Serveur d'exploration SRAS

Attention, ce site est en cours de développement !
Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts.
Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.

Role of interferons in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome

Identifieur interne : 001767 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 001766; suivant : 001768

Role of interferons in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome

Auteurs : Jindrich Cinatl Jr ; Martin Michaelis ; Martin Scholz ; Hans Wilhelm Doerr

Source :

RBID : PMC:7103669

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by the SARS coronavirus (SCV). The disease appeared in the Guandong province of southern China in 2002. The epidemic affected > 8422 patients and caused 908 deaths in 29 countries on 5 continents. Several treatment modalities were tried with limited success to treat SARS and a variety of experimental drugs are under development. Type I interferons (IFNs-α/β) were suggested as potential candidates to treat SARS. Several animal and human coronaviruses, including SCV, were shown to be sensitive to IFNs both in vitro and in vivo. A pilot clinical report showed effectiveness of IFN-α for the treatment of SARS patients. This review summarises antiviral activities of IFNs with special regard to SARS, and reviews the published clinical and experimental data describing the use of IFNs for SARS.


Url:
DOI: 10.1517/14712598.4.6.827
PubMed: 15174965
PubMed Central: 7103669

Links to Exploration step

PMC:7103669

Le document en format XML

<record>
<TEI>
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title xml:lang="en">Role of interferons in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cinatl Jr, Jindrich" sort="Cinatl Jr, Jindrich" uniqKey="Cinatl Jr J" first="Jindrich" last="Cinatl Jr">Jindrich Cinatl Jr</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF0001">Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Institut fur Medizinische Virologie, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Cinatl@em.uni-frankfurt.de</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Michaelis, Martin" sort="Michaelis, Martin" uniqKey="Michaelis M" first="Martin" last="Michaelis">Martin Michaelis</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF0001">Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Institut fur Medizinische Virologie, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Cinatl@em.uni-frankfurt.de</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Scholz, Martin" sort="Scholz, Martin" uniqKey="Scholz M" first="Martin" last="Scholz">Martin Scholz</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF0001">Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Institut fur Medizinische Virologie, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Cinatl@em.uni-frankfurt.de</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Doerr, Hans Wilhelm" sort="Doerr, Hans Wilhelm" uniqKey="Doerr H" first="Hans Wilhelm" last="Doerr">Hans Wilhelm Doerr</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF0001">Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Institut fur Medizinische Virologie, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Cinatl@em.uni-frankfurt.de</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">15174965</idno>
<idno type="pmc">7103669</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103669</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:7103669</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1517/14712598.4.6.827</idno>
<date when="2005">2005</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001767</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001767</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Role of interferons in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cinatl Jr, Jindrich" sort="Cinatl Jr, Jindrich" uniqKey="Cinatl Jr J" first="Jindrich" last="Cinatl Jr">Jindrich Cinatl Jr</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF0001">Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Institut fur Medizinische Virologie, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Cinatl@em.uni-frankfurt.de</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Michaelis, Martin" sort="Michaelis, Martin" uniqKey="Michaelis M" first="Martin" last="Michaelis">Martin Michaelis</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF0001">Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Institut fur Medizinische Virologie, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Cinatl@em.uni-frankfurt.de</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Scholz, Martin" sort="Scholz, Martin" uniqKey="Scholz M" first="Martin" last="Scholz">Martin Scholz</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF0001">Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Institut fur Medizinische Virologie, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Cinatl@em.uni-frankfurt.de</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Doerr, Hans Wilhelm" sort="Doerr, Hans Wilhelm" uniqKey="Doerr H" first="Hans Wilhelm" last="Doerr">Hans Wilhelm Doerr</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF0001">Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Institut fur Medizinische Virologie, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Cinatl@em.uni-frankfurt.de</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1471-2598</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1744-7682</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2005">2005</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by the SARS coronavirus (SCV). The disease appeared in the Guandong province of southern China in 2002. The epidemic affected > 8422 patients and caused 908 deaths in 29 countries on 5 continents. Several treatment modalities were tried with limited success to treat SARS and a variety of experimental drugs are under development. Type I interferons (IFNs-α/β) were suggested as potential candidates to treat SARS. Several animal and human coronaviruses, including SCV, were shown to be sensitive to IFNs both in vitro and in vivo. A pilot clinical report showed effectiveness of IFN-α for the treatment of SARS patients. This review summarises antiviral activities of IFNs with special regard to SARS, and reviews the published clinical and experimental data describing the use of IFNs for SARS.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back>
<div1 type="bibliography">
<listBibl>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stadler, K" uniqKey="Stadler K">K STADLER</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Masignani, V" uniqKey="Masignani V">V MASIGNANI</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Eickmann, M" uniqKey="Eickmann M">M EICKMANN</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Peiris, Js" uniqKey="Peiris J">JS PEIRIS</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yuen, Ky" uniqKey="Yuen K">KY YUEN</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Osterhaus, Ad" uniqKey="Osterhaus A">AD OSTERHAUS</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stohr, K" uniqKey="Stohr K">K STOHR</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vastag, B" uniqKey="Vastag B">B VASTAG</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Davidson, A" uniqKey="Davidson A">A DAVIDSON</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Siddell, S" uniqKey="Siddell S">S SIDDELL</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lee, N" uniqKey="Lee N">N LEE</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hui, D" uniqKey="Hui D">D HUI</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wu, A" uniqKey="Wu A">A WU</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Loutfy, Mr" uniqKey="Loutfy M">MR LOUTFY</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Blatt, Lm" uniqKey="Blatt L">LM BLATT</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Siminowitch, Ka" uniqKey="Siminowitch K">KA SIMINOWITCH</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Poutanen, Sm" uniqKey="Poutanen S">SM POUTANEN</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Low, De" uniqKey="Low D">DE LOW</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Henry, B" uniqKey="Henry B">B HENRY</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="So, Lk" uniqKey="So L">LK SO</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lau, Ac" uniqKey="Lau A">AC LAU</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tsang, Kw" uniqKey="Tsang K">KW TSANG</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ho, Pl" uniqKey="Ho P">PL HO</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhao, Z" uniqKey="Zhao Z">Z