghoek] [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33°38'S, 19°13'E</named-content>] December 1896 (R. Francke, SAM-959, SAM). <bold>Tanzania:</bold> 9 ♀, 25 juveniles, Iringa Distr, Iringa Town, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">7°44'46"S, 35°33'15.4"E</named-content>, 1422 m, 30 May 1997, with one egg sac (ZMUC<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> & SI Exped.1997, ZMUC 19970517, ZMUC); 24 ♀, 11 juveniles, Iringa Distr, Iringa Town [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">7°44'46"S, 35°33'14.4"E</named-content>] 1422 m, 17–27 May 1997 (ZMUC & USNM Exp.1997, ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC). <bold>Zimbabwe:</bold> 1 ♂, Harare, 19 Walmer Drive, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">17°15'S, 31°2'E</named-content>, 15 January 2002, on soil, hand (M. Cummings, AcAT 2005/123, NCA, DNA sample 18-05).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Loureedia annulipes</named-content></italic> (Lucas, 1857)</p><p>Primary types</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus annulipes</named-content></italic>Lucas, 1857</p><p>Patria Ignota [unknown site] (AR5391, NMHN, holotype). The original description gives the locality as “environs de Rio-Janeiro “ (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Lucas 1857</xref>: 21–22). This contradicts the label on the type specimen noted above and has led to the long held and erroneous notion that this species is from Brazil. Also, the original paper indicates that this species is described from the female, but the type specimen is male.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus semicanus</named-content></italic> Simon, 1908</p><p><bold>Egypt:</bold> 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Alexandrie [no date] (AR836, original code 471, original label written by Simon, NHNM, syntypes). <bold>Tunisia:</bold> 2 ♀, Djerba [no date] (Ltr. [Latreille], AR835, original code 12470, identified as <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus petagnae</named-content></italic> Aud. [<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Erigone petagnae</named-content></italic> Audouin, 1826], original label written by Simon, NHNM, syntypes, same specimens are syntypes of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Erigone jerbae</named-content></italic>).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus jerbae</named-content></italic> El-Hennawy, 2005</p><p><bold>Tunisia:</bold> 2 ♀, Djerba [no date] (Ltr. [Latrelie] AR835, original code 12470, identified as <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eresus petagnae</named-content></italic> Aud. [<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Erigone petagnae</named-content></italic> Audouin, 1826], original label written by Simon, NHNM, syntypes, same specimens are syntypes of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Erigone semicanus</named-content></italic>).</p><p>Additional specimens examined</p><p><bold>Israel:</bold> 1 ♀, Negev, Wadi Mashash, 4 December 2004, J. Kral (MR019, MR); 1 ♀, Haluquim, army wadi, 18 November 2004 (PET03, MR); 1 ♂, Haluqim Ridge (n. Sede Boqer), 17 November 1990, Y. Lubin (MR008, HUJ); 1 ♂, Negev, Nitzana [Nitzanna] village, 1 October 2004 (MR018, HUJ).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea striatipes</named-content></italic> Lawrence 1968</p><p>Primary type</p><p><bold>Namibia:</bold> 1 ♂, Runtu [Rundu] on the Okavango river, north-east border of S.W. Africa [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">17.93°S, 19.76°E</named-content>], 24 April 1967 (J. L. Sheasby, No. T. 639, TMSA, holotype).</p><p>Additional specimens examined</p><p><bold>Namibia:</bold> 1 ♂, Outjo, Kamandjab <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">19°37'S, 14°51'E</named-content>, 20 March 1992, in town, on road (J. Irish & E. Marais, NMBA 6035, new nr. NMBA 05700, BMSA); 1 ♂, Otjivasandu [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">19°31'S, 14°48'E</named-content>], 29 May 1966 (J. Meyer, NMN). <bold>Republic of South Africa:</bold><italic>Northern Cape</italic>: 1♂, Kathu [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">27.70°S, 23.05°E</named-content>], 30 March 2010 (L. Fourie, AcAT 2010/1955, NCA); 1♂, Dithakong Tribal Land, NE of Kuruman, 24 March 2006, pit and funnel trap (M. Burger, AcAT 2009/3152, NCA).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea splendens</named-content></italic> Lawrence, 1936</p><p>Primary type</p><p><bold>Botswana:</bold> 1♂, Gemsbok Pan [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">24.97°S, 21.84°E</named-content>] [no date] (U. Fitz Simons, TM5913, TMSA, holotype).</p><p>Additional specimens examined</p><p><bold>Republic of South Africa:</bold><italic>Gauteng?</italic>: 1 ♂, Sunnyside [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">25.73°S, 28.21°E</named-content>] (C1076, SAM); <italic>Northern Cape</italic>:2♂, Benfontein, Kimberley [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">28.72°S, 24.75°E</named-content>], 15 March 1981, on soil, pit traps (S. Erasmus, AcAT 2008/159, NCA).