Case-ascertained study of household transmission of seasonal influenza — South Africa, 2013
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Auteurs : Preetha Iyengar [États-Unis] ; Claire Von Mollendorf [Afrique du Sud] ; Stefano Tempia [Afrique du Sud, États-Unis] ; Alexandra Moerdyk [Afrique du Sud] ; Ziyaad Valley-Omar [Afrique du Sud] ; Orienka Hellferscee [Afrique du Sud] ; Neil Martinson [États-Unis] ; Meera Chhagan [Afrique du Sud] ; Meredith Mcmorrow [États-Unis] ; Manoj Gambhir [États-Unis, Australie] ; Simon Cauchemez [France] ; Ebrahim Variava [Afrique du Sud] ; Katlego Masonoke [États-Unis] ; Adam L. Cohen [États-Unis, Afrique du Sud] ; Cheryl Cohen [Afrique du Sud]Source :
- The Journal of infection [ 0163-4453 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The household is important in influenza transmission due to intensity of contact. Previous studies reported secondary attack rates (SAR) of 4–10% for laboratory-confirmed influenza in the household. Few have been conducted in middle-income countries.
We performed a case-ascertained household transmission study during May–October 2013. Index cases were patients with influenza-like-illness (cough and self-reported or measured fever (≥38 °C)) with onset in the last 3 days and no sick household contacts, at clinics in South Africa. Household contacts of index cases with laboratory-confirmed influenza were followed for 12 days.
Thirty index cases in 30 households and 107/110 (97%) eligible household contacts were enrolled. Assuming those not enrolled were influenza negative, 21/110 household contacts had laboratory-confirmed influenza (SAR 19%); the mean serial interval was 2.1 days (SD = 0.35, range 2–3 days). Most (62/82; 76%) household contacts who completed the risk factor questionnaire never avoided contact and 43/82 (52%) continued to share a bed with the index case after illness onset.
SAR for laboratory-confirmed influenza in South Africa was higher than previously reported SARs. Household contacts did not report changing behaviors to prevent transmission. These results can be used to understand and predict influenza transmission in similar middle-income settings.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.09.001
PubMed: 26366941
PubMed Central: 4667753
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Ziyaad" uniqKey="Valley Omar Z" first="Ziyaad" last="Valley-Omar">Ziyaad Valley-Omar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hellferscee, Orienka" sort="Hellferscee, Orienka" uniqKey="Hellferscee O" first="Orienka" last="Hellferscee">Orienka Hellferscee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinson, Neil" sort="Martinson, Neil" uniqKey="Martinson N" first="Neil" last="Martinson">Neil Martinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chhagan, Meera" sort="Chhagan, Meera" uniqKey="Chhagan M" first="Meera" last="Chhagan">Meera Chhagan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Pediatrics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, King George V Ave, Glenwood, Durban, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, King George V Ave, Glenwood, Durban</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmorrow, Meredith" sort="Mcmorrow, Meredith" uniqKey="Mcmorrow M" first="Meredith" last="Mcmorrow">Meredith Mcmorrow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, 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Road, Melbourne</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cauchemez, Simon" sort="Cauchemez, Simon" uniqKey="Cauchemez S" first="Simon" last="Cauchemez">Simon Cauchemez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Variava, Ebrahim" sort="Variava, Ebrahim" uniqKey="Variava E" first="Ebrahim" last="Variava">Ebrahim Variava</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Medicine, Klerksdorp Tshepong Hospital Complex and University of the Witwatersrand, Corner of OR Tambo and John Orr Street, Klerksdorp, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Klerksdorp Tshepong Hospital Complex and University of the Witwatersrand, Corner of OR Tambo and John Orr Street, Klerksdorp</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Masonoke, Katlego" sort="Masonoke, Katlego" uniqKey="Masonoke K" first="Katlego" last="Masonoke">Katlego Masonoke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Adam L" sort="Cohen, Adam L" uniqKey="Cohen A" first="Adam L." last="Cohen">Adam L. Cohen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—South Africa, PO Box 9536, Pretoria, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—South Africa, PO Box 9536, Pretoria</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Cheryl" sort="Cohen, Cheryl" uniqKey="Cohen C" first="Cheryl" last="Cohen">Cheryl Cohen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, 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wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Global Disease Detection Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Global Disease Detection Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Von Mollendorf, Claire" sort="Von Mollendorf, Claire" uniqKey="Von Mollendorf C" first="Claire" last="Von Mollendorf">Claire Von Mollendorf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tempia, Stefano" sort="Tempia, Stefano" uniqKey="Tempia S" first="Stefano" last="Tempia">Stefano Tempia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—South Africa, PO Box 9536, Pretoria, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—South Africa, PO Box 9536, Pretoria</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moerdyk, Alexandra" sort="Moerdyk, Alexandra" uniqKey="Moerdyk A" first="Alexandra" last="Moerdyk">Alexandra Moerdyk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valley Omar, Ziyaad" sort="Valley Omar, Ziyaad" uniqKey="Valley Omar Z" first="Ziyaad" last="Valley-Omar">Ziyaad Valley-Omar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hellferscee, Orienka" sort="Hellferscee, Orienka" uniqKey="Hellferscee O" first="Orienka" last="Hellferscee">Orienka Hellferscee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinson, Neil" sort="Martinson, Neil" uniqKey="Martinson