ZHAO</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhang, F" uniqKey="Zhang F">F ZHANG</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Xu, M" uniqKey="Xu M">M XU</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Booth, Cm" uniqKey="Booth C">CM BOOTH</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Matukas, Lm" uniqKey="Matukas L">LM MATUKAS</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tomlinson, Ga" uniqKey="Tomlinson G">GA TOMLINSON</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chu Cm, Cheng Vcc" uniqKey="Chu Cm C">CHENG VCC CHU CM</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sui, J" uniqKey="Sui J">J SUI</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wenhui, L" uniqKey="Wenhui L">L WENHUI</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Murakami, A" uniqKey="Murakami A">A MURAKAMI</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y ZHANG</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Li, T" uniqKey="Li T">T LI</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fu, L" uniqKey="Fu L">L FU</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Haagmans, Bl" uniqKey="Haagmans B">BL HAAGMANS</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kuiken, T" uniqKey="Kuiken T">T KUIKEN</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Martina, Be" uniqKey="Martina B">BE MARTINA</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hensley, Le" uniqKey="Hensley L">LE HENSLEY</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fritz, Ea" uniqKey="Fritz E">EA FRITZ</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jahrling, Pb" uniqKey="Jahrling P">PB JAHRLING</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sen, Gc" uniqKey="Sen G">GC SEN</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Katze, Mg" uniqKey="Katze M">MG KATZE</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="He, Y" uniqKey="He Y">Y HE</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Urosevic, N" uniqKey="Urosevic N">N UROSEVIC</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shuai, K" uniqKey="Shuai K">K SHUAI</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Liu, B" uniqKey="Liu B">B LIU</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kisseleva, T" uniqKey="Kisseleva T">T KISSELEVA</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bhattacharya, S" uniqKey="Bhattacharya S">S BHATTACHARYA</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Braunstein, J" uniqKey="Braunstein J">J BRAUNSTEIN</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schindler, Cw" uniqKey="Schindler C">CW SCHINDLER</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Levy, De" uniqKey="Levy D">DE LEVY</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="De Veer, Mj" uniqKey="De Veer M">MJ DE VEER</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Holko, M" uniqKey="Holko M">M HOLKO</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Frevel, M" uniqKey="Frevel M">M FREVEL</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Der, Sd" uniqKey="Der S">SD DER</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhou, A" uniqKey="Zhou A">A ZHOU</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Williams, Br" uniqKey="Williams B">BR WILLIAMS</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Silverman, Rh" uniqKey="Silverman R">RH SILVERMAN</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Samuel, C" uniqKey="Samuel C">C SAMUEL</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhou, A" uniqKey="Zhou A">A ZHOU</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Paranjape, Jm" uniqKey="Paranjape J">JM PARANJAPE</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Williams, Br" uniqKey="Williams B">BR WILLIAMS</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Silverman, Rh" uniqKey="Silverman R">RH SILVERMAN</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Eskildsen, E" uniqKey="Eskildsen E">E ESKILDSEN</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Justesen, J" uniqKey="Justesen J">J JUSTESEN</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schierup, Mh" uniqKey="Schierup M">MH SCHIERUP</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hartmann, R" uniqKey="Hartmann R">R HARTMANN</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Goodbourn, S" uniqKey="Goodbourn S">S GOODBOURN</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Didcock, L" uniqKey="Didcock L">L DIDCOCK</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Randall, Re" uniqKey="Randall R">RE RANDALL</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chawla Sarkar, M" uniqKey="Chawla Sarkar M">M CHAWLA-SARKAR</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lindner, Dj" uniqKey="Lindner D">DJ LINDNER</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Patel, Rc" uniqKey="Patel R">RC PATEL</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sen, Gc" uniqKey="Sen G">GC SEN</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Abraham, N" uniqKey="Abraham N">N ABRAHAM</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stojdl, Df" uniqKey="Stojdl D">DF STOJDL</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Balachandran, S" uniqKey="Balachandran S">S BALACHANDRAN</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Roberts, Pc" uniqKey="Roberts P">PC ROBERTS</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brown, Le" uniqKey="Brown L">LE BROWN</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Staehli, P" uniqKey="Staehli P">P STAEHLI</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Janzen, C" uniqKey="Janzen C">C JANZEN</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kochs, G" uniqKey="Kochs G">G KOCHS</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Anderson, Sl" uniqKey="Anderson S">SL ANDERSON</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Carton, Jm" uniqKey="Carton J">JM CARTON</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lou, J" uniqKey="Lou J">J LOU</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Xing, L" uniqKey="Xing L">L XING</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rubin, By" uniqKey="Rubin B">BY RUBIN</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Patterson, Jb" uniqKey="Patterson J">JB PATTERSON</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Thomis, Dc" uniqKey="Thomis D">DC THOMIS</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hans, Sl" uniqKey="Hans S">SL HANS</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Samuel, Ce" uniqKey="Samuel C">CE SAMUEL</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Saunders, Lr" uniqKey="Saunders L">LR SAUNDERS</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Barber, Gn" uniqKey="Barber G">GN BARBER</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Liu, Y" uniqKey="Liu Y">Y LIU</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Emerson, Rb" uniqKey="Emerson R">RB EMERSON</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Samuel, Ce" uniqKey="Samuel C">CE SAMUEL</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jayan, Gc" uniqKey="Jayan G">GC JAYAN</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Casey, Jl" uniqKey="Casey J">JL CASEY</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sperber, Sj" uniqKey="Sperber S">SJ SPERBER</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hayden, Fg" uniqKey="Hayden F">FG HAYDEN</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pei, J" uniqKey="Pei J">J PEI</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sekellick, Mj" uniqKey="Sekellick M">MJ SEKELLICK</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Marcus, Pi" uniqKey="Marcus P">PI MARCUS</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Choi, Is" uniqKey="Choi I">IS CHOI</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Collison, Ew" uniqKey="Collison E">EW COLLISON</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Minagawa, H" uniqKey="Minagawa H">H MINAGAWA</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Takenaka, A" uniqKey="Takenaka A">A TAKENAKA</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mohri, S" uniqKey="Mohri S">S MOHRI</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mori, R" uniqKey="Mori R">R MORI</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lucchiari, Ma" uniqKey="Lucchiari M">MA LUCCHIARI</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Martin, Jp" uniqKey="Martin J">JP MARTIN</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mod Olell, M" uniqKey="Mod Olell M">M MOD OLELL</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pereira, Ca" uniqKey="Pereira C">CA PEREIRA</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Weingartl, Hm" uniqKey="Weingartl H">HM