SrasV1, PubMed, Checkpoint, bibRecord, 000151

Teicoplanin: an alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19?

Identifieur interne : 000151 ( PubMed/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000150; suivant : 000152

Teicoplanin: an alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19?

Auteurs : Sophie Alexandra Baron [France] ; Christian Devaux [France] ; Philippe Colson [France] ; Didier Raoult [France] ; Jean-Marc Rolain [France]

Source :

International journal of antimicrobial agents [ 1872-7913 ] ; 2020.

RBID : pubmed:32179150

Abstract

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged from China causing pneumonia outbreaks, first in the Wuhan region of China and then spread worldwide because of its probable high transmission efficiency. Owing to the lack of efficient and specific treatments and the need to contain the epidemic, drug repurposing appears to be the best tool to find a therapeutic solution. Chloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir, ribavirin and ritonavir have shown efficacy to inhibit coronavirus in vitro. Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococcal infections, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) viral life cycle in human cells. This activity is conserved against SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105944
PubMed: 32179150

Affiliations:

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)

to stream PubMed, to step Corpus: 000601
to stream PubMed, to step Curation: 000601

Links to Exploration step

pubmed:32179150

Le document en format XML

<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Teicoplanin: an alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19?</title>
<author><name sortKey="Baron, Sophie Alexandra" sort="Baron, Sophie Alexandra" uniqKey="Baron S" first="Sophie Alexandra" last="Baron">Sophie Alexandra Baron</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Aix-Marseille</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Devaux, Christian" sort="Devaux, Christian" uniqKey="Devaux C" first="Christian" last="Devaux">Christian Devaux</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, VITROME, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, VITROME, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Aix-Marseille</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Colson, Philippe" sort="Colson, Philippe" uniqKey="Colson P" first="Philippe" last="Colson">Philippe Colson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Aix-Marseille</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Raoult, Didier" sort="Raoult, Didier" uniqKey="Raoult D" first="Didier" last="Raoult">Didier Raoult</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Aix-Marseille</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rolain, Jean Marc" sort="Rolain, Jean Marc" uniqKey="Rolain J" first="Jean-Marc" last="Rolain">Jean-Marc Rolain</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France. Electronic address: jean-marc.rolain@univ-amu.fr.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Aix-Marseille</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<date when="2020">2020</date>
<idno type="RBID">pubmed:32179150</idno>
<idno type="pmid">32179150</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105944</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000601</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000601</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000601</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000601</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000151</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000151</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Teicoplanin: an alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19?</title>
<author><name sortKey="Baron, Sophie Alexandra" sort="Baron, Sophie Alexandra" uniqKey="Baron S" first="Sophie Alexandra" last="Baron">Sophie Alexandra Baron</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Aix-Marseille</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Devaux, Christian" sort="Devaux, Christian" uniqKey="Devaux C" first="Christian" last="Devaux">Christian Devaux</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, VITROME, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, VITROME, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Aix-Marseille</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Colson, Philippe" sort="Colson, Philippe" uniqKey="Colson P" first="Philippe" last="Colson">Philippe Colson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Aix-Marseille</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Raoult, Didier" sort="Raoult, Didier" uniqKey="Raoult D" first="Didier" last="Raoult">Didier Raoult</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Aix-Marseille</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rolain, Jean Marc" sort="Rolain, Jean Marc" uniqKey="Rolain J" first="Jean-Marc" last="Rolain">Jean-Marc Rolain</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France. Electronic address: jean-marc.rolain@univ-amu.fr.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Aix-Marseille</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">International journal of antimicrobial agents</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1872-7913</idno>
<imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged from China causing pneumonia outbreaks, first in the Wuhan region of China and then spread worldwide because of its probable high transmission efficiency. Owing to the lack of efficient and specific treatments and the need to contain the epidemic, drug repurposing appears to be the best tool to find a therapeutic solution. Chloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir, ribavirin and ritonavir have shown efficacy to inhibit coronavirus in vitro. Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococcal infections, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) viral life cycle in human cells. This activity is conserved against SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32179150</PMID>
<DateRevised><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>04</Month>
<Day>02</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1872-7913</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>Mar</Month>