N" first="Neil" last="Martinson">Neil Martinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chhagan, Meera" sort="Chhagan, Meera" uniqKey="Chhagan M" first="Meera" last="Chhagan">Meera Chhagan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Pediatrics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, King George V Ave, Glenwood, Durban, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, King George V Ave, Glenwood, Durban</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmorrow, Meredith" sort="Mcmorrow, Meredith" uniqKey="Mcmorrow M" first="Meredith" last="Mcmorrow">Meredith Mcmorrow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gambhir, Manoj" sort="Gambhir, Manoj" uniqKey="Gambhir M" first="Manoj" last="Gambhir">Manoj Gambhir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">Modeling Unit, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Modeling Unit, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A11">Epidemiological Modelling Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Epidemiological Modelling Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cauchemez, Simon" sort="Cauchemez, Simon" uniqKey="Cauchemez S" first="Simon" last="Cauchemez">Simon Cauchemez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Variava, Ebrahim" sort="Variava, Ebrahim" uniqKey="Variava E" first="Ebrahim" last="Variava">Ebrahim Variava</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Medicine, Klerksdorp Tshepong Hospital Complex and University of the Witwatersrand, Corner of OR Tambo and John Orr Street, Klerksdorp, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Klerksdorp Tshepong Hospital Complex and University of the Witwatersrand, Corner of OR Tambo and John Orr Street, Klerksdorp</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Masonoke, Katlego" sort="Masonoke, Katlego" uniqKey="Masonoke K" first="Katlego" last="Masonoke">Katlego Masonoke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Adam L" sort="Cohen, Adam L" uniqKey="Cohen A" first="Adam L." last="Cohen">Adam L. Cohen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—South Africa, PO Box 9536, Pretoria, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—South Africa, PO Box 9536, Pretoria</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Cheryl" sort="Cohen, Cheryl" uniqKey="Cohen C" first="Cheryl" last="Cohen">Cheryl Cohen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Journal of infection</title><idno type="ISSN">0163-4453</idno><idno type="eISSN">1532-2742</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Summary</title><sec id="S1"><title>Objectives</title><p id="P2">The household is important in influenza transmission due to intensity of contact. Previous studies reported secondary attack rates (SAR) of 4–10% for laboratory-confirmed influenza in the household. Few have been conducted in middle-income countries.</p></sec><sec id="S2"><title>Methods</title><p id="P3">We performed a case-ascertained household transmission study during May–October 2013. Index cases were patients with influenza-like-illness (cough and self-reported or measured fever (≥38 °C)) with onset in the last 3 days and no sick household contacts, at clinics in South Africa. Household contacts of index cases with laboratory-confirmed influenza were followed for 12 days.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Results</title><p id="P4">Thirty index cases in 30 households and 107/110 (97%) eligible household contacts were enrolled. Assuming those not enrolled were influenza negative, 21/110 household contacts had laboratory-confirmed influenza (SAR 19%); the mean serial interval was 2.1 days (SD = 0.35, range 2–3 days). Most (62/82; 76%) household contacts who completed the risk factor questionnaire never avoided contact and 43/82 (52%) continued to share a bed with the index case after illness onset.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Conclusion</title><p id="P5">SAR for laboratory-confirmed influenza in South Africa was higher than previously reported SARs. Household contacts did not report changing behaviors to prevent transmission. These results can be used to understand and predict influenza transmission in similar middle-income settings.</p></sec></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">7908424</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">4825</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Infect</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Infect.</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Journal of infection</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0163-4453</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1532-2742</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26366941</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4667753</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jinf.2015.09.001</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">HHSPA740152</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Case-ascertained study of household transmission of seasonal influenza — South Africa, 2013</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Iyengar</surname><given-names>Preetha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">b</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">c</xref><xref rid="FN1" ref-type="author-notes">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>von