WEINGARTL</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Derbshire, Jb" uniqKey="Derbshire J">JB DERBSHIRE</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Collins, Ar" uniqKey="Collins A">AR COLLINS</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hertzig, T" uniqKey="Hertzig T">T HERTZIG</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Scandella, E" uniqKey="Scandella E">E SCANDELLA</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schelle, B" uniqKey="Schelle B">B SCHELLE</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fuchizaki, U" uniqKey="Fuchizaki U">U FUCHIZAKI</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kaneko, S" uniqKey="Kaneko S">S KANEKO</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nakamoto, Y" uniqKey="Nakamoto Y">Y NAKAMOTO</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Baudoux, P" uniqKey="Baudoux P">P BAUDOUX</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Carrat, C" uniqKey="Carrat C">C CARRAT</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Besnardeau, L" uniqKey="Besnardeau L">L BESNARDEAU</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Charley, B" uniqKey="Charley B">B CHARLEY</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Laude, H" uniqKey="Laude H">H LAUDE</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Collins, Ar" uniqKey="Collins A">AR COLLINS</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pitkaranta, A" uniqKey="Pitkaranta A">A PITKARANTA</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nokso Koivisto, J" uniqKey="Nokso Koivisto J">J NOKSO-KOIVISTO</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jantti, V" uniqKey="Jantti V">V JANTTI</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Takala, A" uniqKey="Takala A">A TAKALA</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Turner, Rb" uniqKey="Turner R">RB TURNER</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Felton, A" uniqKey="Felton A">A FELTON</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kosak, K" uniqKey="Kosak K">K KOSAK</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kelsey, Dk" uniqKey="Kelsey D">DK KELSEY</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mescievitz, Ck" uniqKey="Mescievitz C">CK MESCIEVITZ</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tyrrell, Da" uniqKey="Tyrrell D">DA TYRRELL</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Melian, Eb" uniqKey="Melian E">EB MELIAN</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Plosker, Gl" uniqKey="Plosker G">GL PLOSKER</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Enserink, M" uniqKey="Enserink M">M ENSERINK</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Harle, P" uniqKey="Harle P">P HARLE</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lauret, E" uniqKey="Lauret E">E LAURET</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pitha, Pm" uniqKey="Pitha P">PM PITHA</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="De Maeyer, E" uniqKey="De Maeyer E">E DE MAEYER</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Carr, Dj" uniqKey="Carr D">DJ CARR</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Antonetti, F" uniqKey="Antonetti F">F ANTONETTI</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Antonelli, G" uniqKey="Antonelli G">G ANTONELLI</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Scagnolari, C" uniqKey="Scagnolari C">C SCAGNOLARI</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vincenzi, E" uniqKey="Vincenzi E">E VINCENZI</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Clementi, H" uniqKey="Clementi H">H CLEMENTI</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stroher, U" uniqKey="Stroher U">U STROHER</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dicaro, A" uniqKey="Dicaro A">A DICARO</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Manns, Mp" uniqKey="Manns M">MP MANNS</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cornberg, M" uniqKey="Cornberg M">M CORNBERG</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wedemeyer, H" uniqKey="Wedemeyer H">H WEDEMEYER</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Baker, De" uniqKey="Baker D">DE BAKER</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pepinsky, Rb" uniqKey="Pepinsky R">RB PEPINSKY</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lepage, Dj" uniqKey="Lepage D">DJ LEPAGE</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chakraborty, A" uniqKey="Chakraborty A">A CHAKRABORTY</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lang, Zw" uniqKey="Lang Z">ZW LANG</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhang, Lj" uniqKey="Zhang L">LJ ZHANG</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhang, Sj" uniqKey="Zhang S">SJ ZHANG</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="De Groot, As" uniqKey="De Groot A">AS DE GROOT</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ho, Jc" uniqKey="Ho J">JC HO</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Glass, Wg" uniqKey="Glass W">WG GLASS</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rosenberg, Hf" uniqKey="Rosenberg H">HF ROSENBERG</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Murphy, Pm" uniqKey="Murphy P">PM MURPHY</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gniadek, P" uniqKey="Gniadek P">P GNIADEK</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="review-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Expert Opin Biol Ther</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Expert Opin Biol Ther</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IEBT</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">iebt20</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1471-2598</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1744-7682</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Taylor & Francis</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">15174965</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7103669</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">11195749</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1517/14712598.4.6.827</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Role of interferons in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cinatl Jr</surname>
<given-names>Jindrich</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF0001"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Michaelis</surname>
<given-names>Martin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF0001"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Scholz</surname>
<given-names>Martin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF0001"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Doerr</surname>
<given-names>Hans Wilhelm</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF0001"></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="AFF0001">Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Institut fur Medizinische Virologie, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Cinatl@em.uni-frankfurt.de</aff>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>4</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage seq="7">827</fpage>
<lpage>836</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>2004 ¦ Ashley Publications Ltd ISSN 1471-2598</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2004</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Ashley Publications Ltd ISSN 1471-2598</copyright-holder>
<license>
<license-p>This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="IEBT_4_11195749.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by the SARS coronavirus (SCV). The disease appeared in the Guandong province of southern China in 2002. The epidemic affected > 8422 patients and caused 908 deaths in 29 countries on 5 continents. Several treatment modalities were tried with limited success to treat SARS and a variety of experimental drugs are under development. Type I interferons (IFNs-α/β) were suggested as potential candidates to treat SARS. Several animal and human coronaviruses, including SCV, were shown to be sensitive to IFNs both in vitro and in vivo. A pilot clinical report showed effectiveness of IFN-α for the treatment of SARS patients. This review summarises antiviral activities of IFNs with special regard to SARS, and reviews the published clinical and experimental data describing the use of IFNs for SARS.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
<kwd>interferon</kwd>
<kwd>SARS</kwd>
<kwd>SARS coronavirus</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"></fig-count>
<table-count count="0"></table-count>
<ref-count count="78"></ref-count>
<page-count count="10"></page-count>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>Bibliography</title>