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea variegata</named-content></italic> (Purcell, 1904)</p><p>Primary type</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adonea variegata</named-content></italic> Purcell, 1904</p><p><bold>Republic of South Africa:</bold> 3 ♀, Cape Colony, Namaqualand Div., Great Bushmanland, Naroep [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29.34°S, 21.14°E</named-content>], March, 1989 (Max Schlecter, No. 3701, SAM, syntypes).</p><p>Additional specimens examined</p><p><bold>Botswana:</bold> 1♀,nr Francistown, Selkirk Mine, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">21.3222°S, 27.7062°E</named-content>, November 2007, EIA: site 07: pitfall (D. H. Jacobs, AcAT 2009/177, NCA). <bold>Namibia:</bold> 1 ♂, app. 50 km SW Aus (on road C13), <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">27.0473°S, 16.391°E</named-content>, 9 October 2009 (M. Forman, F. Stahlavsky, MF collection #2, "Nest with app. Ten juveniles under the stone, breed in captivity final moulting (11.1.2011) I still have few living juveniles from this nest", DNA sample RMNH.ARA.14512, RMNH); 1 ♀, app. 50 km SW Aus (on road C13), <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">27.0473°S, 16.391°E</named-content>, 9 October 2009 (M. Forman, F. Stahlavsky, MF collection #3, "Nest with app. ten juveniles under the stone, breed in captivity final moulting (11.1.2011) I still have few living juveniles from this nest", DNA sample RMNH.ARA.14522, RMNH). <bold>Republic of South Africa:</bold> 1 ♂, Kenhart Div., Great Bushmanland, Namies [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29.34°S, 21.14°E</named-content>], March 1898 (Max Schlechter, SAM 3716, SAM); 1 ♀, mid plateau, Kruger National Park [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">23.24°S, 31.29°E</named-content>], 7 April 1994, under fallen grass (A. Leroy, LR 1265, AcAT 98/278, NCA); <italic>Northern Cape</italic>: 1 ♂, Breekkierie Dunes, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">30°07'S, 21°33'E</named-content>, 4 May 1985 (M. Macpherson, C1062, shelf no: SAM/Aran 3147, SAM); 9 ♀, 25 juveniles, Komaggas [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29.67°S, 17.54°E</named-content>], July, 1904 (S. Schulze col. no. 673, ZMB 26963, ZMHB); 5 ♀, 39 juveniles, Komaggas [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29.67°S, 17.54°E</named-content>], July, 1904 (S. Schulze col. no. 676, ZMB 26969, ZMHB); 2 ♀, 4 juveniles, Komaggas [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29.67°S, 17.54°E</named-content>], July, 1904 (S. Schulze, ZMB 26970, ZMHB); 1 ♀, 4 juveniles, Steinkopf [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29.26°S, 17.73°E</named-content>], July, 1904 (S. Schulze col. no. 716, ZMB 26968, ZMHB); 22 ♀, 21 juveniles, Steinkopf [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29.26°S, 17.73°E</named-content>], July, 1904 (S. Schulze col. no. 717, ZMB 26964, ZMHB); 2 ♀, 3 juveniles, Steinkopf [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29.26°S, 17.73°E</named-content>], August, 1904 (S. Schulze col. no. 739, ZMB 26967, ZMHB); <italic>Western Cape</italic>: 1 ♀,1 juvenile, Dwars River nr. Cedarberg [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">32.31°S, 19.15°E</named-content>], 4 September 1993, burrow under rocks (A. Le Roy, LR 1097, AcAT 94/554, NCA).</p><p>Additional records</p><p><bold>Republic of South Africa:</bold> 1 ♀, Namaqualand Div., Great Bushmanland, Kykgat, March, 1898 (Max Schlechter, not examined); 2 ♀, Calvinia Div., Bokkeveld<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> Mountains about Nieuwoudtville [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31.38°S, 19.10°E</named-content>] (M. Schlechter, August, 1897; C. L. Leipoldt, August 1897, not examined); 3 ♀, 1 juvenile, Worcester Div. Touws River [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.64°S, 19.43°E</named-content>], August 1903 (R. M. Lightfoot and W. F. Purcell, not examined); 1 ♀, Worcester Div., Matjesfontein [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">33.55°S, 26.33°E</named-content>], August 1903 (W. F. Purcell, not examined).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea parva</named-content></italic> Tucker, 1920</p><p>Primary type</p><p><bold>Republic of South Africa:</bold><italic>Limpopo</italic>:1♂, N.W. Transvaal, Junction of Marico and Crocodile Rivers [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">24.19°S, 26.87°E</named-content>], January–February 1918 (B3701, SAM, holotype).