Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus ORF8 Protein Is Acquired from SARS-Related Coronavirus from Greater Horseshoe Bats through Recombination.
Identifieur interne : 000D85 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000D84; suivant : 000D86Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus ORF8 Protein Is Acquired from SARS-Related Coronavirus from Greater Horseshoe Bats through Recombination.
Auteurs : Susanna K P. Lau ; Yun Feng ; Honglin Chen ; Hayes K H. Luk ; Wei-Hong Yang ; Kenneth S M. Li ; Yu-Zhen Zhang ; Yi Huang ; Zhi-Zhong Song ; Wang-Ngai Chow ; Rachel Y Y. Fan ; Syed Shakeel Ahmed ; Hazel C. Yeung ; Carol S F. Lam ; Jian-Piao Cai ; Samson S Y. Wong ; Jasper F W. Chan ; Kwok-Yung Yuen ; Hai-Lin Zhang ; Patrick C Y. WooSource :
- Journal of virology [ 1098-5514 ] ; 2015.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, China, Chiroptera (virology), Coronavirus Infections (genetics), Coronavirus Infections (transmission), Coronavirus Infections (veterinary), Coronavirus Infections (virology), Evolution, Molecular, Gene Expression, Genome, Viral, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Phylogeography, RNA, Messenger (genetics), RNA, Messenger (metabolism), RNA, Viral (genetics), RNA, Viral (metabolism), Recombination, Genetic, SARS Virus (classification), SARS Virus (genetics), SARS Virus (metabolism), Sequence Alignment, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (genetics), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (metabolism), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (transmission), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (virology), Viral Matrix Proteins (genetics), Viral Matrix Proteins (metabolism), Viverridae (virology).
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : RNA, Messenger, RNA, Viral, Viral Matrix Proteins.
- chemical , metabolism : RNA, Messenger, RNA, Viral, Viral Matrix Proteins.
- geographic : China.
- classification : SARS Virus.
- genetics : Coronavirus Infections, SARS Virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.
- metabolism : SARS Virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.
- transmission : Coronavirus Infections, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.
- veterinary : Coronavirus Infections.
- virology : Chiroptera, Coronavirus Infections, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Viverridae.
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, Evolution, Molecular, Gene Expression, Genome, Viral, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Phylogeography, Recombination, Genetic, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid.
Abstract
Despite the identification of horseshoe bats as the reservoir of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs), the origin of SARS-CoV ORF8, which contains the 29-nucleotide signature deletion among human strains, remains obscure. Although two SARS-related Rhinolophus sinicus bat CoVs (SARSr-Rs-BatCoVs) previously detected in Chinese horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus sinicus) in Yunnan, RsSHC014 and Rs3367, possessed 95% genome identities to human and civet SARSr-CoVs, their ORF8 protein exhibited only 32.2 to 33% amino acid identities to that of human/civet SARSr-CoVs. To elucidate the origin of SARS-CoV ORF8, we sampled 348 bats of various species in Yunnan, among which diverse alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses, including potentially novel CoVs, were identified, with some showing potential interspecies transmission. The genomes of two betacoronaviruses, SARSr-Rf-BatCoV YNLF_31C and YNLF_34C, from greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), possessed 93% nucleotide identities to human/civet SARSr-CoV genomes. Although these two betacoronaviruses displayed lower similarities than SARSr-Rs-BatCoV RsSHC014 and Rs3367 in S protein to civet SARSr-CoVs, their ORF8 proteins demonstrated exceptionally high (80.4 to 81.3%) amino acid identities to that of human/civet SARSr-CoVs, compared to SARSr-BatCoVs from other horseshoe bats (23.2 to 37.3%). Potential recombination events were identified around ORF8 between SARSr-Rf-BatCoVs and SARSr-Rs-BatCoVs, leading to the generation of civet SARSr-CoVs. The expression of ORF8 subgenomic mRNA suggested that the ORF8 protein may be functional in SARSr-Rf-BatCoVs. The high Ka/Ks ratio among human SARS-CoVs compared to that among SARSr-BatCoVs supported that ORF8 is under strong positive selection during animal-to-human transmission. Molecular clock analysis using ORF1ab showed that SARSr-Rf-BatCoV YNLF_31C and YNLF_34C diverged from civet/human SARSr-CoVs in approximately 1990. SARS-CoV ORF8 originated from SARSr-CoVs of greater horseshoe bats through recombination, which may be important for animal-to-human transmission.
