Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Efficacy of Intranasal Administration of a Modified Live Feline Herpesvirus 1 and Feline Calicivirus Vaccine against Disease Caused by <italic>Bordetella bronchiseptica</italic> after Experimental Challenge</title><author><name sortKey="Bradley, A" sort="Bradley, A" uniqKey="Bradley A" first="A." last="Bradley">A. Bradley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jvim982-aff-0001"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kinyon, J" sort="Kinyon, J" uniqKey="Kinyon J" first="J." last="Kinyon">J. Kinyon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jvim982-aff-0003"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frana, T" sort="Frana, T" uniqKey="Frana T" first="T." last="Frana">T. Frana</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jvim982-aff-0003"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bolte, D" sort="Bolte, D" uniqKey="Bolte D" first="D." last="Bolte">D. Bolte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jvim982-aff-0002"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hyatt, D R" sort="Hyatt, D R" uniqKey="Hyatt D" first="D. R." last="Hyatt">D. R. Hyatt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jvim982-aff-0002"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lappin, M R" sort="Lappin, M R" uniqKey="Lappin M" first="M. R." last="Lappin">M. R. Lappin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jvim982-aff-0001"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22860699</idno><idno type="pmc">7166316</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7166316</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7166316</idno><idno type="doi">10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00982.x</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000758</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000758</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Efficacy of Intranasal Administration of a Modified Live Feline Herpesvirus 1 and Feline Calicivirus Vaccine against Disease Caused by <italic>Bordetella bronchiseptica</italic> after Experimental Challenge</title><author><name sortKey="Bradley, A" sort="Bradley, A" uniqKey="Bradley A" first="A." last="Bradley">A. Bradley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jvim982-aff-0001"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kinyon, J" sort="Kinyon, J" uniqKey="Kinyon J" first="J." last="Kinyon">J. Kinyon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jvim982-aff-0003"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frana, T" sort="Frana, T" uniqKey="Frana T" first="T." last="Frana">T. Frana</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jvim982-aff-0003"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bolte, D" sort="Bolte, D" uniqKey="Bolte D" first="D." last="Bolte">D. Bolte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jvim982-aff-0002"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hyatt, D R" sort="Hyatt, D R" uniqKey="Hyatt D" first="D. R." last="Hyatt">D. R. Hyatt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jvim982-aff-0002"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lappin, M R" sort="Lappin, M R" uniqKey="Lappin M" first="M. R." last="Lappin">M. R. Lappin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jvim982-aff-0001"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine</title><idno type="ISSN">0891-6640</idno><idno type="eISSN">1939-1676</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="jvim982-sec-0001"><title>Background</title><p>Studies suggest that intranasal vaccination can stimulate nonspecific immunity against agents not contained within the vaccine, but this effect is not reported for cats.</p></sec><sec id="jvim982-sec-0002"><title>Hypothesis</title><p>A modified live feline herpesvirus‐1 (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">FHV</styled-content>‐1) and feline calicivirus (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">FCV</styled-content>) intranasal vaccine will reduce clinical signs of disease caused by experimental infection with <italic>Bordetella bronchiseptica</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="jvim982-sec-0003"><title>Animals</title><p>Twenty specific pathogen‐free 12‐week‐old kittens.</p></sec><sec id="jvim982-sec-0004"><title>Methods</title><p>Experimental study. Cats were randomized into 2 groups of 10 cats each. The vaccinated group was administered a single intranasal dose of a commercially available vaccine containing modified live strains of <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">FHV</styled-content>‐1 and <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">FCV</styled-content>, and the control group remained unvaccinated. All 20 cats were administered <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> by nasal inoculation 7 days later and were observed daily for clinical signs of illness for 20 days.</p></sec><sec id="jvim982-sec-0005"><title>Results</title><p>In the first 10 days after <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> challenge, vaccinated cats were less likely to be clinically ill than control cats with a median clinical score of 0/180 (range 0–5) versus 2/180 (range 0–8) (<italic>P </italic>= .01). Nine of 10 control cats and 2 of 10 vaccinated cats were recorded as sneezing during days 1–10 after challenge (<italic>P </italic>= .006).</p></sec><sec id="jvim982-sec-0006"><title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance</title><p>Intranasal vaccination against <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">FHV</styled-content>‐1 and <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">FCV</styled-content> decreased signs of illness due to an infectious agent not contained in the vaccine. This nonspecific immunity could be beneficial for protection against organisms for which vaccines are not available and as protection before development of vaccine‐induced humoral immunity.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Vet Intern Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Vet. Intern. Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1111/(ISSN)1939-1676</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JVIM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0891-6640</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1939-1676</issn><publisher><publisher-name>John Wiley and Sons Inc.</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Hoboken</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22860699</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7166316</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00982.x</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JVIM982</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="overline"><subject>Standard Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Standard Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Efficacy of Intranasal Administration of a Modified Live Feline Herpesvirus 1 and Feline Calicivirus Vaccine against Disease Caused by <italic>Bordetella bronchiseptica</italic> after Experimental Challenge</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="left-running-head">Bradley et al</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib id="jvim982-cr-0001" contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Bradley</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="jvim982-aff-0001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib id="jvim982-cr-0002" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kinyon</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="jvim982-aff-0003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib id="jvim982-cr-0003" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Frana</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="jvim982-aff-0003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib id="jvim982-cr-0004" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bolte</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="jvim982-aff-0002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib id="jvim982-cr-0005" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hyatt</surname><given-names>D.R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="jvim982-aff-0002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib id="jvim982-cr-0006" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lappin</surname><given-names>M.R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="jvim982-aff-0001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="jvim982-aff-0001"><label><sup>1</sup></label><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences</institution><city>Fort Collins</city><named-content content-type="country-part">CO</named-content></aff><aff id="jvim982-aff-0002"><label><sup>2</sup></label><named-content content-type="organisation-division">Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory</named-content><institution>Colorado State University</institution><city>Fort Collins</city><named-content content-type="country-part">CO</named-content></aff><aff id="jvim982-aff-0003"><label><sup>3</sup></label><named-content content-type="organisation-division">Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory</named-content><institution>Iowa State University</institution><city>Ames</city><named-content content-type="country-part">IA</named-content></aff><author-notes><corresp id="correspondenceTo"><label>*</label><italic>Corresponding author: A. Bradley, DVM, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 W. Drake Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80523; e‐mail</italic>: <email>allison.bradley@colostate.edu</email>.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>8</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Sep-Oct</season><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jvim.2012.26.issue-5</issue-id><fpage>1121</fpage><lpage>1125</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>21</day><month>1</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>19</day><month>4</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>26</day><month>6</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><pmc-comment> © 2012 American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine </pmc-comment>
<copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">Copyright © 2012 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine</copyright-statement><license><license-p>This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="file:JVIM-26-1121.pdf"></self-uri><abstract id="jvim982-abs-0001"><sec id="jvim982-sec-0001"><title>Background</title><p>Studies suggest that intranasal vaccination can stimulate nonspecific immunity against agents not contained within the vaccine, but this effect is not reported for cats.</p></sec><sec id="jvim982-sec-0002"><title>Hypothesis</title><p>A modified live feline herpesvirus‐1 (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">FHV</styled-content>‐1) and feline calicivirus (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">FCV</styled-content>) intranasal vaccine will reduce clinical signs of disease caused by experimental infection with <italic>Bordetella bronchiseptica</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="jvim982-sec-0003"><title>Animals</title><p>Twenty specific pathogen‐free 12‐week‐old kittens.</p></sec><sec id="jvim982-sec-0004"><title>Methods</title><p>Experimental study. Cats were randomized into 2 groups of 10 cats each. The vaccinated group was administered a single intranasal dose of a commercially available vaccine containing modified live strains of <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">FHV</styled-content>‐1 and <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">FCV</styled-content>, and the control group remained unvaccinated. All 20 cats were administered <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> by nasal inoculation 7 days later and were observed daily for clinical signs of illness for 20 days.</p></sec><sec id="jvim982-sec-0005"><title>Results</title><p>In the first 10 days after <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> challenge, vaccinated cats were less likely to be clinically ill than control cats with a median clinical score of 0/180 (range 0–5) versus 2/180 (range 0–8) (<italic>P </italic>= .01). Nine of 10 control cats and 2 of 10 vaccinated cats were recorded as sneezing during days 1–10 after challenge (<italic>P </italic>= .006).