</p><p>Additional specimens examined</p><p><bold>Botswana:</bold> 1♂,nr Francistown, Selkirk Mine, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">21.2897°S, 27.7631°E</named-content>, 7 November 2007–29 February 2008, EIA: site 14: pitfall (D. H. Jacobs and M. Stiller, AcAT 2009/178, NCA). <bold>Republic of South Africa:</bold><italic>Northern Cape</italic>:2♂, 4 km N of Hopetown [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">29.59°S, 24.08°E</named-content>], December 1996–February 1997, mixed karooveld, pit traps (B. Chambers, AcAT 97/988, NCA); 2♂, Benfontein, 10k S Kimberley [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">28.82°S, 24.75°E</named-content>], November–December 1980, pit traps (S. Erasmus, AcAT 81/1003, NCA).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paradonea presleyi</named-content></italic> sp. n.</p><p>Primary type</p><p><bold>Zimbabwe:</bold> 1 ♂, Falcon College, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">20°18'S, 29°E</named-content>, 10 November 1990 (V. [and] B. Roth, CASENT 9039236, CAS, holotype).</p><p>Additional specimens examined</p><p><bold>Republic of South Africa:</bold> 1 ♂, Kruger National Park [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">23.82°S, 31.45°E</named-content>], 29 November 2005, pit traps PCZ (K. Harris, AcAT 2008/4480, NCA, paratype).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Seothyra henscheli</named-content></italic> Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1991</p><p>Specimens examined</p><p><bold>Namibia:</bold> 2 ♀, Gobabeb, Kuiseb River at <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">23°33'57.5"S, 15°02'31.0"E</named-content>, 363 m, 10 June 2007 (T. L. & G. Bird & H. Vollebrecht, SMN 46627, NMN); 1 ♂, Gobabeb Station (inside house), <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">23°34'S, 15°02'E</named-content>, 5 June 1988 (J. R. Henschel, CA0415, SMN 40828, NMN); 1 ♀, Sout Rivier, near Gobabeb [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">23.56°S, 15.04°E</named-content>], 14 April 1993 (J. Henschel, CASENT 9039242, CAS).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus lineatus</named-content></italic> (Latreille, 1817)</p><p>Specimens examined</p><p><bold>Afghanistan:</bold> 1 ♂, Nengrahar, 10 km OOS Jalalabad [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">34.17183°N, 70.62167°E</named-content>], 19 February 1966, 620 m (Povolny A. Tenora, MR010, MR). <bold>Israel:</bold> 1 ♂, Negev [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">31°N, 34.75°E</named-content>] [no date] (Y. Lubin, MR). <bold>Turkey:</bold> 2 ♀, Belkis, near Birecor, 30 June 2004, slopes on right bank of dam on Enfrat, steppe [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">36.92466°N, 31.14383°E</named-content>] (M. Řezáč, MR015, MR).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus mimosarum</named-content></italic> Pavesi, 1883</p><p>Specimens examined</p><p><bold>Madagascar:</bold><italic>Fianarantsoa</italic>: 9 ♂, 93 ♀, 4 juveniles, Forêt d'Analalava, 29.6 km 280° W Ranohira, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">22°35'30"S, 45°7'42"E</named-content>, el 700 m, 1–5 February 2003, tropical dry forest EF37 general collecting day spiders (Fisher, Griswold et al., BLF07389, CASENT 9015950, CAS); 2 ♂, 22 ♀, Forêt d'Analalava, 29.6 km 280° W Ranohira, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">22°35'30"S, 45°7'42"E</named-content>, el 700 m, 1–5 February 2003, dry forest on sandy soil, general collecting, beating/puffing spiders (col. Fisher, Griswold, et al., BLF 7390, CASENT 9005869, CAS); <italic>Toliara</italic>: 2 ♂, 40 ♀, Réserve Spéciale de Cap Sainte Marie, 14.9 km 261° W Marovato, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">25.59444°S, 45.14683°E</named-content>, 160 m, 13–19 February 2002, spiny forest/thicket EH26 general collecting night spiders (Fisher-Griswold Arthropod Team, BLF05653, CASENT 9012844, CAS). <bold>Malawi:</bold> 2 ♂, 1 ♀, 31 mi. SE Ft. Hill [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">9.72°S, 33.27°E</named-content>], elev. 1600 m, 20 February 1958 (E. Ross, CAS).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</named-content></italic> Karsch, 1891</p><p>Specimens examined</p><p><bold>Myanmar:</bold> 2 ♂, 16 ♀, 46 juveniles, Magway Division, 7.5 km E PwintPhyu (=Pwinbyu) <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">20°25'26.8"N, 94°40'11.2"E</named-content>, el 79 m, 27 September 2003, from communal nests on <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Acacia</named-content></italic> trees (D. Ubick, C. Griswold, CASENT 9019370, CAS).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stegodyphus</named-content></italic> sp.</p><p>Specimens examined</p><p><bold>Myanmar:</bold><italic>Magway Division</italic>: ShweSettaw Wildlife Reservation, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">20°5'51.1"N, 94°33'24.5"E</named-content>, elev. 450 ft., 28–29 September 2003, deciduous forest, general collecting (C. Griswold, P. Sierwald, D. Ubick, Aye Aye Cho and Tin Mya Soe, Dong Lin photo voucher, CAS; Fig. 3I).</p></app></app-group></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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