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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may be harmful in patients with diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic

Identifieur interne : 000650 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000649; suivant : 000651

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may be harmful in patients with diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic

Auteurs : Erkan Cure [Turquie] ; Medine Cumhur Cure [Turquie]

Source :

RBID : PMC:7159862

Abstract

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak once again demonstrated the importance of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in patients with diabetes. Activation of the RAS increases in patients with diabetes. The virus attaches to the ACE2 enzyme at low cytosolic pH values and enters into the cell and causes infection. Especially in the presence of diabetes mellitus and accompanying comorbid conditions such as hypertension, obesity, old age, and smoking, cytosolic pH is low, thus the virus easily may enter the cell by attaching to ACE2. ACEIs and ARBs lead to a reduction in angiotensin II level by increasing the ACE2 level, thus they cause a low cytosolic pH. Increased cardiac ACE2 levels due to ACEIs and ARBs can trigger cardiac arrhythmias and myocarditis by causing the virus to easily enter the heart tissue. There is ACE2 activity in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in the brain stem. The release of angiotensin 1-7 in the brain stem leads to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. This activation causes systemic vasoconstriction and the patient’s blood pressure increases. The most important event is the increased sympathetic activity via the central stimulation, this activity increases pulmonary capillary leaking, causing the ARDS. As the cytosolic pH, which is already low in patients with diabetes will decrease further with the mechanisms mentioned above, the viral load will increase and the infection will be exacerbated. As a result, the use of ACEIs and ARBs in patients with diabetes can lead to increased morbidity and mortality of COVID-19.


Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.019
PubMed: 32311651
PubMed Central: 7159862


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PMC:7159862

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<surname>Cure</surname>
<given-names>Erkan</given-names>
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<email>erkancure@yahoo.com</email>
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<name>
<surname>Cumhur Cure</surname>
<given-names>Medine</given-names>
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<email>medinecure@yahoo.com</email>
<xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">b</xref>
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Department of Internal Medicine, Ota&Jinemed Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey</aff>
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Department of Biochemistry, Private Practice, Istanbul, Turkey</aff>
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<label></label>
Corresponding author. Department of Internal medicine, Ota & Jinemed Hospital, Muradiye Mahallesi Nuzhetiye Cad, Deryadil Sokagi No:1, Istanbul, 34357, Turkey.
<email>erkancure@yahoo.com</email>
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<pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
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<season>July-August</season>
<year>2020</year>
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<day>15</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2020</year>
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<lpage>350</lpage>
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<date date-type="received">
<day>12</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2020</year>
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<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>14</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2020</year>
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<month>4</month>
<year>2020</year>
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<copyright-statement>© 2020 Diabetes India. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Diabetes India</copyright-holder>
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<license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract id="abs0010">
<p>The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak once again demonstrated the importance of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in patients with diabetes. Activation of the RAS increases in patients with diabetes. The virus attaches to the ACE2 enzyme at low cytosolic pH values and enters into the cell and causes infection. Especially in the presence of diabetes mellitus and accompanying comorbid conditions such as hypertension, obesity, old age, and smoking, cytosolic pH is low, thus the virus easily may enter the cell by attaching to ACE2. ACEIs and ARBs lead to a reduction in angiotensin II level by increasing the ACE2 level, thus they cause a low cytosolic pH. Increased cardiac ACE2 levels due to ACEIs and ARBs can trigger cardiac arrhythmias and myocarditis by causing the virus to easily enter the heart tissue. There is ACE2 activity in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in the brain stem. The release of angiotensin 1-7 in the brain stem leads to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. This activation causes systemic vasoconstriction and the patient’s blood pressure increases. The most important event is the increased sympathetic activity via the central stimulation, this activity increases pulmonary capillary leaking, causing the ARDS. As the cytosolic pH, which is already low in patients with diabetes will decrease further with the mechanisms mentioned above, the viral load will increase and the infection will be exacerbated. As a result, the use of ACEIs and ARBs in patients with diabetes can lead to increased morbidity and mortality of COVID-19.</p>
</abstract>
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<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Diabetes mellitus</kwd>
<kwd>Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)</kwd>
<kwd>Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors</kwd>
<kwd>Angiotensin receptor antagonists</kwd>
<kwd>Renin-angiotensin system</kwd>
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