Preliminary Identification of Potential Vaccine Targets for the COVID-19 Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Based on SARS-CoV Immunological Studies
Identifieur interne : 001619 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 001618; suivant : 001620Preliminary Identification of Potential Vaccine Targets for the COVID-19 Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Based on SARS-CoV Immunological Studies
Auteurs : Syed Faraz Ahmed ; Ahmed A. Quadeer ; Matthew R. Mckay [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Viruses [ 1999-4915 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
The beginning of 2020 has seen the emergence of COVID-19 outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There is an imminent need to better understand this new virus and to develop ways to control its spread. In this study, we sought to gain insights for vaccine design against SARS-CoV-2 by considering the high genetic similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, which caused the outbreak in 2003, and leveraging existing immunological studies of SARS-CoV. By screening the experimentally-determined SARS-CoV-derived B cell and T cell epitopes in the immunogenic structural proteins of SARS-CoV, we identified a set of B cell and T cell epitopes derived from the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins that map identically to SARS-CoV-2 proteins. As no mutation has been observed in these identified epitopes among the 120 available SARS-CoV-2 sequences (as of 21 February 2020), immune targeting of these epitopes may potentially offer protection against this novel virus. For the T cell epitopes, we performed a population coverage analysis of the associated MHC alleles and proposed a set of epitopes that is estimated to provide broad coverage globally, as well as in China. Our findings provide a screened set of epitopes that can help guide experimental efforts towards the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/v12030254
PubMed: 32106567
PubMed Central: 7150947
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: Pour aller vers cette notice dans l'étape Curation :001619
Links to Exploration step
PMC:7150947Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Preliminary Identification of Potential Vaccine Targets for the COVID-19 Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Based on SARS-CoV Immunological Studies</title><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Syed Faraz" sort="Ahmed, Syed Faraz" uniqKey="Ahmed S" first="Syed Faraz" last="Ahmed">Syed Faraz Ahmed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-12-00254">Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China;<email>sfahmed@connect.ust.hk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quadeer, Ahmed A" sort="Quadeer, Ahmed A" uniqKey="Quadeer A" first="Ahmed A." last="Quadeer">Ahmed A. Quadeer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-12-00254">Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China;<email>sfahmed@connect.ust.hk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mckay, Matthew R" sort="Mckay, Matthew R" uniqKey="Mckay M" first="Matthew R." last="Mckay">Matthew R. Mckay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-12-00254">Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China;<email>sfahmed@connect.ust.hk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-12-00254">Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32106567</idno><idno type="pmc">7150947</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150947</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7150947</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/v12030254</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001619</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001619</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001619</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001619</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Preliminary Identification of Potential Vaccine Targets for the COVID-19 Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Based on SARS-CoV Immunological Studies</title><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Syed Faraz" sort="Ahmed, Syed Faraz" uniqKey="Ahmed S" first="Syed Faraz" last="Ahmed">Syed Faraz Ahmed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-12-00254">Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China;<email>sfahmed@connect.ust.hk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quadeer, Ahmed A" sort="Quadeer, Ahmed A" uniqKey="Quadeer A" first="Ahmed A." last="Quadeer">Ahmed A. Quadeer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-12-00254">Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China;<email>sfahmed@connect.ust.hk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mckay, Matthew R" sort="Mckay, Matthew R" uniqKey="Mckay M" first="Matthew R." last="Mckay">Matthew R. Mckay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-12-00254">Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China;<email>sfahmed@connect.ust.hk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-12-00254">Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Viruses</title><idno type="eISSN">1999-4915</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The beginning of 2020 has seen the emergence of COVID-19 outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There is an imminent need to better understand this new virus and to develop ways to control its spread. In this study, we sought to gain insights for vaccine design against SARS-CoV-2 by considering the high genetic similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, which caused the outbreak in 2003, and leveraging existing immunological studies of SARS-CoV. By screening the experimentally-determined SARS-CoV-derived B cell and T cell epitopes in the immunogenic structural proteins of SARS-CoV, we identified a set of B cell and T cell epitopes derived from the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins that map identically to SARS-CoV-2 proteins. As no mutation has been observed in these identified epitopes among the 120 available SARS-CoV-2 sequences (as of 21 February 2020), immune targeting of these epitopes may potentially offer protection against this novel virus. For the T cell epitopes, we performed a population coverage analysis of the associated MHC alleles and proposed a set of epitopes that is estimated to provide broad coverage globally, as well as in China. Our findings provide a screened set of epitopes that can help guide experimental efforts towards the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, C" uniqKey="Wang C">C. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horby, P W" uniqKey="Horby P">P.W. Horby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hayden, F G" uniqKey="Hayden F">F.G. Hayden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, G F" uniqKey="Gao G">G.F. Gao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, C" uniqKey="Huang C">C. Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ren, L" uniqKey="Ren L">L. Ren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, J" uniqKey="Zhao J">J. Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Y" uniqKey="Hu Y">Y. Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, L" uniqKey="Zhang L">L. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, G" uniqKey="Fan G">G. Fan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, J" uniqKey="Xu J">J. Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gu, X" uniqKey="Gu X">X. Gu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heymann, D L" uniqKey="Heymann D">D.L. Heymann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, X" uniqKey="Liu X">X. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, X J" uniqKey="Wang X">X.-J. Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhou, P" uniqKey="Zhou P">P. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, X L" uniqKey="Yang X">X.-L. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, X G" uniqKey="Wang X">X.-G. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, B" uniqKey="Hu B">B. Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, L" uniqKey="Zhang L">L. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, W" uniqKey="Zhang W">W. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Si, H R" uniqKey="Si H">H.-R. Si</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Y" uniqKey="Zhu Y">Y. Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, B" uniqKey="Li B">B. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, C L" uniqKey="Huang C">C.-L. Huang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lu, R" uniqKey="Lu R">R. Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, X" uniqKey="Zhao X">X. Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, J" uniqKey="Li J">J. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niu, P" uniqKey="Niu P">P. Niu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, B" uniqKey="Yang B">B. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, H" uniqKey="Wu H">H. Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, W" uniqKey="Wang W">W. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Song, H" uniqKey="Song H">H. Song</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, B" uniqKey="Huang B">B. Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, N" uniqKey="Zhu N">N. Zhu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Letko, M" uniqKey="Letko M">M. Letko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munster, V" uniqKey="Munster V">V. Munster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoffmann, M" uniqKey="Hoffmann M">M. Hoffmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kleine Weber, H" uniqKey="Kleine Weber H">H. Kleine-Weber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kruger, N" uniqKey="Kruger N">N. Kruger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, M" uniqKey="Muller M">M. Muller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Drosten, C" uniqKey="Drosten C">C. Drosten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pohlmann, S" uniqKey="Pohlmann S">S. Pohlmann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yang, Z Y" uniqKey="Yang Z">Z.-Y. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kong, W P" uniqKey="Kong W">W.-P. Kong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Y" uniqKey="Huang Y">Y. Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, A" uniqKey="Roberts A">A. Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, B R" uniqKey="Murphy B">B.R. Murphy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Subbarao, K" uniqKey="Subbarao K">K. Subbarao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nabel, G J" uniqKey="Nabel G">G.J. Nabel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Deming, D" uniqKey="Deming D">D. Deming</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sheahan, T" uniqKey="Sheahan T">T. Sheahan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heise, M" uniqKey="Heise M">M. Heise</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yount, B" uniqKey="Yount B">B. Yount</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, N" uniqKey="Davis N">N. Davis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sims, A" uniqKey="Sims A">A. Sims</name></author><author><name sortKey="Suthar, M" uniqKey="Suthar M">M. Suthar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harkema, J" uniqKey="Harkema J">J. Harkema</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whitmore, A" uniqKey="Whitmore A">A. Whitmore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pickles, R" uniqKey="Pickles R">R. Pickles</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Graham, R L" uniqKey="Graham R">R.L. Graham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Becker, M M" uniqKey="Becker M">M.M. Becker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eckerle, L D" uniqKey="Eckerle L">L.D. Eckerle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bolles, M" uniqKey="Bolles M">M. Bolles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Denison, M R" uniqKey="Denison M">M.R. Denison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baric, R S" uniqKey="Baric R">R.S. Baric</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lin, Y" uniqKey="Lin Y">Y. Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, X" uniqKey="Shen X">X. Shen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, R F" uniqKey="Yang R">R.F. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Y X" uniqKey="Li Y">Y.X. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ji, Y Y" uniqKey="Ji Y">Y.Y. Ji</name></author><author><name sortKey="He, Y Y" uniqKey="He Y">Y.Y. He</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Shi, M" uniqKey="De Shi M">M. De Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, W" uniqKey="Lu W">W. Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, T L" uniqKey="Shi T">T.L. Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J. Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wen, J" uniqKey="Wen J">J. Wen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, J" uniqKey="Li J">J. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yin, J" uniqKey="Yin J">J. Yin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Q" uniqKey="Zhu Q">Q. Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, H" uniqKey="Wang H">H. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Y" uniqKey="Yang Y">Y. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qin, E" uniqKey="Qin E">E. Qin</name></author><author><name sortKey="You, B" uniqKey="You B">B. You</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, W" uniqKey="Li W">W. Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, X" uniqKey="Liu X">X. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Y" uniqKey="Shi Y">Y. Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, P" uniqKey="Li P">P. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, L" uniqKey="Li L">L. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yi, Y" uniqKey="Yi Y">Y. Yi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Q" uniqKey="Ma Q">Q. Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cao, C" uniqKey="Cao C">C. Cao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tang, F" uniqKey="Tang F">F. Tang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quan, Y" uniqKey="Quan Y">Y. Quan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xin, Z T" uniqKey="Xin Z">Z.-T. Xin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wrammert, J" uniqKey="Wrammert J">J. Wrammert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, M J" uniqKey="Ma M">M.-J. Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lv, H" uniqKey="Lv H">H. Lv</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, T B" uniqKey="Wang T">T.-B. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, H" uniqKey="Yang H">H. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richardus, J H" uniqKey="Richardus J">J.H. Richardus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, W" uniqKey="Liu W">W. Liu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peng, H" uniqKey="Peng H">H. Peng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, L T" uniqKey="Yang L">L.-T. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, L Y" uniqKey="Wang L">L.-Y. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, J" uniqKey="Li J">J. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, J" uniqKey="Huang J">J. Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Z Q" uniqKey="Lu Z">Z.-Q. Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koup, R A" uniqKey="Koup R">R.A. Koup</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bailer, R T" uniqKey="Bailer R">R.T. Bailer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, C Y" uniqKey="Wu C">C.