<ref id="CIT0001">
<label>1</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>STADLER</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>MASIGNANI</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>EICKMANN</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
et al.:
<article-title>SARS-beginning to understand a new virus</article-title>
.
<source>Nat. Rev Microbiol.</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>1</volume>
:
<fpage>209</fpage>
<lpage>218</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15035025</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0002">
<label>2</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>PEIRIS</surname>
<given-names>JS</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>YUEN</surname>
<given-names>KY</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>OSTERHAUS</surname>
<given-names>AD</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>STOHR</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>The severe acute respiratory syndrome</article-title>
.
<source>N Engl. J. Med.</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>349</volume>
:
<fpage>2431</fpage>
<lpage>2441</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14681510</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0003">
<label>3</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>VASTAG</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Old drugs for a new bug: influenza, HIV drugs enlisted to fight SARS</article-title>
.
<source>JAMA</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>290</volume>
:
<fpage>1695</fpage>
<lpage>1696</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14519691</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0004">
<label>4</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>DAVIDSON</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SIDDELL</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Potential for antiviral treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome</article-title>
.
<source>Carr: Opin. Infect. Dis.</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>16</volume>
:
<fpage>565</fpage>
<lpage>571</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0005">
<label>5</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>LEE</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>HUI</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>WU</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
et al.:
<article-title>A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong</article-title>
.
<source>N Engl. J. Med.</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>348</volume>
:
<fpage>1986</fpage>
<lpage>1994</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12682352</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0006">
<label>6</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>LOUTFY</surname>
<given-names>MR</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>BLATT</surname>
<given-names>LM</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SIMINOWITCH</surname>
<given-names>KA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
et al.:
<article-title>Interferon alfacon-1 plus corticosteroids in severe acute respiratory syndrome</article-title>
.
<source>JAMA</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>290</volume>
:
<fpage>3222</fpage>
<lpage>3228</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14693875</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0007">
<mixed-citation publication-type="other">•Preliminary, uncontrolled study of patients with SARS using treatment with IFN alfacon-1 improved disease outcome.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0008">
<label>7</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>POUTANEN</surname>
<given-names>SM</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>LOW</surname>
<given-names>DE</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>HENRY</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
et al.:
<article-title>Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada</article-title>
.
<source>N Engl. J. Med.</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>348</volume>
:
<fpage>1995</fpage>
<lpage>2005</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12671061</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0009">
<label>8</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SO</surname>
<given-names>LK</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>LAU</surname>
<given-names>AC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
,
<article-title>YAM LY et a/.: Development of a standard treatment protocol for severe acute respiratory syndrome</article-title>
.
<source>Lancet</source>
(
<volume>2003</volume>
)
<issue>361</issue>
:
<fpage>1615–</fpage>
<year>1617</year>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0010">
<label>9</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>TSANG</surname>
<given-names>KW</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>HO</surname>
<given-names>PL</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
,
<year>001</year>
<publisher-loc>GC et al</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl. J. Med</publisher-name>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>348</volume>
:
<year>1977</year>
<fpage>–1985</fpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0011">
<label>10</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>ZHAO</surname>
<given-names>Z</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>ZHANG</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>XU</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
et al.:
<article-title>Description and clinical treatment of an early outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangzhou, PR China</article-title>
.
<source>J. Med. Microbiol.</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>52</volume>
:
<fpage>715</fpage>
<lpage>720</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12867568</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0012">
<mixed-citation publication-type="other">•First clinical trial describing use of IFN-a for SARS.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0013">
<label>11</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>BOOTH</surname>
<given-names>CM</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>MATUKAS</surname>
<given-names>LM</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>TOMLINSON</surname>
<given-names>GA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
et al.:
<article-title>Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients with SARS in the greater Toronto area</article-title>
.
<source>JA/VIA</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>289</volume>
:
<fpage>2801</fpage>
<lpage>2809</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0014">
<label>12</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<collab>CINATL J JR, MORGERNSTERN B, BAUER G, CHANDRA P, RABENAU H, DOERR HW</collab>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus</article-title>
.
<source>Lancet</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>361</volume>
:
<fpage>2045</fpage>
<lpage>2046</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12814717</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0015">
<label>13</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>CHU CM</surname>
<given-names>CHENG VCC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
, HUNG IFN et al.:
<article-title>Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings</article-title>
.
<source>Vaccine</source>
(
<year>2004</year>
)
<volume>59</volume>
:
<fpage>252</fpage>
<lpage>256</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0016">
<label>14</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SUI</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>WENHUI</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>MURAKAMI</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
et al.:
<article-title>Potent neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus by a human mAb to 51 protein that blocks receptor association</article-title>
.
<source>Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA</source>
(
<year>2004</year>
)
<volume>101</volume>
:
<fpage>2536</fpage>
<lpage>2541</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0017">
<label>15</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>ZHANG</surname>
<given-names>Y</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>LI</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>FU</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
et al.:
<article-title>Silencing SARS-CoV spike protein expression in cultured cells by RNA interference</article-title>
.
<source>FEBS Lett.</source>
(
<year>2004</year>
)
<volume>560</volume>
:
<fpage>141</fpage>
<lpage>146</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14988013</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0018">
<label>16</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<collab>CINATL J JR, MORGERNSTERN B, BAUER G, CHANDRA P, RABENAU H, DOERR HW</collab>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Treatment of SARS with human interferons</article-title>
.
<source>Lancet</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>362</volume>
:
<fpage>293</fpage>
<lpage>294</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12892961</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0019">
<mixed-citation publication-type="other">•First in vitro study that reports on the effects of IFNs on SCV replication; comparison of different I...PNs in two different cell culture systems.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0020">
<label>17</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>HAAGMANS</surname>
<given-names>BL</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>KUIKEN</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>MARTINA</surname>
<given-names>BE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
et al.:
<article-title>Pegylated interferon-a protects type 1 pneumocytes against SARS coronavirus infection in macaques</article-title>
.
<source>Nat. Med</source>
.
<year>2004</year>
<volume>10</volume>
:
<fpage>290</fpage>
<lpage>293</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14981511</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0021">
<mixed-citation publication-type="other">•Demonstration that pegylated INF-a protects type 1 pneumocytes from SCV infection in cynomolgus macaques.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0022">
<label>18</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>HENSLEY</surname>
<given-names>LE</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>FRITZ</surname>
<given-names>EA</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>JAHRLING</surname>
<given-names>PB</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
et al.:
<article-title>Interferon-13 la and SARS coronavirus replication</article-title>
.
<source>Emerg. Infect. Dis.</source>
(
<year>2004</year>
)
<volume>10</volume>
:
<fpage>317</fpage>
<lpage>319</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15030704</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0023">
<mixed-citation publication-type="other">•Investigation of the influence of IFN-I3-la on SCV replication in Vero cells.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0024">
<label>19</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SEN</surname>
<given-names>GC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Viruses and interferons</article-title>
.
<source>Annu. Rev. Microbiol.</source>
(
<year>2001</year>
)
<volume>55</volume>
:
<fpage>255</fpage>
<lpage>281</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11544356</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0025">
<label>20</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>KATZE</surname>
<given-names>MG</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>HE</surname>
<given-names>Y</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
, GALE M JR:
<article-title>Viruses and interferon: a fight for supremacy</article-title>
.
<source>Nat. Rev Immunol.</source>
(
<year>2002</year>
)
<volume>2</volume>
:
<fpage>675</fpage>
<lpage>687</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12209136</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0026">
<label>21</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>UROSEVIC</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Is flavivirus interferon type I-independent? Immunol</article-title>
.
<source>Cell Biol.</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>81</volume>
:
<fpage>224</fpage>
<lpage>229</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0027">
<label>22</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SHUAI</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>LIU</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Regulation olJAK-STAT signalling in the immune system</article-title>
.
<source>Nat. Rev Immunol.</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>3</volume>
:
<fpage>900</fpage>
<lpage>911</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14668806</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0028">
<label>23</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>KISSELEVA</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>BHATTACHARYA</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>BRAUNSTEIN</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SCHINDLER</surname>
<given-names>CW</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Signalling through the JAK/STAT pathway, recent advances and future challenges</article-title>
.
<source>Gene</source>
(
<year>2002</year>
)
<volume>285</volume>
:
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>24</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12039028</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0029">
<label>24</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>LEVY</surname>
<given-names>DE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Whence interferon? Variety inthe production of interferon in response to viral infection</article-title>
.
<source>J. Exp. Med.</source>
(
<year>2002</year>
)
<volume>195</volume>
:
<fpage>F15–F18</fpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11854366</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0030">
<label>25</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>DE VEER</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>HOLKO</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>FREVEL</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
et al.:
<article-title>Functional classification of interferon-stimulated genes identified using microarrays</article-title>
.
<source>Leukoc. Biol.</source>
(
<year>2001</year>
)
<volume>69</volume>
:
<fpage>912</fpage>
<lpage>920</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0031">
<label>26</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>DER</surname>
<given-names>SD</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>ZHOU</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>WILLIAMS</surname>
<given-names>BR</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SILVERMAN</surname>
<given-names>RH</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Identification of genes differentially regulated by interferon a,3, or using oligonucleotide arrays</article-title>
.
<source>Proc. Nati Acad. ScL USA</source>
(
<year>1998</year>
)
<volume>95</volume>
:
<fpage>15623</fpage>
<lpage>15628</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0032">
<label>27</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SAMUEL</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Antiviral action of interferons</article-title>
.
<source>Clin. Microbiol. Rev</source>
(
<year>2001</year>
)
<volume>14</volume>
:
<fpage>778</fpage>
<lpage>809</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11585785</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0033">
<label>28</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>ZHOU</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>PARANJAPE</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>WILLIAMS</surname>
<given-names>BR</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SILVERMAN</surname>
<given-names>RH</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Interferon action in triply deficient mice reveals the existence of alternative antiviral pathways</article-title>
.
<source>Virology</source>
(
<year>1999</year>
)
<volume>258</volume>
:
<fpage>435</fpage>
<lpage>440</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10366581</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0034">
<label>29</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>ESKILDSEN</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>JUSTESEN</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SCHIERUP</surname>
<given-names>MH</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>HARTMANN</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Characterization of the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase ubiquitin-like family</article-title>
.
<source>Nucleic Acids Res</source>
. (
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>31</volume>
:
<fpage>3166</fpage>