<Day>13</Day>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>International journal of antimicrobial agents</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Teicoplanin: an alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19?</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>105944</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0924-8579(20)30094-7</ELocationID>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105944</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText>In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged from China causing pneumonia outbreaks, first in the Wuhan region of China and then spread worldwide because of its probable high transmission efficiency. Owing to the lack of efficient and specific treatments and the need to contain the epidemic, drug repurposing appears to be the best tool to find a therapeutic solution. Chloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir, ribavirin and ritonavir have shown efficacy to inhibit coronavirus in vitro. Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococcal infections, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) viral life cycle in human cells. This activity is conserved against SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. and International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Baron</LastName>
<ForeName>Sophie Alexandra</ForeName>
<Initials>SA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Devaux</LastName>
<ForeName>Christian</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, VITROME, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Colson</LastName>
<ForeName>Philippe</ForeName>
<Initials>P</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Raoult</LastName>
<ForeName>Didier</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rolain</LastName>
<ForeName>Jean-Marc</ForeName>
<Initials>JM</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France. Electronic address: jean-marc.rolain@univ-amu.fr.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<Language>eng</Language>
<PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016421">Editorial</PublicationType>
</PublicationTypeList>
<ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>03</Month>
<Day>13</Day>
</ArticleDate>
</Article>
<MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country>
<MedlineTA>Int J Antimicrob Agents</MedlineTA>
<NlmUniqueID>9111860</NlmUniqueID>
<ISSNLinking>0924-8579</ISSNLinking>
</MedlineJournalInfo>
<CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
<KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Drug repurposing</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Teicoplanin</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</MedlineCitation>
<PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>03</Month>
<Day>04</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>03</Month>
<Day>07</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>03</Month>
<Day>09</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>3</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>3</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>3</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
</History>
<PublicationStatus>aheadofprint</PublicationStatus>
<ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32179150</ArticleId>
<ArticleId IdType="pii">S0924-8579(20)30094-7</ArticleId>
<ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105944</ArticleId>
<ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7102624</ArticleId>
</ArticleIdList>
</PubmedData>
</pubmed>
<affiliations><list><country><li>France</li>
</country>
<region><li>Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Marseille</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université d'Aix-Marseille</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="France"><region name="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur"><name sortKey="Baron, Sophie Alexandra" sort="Baron, Sophie Alexandra" uniqKey="Baron S" first="Sophie Alexandra" last="Baron">Sophie Alexandra Baron</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Colson, Philippe" sort="Colson, Philippe" uniqKey="Colson P" first="Philippe" last="Colson">Philippe Colson</name>
<name sortKey="Devaux, Christian" sort="Devaux, Christian" uniqKey="Devaux C" first="Christian" last="Devaux">Christian Devaux</name>
<name sortKey="Raoult, Didier" sort="Raoult, Didier" uniqKey="Raoult D" first="Didier" last="Raoult">Didier Raoult</name>
<name sortKey="Rolain, Jean Marc" sort="Rolain, Jean Marc" uniqKey="Rolain J" first="Jean-Marc" last="Rolain">Jean-Marc Rolain</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/SrasV1/Data/PubMed/Checkpoint

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000151 | SxmlIndent | more

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/PubMed/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd -nk 000151 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Sante
   |area=    SrasV1
   |flux=    PubMed
   |étape=   Checkpoint
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     pubmed:32179150
   |texte=   Teicoplanin: an alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19?
}}

Pour générer des pages wiki

HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/PubMed/Checkpoint/RBID.i   -Sk "pubmed:32179150" \
       | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/PubMed/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd   \
       | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a SrasV1

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33.
Data generation: Tue Apr 28 14:49:16 2020. Site generation: Sat Mar 27 22:06:49 2021

	Serveur d'exploration SRAS
	Attention, ce site est en cours de développement ! Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts. Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.

Serveur d'exploration SRAS

Teicoplanin: an alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19?

Teicoplanin: an alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19?

Source :

Abstract

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)

Links to Exploration step

Le document en format XML

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

Pour générer des pages wiki