-Y. Wu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fan, Y Y" uniqKey="Fan Y">Y.-Y. Fan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Z T" uniqKey="Huang Z">Z.-T. Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, L" uniqKey="Li L">L. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, M H" uniqKey="Wu M">M.-H. Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, T" uniqKey="Yu T">T. Yu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koup, R A" uniqKey="Koup R">R.A. Koup</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bailer, R T" uniqKey="Bailer R">R.T. Bailer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, C Y" uniqKey="Wu C">C.-Y. Wu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ng, O W" uniqKey="Ng O">O.-W. Ng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chia, A" uniqKey="Chia A">A. Chia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, A T" uniqKey="Tan A">A.T. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jadi, R S" uniqKey="Jadi R">R.S. Jadi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leong, H N" uniqKey="Leong H">H.N. Leong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bertoletti, A" uniqKey="Bertoletti A">A. Bertoletti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, Y J" uniqKey="Tan Y">Y.-J. Tan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, W J" uniqKey="Liu W">W.J. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, M" uniqKey="Zhao M">M. Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, K" uniqKey="Liu K">K. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, K" uniqKey="Xu K">K. Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, G" uniqKey="Wong G">G. Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, W" uniqKey="Tan W">W. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, G F" uniqKey="Gao G">G.F. Gao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, C K F" uniqKey="Li C">C.K.-F. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, H" uniqKey="Wu H">H. Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yan, H" uniqKey="Yan H">H. Yan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, S" uniqKey="Ma S">S. Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, L" uniqKey="Wang L">L. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, M" uniqKey="Zhang M">M. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, X" uniqKey="Tang X">X. Tang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Temperton, N J" uniqKey="Temperton N">N.J. Temperton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weiss, R A" uniqKey="Weiss R">R.A. Weiss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brenchley, J M" uniqKey="Brenchley J">J.M. Brenchley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Channappanavar, R" uniqKey="Channappanavar R">R. Channappanavar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fett, C" uniqKey="Fett C">C. Fett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, J" uniqKey="Zhao J">J. Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meyerholz, D K" uniqKey="Meyerholz D">D.K. Meyerholz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perlman, S" uniqKey="Perlman S">S. Perlman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Katoh, K" uniqKey="Katoh K">K. Katoh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Standley, D M" uniqKey="Standley D">D.M. Standley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pickett, B E" uniqKey="Pickett B">B.E. Pickett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sadat, E L" uniqKey="Sadat E">E.L. Sadat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Noronha, J M" uniqKey="Noronha J">J.M. Noronha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Squires, R B" uniqKey="Squires R">R.B. Squires</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hunt, V" uniqKey="Hunt V">V. Hunt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, M" uniqKey="Liu M">M. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, S" uniqKey="Kumar S">S. Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zaremba, S" uniqKey="Zaremba S">S. Zaremba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gu, Z" uniqKey="Gu Z">Z. Gu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vita, R" uniqKey="Vita R">R. Vita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahajan, S" uniqKey="Mahajan S">S. Mahajan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Overton, J A" uniqKey="Overton J">J.A. Overton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dhanda, S K" uniqKey="Dhanda S">S.K. Dhanda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martini, S" uniqKey="Martini S">S. Martini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cantrell, J R" uniqKey="Cantrell J">J.R. Cantrell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wheeler, D K" uniqKey="Wheeler D">D.K. Wheeler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sette, A" uniqKey="Sette A">A. Sette</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peters, B" uniqKey="Peters B">B. Peters</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mirarab, S" uniqKey="Mirarab S">S. Mirarab</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nguyen, N" uniqKey="Nguyen N">N. Nguyen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, S" uniqKey="Guo S">S. Guo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, L S" uniqKey="Wang L">L.-S. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, J" uniqKey="Kim J">J. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Warnow, T" uniqKey="Warnow T">T. Warnow</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huson, D H" uniqKey="Huson D">D.H. Huson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scornavacca, C" uniqKey="Scornavacca C">C. Scornavacca</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, S F" uniqKey="Ahmed S">S.F. Ahmed</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, F" uniqKey="Li F">F. Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dahirel, V" uniqKey="Dahirel V">V. Dahirel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shekhar, K" uniqKey="Shekhar K">K. Shekhar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pereyra, F" uniqKey="Pereyra F">F. Pereyra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miura, T" uniqKey="Miura T">T. Miura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Artyomov, M" uniqKey="Artyomov M">M. Artyomov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Talsania, S" uniqKey="Talsania S">S. Talsania</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allen, T M" uniqKey="Allen T">T.M. Allen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Altfeld, M" uniqKey="Altfeld M">M. Altfeld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carrington, M" uniqKey="Carrington M">M. Carrington</name></author><author><name sortKey="Irvine, D J" uniqKey="Irvine D">D.J. Irvine</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Quadeer, A A" uniqKey="Quadeer A">A.A. Quadeer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Louie, R H Y" uniqKey="Louie R">R.H.Y. Louie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shekhar, K" uniqKey="Shekhar K">K. Shekhar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chakraborty, A K" uniqKey="Chakraborty A">A.K. Chakraborty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hsing, I M" uniqKey="Hsing I">I.-M. Hsing</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mckay, M R" uniqKey="Mckay M">M.R. McKay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, S F" uniqKey="Ahmed S">S.F. Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quadeer, A A" uniqKey="Quadeer A">A.A. Quadeer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morales Jimenez, D" uniqKey="Morales Jimenez D">D. Morales-Jimenez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mckay, M R" uniqKey="Mckay M">M.R. McKay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Quadeer, A A" uniqKey="Quadeer A">A.A. Quadeer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morales Jimenez, D" uniqKey="Morales Jimenez D">D. Morales-Jimenez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mckay, M R" uniqKey="Mckay M">M.R. McKay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Prabakaran, P" uniqKey="Prabakaran P">P. Prabakaran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gan, J" uniqKey="Gan J">J. Gan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feng, Y" uniqKey="Feng Y">Y. Feng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Z" uniqKey="Zhu Z">Z. Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Choudhry, V" uniqKey="Choudhry V">V. Choudhry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xiao, X" uniqKey="Xiao X">X. Xiao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ji, X" uniqKey="Ji X">X. Ji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dimitrov, D S" uniqKey="Dimitrov D">D.S. Dimitrov</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Z" uniqKey="Zhu Z">Z. Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chakraborti, S" uniqKey="Chakraborti S">S. Chakraborti</name></author><author><name sortKey="He, Y" uniqKey="He Y">Y. He</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, A" uniqKey="Roberts A">A. Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sheahan, T" uniqKey="Sheahan T">T. Sheahan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xiao, X" uniqKey="Xiao X">X. Xiao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hensley, L E" uniqKey="Hensley L">L.E. Hensley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prabakaran, P" uniqKey="Prabakaran P">P. Prabakaran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rockx, B" uniqKey="Rockx B">B. Rockx</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sidorov, I A" uniqKey="Sidorov I">I.A. Sidorov</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hwang, W C" uniqKey="Hwang W">W.C. Hwang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Y" uniqKey="Lin Y">Y. Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santelli, E" uniqKey="Santelli E">E. Santelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sui, J" uniqKey="Sui J">J. Sui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaroszewski, L" uniqKey="Jaroszewski L">L. Jaroszewski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stec, B" uniqKey="Stec B">B. Stec</name></author><author><name sortKey="Farzan, M" uniqKey="Farzan M">M. Farzan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marasco, W A" uniqKey="Marasco W">W.A. Marasco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liddington, R C" uniqKey="Liddington R">R.C. Liddington</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Walls, A C" uniqKey="Walls A">A.C. Walls</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Y J" uniqKey="Park Y">Y.-J. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tortorici, M A" uniqKey="Tortorici M">M.A. Tortorici</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wall, A" uniqKey="Wall A">A. Wall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcguire, A T" uniqKey="Mcguire A">A.T. McGuire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veesler, D" uniqKey="Veesler D">D. Veesler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Walls, A C" uniqKey="Walls A">A.C. Walls</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xiong, X" uniqKey="Xiong X">X. Xiong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Y J" uniqKey="Park Y">Y.-J. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tortorici, M A" uniqKey="Tortorici M">M.A. Tortorici</name></author><author><name sortKey="Snijder, J" uniqKey="Snijder J">J. Snijder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quispe, J" uniqKey="Quispe J">J. Quispe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cameroni, E" uniqKey="Cameroni E">E. Cameroni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gopal, R" uniqKey="Gopal R">R. Gopal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dai, M" uniqKey="Dai M">M. Dai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lanzavecchia, A" uniqKey="Lanzavecchia A">A. Lanzavecchia</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Walls, A C" uniqKey="Walls A">A.C. Walls</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tortorici, M A" uniqKey="Tortorici M">M.A. Tortorici</name></author><author><name sortKey="Snijder, J" uniqKey="Snijder J">J. Snijder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xiong, X" uniqKey="Xiong X">X. Xiong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, B J" uniqKey="Bosch B">B.-J. Bosch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rey, F A" uniqKey="Rey F">F.A. Rey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veesler, D" uniqKey="Veesler D">D. Veesler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Song, W" uniqKey="Song W">W. Song</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gui, M" uniqKey="Gui M">M. Gui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, X" uniqKey="Wang X">X. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xiang, Y" uniqKey="Xiang Y">Y. Xiang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wrapp, D" uniqKey="Wrapp D">D. Wrapp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, N" uniqKey="Wang N">N. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corbett, K S" uniqKey="Corbett K">K.S. Corbett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goldsmith, J A" uniqKey="Goldsmith J">J.A. Goldsmith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hsieh, C L" uniqKey="Hsieh C">C.-L. Hsieh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abiona, O" uniqKey="Abiona O">O. Abiona</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graham, B S" uniqKey="Graham B">B.S. Graham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mclellan, J S" uniqKey="Mclellan J">J.S. McLellan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tian, X" uniqKey="Tian X">X. Tian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, C" uniqKey="Li C">C. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, A" uniqKey="Huang A">A. Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xia, S" uniqKey="Xia S">S. Xia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, S" uniqKey="Lu S">S. Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Z" uniqKey="Shi Z">Z. Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, L" uniqKey="Lu L">L. Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, S" uniqKey="Jiang S">S. Jiang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Z" uniqKey="Yang Z">Z. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Y" uniqKey="Wu Y">Y. Wu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ferguson, A L" uniqKey="Ferguson A">A.L. Ferguson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mann, J K" uniqKey="Mann J">J.K. Mann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Omarjee, S" uniqKey="Omarjee S">S. Omarjee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ndung, T" uniqKey="Ndung T">T. Ndung’u</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, B D" uniqKey="Walker B">B.D. Walker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chakraborty, A K" uniqKey="Chakraborty A">A.K. Chakraborty</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chakraborty, A K" uniqKey="Chakraborty A">A.K. Chakraborty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barton, J P" uniqKey="Barton J">J.P. Barton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Quadeer, A A" uniqKey="Quadeer A">A.A. Quadeer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Louie, R H Y" uniqKey="Louie R">R.H.Y. Louie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mckay, M R" uniqKey="Mckay M">M.R. McKay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Louie, R H Y" uniqKey="Louie R">R.H.Y. Louie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaczorowski, K J" uniqKey="Kaczorowski K">K.J. Kaczorowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barton, J P" uniqKey="Barton