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01048-15
PubMed: 26269185
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:26269185Le document en format XML
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Wong, Samson S Y" sort="Wong, Samson S Y" uniqKey="Wong S" first="Samson S Y" last="Wong">Samson S Y. Wong</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Yuen, Kwok Yung" sort="Yuen, Kwok Yung" uniqKey="Yuen K" first="Kwok-Yung" last="Yuen">Kwok-Yung Yuen</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Hai Lin" sort="Zhang, Hai Lin" uniqKey="Zhang H" first="Hai-Lin" last="Zhang">Hai-Lin Zhang</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Woo, Patrick C Y" sort="Woo, Patrick C Y" uniqKey="Woo P" first="Patrick C Y" last="Woo">Patrick C Y. Woo</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus ORF8 Protein Is Acquired from SARS-Related Coronavirus from Greater Horseshoe Bats through Recombination.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Lau, Susanna K P" sort="Lau, Susanna K P" uniqKey="Lau S" first="Susanna K P" last="Lau">Susanna K P. Lau</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Feng, Yun" sort="Feng, Yun" uniqKey="Feng Y" first="Yun" last="Feng">Yun Feng</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Honglin" sort="Chen, Honglin" uniqKey="Chen H" first="Honglin" last="Chen">Honglin Chen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Luk, Hayes K H" sort="Luk, Hayes K H" uniqKey="Luk H" first="Hayes K H" last="Luk">Hayes K H. Luk</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Yang, Wei Hong" sort="Yang, Wei Hong" uniqKey="Yang W" first="Wei-Hong" last="Yang">Wei-Hong Yang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Li, Kenneth S M" sort="Li, Kenneth S M" uniqKey="Li K" first="Kenneth S M" last="Li">Kenneth S M. Li</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Yu Zhen" sort="Zhang, Yu Zhen" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Yu-Zhen" last="Zhang">Yu-Zhen Zhang</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Huang, Yi" sort="Huang, Yi" uniqKey="Huang Y" first="Yi" last="Huang">Yi Huang</name>
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Song, Zhi Zhong" sort="Song, Zhi Zhong" uniqKey="Song Z" first="Zhi-Zhong" last="Song">Zhi-Zhong Song</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Chow, Wang Ngai" sort="Chow, Wang Ngai" uniqKey="Chow W" first="Wang-Ngai" last="Chow">Wang-Ngai Chow</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fan, Rachel Y Y" sort="Fan, Rachel Y Y" uniqKey="Fan R" first="Rachel Y Y" last="Fan">Rachel Y Y. Fan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Syed Shakeel" sort="Ahmed, Syed Shakeel" uniqKey="Ahmed S" first="Syed Shakeel" last="Ahmed">Syed Shakeel Ahmed</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yeung, Hazel C" sort="Yeung, Hazel C" uniqKey="Yeung H" first="Hazel C" last="Yeung">Hazel C. Yeung</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lam, Carol S F" sort="Lam, Carol S F" uniqKey="Lam C" first="Carol S F" last="Lam">Carol S F. Lam</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cai, Jian Piao" sort="Cai, Jian Piao" uniqKey="Cai J" first="Jian-Piao" last="Cai">Jian-Piao Cai</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wong, Samson S Y" sort="Wong, Samson S Y" uniqKey="Wong S" first="Samson S Y" last="Wong">Samson S Y. Wong</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chan, Jasper F W" sort="Chan, Jasper F W" uniqKey="Chan J" first="Jasper F W" last="Chan">Jasper F W. Chan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yuen, Kwok Yung" sort="Yuen, Kwok Yung" uniqKey="Yuen K" first="Kwok-Yung" last="Yuen">Kwok-Yung Yuen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Hai Lin" sort="Zhang, Hai Lin" uniqKey="Zhang H" first="Hai-Lin" last="Zhang">Hai-Lin Zhang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China pcywoo@hku.hk zhangHL715@163.com.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Woo, Patrick C Y" sort="Woo, Patrick C Y" uniqKey="Woo P" first="Patrick C Y" last="Woo">Patrick C Y. Woo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China pcywoo@hku.hk zhangHL715@163.com.</nlm:affiliation>
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<term>Coronavirus Infections (genetics)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (transmission)</term>
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<term>Sequence Alignment</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Despite the identification of horseshoe bats as the reservoir of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs), the origin of SARS-CoV ORF8, which contains the 29-nucleotide signature deletion among human strains, remains obscure. Although two SARS-related Rhinolophus sinicus bat CoVs (SARSr-Rs-BatCoVs) previously detected in Chinese horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus sinicus) in Yunnan, RsSHC014 and Rs3367, possessed 95% genome identities to human and civet SARSr-CoVs, their ORF8 protein exhibited only 32.2 to 33% amino acid identities to that of human/civet SARSr-CoVs. To elucidate the origin of SARS-CoV ORF8, we sampled 348 bats of various species in Yunnan, among which diverse alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses, including potentially novel CoVs, were identified, with some showing potential interspecies transmission. The genomes of two betacoronaviruses, SARSr-Rf-BatCoV YNLF_31C and YNLF_34C, from greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), possessed 93% nucleotide identities to human/civet SARSr-CoV genomes. Although these two betacoronaviruses displayed lower similarities than SARSr-Rs-BatCoV RsSHC014 and Rs3367 in S protein to civet SARSr-CoVs, their ORF8 proteins demonstrated exceptionally high (80.4 to 81.3%) amino acid identities to that of human/civet SARSr-CoVs, compared to SARSr-BatCoVs from other horseshoe bats (23.2 to 37.3%). Potential recombination events were identified around ORF8 between SARSr-Rf-BatCoVs and SARSr-Rs-BatCoVs, leading to the generation of civet SARSr-CoVs. The expression of ORF8 subgenomic mRNA suggested that the ORF8 protein may be functional in SARSr-Rf-BatCoVs. The high Ka/Ks ratio among human SARS-CoVs compared to that among SARSr-BatCoVs supported that ORF8 is under strong positive selection during animal-to-human transmission. Molecular clock analysis using ORF1ab showed that SARSr-Rf-BatCoV YNLF_31C and YNLF_34C diverged from civet/human SARSr-CoVs in approximately 1990. SARS-CoV ORF8 originated from SARSr-CoVs of greater horseshoe bats through recombination, which may be important for animal-to-human transmission.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26269185</PMID>
<DateCompleted><Year>2015</Year>
<Month>12</Month>
<Day>15</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised><Year>2018</Year>
<Month>11</Month>
<Day>13</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1098-5514</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>89</Volume>
<Issue>20</Issue>
<PubDate><Year>2015</Year>
<Month>Oct</Month>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Journal of virology</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>J. Virol.</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus ORF8 Protein Is Acquired from SARS-Related Coronavirus from Greater Horseshoe Bats through Recombination.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>10532-47</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1128/JVI.01048-15</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText Label="UNLABELLED">Despite the identification of horseshoe bats as the reservoir of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs), the origin of SARS-CoV ORF8, which contains the 29-nucleotide signature deletion among human strains, remains obscure. Although two SARS-related Rhinolophus sinicus bat CoVs (SARSr-Rs-BatCoVs) previously detected in Chinese horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus sinicus) in Yunnan, RsSHC014 and Rs3367, possessed 95% genome identities to human and civet SARSr-CoVs, their ORF8 protein exhibited only 32.2 to 33% amino acid identities to that of human/civet SARSr-CoVs. To elucidate the origin of SARS-CoV ORF8, we sampled 348 bats of various species in Yunnan, among which diverse alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses, including potentially novel CoVs, were identified, with some showing potential interspecies transmission. The genomes of two betacoronaviruses, SARSr-Rf-BatCoV YNLF_31C and YNLF_34C, from greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), possessed 93% nucleotide identities to human/civet SARSr-CoV genomes. Although these two betacoronaviruses displayed lower similarities than SARSr-Rs-BatCoV RsSHC014 and Rs3367 in S protein to civet SARSr-CoVs, their ORF8 proteins demonstrated exceptionally high (80.4 to 81.3%) amino acid identities to that of human/civet SARSr-CoVs, compared to SARSr-BatCoVs from other horseshoe bats (23.2 to 37.3%). Potential recombination events were identified around ORF8 between SARSr-Rf-BatCoVs and SARSr-Rs-BatCoVs, leading to the generation of civet SARSr-CoVs. The expression of ORF8 subgenomic mRNA suggested that the ORF8 protein may be functional in SARSr-Rf-BatCoVs. The high Ka/Ks ratio among human SARS-CoVs compared to that among SARSr-BatCoVs supported that ORF8 is under strong positive selection during animal-to-human transmission. Molecular clock analysis using ORF1ab showed that SARSr-Rf-BatCoV YNLF_31C and YNLF_34C diverged from civet/human SARSr-CoVs in approximately 1990. SARS-CoV ORF8 originated from SARSr-CoVs of greater horseshoe bats through recombination, which may be important for animal-to-human transmission.</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="IMPORTANCE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">Although horseshoe bats are the primary reservoir of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs), it is still unclear how these bat viruses have evolved to cross the species barrier to infect civets and humans. Most human SARS-CoV epidemic strains contain a signature 29-nucleotide deletion in ORF8, compared to civet SARSr-CoVs, suggesting that ORF8 may be important for interspecies transmission. However, the origin of SARS-CoV ORF8 remains obscure. In particular, SARSr-Rs-BatCoVs from Chinese horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus sinicus) exhibited <40% amino acid identities to human/civet SARS-CoV in the ORF8 protein. We detected diverse alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses among various bat species in Yunnan, China, including two SARSr-Rf-BatCoVs from greater horseshoe bats that possessed ORF8 proteins with exceptionally high amino acid identities to that of human/civet SARSr-CoVs. We demonstrated recombination events around ORF8 between SARSr-Rf-BatCoVs and SARSr-Rs-BatCoVs, leading to the generation of civet SARSr-CoVs. Our findings offer insight into the evolutionary origin of SARS-CoV ORF8 protein, which was likely acquired from SARSr-CoVs of greater horseshoe bats through recombination.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lau</LastName>
<ForeName>Susanna K P</ForeName>
<Initials>SK</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Feng</LastName>
<ForeName>Yun</ForeName>
<Initials>Y</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName>
<ForeName>Honglin</ForeName>
<Initials>H</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Luk</LastName>
<ForeName>Hayes K H</ForeName>
<Initials>HK</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yang</LastName>
<ForeName>Wei-Hong</ForeName>
<Initials>WH</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName>
<ForeName>Kenneth S M</ForeName>
<Initials>KS</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhang</LastName>
<ForeName>Yu-Zhen</ForeName>
<Initials>YZ</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huang</LastName>
<ForeName>Yi</ForeName>
<Initials>Y</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Song</LastName>
<ForeName>Zhi-Zhong</ForeName>
<Initials>ZZ</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chow</LastName>
<ForeName>Wang-Ngai</ForeName>
<Initials>WN</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1275-2464</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fan</LastName>
<ForeName>Rachel Y Y</ForeName>
<Initials>RY</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ahmed</LastName>
<ForeName>Syed Shakeel</ForeName>
<Initials>SS</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yeung</LastName>
<ForeName>Hazel C</ForeName>
<Initials>HC</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lam</LastName>
<ForeName>Carol S F</ForeName>
<Initials>CS</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cai</LastName>
<ForeName>Jian-Piao</ForeName>
<Initials>JP</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wong</LastName>
<ForeName>Samson S Y</ForeName>
<Initials>SS</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chan</LastName>
<ForeName>Jasper F W</ForeName>
<Initials>JF</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yuen</LastName>
<ForeName>Kwok-Yung</ForeName>
<Initials>KY</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhang</LastName>
<ForeName>Hai-Lin</ForeName>
<Initials>HL</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China pcywoo@hku.hk zhangHL715@163.com.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Woo</LastName>
<ForeName>Patrick C Y</ForeName>
<Initials>PC</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China pcywoo@hku.hk zhangHL715@163.com.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<Month>08</Month>
<Day>12</Day>
</ArticleDate>
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<MedlineTA>J Virol</MedlineTA>
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<ISSNLinking>0022-538X</ISSNLinking>
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<MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000595" MajorTopicYN="N">Amino Acid Sequence</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001483" MajorTopicYN="N">Base Sequence</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002681" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">China</DescriptorName>
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<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002685" MajorTopicYN="N">Chiroptera</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName>
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<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName>
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</MeshHeading>
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</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016679" MajorTopicYN="Y">Genome, Viral</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
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</MeshHeading>
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</MeshHeading>
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