</p></sec><sec id="jvim982-sec-0006"><title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance</title><p>Intranasal vaccination against <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">FHV</styled-content>‐1 and <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">FCV</styled-content> decreased signs of illness due to an infectious agent not contained in the vaccine. This nonspecific immunity could be beneficial for protection against organisms for which vaccines are not available and as protection before development of vaccine‐induced humoral immunity.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated"><kwd id="jvim982-kwd-0001">Cat</kwd><kwd id="jvim982-kwd-0002">Innate</kwd><kwd id="jvim982-kwd-0003">Immunity</kwd><kwd id="jvim982-kwd-0004">Respiratory</kwd><kwd id="jvim982-kwd-0005">Virus</kwd></kwd-group><counts><page-count count="5"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>source-schema-version-number</meta-name><meta-value>2.0</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name><meta-value>September–October 2012</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>details-of-publishers-convertor</meta-name><meta-value>Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.0 mode:remove_FC converted:15.04.2020</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><def-list list-content="abbreviations" id="jvim982-dl-0001"><title>Abbreviations</title><def-item><term>AcNPV</term><def><p><italic>Autographa californica</italic> nuclear polyhedrosis baculovirus</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>FCV</term><def><p>feline calicivirus</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>FHV‐1</term><def><p>feline herpesvirus</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>FVRC</term><def><p>FHV‐1 and FCV</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>FVRCP</term><def><p>FHV‐1, FCV, and panleukopenia</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>GAPDH</term><def><p>glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PCR</term><def><p>polymerase chain reaction</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>SPF</term><def><p>specific pathogen free</p></def></def-item></def-list><p>Upper respiratory infections are one of the most common syndromes affecting cats in shelters, boarding facilities, and multiple cat households. The infectious agents implicated as primary causes of rhinitis in cats include feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV‐1), feline calicivirus (FCV), <italic>Bordetella bronchiseptica</italic>,<italic> Chlamydophila felis</italic>,<italic> Mycoplasma</italic> spp., and some strains of <italic>Pasteurella</italic> spp. Vaccines are available only for FHV‐1, FCV, <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic>, and <italic>C. felis,</italic> and no single product is available that induces protection against all 4 agents. In addition, as with FCV, different strains of each agent can respond differently to vaccination, and it is unlikely that any product confers complete protection.<xref rid="jvim982-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1</xref>, <xref rid="jvim982-bib-0002" ref-type="ref">2</xref>, <xref rid="jvim982-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">3</xref>, <xref rid="jvim982-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">4</xref></p><p>There are different formulations of the respiratory agents contained in commercially available vaccines in the United States. The majority of available vaccines are formulated for parenteral administration; however, there are 2 vaccines containing attenuated FHV‐1 and FCV that are formulated for intranasal administration.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="jvim982-note-0001">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="jvim982-note-0002">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="jvim982-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">5</xref> There are potential differences between immunologic responses induced by intranasal inoculation and parenteral inoculation. For example, in one study, intranasal administration of a FHV‐1, FCV, and panleukopenia (FVRCP) vaccine induced more rapid serologic responses to FHV‐1 and FCV than a modified live FVRCP for parenteral administration.<xref rid="jvim982-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">6</xref> In other studies, intranasal administration of a FVRCP vaccine induced protection against FHV‐1 challenge as early as 4 days after a single vaccination,<xref rid="jvim982-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">7</xref> and administration of an intranasal <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> vaccine induced protection against <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> as early as 3 days after a single vaccination,<xref rid="jvim982-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">8</xref> suggesting protection mediated at least in part by nonspecific immune stimulation. In addition, intranasal administration of a FVRCP vaccine induced greater lymphoblast responses to concanavalin A (a nonspecific mitogen) and to FHV‐1 antigens than a modified live FVRCP for parenteral administration.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="jvim982-note-0003">3</xref> It therefore seems possible that nonspecific immune stimulation induced by intranasal vaccination might lessen clinical signs of disease when the vaccinate is exposed to infectious agents not contained within the vaccine. This is the case in murine studies in which intranasal administration of <italic>B. pertussis</italic> or <italic>Autographa californica</italic> nuclear polyhedrosis baculovirus (AcNPV) protected against challenge with influenza virus.<xref rid="jvim982-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">9</xref>, <xref rid="jvim982-bib-0010" ref-type="ref">10</xref></p><p>The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether intranasal administration of a commercially available vaccine containing FHV‐1 and FCV<sup>a</sup> confers protection against intranasal challenge with an infectious agent (<italic>B. bronchiseptica)</italic> not contained in the vaccine.