Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus
Identifieur interne : 001395 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 001394; suivant : 001396Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus
Auteurs : Ben Hu [République populaire de Chine] ; Lei-Ping Zeng [République populaire de Chine] ; Xing-Lou Yang [République populaire de Chine] ; Xing-Yi Ge [République populaire de Chine] ; Wei Zhang [République populaire de Chine] ; Bei Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Jia-Zheng Xie [République populaire de Chine] ; Xu-Rui Shen [République populaire de Chine] ; Yun-Zhi Zhang [République populaire de Chine] ; Ning Wang [République populaire de Chine] ; Dong-Sheng Luo [République populaire de Chine] ; Xiao-Shuang Zheng [République populaire de Chine] ; Mei-Niang Wang [République populaire de Chine] ; Peter Daszak [États-Unis] ; Lin-Fa Wang [Singapour] ; Jie Cui [République populaire de Chine] ; Zheng-Li Shi [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- PLoS Pathogens [ 1553-7366 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
A large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoV) have been detected in horseshoe bats since 2005 in different areas of China. However, these bat SARSr-CoVs show sequence differences from SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in different genes (S, ORF8, ORF3,
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698
PubMed: 29190287
PubMed Central: 5708621
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PMC:5708621Le document en format XML
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>A large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoV) have been detected in horseshoe bats since 2005 in different areas of China. However, these bat SARSr-CoVs show sequence differences from SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in different genes (S, ORF8, ORF3, <italic>etc</italic>
) and are considered unlikely to represent the direct progenitor of SARS-CoV. Herein, we report the findings of our 5-year surveillance of SARSr-CoVs in a cave inhabited by multiple species of horseshoe bats in Yunnan Province, China. The full-length genomes of 11 newly discovered SARSr-CoV strains, together with our previous findings, reveals that the SARSr-CoVs circulating in this single location are highly diverse in the S gene, ORF3 and ORF8. Importantly, strains with high genetic similarity to SARS-CoV in the hypervariable N-terminal domain (NTD) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S1 gene, the ORF3 and ORF8 region, respectively, were all discovered in this cave. In addition, we report the first discovery of bat SARSr-CoVs highly similar to human SARS-CoV in ORF3b and in the split ORF8a and 8b. Moreover, SARSr-CoV strains from this cave were more closely related to SARS-CoV in the non-structural protein genes ORF1a and 1b compared with those detected elsewhere. Recombination analysis shows evidence of frequent recombination events within the S gene and around the ORF8 between these SARSr-CoVs. We hypothesize that the direct progenitor of SARS-CoV may have originated after sequential recombination events between the precursors of these SARSr-CoVs. Cell entry studies demonstrated that three newly identified SARSr-CoVs with different S protein sequences are all able to use human ACE2 as the receptor, further exhibiting the close relationship between strains in this cave and SARS-CoV. This work provides new insights into the origin and evolution of SARS-CoV and highlights the necessity of preparedness for future emergence of SARS-like diseases.</p>
</div>
</front>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gadkari, D" uniqKey="Gadkari D">D Gadkari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kulkarni, Ss" uniqKey="Kulkarni S">SS Kulkarni</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Novak, Ng" uniqKey="Novak N">NG Novak</name>
</author>
</analytic>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lefort, V" uniqKey="Lefort V">V Lefort</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anisimova, M" uniqKey="Anisimova M">M Anisimova</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hordijk, W" uniqKey="Hordijk W">W Hordijk</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gascuel, O" uniqKey="Gascuel O">O Gascuel</name>
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS Pathog</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS Pathog</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plospath</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS Pathogens</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1553-7366</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1553-7374</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">29190287</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5708621</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PPATHOGENS-D-17-00265</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and life sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Viruses</subject>
<subj-group><subject>RNA viruses</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Coronaviruses</subject>
<subj-group><subject>SARS coronavirus</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and life sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Microbiology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Medical microbiology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Microbial pathogens</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Viral pathogens</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Coronaviruses</subject>
<subj-group><subject>SARS coronavirus</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and health sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Pathology and laboratory medicine</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Pathogens</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Microbial pathogens</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Viral pathogens</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Coronaviruses</subject>
<subj-group><subject>SARS coronavirus</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and life sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Viruses</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Viral pathogens</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Coronaviruses</subject>
<subj-group><subject>SARS coronavirus</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Eukaryota</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Animals</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Vertebrates</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Amniotes</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Mammals</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Bats</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Database and Informatics Methods</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Bioinformatics</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequence Analysis</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequence Alignment</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Database and Informatics Methods</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Bioinformatics</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequence Analysis</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and analysis methods</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Database and informatics methods</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Bioinformatics</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequence analysis</subject>
<subj-group><subject>DNA sequence analysis</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology Techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology Techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Database and Informatics Methods</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Bioinformatics</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequence Analysis</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequence Motif Analysis</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Microbiology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Virology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Viral Replication</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">A gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Hu</surname>
<given-names>Ben</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Validation</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Visualization</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – original draft</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Zeng</surname>