<lpage>3173</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12799444</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0035">
<label>30</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>GOODBOURN</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>DIDCOCK</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>RANDALL</surname>
<given-names>RE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Interlerons: cell signalling</article-title>
.
<source>Immune modulation, antiviral responses and virus countermeasures. J. Gen. Virol.</source>
(
<year>2000</year>
)
<volume>81</volume>
:
<fpage>2341</fpage>
<lpage>2364</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0036">
<label>31</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>CHAWLA-SARKAR</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>LINDNER</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
, LIU
<source>YF et a/.:Apoptosis and interferons: role of interferon-stimulated genes as mediators of apoptosis. Apoptosis</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>8</volume>
:
<fpage>237</fpage>
<lpage>249</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0037">
<label>32</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>PATEL</surname>
<given-names>RC</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SEN</surname>
<given-names>GC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>PACT, a protein activator of the interferon-induced protein kinase, PKR</article-title>
.
<source>EMBO J.</source>
(
<year>1998</year>
)
<volume>17</volume>
:
<fpage>4379</fpage>
<lpage>4390</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9687506</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0038">
<label>33</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>ABRAHAM</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>STOJDL</surname>
<given-names>DF</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
,
<source>DUN CAN PI et al.: Characterization of transgenic mice with targeted disruption of the catalytic domain of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR. [Biol. Chem.</source>
(
<year>1999</year>
)
<volume>274</volume>
:
<fpage>5953</fpage>
<lpage>5962</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0039">
<label>34</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>BALACHANDRAN</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>ROBERTS</surname>
<given-names>PC</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>BROWN</surname>
<given-names>LE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
et al.:
<article-title>Essential role for the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase PKR in innate immunity to viral infection</article-title>
.
<source>Immunity</source>
(
<year>2000</year>
)
<volume>13</volume>
:
<fpage>129</fpage>
<lpage>141</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10933401</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0040">
<label>35</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<collab>HALLER</collab>
</person-group>
<article-title>0, ACKLIN M, STAEHELI P:Influenza virus resistance of wild mice: wild-type and mutant Mx allels occur at comparable frequencies</article-title>
.
<source>J. Interferon Res.</source>
(
<year>1987</year>
)
<volume>7</volume>
:
<fpage>647</fpage>
<lpage>656</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3681017</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0041">
<label>36</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>STAEHLI</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Interferon-induced proteins and the antiviral state</article-title>
.
<source>Adv. Virus Res.</source>
(
<year>1990</year>
)
<volume>38</volume>
:
<fpage>147</fpage>
<lpage>200</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1699395</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0042">
<label>37</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<collab>HALLER</collab>
</person-group>
<article-title>0, KOCHS G: Interferon-induced Mx proteins: dynamin-like GTPases with antiviral activity</article-title>
.
<source>Traffic</source>
(
<year>2002</year>
)
<volume>3</volume>
:
<fpage>710</fpage>
<lpage>717</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12230469</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0043">
<label>38</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>JANZEN</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>KOCHS</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
,
<article-title>HALLER 0: A monomeric GTPase-negative MxA mutant with antiviral activity</article-title>
.
<source>J. Vim/.</source>
(
<year>2000</year>
)
<volume>74</volume>
:
<fpage>15427</fpage>
<lpage>15432</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0044">
<label>39</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>ANDERSON</surname>
<given-names>SL</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>CARTON</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>LOU</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>XING</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>RUBIN</surname>
<given-names>BY</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Interferon-induced guanylate binding protein-1 (GBP-1) mediates an antiviral effect against vesicular stomatitis virus and encephalomyocarditis virus</article-title>
.
<source>Virology</source>
(
<year>1999</year>
)
<volume>256</volume>
:
<fpage>8</fpage>
<lpage>14</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10087221</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0045">
<label>40</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>PATTERSON</surname>
<given-names>JB</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>THOMIS</surname>
<given-names>DC</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>HANS</surname>
<given-names>SL</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SAMUEL</surname>
<given-names>CE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Mechanism of interferon action: double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase from human cells is inducible by alpha and gamma interferons</article-title>
.
<source>Virology</source>
(
<year>1995</year>
)
<volume>210</volume>
:
<fpage>508</fpage>
<lpage>511</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7618288</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0046">
<label>41</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SAUNDERS</surname>
<given-names>LR</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>BARBER</surname>
<given-names>GN</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>The dsRNA binding protein family: critical roles, diverse cellular functions</article-title>
.
<source>FASEB</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>17</volume>
:
<fpage>961</fpage>
<lpage>983</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0047">
<label>42</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>LIU</surname>
<given-names>Y</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>EMERSON</surname>
<given-names>RB</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SAMUEL</surname>
<given-names>CE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Serotonin-2C receptor pre-mRNA editing in rat brain and in vitro by splice variants of the interferon inducible double-stranded RNA-specific adenosinase ADAM</article-title>
,.
<source>j Biol. Chem.</source>
(
<year>1999</year>
)
<volume>274</volume>
:
<fpage>18351</fpage>
<lpage>18358</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10373439</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0048">
<label>43</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>JAYAN</surname>
<given-names>GC</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>CASEY</surname>
<given-names>JL</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Increased RNA editing and inhibition of hepatitis delta virus replication by high-level expression of ADAR1 and ADAR2</article-title>
.
<source>I Virol</source>
(
<year>2002</year>
)
<volume>76</volume>
:
<fpage>3819</fpage>
<lpage>3827</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0049">
<label>44</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SPERBER</surname>
<given-names>SJ</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>HAYDEN</surname>
<given-names>FG</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Comparative susceptibility of respiratory viruses to recombinant interferons-alpha 2b and -beta</article-title>
.
<source>J. Interferon Res.</source>
(
<year>1989</year>
)
<volume>9</volume>
:
<fpage>285</fpage>
<lpage>293</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2545792</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0050">
<label>45</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>PEI</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SEKELLICK</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>MARCUS</surname>
<given-names>PI</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>CHOI</surname>
<given-names>IS</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>COLLISON</surname>
<given-names>EW</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Chicken interferon type I inhibits infectious bronchitis virus replication and associated respiratory ilness</article-title>
.
<source>J. Interferon Cytokine Res.</source>
(
<year>2001</year>
)
<volume>21</volume>
:
<fpage>1071</fpage>
<lpage>1077</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11798465</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0051">
<label>46</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>MINAGAWA</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>TAKENAKA</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>MOHRI</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>MORI</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Protective effect of recombinant interferon beta against mouse hepatitis virus infection</article-title>
.
<source>Antiviral Res.</source>
(
<year>1987</year>
)
<volume>8</volume>
:
<fpage>85</fpage>
<lpage>95</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2830846</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0052">
<label>47</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>LUCCHIARI</surname>
<given-names>MA</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>MARTIN</surname>
<given-names>JP</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>MOD OLELL</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>PEREIRA</surname>
<given-names>CA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Acquired immunity of A/J mice to mouse hepatitis virus 3 infection: dependence on interferon-gamma synthesis and macrophage sensitivity to interferon-gamma</article-title>
.
<source>" Gen. Viral.</source>
(
<year>1991</year>
)
<volume>72</volume>
:
<fpage>1317</fpage>
<lpage>1322</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0053">
<label>48</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>WEINGARTL</surname>
<given-names>HM</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>DERBSHIRE</surname>
<given-names>JB</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Antiviral activity against transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and cytotoxicity, of natural porcine interferons alpha and beta</article-title>
.
<source>Can. J. Vet. Res</source>
(
<year>1991</year>
)
<volume>55</volume>
:
<fpage>143</fpage>
<lpage>149</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1653103</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0054">
<label>49</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>COLLINS</surname>
<given-names>AR</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Interferon gamma potentiates human coronavirus 0C43 infection of neuronal cells by modulation of HLA class I expression</article-title>
.
<source>Immunol Invest</source>
. (
<year>1995</year>
)
<volume>24</volume>
:
<fpage>977</fpage>
<lpage>986</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8575842</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0055">
<label>50</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="other">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>HERTZIG</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SCANDELLA</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SCHELLE</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
et al: Rapid identification of coronavirus replicase inhibitors using a selectable replicon RNA. J. Gen. Virol (
<year>2004</year>
) (In Press).</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0056">
<label>51</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>FUCHIZAKI</surname>
<given-names>U</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>KANEKO</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>NAKAMOTO</surname>
<given-names>Y</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
et al.:
<article-title>Synergistic antiviral effect of a combination of mouse interferon-a and interferon-y on mouse hepatitis virus</article-title>
.
<source>J. Med. Viral.</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>69</volume>
:
<fpage>188</fpage>
<lpage>194</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0057">
<label>52</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>BAUDOUX</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>CARRAT</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>BESNARDEAU</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>CHARLEY</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>LAUDE</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Coronavirus psedoparticles formed with recombinant M and E proteins induce alpha interferon synthesis by leukocytes</article-title>
.
<source>Viral.</source>
(
<year>1998</year>
)
<volume>72</volume>
:
<fpage>8636</fpage>
<lpage>8643</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0058">
<label>53</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>COLLINS</surname>
<given-names>AR</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Comparison of the replication of distinct strains of human coronavirus 0C43 in organotypic human colon cells (Caco-2) and mouse intestine</article-title>
.
<source>Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.</source>
(
<year>1990</year>
)
<volume>276</volume>
:
<fpage>497</fpage>
<lpage>503</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2103102</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0059">
<label>54</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>PITKARANTA</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>NOKSO-KOIVISTO</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>JANTTI</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>TAKALA</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
, KILPIT,
<article-title>HOVI T: Lowered yields of virus-induced interferon production in leukocyte cultures and risk of recurrent respiratory infections in children</article-title>
.
<source>J. Gin Virol</source>
(
<year>1999</year>
)
<volume>14</volume>
:
<fpage>199</fpage>
<lpage>205</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0060">
<label>55</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>TURNER</surname>
<given-names>RB</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>FELTON</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>KOSAK</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>KELSEY</surname>
<given-names>DK</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>MESCIEVITZ</surname>
<given-names>CK</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Prevention of experimental coronavirus colds with intranasal alpha-2b interferon</article-title>
.
<source>J. Infect. Dis.</source>
(
<year>1986</year>
)
<volume>154</volume>
:
<fpage>443</fpage>
<lpage>447</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3016111</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0061">
<label>56</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>TYRRELL</surname>
<given-names>DA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>The efficacy and toleranceof intranasal interferons: studies at the Common Cold Unit</article-title>
.
<source>I Antimicrob. Chemother.</source>
(
<year>1986</year>
)
<volume>18</volume>
:
<fpage>153</fpage>
<lpage>156</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0062">
<label>57</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>MELIAN</surname>
<given-names>EB</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>PLOSKER</surname>
<given-names>GL</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Interferon alfacon-1</article-title>
.
<source>Drugs</source>
(
<volume>2001</volume>
)
<volume>61:</volume>
<fpage>1661</fpage>
-
<lpage>1691</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0063">
<label>58</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>ENSERINK</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Interferon shows promisein monkeys</article-title>
.
<source>Science</source>
(
<year>2004</year>
)
<volume>303</volume>
:
<fpage>1273</fpage>
<lpage>1275</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14988528</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0064">
<label>59</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>HARLE</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>LAURET</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>PITHA</surname>
<given-names>PM</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>DE MAEYER</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>CARR</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Expression of human and macaque type I IFN transgenes interferes with HSV- replication at the transcriptional and translational levels: IFN-B is more potent than IFN-a2</article-title>
.
<source>Virology</source>
(
<year>2001</year>
)
<volume>290</volume>
:
<fpage>237</fpage>
<lpage>248</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11883188</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0065">
<label>60</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>ANTONETTI</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
, FINOCCHIARO
<article-title>0, MASCIA M, TERLIZZESE MG, JABER A: A comparison of the biological activity of two recombinant IFN-beta preparations used in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis</article-title>
.
<source>J. Interferon Cytokine Res.</source>
(
<year>2002</year>
)
<volume>22</volume>
:
<fpage>1181</fpage>
<lpage>1184</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12581490</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0066">
<label>61</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="other">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>ANTONELLI</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>SCAGNOLARI</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>VINCENZI</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>CLEMENTI</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
: Treatment of SARS with human interferons. Lancet (
<year>2003</year>
) 362:1158; author reply
<fpage>1158</fpage>
<lpage>1159</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0067">
<label>62</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>STROHER</surname>
<given-names>U</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>DICARO</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
,
<source>STRONG JEet al.: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus is inhibited by interferon-alpha. J. Infect. Dis.</source>
(
<year>2004</year>
)
<volume>189</volume>
:
<fpage>1164</fpage>
<lpage>1167</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0068">
<label>63</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<collab>TAN ELC,</collab>
</person-group>
<year>001</year>
<publisher-loc>EE, LIN C-Y et al</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Inhibition of SARS coronavirus infection in vitro with clinically approved antiviral drugs. Emerg. Infect. Dis</publisher-name>
(
<year>2004</year>
)
<volume>10</volume>
:
<fpage>581</fpage>
<lpage>586</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0069">
<label>64</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>MANNS</surname>
<given-names>MP</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>CORNBERG</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>WEDEMEYER</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Current and future treatment of hepatitis C</article-title>
.
<source>Indian J. Gastroenterol</source>
(
<year>2001</year>
)
<volume>20</volume>
:
<fpage>C47</fpage>
<lpage>051</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11293180</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0070">
<label>65</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>BAKER</surname>
<given-names>DE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Pegylated interferon plus ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C</article-title>
.
<source>Rev. Gastroenterol Disord.</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>3</volume>
:
<fpage>93</fpage>
<lpage>109</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12776006</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0071">
<label>66</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>PEPINSKY</surname>
<given-names>RB</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>LEPAGE</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>CHAKRABORTY</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
et al:
<article-title>Improved pharmacokinetic properties of a polyethylene glycol-modified form of interferon-beta-1a with preserved in vitro bioactivity</article-title>
.
<source>Pharmacol Exp. Ther.</source>
(
<year>2001</year>
)
<volume>297</volume>
:
<fpage>1059</fpage>
<lpage>1066</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0072">
<label>67</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>LANG</surname>
<given-names>ZW</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>ZHANG</surname>
<given-names>LJ</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>ZHANG</surname>
<given-names>SJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
et al.:
<article-title>A clinicopathological study of three cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)</article-title>
.
<source>Pathology</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>35</volume>
:
<fpage>526</fpage>
<lpage>531</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14660106</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0073">
<label>68</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>DE GROOT</surname>
<given-names>AS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>How the SARS vaccine effort can learn from HIV-speeding towards the future, learning from the past</article-title>
.
<source>Vaccine</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>21</volume>
:
<fpage>4095</fpage>
<lpage>4104</lpage>
.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14505885</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0074">
<label>69</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>HO</surname>
<given-names>JC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
,
<article-title>00I GC, MOK TY et al: High-dose pulse versus nonpulse corticosteroid regimens in severe acute respiratory syndrome</article-title>
.
<source>Am. J. Respic Grit. Care Med.</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>168</volume>
:
<fpage>1449</fpage>
<lpage>1456</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0075">
<label>70</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>GLASS</surname>
<given-names>WG</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>ROSENBERG</surname>
<given-names>HF</given-names>
</name>
,
<name name-style="western">
<surname>MURPHY</surname>
<given-names>PM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
:
<article-title>Chemokine regulation of inflammation during acute viral infection</article-title>
.
<source>Carr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Ingnunel</source>
(
<year>2003</year>
)
<volume>3</volume>
:
<fpage>467</fpage>
<lpage>473</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0076">
<label>71</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>GNIADEK</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
, AKTAS 0,
<publisher-loc>WANDINGER KP et al</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Systemic IFN-beta treatment induces apoptosis of peripheral immune cells in MS patients. Neureingnunel</publisher-name>
(
<year>2003</year>
) 137:187-196. Websites</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
<ref-list>
<title>Websites</title>
<ref id="CIT0077">
<label>101</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="other">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<collab>http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/ clinicalguidance.htm CDC guidance and recommendations for SARS</collab>
</person-group>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="CIT0078">
<label>102</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="other">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<collab>http://www.who.int/csr/sars/en WHO SARS website</collab>
</person-group>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</pmc>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/SrasV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001767 | SxmlIndent | more

Ou

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 001767 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Sante
   |area=    SrasV1
   |flux=    Pmc
   |étape=   Corpus
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     PMC:7103669
   |texte=   Role of interferons in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome
}}

Pour générer des pages wiki

HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i   -Sk "pubmed:15174965" \
       | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd   \
       | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a SrasV1 

Wicri

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33.
Data generation: Tue Apr 28 14:49:16 2020. Site generation: Sat Mar 27 22:06:49 2021