</p><sec id="jvim982-sec-0008"><title>Materials and Methods</title><sec id="jvim982-sec-0009"><title>Study Design and Animals</title><p>Young (12 week old), mixed sex kittens (n = 20) from a barrier facility known to be negative for FHV‐1 and FCV were purchased. On arrival at the research facility, samples were collected by gently rubbing a sterile cotton swab against the oropharynx at the level of the molar teeth, placed in transport media,<xref ref-type="fn" rid="jvim982-note-0004">4</xref> and cultured for aerobic bacteria<bold>,</bold> including <italic>B. bronchiseptica,</italic> and <italic>Mycoplasma</italic> spp.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="jvim982-note-0005">5</xref> Total DNA and RNA were extracted from a second pharyngeal swab and evaluated for DNA of FHV‐1 and DNA of GAPDH (control DNA) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as well as RNA of FCV by reverse transcriptase PCR assay as previously described.<xref rid="jvim982-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">4</xref> Before vaccination, serum was collected and assayed for FHV‐1 and FCV antibodies by serum neutralization.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="jvim982-note-0006">6</xref> The kittens were not tested for <italic>Chlamydophila felis</italic>.</p><p>The kittens were randomized utilizing a random number generator into 2 groups of 10, group‐housed in different areas of the facility, and acclimatized for 14 days. After the kittens were shown to be negative for antibodies against FHV‐1 and FCV, negative for FHV‐1 and FCV nucleic acids from the pharyngeal swabs, and negative for <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> by culture, one group was administered a single dose of the intranasal FVRC vaccine according to the manufacturer's guidelines<xref ref-type="fn" rid="jvim982-note-0001">1</xref> on Day 0, and the other group was not vaccinated. After vaccination, facility staff members used barrier precautions to avoid cross‐infection of the kittens with the modified live vaccine strains of FHV‐1 and FCV. The protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the research facility.</p></sec><sec id="jvim982-sec-0010"><title>Challenge Inoculation</title><p>The D‐2 strain of <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> was grown from freezing solution at Iowa State University.<xref rid="jvim982-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">8</xref> Once successfully cultured, the isolate was shipped overnight to Colorado State University in broth and subcultured to provide adequate challenge inoculum. The <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> isolate was subcultured onto a TSA (tryptic soy agar) with 5% sheep's blood agar plate to ensure the organism was in pure culture. Once a pure culture was confirmed, the isolate was put into 5 mL of TSB (tryptic soy broth) and allowed to grow for 24 hours at 37°C in ambient air. On day 7, an investigator (ML) administered 0.5 mL of the inoculum into each naris of all kittens. Quantitative culture of the isolate performed the morning of the challenge inoculation showed that approximately 10<sup>12</sup> CFU of <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> were administered to each kitten.</p></sec><sec id="jvim982-sec-0011"><title>Clinical Monitoring</title><p>Clinical scoring was performed daily for 20 days after inoculation with <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic>. A previously designed upper respiratory disease scoring system<xref ref-type="fn" rid="jvim982-note-0007">7</xref> was adapted and applied to each cat daily by trained individuals blinded to the treatment groups (Table <xref rid="jvim982-tbl-0001" ref-type="table">1</xref>). Using this system, a total of 18 points were possible per day; accordingly, a total of 360 points were possible for the 20‐day study period. The clinical observers spent 30 minutes in each cat room at the same time each day applying the clinical score parameters to each kitten, including whether or not sneezing was observed for each kitten during the observation period. Aural temperatures were collected to estimate changes in body temperature to reduce the stress on the kittens induced by repeated rectal temperature measurement.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="jvim982-note-0008">8</xref> An aural body temperature of >95°F accompanied by lethargy or inappetance was considered evidence of fever. On Day 7 after <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> challenge, a pharyngeal swab was collected from each kitten for aerobic bacterial culture and <italic>Mycoplasma</italic> culture to determine whether the kittens had been colonized by the <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> inoculum.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="jvim982-note-0004">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="jvim982-note-0005">5</xref></p><table-wrap id="jvim982-tbl-0001" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Clinical scoring system used to monitor for clinical evidence of upper respiratory disease</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000; border-bottom:solid 1px #000000" width="1" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000; border-bottom:solid 1px #000000" width="1" span="1"></col><thead valign="bottom"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="center" colspan="2" valign="bottom" rowspan="1">Clinical Sign</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Conjunctivitis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 = None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 = Mild conjunctival hyperemia</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 = Moderate to severe conjunctival hyperemia</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 = Moderate to severe conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="5" colspan="1">Blepharospasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 = None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 = Eye <25% closed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 = Eye 25–50% closed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 = Eye 50–75% closed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 = Eye completely closed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Ocular discharge</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 = None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 = Minor serous discharge</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 = Moderate mucoid discharge</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 = Marked mucopurulent discharge</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Sneezing</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 = None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 = Observed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Nasal discharge</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 = None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 = Minor serous discharge</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 = Moderate mucoid discharge</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 = Marked mucopurulent discharge</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Nasal congestion</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 = None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 = Minor congestion (barely audible)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 = Moderate congestion (easily audible)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 = Marked congestion with open mouth breathing</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Body temperature (aural)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 = ≤95°F</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 = >95°F</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder><license><license-p>This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.</license-p></license></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="jvim982-sec-0012"><title>Statistical Analysis</title><p>The observation periods were divided into Days 1–10 post inoculation and Days 11–20 post inoculation. The Days 1–20 cumulative results also were compared between groups. The total clinical score for the vaccinated cats was compared to that of the control cats within each observation period using the Mann‐Whitney <italic>U</italic>‐test.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="jvim982-note-0009">9</xref> The proportion of individual cats that were observed to be sneezing within the observation periods was compared between groups by Fisher's exact test. Lastly, the percentage of total observation points with sneezing recorded was calculated for both groups within each observation period (10 cats per group; 10 observation points per 10 day period) and compared by Fisher's exact test.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="jvim982-note-0009">9</xref> Significance was defined as <italic>P </italic>< .05 for all analyses.</p></sec></sec><sec id="jvim982-sec-0013"><title>Results</title><p>Before vaccination and <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> inoculation, all of the kittens were negative for antibodies against FHV‐1 and FCV, negative for nucleic acids of FHV‐1 and FCV on pharyngeal swabs, and negative for <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> and <italic>Mycoplasma</italic> spp. on pharyngeal swabs by culture. On Day 7 after <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> inoculation, 19 of 20 cats were positive for <italic>B. bronchiseptica,</italic> and all 20 cats were negative for <italic>Mycoplasma</italic> spp. by culture. The one <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> negative kitten was in the vaccinated cat group.</p><p>Sneezing was not recorded by the observers or the facility staff members during the equilibration period or the first 7 days after vaccination. After inoculation with <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic>, clinical signs of disease were generally mild in both groups of cats. Sneezing was the predominant clinical sign of disease in both groups of cats. Aural temperatures of >95°F were rarely detected, and none of the cats were ever considered inappetant or lethargic, which suggests that fever did not occur. In addition, ocular manifestations of disease were uncommon, and so total ocular scores between groups were not compared statistically. None of the cats developed clinical signs severe enough to require supportive care or antibiotic therapy.</p><p>In the control cats, the Day 1–20 median cumulative clinical score for each cat after <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> challenge was 4.5 (out of 360 possible points; range 1–24). In the vaccinated cats, the Day 1–20 median cumulative clinical score for each cat was 2.5 (range 0–9). When Day 1–10 results after challenge were analyzed, the median cumulative clinical score for each control cat was 2 (out of 180 possible points; range 0–8). In the vaccinated cats, the Day 1–10 median cumulative clinical score for each cat was 0 (range 0–5). The control cats had significantly higher cumulative clinical scores per cat than the vaccinated cats during the Day 1–10 observation period (<italic>P </italic>= .01, Fig <xref rid="jvim982-fig-0001" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="jvim982-fig-0001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Box and whisker plots of cumulative clinical scores for individual cats after challenge with <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> for 10 control cats (gray boxes) and 10 cats vaccinated once with <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">FELOMUNE CVR</styled-content> (white boxes). Central lines represent the median, boxes represent 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers represent minimum and maximum. Mann‐Whitney <italic>U</italic>‐test, *<italic>P </italic>< .05.