<given-names>Lei-Ping</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Xing-Lou</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Resources</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ge</surname>
<given-names>Xing-Yi</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Resources</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Wei</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Bei</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xie</surname>
<given-names>Jia-Zheng</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shen</surname>
<given-names>Xu-Rui</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Yun-Zhi</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Resources</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Ning</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Luo</surname>
<given-names>Dong-Sheng</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Resources</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zheng</surname>
<given-names>Xiao-Shuang</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Mei-Niang</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Resources</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2046-5695</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Daszak</surname>
<given-names>Peter</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Lin-Fa</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Conceptualization</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8176-9951</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cui</surname>
<given-names>Jie</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Conceptualization</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Software</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8089-163X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Shi</surname>
<given-names>Zheng-Li</given-names>
</name>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Conceptualization</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Project administration</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Visualization</role>
<role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff001"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff002"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff003"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>Dali University, Dali, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff004"><label>4</label>
<addr-line>EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff005"><label>5</label>
<addr-line>Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Drosten</surname>
<given-names>Christian</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, GERMANY</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="coi001"><p>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>jiecui@wh.iov.cn</email>
(JC); <email>zlshi@wh.iov.cn</email>
(Z-LS)</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>11</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<elocation-id>e1006698</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>10</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2017</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2017</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 Hu et al</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2017</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Hu et al</copyright-holder>
<license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="ppat.1006698.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><p>A large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoV) have been detected in horseshoe bats since 2005 in different areas of China. However, these bat SARSr-CoVs show sequence differences from SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in different genes (S, ORF8, ORF3, <italic>etc</italic>
) and are considered unlikely to represent the direct progenitor of SARS-CoV. Herein, we report the findings of our 5-year surveillance of SARSr-CoVs in a cave inhabited by multiple species of horseshoe bats in Yunnan Province, China. The full-length genomes of 11 newly discovered SARSr-CoV strains, together with our previous findings, reveals that the SARSr-CoVs circulating in this single location are highly diverse in the S gene, ORF3 and ORF8. Importantly, strains with high genetic similarity to SARS-CoV in the hypervariable N-terminal domain (NTD) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S1 gene, the ORF3 and ORF8 region, respectively, were all discovered in this cave. In addition, we report the first discovery of bat SARSr-CoVs highly similar to human SARS-CoV in ORF3b and in the split ORF8a and 8b. Moreover, SARSr-CoV strains from this cave were more closely related to SARS-CoV in the non-structural protein genes ORF1a and 1b compared with those detected elsewhere. Recombination analysis shows evidence of frequent recombination events within the S gene and around the ORF8 between these SARSr-CoVs. We hypothesize that the direct progenitor of SARS-CoV may have originated after sequential recombination events between the precursors of these SARSr-CoVs. Cell entry studies demonstrated that three newly identified SARSr-CoVs with different S protein sequences are all able to use human ACE2 as the receptor, further exhibiting the close relationship between strains in this cave and SARS-CoV. This work provides new insights into the origin and evolution of SARS-CoV and highlights the necessity of preparedness for future emergence of SARS-like diseases.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="summary"><title>Author summary</title>
<p>Increasing evidence has been gathered to support the bat origin of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in the past decade. However, none of the currently known bat SARSr-CoVs is thought to be the direct ancestor of SARS-CoV. Herein, we report the identification of a diverse group of bat SARSr-CoVs in a single cave in Yunnan, China. Importantly, all of the building blocks of SARS-CoV genome, including the highly variable S gene, ORF8 and ORF3, could be found in the genomes of different SARSr-CoV strains from this single location. Based on the analysis of full-length genome sequences of the newly identified bat SARSr-CoVs, we speculate that the direct ancestor of SARS-CoV may have arisen from sequential recombination events between the precursors of these bat SARSr-CoVs prior to spillover to an intermediate host. In addition, we found bat SARSr-CoV strains with different S proteins that can all use the receptor of SARS-CoV in humans (ACE2) for cell entry, suggesting diverse SARSr-CoVs capable of direct transmission to humans are circulating in bats in this cave. Our current study therefore offers a clearer picture on the evolutionary origin of SARS-CoV and highlights the risk of future emergence of SARS-like diseases.</p>
</abstract>
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<award-group id="award008"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001381</institution-id>
<institution>National Research Foundation Singapore</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>NRF-CRP10-2012-05</award-id>
<principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Lin-Fa</given-names>
</name>
</principal-award-recipient>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>This work was jointly funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81290341, 31621061) to ZLS, China Mega-Project for Infectious Disease (2014ZX10004001-003) to ZLS, Scientific and technological basis special project (2013FY113500) to YZZ and ZLS from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDPB0301) to ZLS, the National Institutes of Health (NIAID R01AI110964), the USAID Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT program to PD and ZLS, CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program to JC, NRF-CRP grant (NRF-CRP10-2012-05) to LFW and WIV “One-Three-Five” Strategic Program (WIV-135-TP1) to JC and ZLS. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts><fig-count count="9"></fig-count>
<table-count count="1"></table-count>
<page-count count="27"></page-count>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name>
<meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. The complete genome sequences of the 11 bat SARS-related coronaviruses newly identified in this study have been deposited in the GenBank database and assigned accession numbers KY417142 to KY417152, respectively.</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
<notes><title>Data Availability</title>
<p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. The complete genome sequences of the 11 bat SARS-related coronaviruses newly identified in this study have been deposited in the GenBank database and assigned accession numbers KY417142 to KY417152, respectively.</p>
</notes>
</front>
</pmc>
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