Mollendorf</surname><given-names>Claire</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">d</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">e</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tempia</surname><given-names>Stefano</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">f</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">g</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moerdyk</surname><given-names>Alexandra</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">d</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Valley-Omar</surname><given-names>Ziyaad</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">d</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hellferscee</surname><given-names>Orienka</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">d</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martinson</surname><given-names>Neil</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">h</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chhagan</surname><given-names>Meera</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">i</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McMorrow</surname><given-names>Meredith</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">c</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">g</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gambhir</surname><given-names>Manoj</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A10">j</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">k</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cauchemez</surname><given-names>Simon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A12">l</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Variava</surname><given-names>Ebrahim</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13">m</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Masonoke</surname><given-names>Katlego</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">h</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>Adam L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">c</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">f</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">g</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>Cheryl</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">d</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">e</xref><xref rid="FN2" ref-type="author-notes">**</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>a</label>Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</aff><aff id="A2"><label>b</label>Global Disease Detection Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</aff><aff id="A3"><label>c</label>US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD, USA</aff><aff id="A4"><label>d</label>Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa</aff><aff id="A5"><label>e</label>School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa</aff><aff id="A6"><label>f</label>Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—South Africa, PO Box 9536, Pretoria, South Africa</aff><aff id="A7"><label>g</label>Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</aff><aff id="A8"><label>h</label>Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, USA</aff><aff id="A9"><label>i</label>Department of Pediatrics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, King George V Ave, Glenwood, Durban, South Africa</aff><aff id="A10"><label>j</label>Modeling Unit, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</aff><aff id="A11"><label>k</label>Epidemiological Modelling Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Australia</aff><aff id="A12"><label>l</label>Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France</aff><aff id="A13"><label>m</label>Department of Medicine, Klerksdorp Tshepong Hospital Complex and University of the Witwatersrand, Corner of OR Tambo and John Orr Street, Klerksdorp, South Africa</aff><author-notes><corresp id="FN1"><label>*</label>Corresponding author. Save the Children, 2000 L St NW Suite 500, Washington DC 20036, USA. Tel.: +1 202 640 6863. <email>piyengar@gmail.com</email> (P. Iyengar)</corresp><corresp id="FN2"><label>**</label>Corresponding author. Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis (CRDM), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd Sandringham, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa. Tel.: +27 11 386 6593. <email>cherylc@nicd.ac.za</email> (C. Cohen)</corresp><fn id="FN4" fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p><p>The authors declare no commercial or other associations that might pose a conflict of interest.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>9</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>71</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>578</fpage><lpage>586</lpage><pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.09.001</pmc-comment>
<abstract><title>Summary</title><sec id="S1"><title>Objectives</title><p id="P2">The household is important in influenza transmission due to intensity of contact. Previous studies reported secondary attack rates (SAR) of 4–10% for laboratory-confirmed influenza in the household. Few have been conducted in middle-income countries.</p></sec><sec id="S2"><title>Methods</title><p id="P3">We performed a case-ascertained household transmission study during May–October 2013. Index cases were patients with influenza-like-illness (cough and self-reported or measured fever (≥38 °C)) with onset in the last 3 days and no sick household contacts, at clinics in South Africa. Household contacts of index cases with laboratory-confirmed influenza were followed for 12 days.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Results</title><p id="P4">Thirty index cases in 30 households and 107/110 (97%) eligible household contacts were enrolled. Assuming those not enrolled were influenza negative, 21/110 household contacts had laboratory-confirmed influenza (SAR 19%); the mean serial interval was 2.1 days (SD = 0.35, range 2–3 days). Most (62/82; 76%) household contacts who completed the risk factor questionnaire never avoided contact and 43/82 (52%) continued to share a bed with the index case after illness onset.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Conclusion</title><p id="P5">SAR for laboratory-confirmed influenza in South Africa was higher than previously reported SARs. Household contacts did not report changing behaviors to prevent transmission. These results can be used to understand and predict influenza transmission in similar middle-income settings.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Influenza</kwd><kwd>Secondary infection risk</kwd><kwd>Household transmission</kwd><kwd>Serial interval</kwd><kwd>South Africa</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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