</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-1" xlink:href="JVIM-26-1121-g001"></graphic></fig><p>Overall, 9 of 10 control cats and 2 of 10 vaccinated cats sneezed at least once during observation periods in Days 1–10 after inoculation with <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> (<italic>P </italic>= .006). This difference between groups was no longer apparent during Days 11–20 when 9 of 10 control cats and 8 of 10 vaccinated cats sneezed at least once. The percentage of observation points with sneezing recorded (Fig <xref rid="jvim982-fig-0002" ref-type="fig">2</xref>) was significantly greater in control cats than in vaccinated cats over Days 1–10 (<italic>P </italic>< .0001) and Days 1–20 (<italic>P </italic>= .02).</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="jvim982-fig-0002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Percentage of observation periods during which sneezing was observed after challenge with <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> for 10 control cats (black columns) and 10 cats vaccinated once with <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">FELOMUNE CVR</styled-content> (white columns). Fisher's exact test, *<italic>P </italic>< .05.</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-3" xlink:href="JVIM-26-1121-g002"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="jvim982-sec-0014"><title>Discussion</title><p>In this study, cats administered a single dose of a modified life FHV‐1 and FCV vaccine intranasally had lower total clinical scores than control cats over the first 10 days after challenge with a mildly pathogenic strain of <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic>. Results were unlikely affected by prior immunity or infection, as SPF kittens were used, and infection with <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic>,<italic> Mycoplasma spp</italic>, FHV‐1 and FCV was ruled out with negative tests before inoculation. These findings support the hypothesis that intranasal vaccination against FHV‐1 and FCV confers cross‐protection against challenge with an infectious agent (<italic>B. bronchiseptica)</italic> not contained in the vaccine. However, the measured effects were lost during the second 10 days of observation after challenge, suggesting that the protection was short‐lived. In the aforementioned study of the efficacy of an intranasal <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> vaccine, there was both rapid protection against <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> challenge at 72 hours after vaccination and a 12‐month duration of immunity against <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic>.<xref rid="jvim982-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">8</xref> It seems plausible, then, that the rapid onset of protection observed was because of nonspecific immunity induced by the process of intranasal vaccination or an unintentional component of the vaccine, whereas the longer term protection was because of a specific acquired immune response against <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic>. Based on the current study, it does not appear that vaccination against FHV‐1 and FCV will confer a long‐term duration of immunity against organisms not contained within the vaccine.</p><p>One of the vaccinated cats was culture‐negative for <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> after inoculation. It is plausible that this cat was able to clear the infection, possibly with the assistance of nonspecific immunity conferred by the intranasal FHV‐1 and FCV vaccine. However, it is also possible that the culture was falsely negative because of imperfect sampling or culture technique. Regardless, as these were purpose‐bred SPF cats of the same age that were housed and handled identically and administered a standardized dose of inoculum, it is likely that the cat was exposed to but not colonized with <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic>. Accordingly, the data from this cat were included in the analysis.</p><p>The mechanisms of nonspecific immunity induced by intranasal vaccination are not fully understood. It is unknown whether it is because of the infectious agents within the vaccine or some other component, such as cell culture proteins. One theory is that prior vaccination might dampen cytokine‐mediated inflammation caused by respiratory infection, lessening clinical signs of disease. However, in a study demonstrating the cross‐protective effect of <italic>B. pertussis</italic> vaccination against influenza in mice, this effect lagged at least 3 weeks behind vaccination, and so this mechanism seems an unlikely explanation for the findings described here.<xref rid="jvim982-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">9</xref> Stimulation of the innate immune system by intranasal vaccination seems a more likely explanation. Rapid boosting of innate immunity occurs after administration of AcNPV<xref rid="jvim982-bib-0010" ref-type="ref">10</xref> and chitin microparticles in rodent models of influenza immunity.<xref rid="jvim982-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">11</xref> These effects are attributed to activation of natural killer cells, as well as regulation of inflammatory cytokines. It seems plausible, then, that if one component of the innate immune system (natural killer cells) can be recruited by an unrelated intranasal treatment, so could other components of the innate immune system that would protect against the effects of bacterial infection. Immune responses of the kittens were not measured in the present study, and further research is required to determine the mediation of this nonspecific immunity.</p><p>Regardless of the mechanism, stimulation of nonspecific immunity via intranasal vaccination would have several benefits. First, it might provide protection against organisms for which vaccinations are not available or routinely administered, such as <italic>Mycoplasma</italic> spp. in cats and dogs and canine herpesvirus, canine respiratory coronavirus, or canine influenza virus in dogs. Second, nonspecific immunity likely becomes active while specific immunity is still developing, thereby conferring protection more quickly after vaccination. While the <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> challenge in this study was on Day 7 after intranasal vaccination with FHV‐1 and FCV, and timing of onset of the nonspecific immune response was not investigated, previous work demonstrated a partial immune response as early as 2 days after intranasal vaccination of cats against FHV‐1.