J">J.P. Barton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chakraborty, A K" uniqKey="Chakraborty A">A.K. Chakraborty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mckay, M R" uniqKey="Mckay M">M.R. McKay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Quadeer, A A" uniqKey="Quadeer A">A.A. Quadeer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barton, J P" uniqKey="Barton J">J.P. Barton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chakraborty, A K" uniqKey="Chakraborty A">A.K. Chakraborty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mckay, M R" uniqKey="Mckay M">M.R. McKay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mann, J K" uniqKey="Mann J">J.K. Mann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barton, J P" uniqKey="Barton J">J.P. Barton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferguson, A L" uniqKey="Ferguson A">A.L. Ferguson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Omarjee, S" uniqKey="Omarjee S">S. Omarjee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, B D" uniqKey="Walker B">B.D. Walker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chakraborty, A" uniqKey="Chakraborty A">A. Chakraborty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ndung, T" uniqKey="Ndung T">T. Ndung’u</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ramaiah, A" uniqKey="Ramaiah A">A. Ramaiah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arumugaswami, V" uniqKey="Arumugaswami V">V. Arumugaswami</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Viruses</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Viruses</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">viruses</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Viruses</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1999-4915</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32106567</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7150947</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v12030254</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">viruses-12-00254</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Preliminary Identification of Potential Vaccine Targets for the COVID-19 Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Based on SARS-CoV Immunological Studies</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6086-0307</contrib-id><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>Syed Faraz</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-12-00254">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-viruses-12-00254">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5295-9067</contrib-id><name><surname>Quadeer</surname><given-names>Ahmed A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-12-00254">1</xref><xref rid="c1-viruses-12-00254" ref-type="corresp">*</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-viruses-12-00254">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McKay</surname><given-names>Matthew R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-12-00254">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-viruses-12-00254">2</xref><xref rid="c1-viruses-12-00254" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-viruses-12-00254"><label>1</label>Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China;<email>sfahmed@connect.ust.hk</email></aff><aff id="af2-viruses-12-00254"><label>2</label>Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-viruses-12-00254"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>eeaaquadeer@ust.hk</email> (A.A.Q); <email>m.mckay@ust.hk</email> (M.R.M.)</corresp><fn id="fn1-viruses-12-00254"><label>†</label><p>These authors contributed equally to this work.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><elocation-id>254</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>09</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>24</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The beginning of 2020 has seen the emergence of COVID-19 outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There is an imminent need to better understand this new virus and to develop ways to control its spread. In this study, we sought to gain insights for vaccine design against SARS-CoV-2 by considering the high genetic similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, which caused the outbreak in 2003, and leveraging existing immunological studies of SARS-CoV. By screening the experimentally-determined SARS-CoV-derived B cell and T cell epitopes in the immunogenic structural proteins of SARS-CoV, we identified a set of B cell and T cell epitopes derived from the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins that map identically to SARS-CoV-2 proteins. As no mutation has been observed in these identified epitopes among the 120 available SARS-CoV-2 sequences (as of 21 February 2020), immune targeting of these epitopes may potentially offer protection against this novel virus. For the T cell epitopes, we performed a population coverage analysis of the associated MHC alleles and proposed a set of epitopes that is estimated to provide broad coverage globally, as well as in China. Our findings provide a screened set of epitopes that can help guide experimental efforts towards the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Coronavirus</kwd><kwd>2019-nCoV</kwd><kwd>2019 novel coronavirus</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV</kwd><kwd>MERS-CoV</kwd><kwd>T cell epitopes</kwd><kwd>B cell epitopes</kwd><kwd>vaccine</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="viruses-12-00254-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Comparison of the similarity of structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 with the corresponding proteins of SARS-CoV and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)-CoV. (<bold>a</bold>) Percentage genetic similarity of the individual structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 with those of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The reference sequence of each coronavirus (Materials and Methods) was used to calculate the percentage genetic similarity. (<bold>b</bold>) Circular phylogram of the phylogenetic trees of the four structural proteins. All trees were constructed based on the available unique sequences using PASTA [<xref rid="B31-viruses-12-00254" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>] and rooted with the outgroup Zaria Bat CoV strain (accession ID: HQ166910.1).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-12-00254-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-12-00254-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Location of SARS-CoV S protein subunits and SARS-CoV-derived B cell epitopes on the protein structure (PDB ID: 5XLR). (<bold>a</bold>) Subunits S1 and S2 are indicated in purple and green color, respectively. The receptor binding motif lies within the S1 subunit and is indicated in orange color. (<bold>b</bold>) Residues of the linear B cell epitopes, that were identical in SARS-CoV-2 (<xref rid="viruses-12-00254-t004" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref>), are shown in red color. The dark and light shade reflect the surface and buried residues, respectively. (<bold>c</bold>) Location of discontinuous B cell epitopes that share at least one identical residue with corresponding SARS-CoV-2 sites (<xref rid="viruses-12-00254-t005" ref-type="table">Table 5</xref>). Identical epitope residues are shown in red color, while the remaining epitope residues are shown in blue color. Both the side view (<italic>left panel</italic>) and the top view (<italic>right panel</italic>) of the structure are shown.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-12-00254-g002"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="viruses-12-00254-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-12-00254-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Filtering criteria and corresponding number of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-derived epitopes obtained from the Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR) database.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Filtering Criteria</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Epitopes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Positive T cell assays</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T cell epitopes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Positive major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding assays</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T cell epitopes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">959</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Positive B cell assays</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linear B cell epitopes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">298</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Discontinuous B cell epitopes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-12-00254-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-12-00254-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>SARS-CoV-derived T cell epitopes obtained using positive T cell assays that are identical in SARS-CoV-2 (27 epitopes in total).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protein</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEDB ID</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epitope</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MHC Allele<sup>1</sup></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MHC Allele Class <sup>1</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ILLNKHID</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1295</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFFGMSRIGMEVTPSGTW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">190494</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MEVTPSGTWL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-B*40:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21347</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GMSRIGMEV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27182</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ILLNKHIDA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2802</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALNTPKDHI</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28371</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRQGTDYKHWPQIAQFA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31166</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KHWPQIAQFAPSASAFF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34851</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LALLLLDRL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37473</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LLLDRLNQL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37611</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LLNKHIDAYKTFPPTEPK</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38881</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LQLPQGTTL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3957</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AQFAPSASAFFGMSR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">II</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3958</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AQFAPSASAFFGMSRIGM</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55683</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRPQGLPNNTASWFT</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74517</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YKTFPPTEPKKDKKKK</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100048</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GAALQIPFAMQMAYRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-DRA*01:01, HLA-DRB1*07:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">II</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100300</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MAYRFNGIGVTQNVLY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-DRB1*04:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">II</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100428</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QLIRAAEIRASANLAATK</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-DRB1*04:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">II</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16156</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIAGLIAIV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2801</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALNTLVKQL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36724</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LITGRLQSL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44814</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NLNESLIDL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50311</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QALNTLVKQLSSNFGAI</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-DRB1*04:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">II</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54680</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RLNEVAKNL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69657</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VLNDILSRL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71663</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VVFLHVTYV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>1</sup> NA: Not available.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-12-00254-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-12-00254-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Set of the SARS-CoV-derived spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) protein T cell epitopes (obtained from positive MHC binding assays) that are identical in SARS-CoV-2 and that maximize estimated population coverage globally (87 distinct epitopes).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epitopes<sup>1</sup></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MHC Allele Class</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MHC Allele</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Global Accumulated Population Coverage<sup>2</sup> (%)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Accumulated Population Coverage in China (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>FIAGLIAIV</bold>, GLIAIVMVTI, IITTDNTFV, <bold>ALNTLVKQL</bold>, LITGRLQSL, LLLQYGSFC, LQYGSFCT, <bold>NLNESLIDL</bold>, RLDKVEAEV, <bold>RLNEVAKNL</bold>, RLQSLQTYV, <bold>VLNDILSRL</bold>, <bold>VVFLHVTYV</bold>, <bold>ILLNKHID</bold>, FPRGQGVPI, LLLLDRLNQ, <bold>GMSRIGMEV</bold>, <bold>ILLNKHIDA</bold>, <bold>ALNTPKDHI</bold>, <bold>LALLLLDRL</bold>, <bold>LLLDRLNQL</bold>, LLLLDRLNQL, <bold>LQLPQGTTL</bold>, AQFAPSASA, TTLPKGFYA, VLQLPQGTTL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.62</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><underline>GYQPYRVVVL</underline>, <underline>PYRVVVLSF</underline>, LSPRWYFYY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*24:02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.48</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.11</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DSFKEELDKY, LIDLQELGKY, <underline>PYRVVVLSF</underline>, GTTLPKGFY, VTPSGTWLTY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*01:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.78</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.09</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GSFCTQLNR, GVVFLHVTY, AQALNTLVK, MTSCCSCLK, ASANLAATK, SLIDLQELGK, SVLNDILSR, TQNVLYENQK, CMTSCCSCLK, VQIDRLITGR, KTFPPTEPK, KTFPPTEPKK, LSPRWYFYY, ASAFFGMSR, ATEGALNTPK, QLPQGTTLPK, QQQGQTVTK, QQQQGQTVTK, SASAFFGMSR, SQASSRSSSR, TPSGTWLTY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*03:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.14</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.68</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GSFCTQLNR, GVVFLHVTY, AQALNTLVK, MTSCCSCLK, ASANLAATK, SLIDLQELGK, SVLNDILSR, TQNVLYENQK, CMTSCCSCLK, VQIDRLITGR, KTFPPTEPK, KTFPPTEPKK, LSPRWYFYY, ASAFFGMSR, ATEGALNTPK, QLPQGTTLPK, QQQGQTVTK, QQQQGQTVTK, SASAFFGMSR, SQASSRSSSR, TPSGTWLTY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*11:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.39</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.43</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GSFCTQLNR, GVVFLHVTY, AQALNTLVK, MTSCCSCLK, ASANLAATK, SLIDLQELGK, SVLNDILSR, TQNVLYENQK, CMTSCCSCLK, VQIDRLITGR, KTFPPTEPK, KTFPPTEPKK, LSPRWYFYY, ASAFFGMSR, ATEGALNTPK, QLPQGTTLPK, QQQGQTVTK, QQQQGQTVTK, SASAFFGMSR, SQASSRSSSR, TPSGTWLTY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*68:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.71</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.25</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><underline>GYQPYRVVVL</underline>, <underline>PYRVVVLSF</underline>, LSPRWYFYY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*23:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.72</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.87</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GSFCTQLNR, GVVFLHVTY, AQALNTLVK, MTSCCSCLK, ASANLAATK, SLIDLQELGK, SVLNDILSR, TQNVLYENQK, CMTSCCSCLK, VQIDRLITGR, KTFPPTEPK, KTFPPTEPKK, LSPRWYFYY, ASAFFGMSR, ATEGALNTPK, QLPQGTTLPK, QQQGQTVTK, QQQQGQTVTK, SASAFFGMSR, SQASSRSSSR, TPSGTWLTY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*31:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.55</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.93</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FPNITNLCPF, APHGVVFLHV, FPRGQGVPI, APSASAFFGM</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-B*07:02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.89</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.61</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GAALQIPFAMQMAYR, GWTFGAGAALQIPFA, IDRLITGRLQSLQTY, ISGINASVVNIQKEI, LDKYFKNHTSPDVDL, LGDISGINASVVNIQ, LGFIAGLIAIVMVTI, LNTLVKQLSSNFGAI, LQDVVNQNAQALNTL, LQSLQTYVTQQLIRA, LQTYVTQQLIRAAEI, AQKFNGLTVLPPLLT, PCSFGGVSVITPGTN, QIPFAMQMAYRFNGI, QQLIRAAEIRASANL, QTYVTQQLIRAAEIR, AYRFNGIGVTQNVLY, SSNFGAISSVLNDIL, TGRLQSLQTYVTQQL, WLGFIAGLIAIVMVT, CVNFNFNGLTGTGVL, DKYFKNHTSPDVDLG, IDAYKTFPPTEPKKD, MSRIGMEVTPSGTWL, NKHIDAYKTFPPTEP, VLQLPQGTTLPKGFY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">II</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-DRB1*01:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.94</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.23</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FPRGQGVPI</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-B*08:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.85</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.41</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FPNITNLCPF, APHGVVFLHV, FPRGQGVPI, APSASAFFGM</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-B*35:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.53</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.23</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LQIPFAMQM, RVDFCGKGY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-B*15:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.26</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FPNITNLCPF, APHGVVFLHV, FPRGQGVPI, APSASAFFGM</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-B*51:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.72</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.73</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YEQYIKWPWY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-B*18:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.88</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GRLQSLQTY, RVDFCGKGY, VRFPNITNL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-B*27:05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.55</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MTSCCSCLK, SLIDLQELGK, CMTSCCSCLK, VQIDRLITGR, SASAFFGMSR, SQASSRSSSR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*33:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.79</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.28</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LQIPFAMQM, RVDFCGKGY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-B*58:01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.99</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.45</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LQIPFAMQM, RVDFCGKGY</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-C*15:02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.22</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VRFPNITNL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-C*14:02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.29</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.11</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>1</sup> Multiple SARS-CoV-derived epitopes that were determined using MHC binding assays are shown for each allele. Epitopes that were also tested for positive T cell response (listed also in <xref rid="viruses-12-00254-t002" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>) are shown in bold. Epitopes that lie within the SARS-CoV receptor-binding motif are underlined. <sup>2</sup> Epitopes are ordered according to the estimated global accumulated population coverage.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-12-00254-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-12-00254-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>SARS-CoV-derived linear B cell epitopes from S (23; 20 of which are located in subunit S2) and N (22) proteins that are identical in SARS-CoV-2 (45 epitopes in total).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protein</th><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subunit</th><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEDB ID</th><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epitope</th><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protein</th><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEDB ID</th><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epitope</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10778</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DVVNQNAQALNTLVKQL</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15814</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFGMSRIGMEVTPSGTW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11038</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EAEVQIDRLITGRLQSL</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21065</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GLPNNTASWFTALTQHGK</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12426</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EIDRLNEVAKNLNESLIDLQELGKYEQY</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22855</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GTTLPK</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14626</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EVAKNLNESLIDLQELG</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28371</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRQGTDYKHWPQIAQFA</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18515</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GAALQIPFAMQMAYRFN</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31116</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KHIDAYKTFPPTEPKKDKKK</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S1</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18594</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GAGICASY</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31166</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KHWPQIAQFAPSASAFF</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2092</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AISSVLNDILSRLDKVE</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75235</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YNVTQAFGRRGPEQTQGNF</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22321</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GSFCTQLN</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33669</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KTFPPTEPKKDKKKK</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27357</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ILSRLDKVEAEVQIDRL</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37640</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LLPAAD</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S1</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30987</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KGIYQTSN</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38249</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LNKHIDAYKTFPPTEPK</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3176</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AMQMAYRF</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38648</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LPQGTTLPKG</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32508</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KNHTSPDVDLGDISGIN</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38657</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LPQRQKKQ</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41177</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MAYRFNGIGVTQNVLYE</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48067</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PKGFYAEGSRGGSQASSR</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">462</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AATKMSECVLGQSKRVD</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50741</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QFAPSASAFFGMSRIGM</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47479</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PFAMQMAYRFNGIGVTQ</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50965</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QGTDYKHW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50311</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QALNTLVKQLSSNFGAI</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51483</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QLPQGTTLPKGFYAE</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51379</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QLIRAAEIRASANLAAT</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51484</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QLPQGTTLPKGFYAEGSR</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S1</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52020</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QQFGRD</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51485</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QLPQGTTLPKGFYAEGSRGGSQ</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53202</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RASANLAATKMSECVLG</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63729</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TFPPTEPK</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54599</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RLITGRLQSLQTYVTQQ</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55683</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRPQGLPNNTASWFT</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">558417</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EIDRLNEVAKNLNESLIDLQELGKYEQY</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60379</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SQASSRSS</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59425</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SLQTYVTQQLIRAAEIR</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60669</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SRGGSQASSRSSSRSR</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9094</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DLGDISGINASVVNIQK</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-12-00254-t005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-12-00254-t005_Table 5</object-id><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>SARS-CoV-derived discontinuous B cell epitopes (and associated known antibodies [<xref rid="B39-viruses-12-00254" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>,<xref rid="B40-viruses-12-00254" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>,<xref rid="B41-viruses-12-00254" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]) that have at least one site with an identical amino acid to the corresponding site in SARS-CoV-2.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEDB ID </th><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Associated Known Antibody</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SARS-CoV S Protein Residues <sup>1,2</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">910052</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S230</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G446, P462, D463, <underline>Y475</underline></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77444</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m396</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T359, <underline>T363</underline>, <underline>K365</underline>, K390, <underline>G391</underline>, <underline>D392</underline>, <underline>R395</underline>, R426, <underline>Y436</underline>, <underline>G482</underline>, Y484, T485, <underline>T486</underline>, T487, <underline>G488</underline>, I489, <underline>G490</underline>, <underline>Y491</underline>, <underline>Q492</underline>, <underline>Y494</underline></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77442</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80R</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R426, S432, T433, <underline>Y436</underline>, <underline>N437</underline>, K439, <underline>Y440</underline>, Y442, P469, P470, A471, L472, <underline>N473</underline>, <underline>C474</underline>, <underline>Y475</underline>, W476, <underline>L478</underline>, N479, D480, <underline>Y481</underline>, <underline>G482</underline>, Y484, T485, <underline>T486</underline>, T487, <underline>G488</underline>, <underline>I489</underline>, <underline>Y491</underline>, <underline>Q492</underline></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>1</sup> Residues are numbered according to the SARS-CoV S protein reference sequence, accession ID: NP_828851.1.; <sup>2</sup> Residues in the epitopes that are identical in the SARS-CoV-2 sequences are underlined.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/SrasV1/Data/Pmc/Curation
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001619 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd -nk 001619 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= SrasV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Curation
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:7150947
|texte= Preliminary Identification of Potential Vaccine Targets for the COVID-19 Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Based on SARS-CoV Immunological Studies
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:32106567" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a SrasV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |