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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension and COVID-19: friend or foe ?</title><author><name sortKey="Badagliacca, Roberto" sort="Badagliacca, Roberto" uniqKey="Badagliacca R" first="Roberto" last="Badagliacca">Roberto Badagliacca</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0001">Dept. of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science - Sapienza University of Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sciomer, Susanna" sort="Sciomer, Susanna" uniqKey="Sciomer S" first="Susanna" last="Sciomer">Susanna Sciomer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0001">Dept. of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science - Sapienza University of Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petrosillo, Nicola" sort="Petrosillo, Nicola" uniqKey="Petrosillo N" first="Nicola" last="Petrosillo">Nicola Petrosillo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0002">National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32061507</idno><idno type="pmc">7162760</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7162760</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7162760</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.healun.2020.04.007</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000476</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000476</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension and COVID-19: friend or foe ?</title><author><name sortKey="Badagliacca, Roberto" sort="Badagliacca, Roberto" uniqKey="Badagliacca R" first="Roberto" last="Badagliacca">Roberto Badagliacca</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0001">Dept. of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science - Sapienza University of Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sciomer, Susanna" sort="Sciomer, Susanna" uniqKey="Sciomer S" first="Susanna" last="Sciomer">Susanna Sciomer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0001">Dept. of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science - Sapienza University of Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petrosillo, Nicola" sort="Petrosillo, Nicola" uniqKey="Petrosillo N" first="Nicola" last="Petrosillo">Nicola Petrosillo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0002">National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation</title><idno type="ISSN">1053-2498</idno><idno type="eISSN">1557-3117</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yue, Y" uniqKey="Yue Y">Y Yue</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nabar, Nr" uniqKey="Nabar N">NR Nabar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Cs" uniqKey="Shi C">CS Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kamenyeva, O" uniqKey="Kamenyeva O">O Kamenyeva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xiao, X" uniqKey="Xiao X">X Xiao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hwang, Iy" uniqKey="Hwang I">IY Hwang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moriwaki, K" uniqKey="Moriwaki K">K Moriwaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Fk" uniqKey="Chan F">FK Chan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Franks, Tj" uniqKey="Franks T">TJ Franks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chong, Py" uniqKey="Chong P">PY Chong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chui, P" uniqKey="Chui P">P Chui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galvin, Jr" uniqKey="Galvin J">JR Galvin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lourens, Rm" uniqKey="Lourens R">RM Lourens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reid, Ah" uniqKey="Reid A">AH Reid</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vanlangenakker, N" uniqKey="Vanlangenakker N">N Vanlangenakker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vanden Berghe, T" uniqKey="Vanden Berghe T">T Vanden Berghe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vandenabeele, P" uniqKey="Vandenabeele P">P Vandenabeele</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yue, Y" uniqKey="Yue Y">Y Yue</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nabar, Nr" uniqKey="Nabar N">NR Nabar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Cs" uniqKey="Shi C">CS Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kamenyeva, O" uniqKey="Kamenyeva O">O Kamenyeva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xiao, X" uniqKey="Xiao X">X Xiao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hwang, Iy" uniqKey="Hwang I">IY Hwang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="letter"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Heart Lung Transplant</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Heart Lung Transplant</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1053-2498</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1557-3117</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ished by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32061507</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7162760</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1053-2498(20)31513-8</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.healun.2020.04.007</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension and COVID-19: friend or foe ?</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0001"><name><surname>Badagliacca</surname><given-names>Roberto</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><email>roberto.badagliacca@uniroma1.it</email><xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="cor0001" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0002"><name><surname>Sciomer</surname><given-names>Susanna</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0003"><name><surname>Petrosillo</surname><given-names>Nicola</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0002" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff0001"><label>a</label>Dept. of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science - Sapienza University of Rome, Italy</aff><aff id="aff0002"><label>b</label>National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor0001"><label>⁎</label><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Roberto Badagliacca, MD, PhD, Dept. of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, I School of Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico 155 - 00161 Rome, Italy <email>roberto.badagliacca@uniroma1.it</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>17</day><month>4</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>4</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><permissions><copyright-statement>© Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder></copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><kwd-group id="keys0001"><title>Key words</title><kwd>pulmonary arterial hypertensions</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>SARS</kwd><kwd>therapy</kwd><kwd>endothelin receptor antagonists</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><p id="para0002">CoronaVirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) poses a threat to individuals with chronic health conditions who are more likely to develop severe pneumonia and death. Those with pulmonary arterial hypertension represent such a high-risk group. Severe COVID-19 presents with respiratory failure secondary to immuno-pathologic injury likely due to a combination of direct cytopathic effects of the virus in concert with an aberrant immune response. The interplay between these two components has been recently better understood. Indeed, the SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes eight accessory proteins designated open reading frame (ORF) with identified functions. In particular, the ORF-3a protein initiates necroptosis once oligomerized by Rip-3, allowing it to form a potassium-sensitive channel inserted into late endosomal, lysosomal, and trans-Golgi-network membranes (<xref rid="bib0001" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>). Rip3-driven oligomerization of ORF-3a plays a critical role in driving necrotic cell death, independent from and hijacking Rip3-MLKL necroptotic signaling. There is considerable evidence that an abundance of necroptosis perpetuates pathogenic inflammation and drives tissue injury (<xref rid="bib0002" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>). Fatal cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection similarly show significant lung damage in response to inflammation, which may very well be driven by necroptosis (<xref rid="bib0003" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>). Endothelin-1 (ET-1) effects on cell survival and death may vary depending on cell type, concentrations and disease conditions. In contrast to low-physiological doses, high levels of ET-1 usually trigger activation of necroptotic gene expression (<xref rid="bib0004" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>). For this reason pulmonary arterial hypertension patients may be prone to activate the necroptotic pathways. Furthermore, under inflammatory and endotoxemic stress conditions, as in severe acute respiratory syndromes, ET-1 mediated effects are shifted to promote necroptosis through a potent and long lasting RIP-3 activation (<xref rid="bib0004" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="bib0005" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>), thereby enhancing oligomerization of the ORF-3a protein and increasing the catastrophic effects of the proinflammatory necroptotic cell death to SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Blocking of ET receptors with Bosentan is able to inhibit the necroptosis pathway in experimental models of microvascular endothelial cells (<xref rid="bib0005" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>). As endothelin receptor antagonists counteract the vicious circle of ET-1-mediated RIP-3 activation and propagation of the proinflammatory necroptotic cell death, as it happens in the worst form of SARS, we propose that it seems safe to continue endothelin receptor antagonists in patients on treatment with this class of drugs.</p><sec id="sec0001"><title>Conflict of interest disclosure</title><p id="para0003">R Badagliacca has received fees as speaker and scientific consultant for GSK, UT, Dompè, Ferrer, Bayer, MSD, AOPOrphan Pharmaceuticals.</p><p id="para0004">S. Sciomer and N. Petrosillo have nothing to disclose.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list id="cebibl1"><title>References</title><ref id="bib0001"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0001"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yue</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Nabar</surname><given-names>NR</given-names></name><name><surname>Shi</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name><name><surname>Kamenyeva</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Xiao</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Hwang</surname><given-names>IY</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>SARS-Coronavirus Open Reading Frame-3a drives multimodal necrotic cell death</article-title><source>Cell Death Dis</source><volume>9</volume><year>2018</year><fpage>904</fpage><lpage>919</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30185776</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0002"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0002"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Moriwaki</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>FK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>RIP3: a molecular switch for necrosis and inflammation</article-title><source>Genes Dev</source><volume>27</volume><year>2013</year><fpage>1640</fpage><lpage>1649</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23913919</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0003"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0003"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Franks</surname><given-names>TJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Chong</surname><given-names>PY</given-names></name><name><surname>Chui</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Galvin</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Lourens</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Reid</surname><given-names>AH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Lung pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a study of 8 autopsy cases from Singapore</article-title><source>Hum. 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