<xref rid="jvim982-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">7</xref> This type of early protection would be of particular value in the event of unforeseen exposure to potential infectious organisms (for example, emergency boarding) and in shelter environments, where the typical “stray hold” period is 5 days, and there might be financial limitations on the number of vaccines that can be administered.</p><p>The present study was limited by the relatively mild clinical signs observed in both the vaccinated and control cats. While the cats in the study described here were administered a larger dose of the same strain of <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> than administered in a previous study, the cats in this study had much milder clinical signs of disease.<xref rid="jvim982-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">8</xref> This strain of <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> has been studied for approximately 27 years, and it is possible that long‐term storage, multiple passages, or freezing and thawing of the agent have rendered it less pathogenic.<xref rid="jvim982-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">8</xref> In addition, in the study described here, <italic>B. bronchiseptica</italic> was purposely administered to the cats via direct inoculation rather than aerosolization to avoid the need for sedation and to attempt to minimize the potential for severe systemic illness. It is likely that this limited the inoculum to the upper respiratory tissues, which might have lessened systemic clinical signs of disease like fever and cough.<xref rid="jvim982-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">8</xref></p><p>Finally, this study studied the cross‐protection effects induced by one vaccine administered intranasally. Whether similar effects would be recognized after administration of other intranasal vaccines or by parenteral vaccines is unknown, and further research in these areas is warranted.</p></sec></body><back><ack id="jvim982-sec-0015"><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>The authors thank Dr Valeria Scorza, Dr Sukallaya Assarasakorn, Amber Caress, Kris Obssuth, and Jennifer Hawley for technical assistance.</p><p><italic>Conflict of Interest Declaration</italic>: This project was financially supported by an unrestricted donation from Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY and the Center for Companion Animal Studies at Colorado State University.</p></ack><fn-group id="jvim982-ntgp-0001"><title>Footnotes</title><fn id="jvim982-note-0001"><label>1</label><p>FELOMUNE CVR, Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY</p></fn><fn id="jvim982-note-0002"><label>2</label><p>Feline UltraNasal FVRC and FVRCP Vaccines, Heska Corporation, Loveland, CO</p></fn><fn id="jvim982-note-0003"><label>3</label><p>Lappin MR, Veir J, Sebring R, Radecki SV. Feline lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to feline herpesvirus 1 antigens and concanavalin A after vaccination with five FVRCP vaccines. J Vet Intern Med 2005;19:467 (abstract)</p></fn><fn id="jvim982-note-0004"><label>4</label><p>BBL CultureSwab Plus Amies Gel, BD Diagnostics, Sparks, MD</p></fn><fn id="jvim982-note-0005"><label>5</label><p>Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO</p></fn><fn id="jvim982-note-0006"><label>6</label><p>New York State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ithaca, NY</p></fn><fn id="jvim982-note-0007"><label>7</label><p>Center for Veterinary Biologics and National Veterinary Services Laboratories Testing Protocol: Supplemental Assay Method for Scoring Feline Rhinotracheitis Virus in Cats Following Challenge and Supplemental Assay Method for Scoring Feline Calicivirus in Cats Following Challenge</p></fn><fn id="jvim982-note-0008"><label>8</label><p>Pet infrared ear thermometer, B‐care Technology Corp, Taiwan</p></fn><fn id="jvim982-note-0009"><label>9</label><p>GraphPad Prism, GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list content-type="cited-references" id="jvim982-bibl-0001"><title>References</title><ref id="jvim982-bib-0001"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="jvim982-cit-0001"><string-name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>LR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Foley</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>De Cock</surname><given-names>HE</given-names></string-name>, et al. <article-title>Assessment of infectious organisms associated with chronic rhinosinusitis in cats</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">J Am Vet Med Assoc</source><year>2005</year>;<volume>227</volume>:<fpage>579</fpage>–<lpage>585</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16117066</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="jvim982-bib-0002"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="jvim982-cit-0002"><string-name><surname>Pesavento</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chang</surname><given-names>KO</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Parker</surname><given-names>JSL</given-names></string-name>. <article-title>Molecular virology of feline calicivirus</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Vet Clin Small Anim</source><year>2008</year>;<volume>38</volume>:<fpage>775</fpage>–<lpage>786</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="jvim982-bib-0003"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="jvim982-cit-0003"><string-name><surname>Maggs</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Clarke</surname><given-names>HE</given-names></string-name>. <article-title>Relative sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction assays used for detection of feline herpesvirus type 1 DNA in clinical samples and commercial vaccines</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Am J Vet Res</source><year>2005</year>;<volume>66</volume>:<fpage>1550</fpage>–<lpage>1555</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16261828</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="jvim982-bib-0004"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="jvim982-cit-0004"><string-name><surname>Veir</surname><given-names>JK</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ruch‐Gallie</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Spindel</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lappin</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></string-name>. <article-title>Prevalence of selected infectious organisms and comparison of two anatomic sampling sites in shelter cats with upper respiratory tract disease</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">J Feline Med Surg</source><year>2008</year>;<volume>10</volume>:<fpage>551</fpage>–<lpage>557</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18539065</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="jvim982-bib-0005"><label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="jvim982-cit-0005"><string-name><surname>Richards</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Elston</surname><given-names>TH</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ford</surname><given-names>RB</given-names></string-name>, et al. <article-title>The 2006 American Association of Feline Practitioners Feline Vaccine Advisory Panel report</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">J Am Vet Med Assoc</source><year>2006</year>;<volume>229</volume>:<fpage>1405</fpage>–<lpage>1441</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17078805</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="jvim982-bib-0006"><label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="jvim982-cit-0006"><string-name><surname>Lappin</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Veir</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hawley</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>. <article-title>Feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus‐1, and feline calicivirus antibody responses in seronegative specific pathogen‐free cats after a single administration of two different modified live FVRCP vaccines</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">J Feline Med Surg</source><year>2009</year>;<volume>11</volume>:<fpage>159</fpage>–<lpage>162</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18782676</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="jvim982-bib-0007"><label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="jvim982-cit-0007"><string-name><surname>Lappin</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sebring</surname><given-names>RW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Porter</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, et al. <article-title>Effects of a single dose of an intranasal feline herpesvirus 1, calicivirus, and panleukopenia vaccine on clinical signs and virus shedding after challenge with virulent feline herpesvirus 1</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">J Feline Med Surg</source><year>2006</year>;<volume>8</volume>:<fpage>158</fpage>–<lpage>163</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16442823</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="jvim982-bib-0008"><label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="jvim982-cit-0008"><string-name><surname>Williams</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Laris</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gray</surname><given-names>AW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jacobs</surname><given-names>AAC</given-names></string-name>. <article-title>Studies of the efficacy of a novel intranasal vaccine against feline bordetellosis</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Vet Rec</source><year>2002</year>;<volume>150</volume>:<fpage>439</fpage>–<lpage>442</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11993973</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="jvim982-bib-0009"><label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="jvim982-cit-0009"><string-name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lim</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Phoon</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></string-name>, et al. <article-title>Attenuated Bordetella pertussis protects against highly pathogenic influenza A viruses by dampening the cytokine storm</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">J Virol</source><year>2010</year>;<volume>84</volume>:<fpage>7105</fpage>–<lpage>7113</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20444902</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="jvim982-bib-0010"><label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="jvim982-cit-0010"><string-name><surname>Abe</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Takahashi</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hamazaki</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, et al. <article-title>Baculovirus induces an innate immune response and confers protection from lethal influenza virus infection in mice</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">J Immunol</source><year>2003</year>;<volume>171</volume>:<fpage>1133</fpage>–<lpage>1139</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12874198</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="jvim982-bib-0011"><label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="jvim982-cit-0011"><string-name><surname>Ichinohe</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Nagata</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Strong</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, et al. <article-title>Prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles on highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">J Med Virol</source><year>2007</year>;<volume>79</volume>:<fpage>811</fpage>–<lpage>819</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17457919</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/StressCovidV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000758 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000758 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= StressCovidV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |