Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Chinese travellers visiting friends and relatives – A review of infectious risks</title><author><name sortKey="Ma, Tara" sort="Ma, Tara" uniqKey="Ma T" first="Tara" last="Ma">Tara Ma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heywood, Anita" sort="Heywood, Anita" uniqKey="Heywood A" first="Anita" last="Heywood">Anita Heywood</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macintyre, C Raina" sort="Macintyre, C Raina" uniqKey="Macintyre C" first="C. Raina" last="Macintyre">C. Raina Macintyre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26026478</idno><idno type="pmc">7110956</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7110956</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7110956</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.05.004</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001514</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001514</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Chinese travellers visiting friends and relatives – A review of infectious risks</title><author><name sortKey="Ma, Tara" sort="Ma, Tara" uniqKey="Ma T" first="Tara" last="Ma">Tara Ma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heywood, Anita" sort="Heywood, Anita" uniqKey="Heywood A" first="Anita" last="Heywood">Anita Heywood</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macintyre, C Raina" sort="Macintyre, C Raina" uniqKey="Macintyre C" first="C. Raina" last="Macintyre">C. Raina Macintyre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease</title><idno type="ISSN">1477-8939</idno><idno type="eISSN">1873-0442</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Summary</title><sec><title>Background</title><p>Travellers are potential vectors in the transmission of infectious diseases across international borders. Travellers visiting friends and relatives (VFR) have a particularly high risk of acquiring certain infections during travel. Chinese VFR travellers account for a substantial proportion of all travel in Western countries with high migrant populations.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A literature review was undertaken regarding major infectious disease risks for VFR travellers visiting China. This included an examination of the previous pandemics arising in China, the likelihood of future outbreaks in China from H5N1 and H7N9 avian influenza viruses, the potential role of travellers in disease transmission, and the special risks for VFR travellers.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>China has been the origin of several influenza pandemics in past few decades, and the origin of several emerging infectious diseases with pandemic potential, including SARS. Travel to and from China has the potential for global spread of emergent infectious diseases, as seen in the SARS outbreak in 2003. For VFR travellers, the risk of other infectious diseases may also be greater in China compared to their countries of migration, including hepatitis A and B, dengue fever, typhoid, and other diseases.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>VFR travel to China may be associated with increased risk of acquiring a range of infectious diseases, and also poses a potential risk for importation of future pandemics to other countries. Chinese VFR travellers need to be cognisant of these risks and health professionals should consider educational interventions to minimise these risks.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, Q" uniqKey="Li Q">Q. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, L" uniqKey="Zhou L">L. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, M" uniqKey="Zhou M">M. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Z" uniqKey="Chen Z">Z. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, F" uniqKey="Li F">F. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, H" uniqKey="Wu H">H. Wu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Christian, M D" uniqKey="Christian M">M.D. Christian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poutanen, S M" uniqKey="Poutanen S">S.M. Poutanen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loutfy, M R" uniqKey="Loutfy M">M.R. Loutfy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, M P" uniqKey="Muller M">M.P. Muller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Low, D E" uniqKey="Low D">D.E. Low</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Herck, K" uniqKey="Van Herck K">K. Van Herck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Damme, P" uniqKey="Van Damme P">P. Van Damme</name></author><author><name sortKey="Castelli, F" uniqKey="Castelli F">F. Castelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zuckerman, J" uniqKey="Zuckerman J">J. Zuckerman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nothdurft, H" uniqKey="Nothdurft H">H. Nothdurft</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dahlgren, A L" uniqKey="Dahlgren A">A.L. Dahlgren</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Breiman, R F" uniqKey="Breiman R">R.F. Breiman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, M R" uniqKey="Evans M">M.R. Evans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Preiser, W" uniqKey="Preiser W">W. Preiser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maguire, J" uniqKey="Maguire J">J. Maguire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schnur, A" uniqKey="Schnur A">A. Schnur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, A" uniqKey="Li A">A. Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shortridge, K F" uniqKey="Shortridge K">K.F. Shortridge</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="United Nations World Travel Organization" uniqKey="United Nations World Travel Organization">United Nations World Travel Organization</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leder, K" uniqKey="Leder K">K. Leder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tong, S" uniqKey="Tong S">S. Tong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weld, L" uniqKey="Weld L">L. Weld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kain, K C" uniqKey="Kain K">K.C. Kain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilder Smith, A" uniqKey="Wilder Smith A">A. Wilder-Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Von Sonnenburg, F" uniqKey="Von Sonnenburg F">F. von Sonnenburg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boggild, A K" uniqKey="Boggild A">A.K. Boggild</name></author><author><name sortKey="Castelli, F" uniqKey="Castelli F">F. Castelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gautret, P" uniqKey="Gautret P">P. Gautret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Torresi, J" uniqKey="Torresi J">J. Torresi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Von Sonnenburg, F" uniqKey="Von Sonnenburg F">F. von Sonnenburg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barnett, E D" uniqKey="Barnett E">E.D. Barnett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leder, K" uniqKey="Leder K">K. Leder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Black, J" uniqKey="Black J">J. Black</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Brien, D" uniqKey="O Brien D">D. O'Brien</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greenwood, Z" uniqKey="Greenwood Z">Z. Greenwood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kain, K C" uniqKey="Kain K">K.C. Kain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schwartz, E" uniqKey="Schwartz E">E. Schwartz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Monge Maillo, B" uniqKey="Monge Maillo B">B. Monge-Maillo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norman, F F" uniqKey="Norman F">F.F. Norman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Molina, J A" uniqKey="Perez Molina J">J.A. Perez-Molina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navarro, M" uniqKey="Navarro M">M. Navarro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz Menendez, M" uniqKey="Diaz Menendez M">M. Diaz-Menendez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lopez Velez, R" uniqKey="Lopez Velez R">R. Lopez-Velez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Angell, S Y" uniqKey="Angell S">S.Y. Angell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cetron, M S" uniqKey="Cetron M">M.S. Cetron</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barnett, E D" uniqKey="Barnett E">E.D. Barnett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macpherson, D W" uniqKey="Macpherson D">D.W. MacPherson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stauffer, W M" uniqKey="Stauffer W">W.M. Stauffer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loutan, L" uniqKey="Loutan L">L. Loutan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hatz, C F" uniqKey="Hatz C">C.F. Hatz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matteelli, A" uniqKey="Matteelli A">A. Matteelli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Center For Disease Control And Prevention" uniqKey="Center For Disease Control And Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wilder Smith, A" uniqKey="Wilder Smith A">A. Wilder-Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khairullah, N S" uniqKey="Khairullah N">N.S. Khairullah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Song, J H" uniqKey="Song J">J.-H. Song</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, C Y" uniqKey="Chen C">C.-Y. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Torresi, J" uniqKey="Torresi J">J. Torresi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, V J" uniqKey="Lee V">V.J. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilder Smith, A" uniqKey="Wilder Smith A">A. Wilder-Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heywood, A E" uniqKey="Heywood A">A.E. Heywood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Watkins, R E" uniqKey="Watkins R">R.E. Watkins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iamsirithaworn, S" uniqKey="Iamsirithaworn S">S. Iamsirithaworn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nilvarangkul, K" uniqKey="Nilvarangkul K">K. Nilvarangkul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macintyre, C R" uniqKey="Macintyre C">C.R. MacIntyre</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Angell, S Y" uniqKey="Angell S">S.Y. Angell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Behrens, R H" uniqKey="Behrens R">R.H. Behrens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Office Of Travel And Tourism Industries" uniqKey="Office Of Travel And Tourism Industries">Office of Travel and Tourism Industries</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Australian Bureau Of Statistics" uniqKey="Australian Bureau Of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Department Of Immigration And Citizenship Australian Government" uniqKey="Department Of Immigration And Citizenship Australian Government">Department of Immigration and Citizenship (Australian Government)</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Statistics Canada" uniqKey="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gibson, C J" uniqKey="Gibson C">C.J. Gibson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kay" uniqKey="Kay">Kay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oecd" uniqKey="Oecd">OECD</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Australian Bureau Of Statistics" uniqKey="Australian Bureau Of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Australian Bureau Of Statistics" uniqKey="Australian Bureau Of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Keystone, J" uniqKey="Keystone J">J. Keystone</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Center For Disease Control And Prevention" uniqKey="Center For Disease Control And Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Who China" uniqKey="Who China">WHO China</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lam, W K" uniqKey="Lam W">W.K. Lam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhong, N S" uniqKey="Zhong N">N.S. Zhong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, W C" uniqKey="Tan W">W.C. Tan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mak, P W" uniqKey="Mak P">P.W. Mak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jayawardena, S" uniqKey="Jayawardena S">S. Jayawardena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poon, L L" uniqKey="Poon L">L.L. Poon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdullah, A S M" uniqKey="Abdullah A">A.S.M. Abdullah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tomlinson, B" uniqKey="Tomlinson B">B. Tomlinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cockram, C S" uniqKey="Cockram C">C.S. Cockram</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, G N" uniqKey="Thomas G">G.N. Thomas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wilder Smith, A" uniqKey="Wilder Smith A">A. Wilder-Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paton, N I" uniqKey="Paton N">N.I. Paton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goh, K T" uniqKey="Goh K">K.T. Goh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Varia, M" uniqKey="Varia M">M. Varia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, S" uniqKey="Wilson S">S. Wilson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sarwal, S" uniqKey="Sarwal S">S. Sarwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgeer, A" uniqKey="Mcgeer A">A. McGeer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gournis, E" uniqKey="Gournis E">E. Gournis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galanis, E" uniqKey="Galanis E">E. Galanis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Afp" uniqKey="Afp">AFP</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dai, C" uniqKey="Dai C">C. Dai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, M" uniqKey="Jiang M">M. Jiang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ranst, M V" uniqKey="Ranst M">M.V. Ranst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lemey, P" uniqKey="Lemey P">P. Lemey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parry, J" uniqKey="Parry J">J. Parry</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, W" uniqKey="Zhang W">W. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, L" uniqKey="Wang L">L. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, W" uniqKey="Hu W">W. Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, F" uniqKey="Ding F">F. Ding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, H" uniqKey="Sun H">H. Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, S" uniqKey="Li S">S. Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="World Health Organization" uniqKey="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cctv" uniqKey="Cctv">CCTV</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Poovorawan, Y" uniqKey="Poovorawan Y">Y. Poovorawan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pyungporn, S" uniqKey="Pyungporn S">S. Pyungporn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prachayangprecha, S" uniqKey="Prachayangprecha S">S. Prachayangprecha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Makkoch, J" uniqKey="Makkoch J">J. Makkoch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="World Health Organization" uniqKey="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, H" uniqKey="Chen H">H. Chen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Su, Z" uniqKey="Su Z">Z. Su</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, H" uniqKey="Xu H">H. Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, J" uniqKey="Chen J">J. Chen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chan, P K S" uniqKey="Chan P">P.K.S. Chan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Neumann, G" uniqKey="Neumann G">G. Neumann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, H" uniqKey="Chen H">H. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, G F" uniqKey="Gao G">G.F. Gao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shu, Y" uniqKey="Shu Y">Y. Shu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawaoka, Y" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y">Y. Kawaoka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hatta, M" uniqKey="Hatta M">M. Hatta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawaoka, Y" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y">Y. Kawaoka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bui, C" uniqKey="Bui C">C. Bui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bethmont, A" uniqKey="Bethmont A">A. Bethmont</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chughtai, A A" uniqKey="Chughtai A">A.A. Chughtai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gardner, L" uniqKey="Gardner L">L. Gardner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sarkar, S" uniqKey="Sarkar S">S. Sarkar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hassan, S" uniqKey="Hassan S">S. Hassan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adisasmito, W" uniqKey="Adisasmito W">W. Adisasmito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, P K" uniqKey="Chan P">P.K. Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, N" uniqKey="Lee N">N. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oner, A F" uniqKey="Oner A">A.F. Oner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gasimov, V" uniqKey="Gasimov V">V. Gasimov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aghayev, F" uniqKey="Aghayev F">F. Aghayev</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oner, A F" uniqKey="Oner A">A.F. Oner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dogan, N" uniqKey="Dogan N">N. Dogan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gasimov, V" uniqKey="Gasimov V">V. Gasimov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adisasmito, W" uniqKey="Adisasmito W">W. Adisasmito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coker, R" uniqKey="Coker R">R. Coker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, P K" uniqKey="Chan P">P.K. Chan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ma, Y" uniqKey="Ma Y">Y. Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feng, Y" uniqKey="Feng Y">Y. Feng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, D" uniqKey="Liu D">D. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, G F" uniqKey="Gao G">G.F. Gao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, T" uniqKey="Zhang T">T. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bi, Y" uniqKey="Bi Y">Y. Bi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tian, H" uniqKey="Tian H">H. Tian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, D" uniqKey="Liu D">D. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Y" uniqKey="Wu Y">Y. Wu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fuller, T L" uniqKey="Fuller T">T.L. Fuller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbert, M" uniqKey="Gilbert M">M. Gilbert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, V" uniqKey="Martin V">V. Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cappelle, J" uniqKey="Cappelle J">J. Cappelle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hosseini, P" uniqKey="Hosseini P">P. Hosseini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Njabo, K Y" uniqKey="Njabo K">K.Y. Njabo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Horby, P W" uniqKey="Horby P">P.W. Horby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pfeiffer, D" uniqKey="Pfeiffer D">D. Pfeiffer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oshitani, H" uniqKey="Oshitani H">H. Oshitani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yuan, J" uniqKey="Yuan J">J. Yuan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, X" uniqKey="Tang X">X. Tang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Z" uniqKey="Yang Z">Z. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, M" uniqKey="Wang M">M. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, B" uniqKey="Zheng B">B. Zheng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Webster, R G" uniqKey="Webster R">R.G. Webster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Griwkowsky, C" uniqKey="Griwkowsky C">C. Griwkowsky</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Woo, P C" uniqKey="Woo P">P.C. Woo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lau, S K" uniqKey="Lau S">S.K. Lau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, K Y" uniqKey="Yuen K">K.-Y. Yuen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wan, X F" uniqKey="Wan X">X.F. Wan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dong, L" uniqKey="Dong L">L. Dong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lan, Y" uniqKey="Lan Y">Y. Lan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Long, L P" uniqKey="Long L">L.P. Long</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, C" uniqKey="Xu C">C. Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zou, S" uniqKey="Zou S">S. Zou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="World Health Organization" uniqKey="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cao, J" uniqKey="Cao J">J. Cao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Song, H" uniqKey="Song H">H. Song</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meng, Q" uniqKey="Meng Q">Q. Meng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sheng, L" uniqKey="Sheng L">L. Sheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bian, T" uniqKey="Bian T">T. Bian</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Australian Government Department Of Foreign Affairs And Trade" uniqKey="Australian Government Department Of Foreign Affairs And Trade">Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bui, Y G" uniqKey="Bui Y">Y.G. Bui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Trepanier, S" uniqKey="Trepanier S">S. Trepanier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Milord, F" uniqKey="Milord F">F. Milord</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blackburn, M" uniqKey="Blackburn M">M. Blackburn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Provost, S" uniqKey="Provost S">S. Provost</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gagnon, S" uniqKey="Gagnon S">S. Gagnon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jia, Z" uniqKey="Jia Z">Z. Jia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yi, Y" uniqKey="Yi Y">Y. Yi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, J" uniqKey="Liu J">J. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cao, J" uniqKey="Cao J">J. Cao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tian, R" uniqKey="Tian R">R. Tian</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="World Health Organization" uniqKey="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nsw Health" uniqKey="Nsw Health">NSW Health</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gibney, K B" uniqKey="Gibney K">K.B. Gibney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brass, A" uniqKey="Brass A">A. Brass</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hume, S C" uniqKey="Hume S">S.C. Hume</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leder, K" uniqKey="Leder K">K. Leder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Center For Disease Control And Prevention" uniqKey="Center For Disease Control And Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Z" uniqKey="Chen Z">Z. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, L" uniqKey="Shi L">L. Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, X N" uniqKey="Zhou X">X.N. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xia, Z G" uniqKey="Xia Z">Z.G. Xia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bergquist, R" uniqKey="Bergquist R">R. Bergquist</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Q W" uniqKey="Jiang Q">Q.W. Jiang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Center For Disease Control And Prevention" uniqKey="Center For Disease Control And Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Davis, X M" uniqKey="Davis X">X.M. Davis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macdonald, S" uniqKey="Macdonald S">S. MacDonald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Borwein, S" uniqKey="Borwein S">S. Borwein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freedman, D O" uniqKey="Freedman D">D.O. Freedman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kozarsky, P E" uniqKey="Kozarsky P">P.E. Kozarsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Von Sonnenburg, F" uniqKey="Von Sonnenburg F">F. von Sonnenburg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu, J Y" uniqKey="Wu J">J.-Y. Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lun, Z R" uniqKey="Lun Z">Z.-R. Lun</name></author><author><name sortKey="James, A A" uniqKey="James A">A.A. James</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, X G" uniqKey="Chen X">X.-G. Chen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gao, X" uniqKey="Gao X">X. Gao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nasci, R" uniqKey="Nasci R">R. Nasci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liang, G" uniqKey="Liang G">G. Liang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dong, B Q" uniqKey="Dong B">B.Q. Dong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, J" uniqKey="Yang J">J. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, X Y" uniqKey="Wang X">X.Y. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gong, J" uniqKey="Gong J">J. Gong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Von Seidlein, L" uniqKey="Von Seidlein L">L. von Seidlein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, M L" uniqKey="Wang M">M.L. Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ochiai, R L" uniqKey="Ochiai R">R.L. Ochiai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Acosta, C J" uniqKey="Acosta C">C.J. Acosta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Danovaro Holliday, M C" uniqKey="Danovaro Holliday M">M.C. Danovaro-Holliday</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baiqing, D" uniqKey="Baiqing D">D. Baiqing</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhattacharya, S K" uniqKey="Bhattacharya S">S.K. Bhattacharya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agtini, M D" uniqKey="Agtini M">M.D. Agtini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crump, J A" uniqKey="Crump J">J.A. Crump</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luby, S P" uniqKey="Luby S">S.P. Luby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mintz, E D" uniqKey="Mintz E">E.D. Mintz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Si, H" uniqKey="Si H">H. Si</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Z M" uniqKey="Guo Z">Z.M. Guo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hao, Y T" uniqKey="Hao Y">Y.T. Hao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Y G" uniqKey="Liu Y">Y.G. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, D M" uniqKey="Zhang D">D.M. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rao, S Q" uniqKey="Rao S">S.Q. Rao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, C" uniqKey="Wang C">C. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, J" uniqKey="Xu J">J. Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, X" uniqKey="Zhou X">X. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, J" uniqKey="Li J">J. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yan, G" uniqKey="Yan G">G. Yan</name></author><author><name sortKey="James, A A" uniqKey="James A">A.A. James</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Puthiyakunnon, S" uniqKey="Puthiyakunnon S">S. Puthiyakunnon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boddu, S" uniqKey="Boddu S">S. Boddu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Y" uniqKey="Li Y">Y. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, X" uniqKey="Zhou X">X. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, C" uniqKey="Wang C">C. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, J" uniqKey="Li J">J. Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Center For Disease Control And Prevention" uniqKey="Center For Disease Control And Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Travel Med Infect Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Travel Med Infect Dis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1477-8939</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1873-0442</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26026478</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7110956</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1477-8939(15)00083-6</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.05.004</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Chinese travellers visiting friends and relatives – A review of infectious risks</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au1"><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Tara</given-names></name><email>c.h.ma@student.unsw.edu.au</email><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp">∗</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au2"><name><surname>Heywood</surname><given-names>Anita</given-names></name><email>a.heywood@unsw.edu.au</email><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au3"><name><surname>MacIntyre</surname><given-names>C. Raina</given-names></name><email>r.macintyre@unsw.edu.au</email><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>a</label>School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>b</label>National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia. Tel.: +614 2270 7170. <email>c.h.ma@student.unsw.edu.au</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>14</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub" iso-8601-date="2015-08-01"><season>July-August</season><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>285</fpage><lpage>294</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>13</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>31</day><month>3</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>4</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Elsevier Ltd</copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="abs0010"><title>Summary</title><sec><title>Background</title><p>Travellers are potential vectors in the transmission of infectious diseases across international borders. Travellers visiting friends and relatives (VFR) have a particularly high risk of acquiring certain infections during travel. Chinese VFR travellers account for a substantial proportion of all travel in Western countries with high migrant populations.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A literature review was undertaken regarding major infectious disease risks for VFR travellers visiting China. This included an examination of the previous pandemics arising in China, the likelihood of future outbreaks in China from H5N1 and H7N9 avian influenza viruses, the potential role of travellers in disease transmission, and the special risks for VFR travellers.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>China has been the origin of several influenza pandemics in past few decades, and the origin of several emerging infectious diseases with pandemic potential, including SARS. Travel to and from China has the potential for global spread of emergent infectious diseases, as seen in the SARS outbreak in 2003. For VFR travellers, the risk of other infectious diseases may also be greater in China compared to their countries of migration, including hepatitis A and B, dengue fever, typhoid, and other diseases.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>VFR travel to China may be associated with increased risk of acquiring a range of infectious diseases, and also poses a potential risk for importation of future pandemics to other countries. Chinese VFR travellers need to be cognisant of these risks and health professionals should consider educational interventions to minimise these risks.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group id="kwrds0010"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Travel medicine</kwd><kwd>China</kwd><kwd>Hong Kong</kwd><kwd>Infectious diseases</kwd><kwd>Emerging infectious diseases</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec1"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><p id="p0010">In light of the recent outbreak of human H7N9 influenza cases in China <xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>, concerns of an influenza pandemic have again been heightened. Emerging infections, once they arise, can spread rapidly around the world via international travel, as was the case with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) <xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref>, <xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>, <xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref>. Travellers are an important vector in the global spread of infectious diseases, especially during outbreaks. Historically, China has been a major source of emerging infectious diseases of international concern <xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>. The easing of government-imposed travel restrictions has resulted in a rapid expansion of international travel to and from China over the last decade. In 2012, outbound Chinese were the largest tourist source nation and China ranked third in the number of inbound tourist arrivals, and is expected to receive the largest number of international arrivals by 2020 <xref rid="bib6" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref>. With this high and increasing volume of cross-border movements, the global spread of infectious diseases from China warrants consideration.</p><p id="p0015">Travellers are at risk of acquiring and transmitting infectious diseases, both in the country to which they travel and upon their return. The risk of infectious disease and subsequent importation of disease is greater in travellers visiting friends and relatives (VFR) travellers <xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>, <xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref>, <xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref>. VFR travellers commonly acquire similar infectious diseases as do other travellers <xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>, but they may be especially at risk for certain diseases <xref rid="bib11" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>. Whilst there is no standard definition of a VFR traveller, the term most commonly refers to both first and second generation immigrants who are ethnically distinct from the majority population of their country of residence, who return to their country of origin to visit friends and relatives <xref rid="bib12" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>, <xref rid="bib13" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref>. The term generally refers to those travelling from high income to lower income countries <xref rid="bib12" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref> where their risk of infectious diseases are greater <xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>, <xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref>, <xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref>. A range of factors related to higher risk of exposure and lower uptake of preventative health measures contribute to the higher risk in VFR travellers <xref rid="bib11" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>. While there are no data on the travel patterns and travel health practices of Chinese VFR travellers, evidence suggests that the proportion of Asian travellers seeking pre-travel health information is lower than that of Western travellers <xref rid="bib14" ref-type="bibr">[14]</xref>, <xref rid="bib15" ref-type="bibr">[15]</xref>, <xref rid="bib16" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref>.</p><p id="p0020">There is a strong correlation between migration and VFR travel and an increase in global migration, coupled with the affordability of travel for migrants and their children, is contributing to the increase in the proportion of travel for the purpose of visiting friends and relatives <xref rid="bib17" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref>. Globally, international travel for the purpose of visiting friends and relatives accounted for a quarter of international tourist arrivals in 2012 <xref rid="bib6" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref>, particularly originating from Western countries <xref rid="bib18" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>, <xref rid="bib19" ref-type="bibr">[19]</xref>. In 2011, 46% of outbound international travel by US residents was to visit friends and relatives <xref rid="bib18" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>, whilst the main purpose of travel for 23% of Australian resident departures in 2012 was for the purpose of 'visiting friends and relatives' <xref rid="bib19" ref-type="bibr">[19]</xref>. Ethnic Chinese are one of the largest cultural groups in many Western countries including Australia <xref rid="bib20" ref-type="bibr">[20]</xref>, Canada <xref rid="bib21" ref-type="bibr">[21]</xref> and the USA <xref rid="bib22" ref-type="bibr">[22]</xref> and was the largest source country for migration to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in 2011 <xref rid="bib23" ref-type="bibr">[23]</xref>. In Australia, travel to mainland China and Hong Kong accounts for a significant proportion of all overseas travel. Of resident Australian departures in 2010, 4.7% were to mainland China and 3.0% were to Hong Kong <xref rid="bib24" ref-type="bibr">[24]</xref>, of those 28.9% were for the purpose of visiting friends and relatives <xref rid="bib25" ref-type="bibr">[25]</xref>. Chinese VFR travellers contribute substantially to the volume of travel to China from Australia and other Western countries.</p><p id="p0025">This review describes recently emerged and travel-associated infectious diseases originating from China and the risk to international travellers, particularly those visiting friends and relatives. Travellers play a pivotal role in the spread of infectious diseases across international borders, and infectious disease risk awareness, preventative practices and behaviour modification are crucial to the comprehensive control of infectious diseases on a global scale. Awareness of emerging infectious disease risks is important for travellers to China and for health professionals providing pre-travel health advice to Chinese VFR travellers.</p></sec><sec id="sec2"><label>2</label><title>Methods</title><p id="p0030">A literature review was conducted of infectious disease risks in China, and with a focus on <xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>: recent outbreaks including the 2003 SARS outbreak and the H5N1 and H7N9 avian influenza outbreaks and <xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref> diseases identified as highly relevant for Chinese VFR travellers. Only diseases identified as highly relevant for Chinese VFR travellers, either due to a known increased risk for VFR travellers in general <xref rid="bib26" ref-type="bibr">[26]</xref> or relevance across multiple urban and rural regions of China, were explored. The diseases identified include hepatitis A and B, tuberculosis, malaria and typhoid. Hepatitis A and B and tuberculosis are prevalent across China <xref rid="bib27" ref-type="bibr">[27]</xref>, <xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref>, and tuberculosis, malaria and typhoid are all known to disproportionately affect VFR travellers <xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>.</p><p id="p0035">The Medline database Published literature were retrieved from the Medline database for each included disease using a combination of keywords and MeSH headings, for example, 'SARS' and 'China' or 'Hong Kong'. Articles were assessed using their titles and abstracts and selected for possible inclusion based on their relevance. Articles potentially relevant to travel health, articles discussing the spread of the outbreak, and articles discussing potential future outbreaks in China or Hong Kong were considered for inclusion. All study designs, including review papers, were considered for inclusion. As H7N9 was a new outbreak virus that had only caused outbreaks in China, no restriction of the search to articles on China was applied. Articles published before 31 March 2014 were included. Studies were restricted to English language. References of all relevant articles, including reviews, were checked to identify additional studies.</p><p id="p0040">We also searched the grey literature, including the WHO, CDC and Australian government websites for information on infectious risks of relevance to Chinese VFR travellers. In addition, a general overview of other infectious disease risks present in China, according to the WHO, CDC and Australian government websites, was prepared. To provide a geographical reference for readers unfamiliar with the location of Chinese provinces, maps showing the origins of the recent SARS and avian influenza outbreaks were prepared. Maps of selected diseases which have a geographically uneven distribution were also prepared from data identified in the literature review indicating affected provinces.</p></sec><sec id="sec3"><label>3</label><title>Pandemic threats in China</title><p id="p0045">China has been the source of some of the most important pandemics of recent decades, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and numerous influenza pandemics <xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>. In addition, H5N1 and H7N9 have recently emerged in China as potential global threats.</p><sec id="sec3.1"><label>3.1</label><title>Lessons from SARS</title><p id="p0050">Human cases of SARS originated in Guangdong province, southern China in November 2002. Able to efficiently spread between humans, the SARS virus resulted in a pandemic with significant morbidity and mortality <xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref>. The SARS coronavirus was of zoonotic origin <xref rid="bib29" ref-type="bibr">[29]</xref> and Chinese wet markets were likely to have played an important role in the emergence of SARS. A similar virus was isolated in civet cats and racoon dogs in wet markets in Guangdong province during the pandemic <xref rid="bib30" ref-type="bibr">[30]</xref>. After the initial spread from mainland China to Hong Kong, air travel was central to the global spread of the SARS virus. As with other outbreaks of newly emerged pathogens, infection control measures early in the pandemic were hampered by the lack of knowledge of the virus <xref rid="bib31" ref-type="bibr">[31]</xref>. As a result, those countries with importations via international travel early in the pandemic, before the virus could be properly identified and proper control measures were in place, observed the highest number of cases outside China, including Canada, Singapore and Vietnam <xref rid="bib32" ref-type="bibr">[32]</xref>, <xref rid="bib33" ref-type="bibr">[33]</xref>. VFR travel also played an important role in the SARS pandemic. The index case of SARS in Canada was a VFR traveller <xref rid="bib34" ref-type="bibr">[34]</xref>. SARS demonstrated the importance of travellers in national disease control efforts aiming to prevent or delay the introduction of an emerging infectious disease and future pandemic planning. Part of that effort needs to be directed at VFR travellers and their role in spreading emerging infectious diseases across international borders.</p></sec><sec id="sec3.2"><label>3.2</label><title>Avian influenza A (H7N9)</title><p id="p0055">The recent human outbreak of avian influenza A subtype H7N9 began in Eastern China in February 2013 (<xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>) and as of 27 January 2014, 239 cases including 53 deaths have been reported in multiple provinces throughout China <xref rid="bib35" ref-type="bibr">[35]</xref>. In January 2014, there was a spike in cases (at least 95 cases in this month compared to 144 cases in the whole of 2013) but associated with a lower death rate <xref rid="bib35" ref-type="bibr">[35]</xref>. The reason for this is currently unclear. Sustained human-to-human transmission of H7N9 has not been documented <xref rid="bib35" ref-type="bibr">[35]</xref>, but efficient human-to-human transmission through further mutations or reassortment is a possibility <xref rid="bib36" ref-type="bibr">[36]</xref>, with H7 viruses having tendencies towards genetic promiscuity <xref rid="bib37" ref-type="bibr">[37]</xref>. In addition, H7N9 appears more transmissible to humans than H5N1 <xref rid="bib38" ref-type="bibr">[38]</xref>.<fig id="fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Likely origins of the H5N1, SARS and H7N9 viruses <xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref>, <xref rid="bib35" ref-type="bibr">[35]</xref>, <xref rid="bib45" ref-type="bibr">[45]</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr1_lrg"></graphic></fig></p><p id="p0060">H7N9 has a high case-fatality rate, estimated at 34% based on data up to December 2013 <xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>. The majority of known cases and deaths have been in older adults, with a median age of approximately 60 years, with underlying medical conditions <xref rid="bib39" ref-type="bibr">[39]</xref>, <xref rid="bib40" ref-type="bibr">[40]</xref>. However, there have been reports of cases in children, one asymptomatic child in Beijing tested positive for H7N9 <xref rid="bib36" ref-type="bibr">[36]</xref>, and two mildly symptomatic cases in children aged under 5 years <xref rid="bib39" ref-type="bibr">[39]</xref>. Therefore, it is not yet known if H7N9 is more severe in certain subpopulations, nor the extent of asymptomatic infection in the wider population. Also, whilst most cases have had known animal contact, human to human transmission could not be ruled out in a small number of cases <xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>. To date, there have been no known cases involving VFR travellers.</p><p id="p0065">As with all other new zoonotic origin influenza infections associated with a high mortality rate, travellers to China are advised to be particularly vigilant about their personal hygiene, and avoid direct contact with animals in live markets <xref rid="bib41" ref-type="bibr">[41]</xref>. In October 2013, the Chinese National Influenza Center announced the development of a vaccine for the new virus <xref rid="bib42" ref-type="bibr">[42]</xref>. However the vaccine is not currently available for travellers.</p></sec><sec id="sec3.3"><label>3.3</label><title>Other avian influenza A subtypes</title><p id="p0070">The recent emergence of the H5N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9, H10N7, H10N8, H6N1 and H9N2 subtypes of avian-origin influenza viruses as human pathogens are of international concern <xref rid="bib30" ref-type="bibr">[30]</xref>, <xref rid="bib43" ref-type="bibr">[43]</xref>. Importantly, two of the four influenza pandemics of the past century originated in China, and three of the four newly emerged subtypes also originated in China.</p><p id="p0075">Of the avian influenza viruses that have recently infected humans, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 subtype (HPAI H5N1) has caused the most concern, due to multiple outbreaks in humans around the world, and a high mortality rate. In 2003–2013, globally there have been 648 cases, including 45 from China, and 384 deaths, including 30 from China <xref rid="bib44" ref-type="bibr">[44]</xref>. HPAI H5N1 has caused outbreaks in multiple provinces of China <xref rid="bib45" ref-type="bibr">[45]</xref>, <xref rid="bib46" ref-type="bibr">[46]</xref>. However, there have been no known cases involving Chinese VFR travellers. The crude mortality rate is around 60%, with the highest mortality rate, of greater than 70% in cases aged 10–39 years <xref rid="bib47" ref-type="bibr">[47]</xref>. The HPAI H5N1 virus appears to have originated from Southern China (<xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>) <xref rid="bib45" ref-type="bibr">[45]</xref>. Since 1999, HPAI H5N1 has been consistently isolated from animals in southern China, and is now considered endemic in poultry <xref rid="bib48" ref-type="bibr">[48]</xref>. This virus is not capable of human-to-human spread presently except in limited cases <xref rid="bib30" ref-type="bibr">[30]</xref>. Concerns remain that further genetic reassortment with human viruses, for example occurring in a pig, could lead to direct human to human transmission capabilities and global spread with significant global morbidity and mortality, as well as substantial economic impact <xref rid="bib30" ref-type="bibr">[30]</xref>, <xref rid="bib49" ref-type="bibr">[49]</xref>.</p><p id="p0080">There are a few important differences between H5N1 and H7N9 epidemiology. Whilst H7N9 has caused a much higher incidence of infections compared with H5N1 using the same timeframe, H7N9 cases tend to be in geographically contiguous areas, whilst H5N1 cases have spread globally in a way consistent with wild bird migration and poultry trade patterns <xref rid="bib50" ref-type="bibr">[50]</xref>. Whilst H5N1 is more often acquired via close and high-risk contact with birds, H7N9 appears to be often acquired via only incidental contact <xref rid="bib50" ref-type="bibr">[50]</xref>. For unknown reasons, whilst H7N9 avian influenza has mainly affected older individuals, especially those over 60 years of age <xref rid="bib39" ref-type="bibr">[39]</xref>, <xref rid="bib40" ref-type="bibr">[40]</xref>, <xref rid="bib43" ref-type="bibr">[43]</xref>, H5N1 avian influenza has more often affected younger individuals <xref rid="bib43" ref-type="bibr">[43]</xref>, <xref rid="bib51" ref-type="bibr">[51]</xref>, especially those under 18 years of age <xref rid="bib52" ref-type="bibr">[52]</xref>. Therefore, VFR travellers at the extremes of age should be especially cautious in the event of avian influenza outbreaks.</p><p id="p0085">There have also been reported cases of human infection with avian influenza type H9N2 in Hong Kong, and H9-like illness in Guangdong province, but none have been fatal <xref rid="bib53" ref-type="bibr">[53]</xref>. In addition, there have been reports of H10N8 infections in China recently <xref rid="bib54" ref-type="bibr">[54]</xref>. Since so many different avian influenza subtypes have been able to infect humans directly, it must now be assumed that all subtypes of influenza viruses, including H1-15 and N1-9, have the potential to become the new pandemic strain <xref rid="bib49" ref-type="bibr">[49]</xref>. This new view of pandemic influenza means that there is now a much larger pool of precursor influenza viruses that may trigger a pandemic and the threat of avian influenza outbreaks in humans is ever-present. Awareness of the risk of highly pathogenic influenza should be raised amongst VFR travellers to China and agencies and professionals dealing with such travellers. Health professionals who may treat returned Chinese VFR travellers should also be well informed regarding the latest outbreaks, so that prompt diagnosis may be made in returning travellers.</p></sec><sec id="sec3.4"><label>3.4</label><title>Why is China the origin of so many pandemics?</title><p id="p0090">The SARS, H5N1 and H7N9 pandemics have all originated in South-eastern China (see <xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>). It has been hypothesized that Southern China is an epicentre for the emergence of new, pandemic causing viruses <xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>, <xref rid="bib55" ref-type="bibr">[55]</xref>, <xref rid="bib56" ref-type="bibr">[56]</xref>. There are various reasons for this, including farming practices, close proximity of humans and livestock, and food preferences in Chinese culture <xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>. Practices potentially encouraging the development and spread of new strains of influenza and other viruses include duck farming on flooded rice fields close to human housing, live poultry markets and wet markets, and the sale and consumption of exotic meats including snakes and civet cats, all potential sources of a range of zoonotic pathogens <xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>. These are all long-held cultural practices, deeply embedded in Chinese history and culture <xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>. Various provincial and local governments in China have attempted to make changes to these practices, such as requiring enhanced disinfection and regular closure of wet markets to mitigate risks <xref rid="bib57" ref-type="bibr">[57]</xref>, <xref rid="bib58" ref-type="bibr">[58]</xref>. Whilst these measures may be somewhat effective <xref rid="bib57" ref-type="bibr">[57]</xref>, they may not significantly reduce the risks. For example, the Hong Kong government has ordered that certain animals including ducks, quail and geese be excluded from wet markets, and that all markets be simultaneously emptied and cleaned twice a month. However, even this has not been effective in keeping H5N1 out of wet markets <xref rid="bib58" ref-type="bibr">[58]</xref>. Radical changes like permanently closing all wet markets are not generally considered a practical option. Banning the sale of live poultry, as practiced in Beijing, may not be effective, as illegal live poultry trade has continued <xref rid="bib59" ref-type="bibr">[59]</xref>. As these measures have been implemented regionally rather than nationally, their effectiveness may also be further limited. With the continued potential source of zoonotic pathogens remaining, Southern China will continue to be a source for the emergence of epidemics in humans. Outbreak awareness, and awareness of respiratory infection control procedures in the event of a new outbreak arising during travel, should therefore be important components of pre-travel advice and education for Chinese VFR travellers.</p></sec><sec id="sec3.5"><label>3.5</label><title>Wet markets - a special risk for VFR travellers</title><p id="p0095">Chinese wet markets have received particular attention regarding their potential role in the emergence of infectious diseases of pandemic potential <xref rid="bib49" ref-type="bibr">[49]</xref>. Wet markets, where live poultry and other animals are slaughtered and sold to the public, are visited daily by large numbers of people and are common across China. Wet markets provide an ideal environment for the emergence of new pathogens. Numerous species of live and slaughtered animals are kept in close proximity to each other and to humans, promoting genetic reassortment and recombination between pathogens originating from different species and are easily transmitted to humans, who are also present in great numbers at the markets <xref rid="bib60" ref-type="bibr">[60]</xref>. Frequenting live poultry markets is not likely a common activity for travellers to China for the purpose of holiday or business. However, VFR travellers are more likely to have close contact with the local population, use local facilities and eat local food <xref rid="bib17" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref>, compared to other travellers. It can be expected that many Chinese VFR travellers will visit wet markets during their return visit.</p><p id="p0100">Live poultry markets were the likely source of the 1997 Hong Kong H5N1 outbreak <xref rid="bib49" ref-type="bibr">[49]</xref>. More recently, H5N1 viruses were isolated from live poultry markets associated with cases of human infection in Beijing and in the provinces of Guizhou, Hunan, and Xinjiang, suggesting a continuing link between live poultry markets and cases of human infection <xref rid="bib61" ref-type="bibr">[61]</xref>. Also, during the SARS epidemic, the SARS coronavirus was isolated from caged animals in wet markets in Guangdong province, southern China <xref rid="bib60" ref-type="bibr">[60]</xref>. Chinese wet markets are important not only for the transmission of newly emerged pathogens, many other important infectious diseases, including bacterial and parasitic infections, can be acquired either when visiting the market, or during food preparation or consumption <xref rid="bib60" ref-type="bibr">[60]</xref>. Whilst there have been no reported cases of infection via wet markets associated with VFR travel, the visiting of wet markets should be considered a potential risk factor for various infections in Chinese VFR travellers.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec4"><label>4</label><title>Other important infectious risks in China</title><p id="p0105">China is a middle income country with many infectious disease risks that are uncommon in high income countries. While the risk to travellers of acquiring vaccine preventable diseases in China's major cities is relatively low <xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref>, the incidence of common vaccine preventable diseases, for example measles <xref rid="bib62" ref-type="bibr">[62]</xref>, are substantially higher than in most high income countries. Therefore ensuring routine vaccinations are up to date is an important consideration for travellers to China. Importantly, VFR travellers may have different travel patterns to other tourists, placing them at higher risk of acquiring certain infectious diseases than those travelling for other purposes <xref rid="bib11" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>, <xref rid="bib17" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref>. China is a vast country, with a diversity of infectious diseases risks across different regions <xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref>. VFR travellers are more likely to travel to rural or remote regions <xref rid="bib11" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>, and may require a pre-travel preparation program (including vaccinations) designed specifically with their destination in mind.</p><sec id="sec4.1"><label>4.1</label><title>Viral hepatitis</title><p id="p0110">Both hepatitis A and B are considered highly endemic in China <xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref>. In China, 9.8% of the population are carriers of the hepatitis B virus, and 3.2% of the population are carriers of the hepatitis C virus <xref rid="bib63" ref-type="bibr">[63]</xref>. This high prevalence has particular implications for travellers who may seek healthcare in China, either due to medical emergencies or planned medical tourism, including dentistry. There is a higher risk of exposure to unsafe blood and blood products in regional areas, which may pose a risk of hepatitis B, C and E as well as other blood-borne viruses <xref rid="bib64" ref-type="bibr">[64]</xref>. As hepatitis A is transmitted via the faecal-oral route, VFR travellers who are more likely than tourist travellers to consume the local food are at increased risk of hepatitis A, as seen with VFR travellers originating from other intermediate and high risk countries <xref rid="bib65" ref-type="bibr">[65]</xref>. The incidence of hepatitis E is highest in East and South East Asia, with the estimated seroprevalence of 23% in China <xref rid="bib66" ref-type="bibr">[66]</xref>. A hepatitis E vaccine is manufactured in China but not currently available outside China <xref rid="bib67" ref-type="bibr">[67]</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="sec4.2"><label>4.2</label><title>Tuberculosis</title><p id="p0115">China is considered a moderate incidence country for tuberculosis, with a high burden of multidrug resistant cases <xref rid="bib27" ref-type="bibr">[27]</xref>. Whilst the risk to tourist and business travellers is generally low <xref rid="bib27" ref-type="bibr">[27]</xref>, the risk of acquiring tuberculosis has been shown to be greater for VFR travellers in general <xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>. Tuberculosis requires prolonged contact for transmission <xref rid="bib68" ref-type="bibr">[68]</xref>, it is especially relevant to VFR travellers, who often have prolonged contact with the local population and longer lengths of stay than tourist travellers <xref rid="bib69" ref-type="bibr">[69]</xref>. Whilst VFR travellers may acquire tuberculosis during their travels, if such travellers present with tuberculosis it may also be due to disease already acquired at the time of immigration, and reactivated after immigration <xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>, <xref rid="bib69" ref-type="bibr">[69]</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="sec4.3"><label>4.3</label><title>Malaria</title><p id="p0120">Malaria is considered endemic in the rural parts of Hainan, Henan, Yunnan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Tibet (Zanbo Valley), Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu and Jiangxi provinces (see <xref rid="fig2" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>), but is not present in urban areas of China <xref rid="bib70" ref-type="bibr">[70]</xref>. A 2012 study in five provinces affected by malaria in central China found that the incidence rate for each province was 0.05 per 100,000 or less <xref rid="bib71" ref-type="bibr">[71]</xref>. The malaria species found in China is primarily <italic>Plasmodium vivax</italic>, with <italic>P. falciparum</italic> common in select locations <xref rid="bib72" ref-type="bibr">[72]</xref> with evidence of resistance to chloroquine and mefloquine <xref rid="bib72" ref-type="bibr">[72]</xref>. There are no known reports of malaria in VFR travellers returning from China, and GeoSentinel Surveillance data between 1998 to November 2007 report no cases of malaria amongst travellers to China <xref rid="bib73" ref-type="bibr">[73]</xref>. Despite this, the risk remains and chemoprophylaxis should be used by travellers to malarious areas in Hainan, Yunnan, Anhui, Guizhou, Henan, and Hubei provinces, with recommended regimens reflecting known drug resistance. Mosquito avoidance measures alone are recommended for travellers to all other malarious areas <xref rid="bib72" ref-type="bibr">[72]</xref>.<fig id="fig2"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>Provinces where malaria has been reported <xref rid="bib70" ref-type="bibr">[70]</xref>. Note that only certain rural areas are affected in each province.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr2_lrg"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="sec4.4"><label>4.4</label><title>Dengue fever</title><p id="p0125">Dengue fever is found in Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Yunnan provinces in China (see <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref>) <xref rid="bib74" ref-type="bibr">[74]</xref>. As the vector is also present in other provinces, there is the potential for further spread <xref rid="bib75" ref-type="bibr">[75]</xref>. In the past three decades, there have been more than 650,000 reported cases nationwide, with at least 610 deaths <xref rid="bib74" ref-type="bibr">[74]</xref>. Dengue outbreaks now occur frequently in southern China, often as a result of the virus being introduced by travellers returning from Southeast Asia where dengue is endemic <xref rid="bib75" ref-type="bibr">[75]</xref>. As there is no vaccine, prevention is by mosquito avoidance and vector management <xref rid="bib75" ref-type="bibr">[75]</xref>.<fig id="fig3"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><p>The provinces where dengue fever has been reported <xref rid="bib74" ref-type="bibr">[74]</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr3_lrg"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="sec4.5"><label>4.5</label><title>Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid)</title><p id="p0130">Enteric fever is endemic in China, but improvement in sanitation has been associated with a sharp decline in incidence <xref rid="bib76" ref-type="bibr">[76]</xref>. In 2004, there were 3.9 cases of enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) per 100,000 people nationally, with more than half of total reported cases in Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and Zhejiang provinces (See <xref rid="fig4" ref-type="fig">Fig. 4</xref>) <xref rid="bib76" ref-type="bibr">[76]</xref>. China is considered a medium incidence country for typhoid <xref rid="bib77" ref-type="bibr">[77]</xref>, <xref rid="bib78" ref-type="bibr">[78]</xref>. Typhoid fever is a risk in areas where hygiene is poor in China <xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref> and the typhoid vaccination is recommended for most travellers to China, and is especially recommended for VFR travellers <xref rid="bib27" ref-type="bibr">[27]</xref>.<fig id="fig4"><label>Fig. 4</label><caption><p>The four provinces where most typhoid cases occur <xref rid="bib76" ref-type="bibr">[76]</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr4_lrg"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="sec4.6"><label>4.6</label><title>Other infections</title><p id="p0135">Several other infectious diseases may also pose an increased risk to certain VFR travellers. Japanese Encephalitis is a risk for those travelling to certain rural areas <xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref>. Rabies is a risk for those involved in outdoor activities in rural areas <xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref>. Rabies most commonly occurs in southern China, with an increase in the incidence of rabies in China in recent years <xref rid="bib79" ref-type="bibr">[79]</xref>. Hand, foot and mouth disease is common in parts of China and sporadic outbreaks occur <xref rid="bib64" ref-type="bibr">[64]</xref>. Poliomyelitis is considered eradicated in most of China <xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref>. However, an outbreak in Xinjiang province in 2011 <xref rid="bib64" ref-type="bibr">[64]</xref> highlights the remaining risk of re-introduction to remote and rural parts of China.</p><p id="p0140">In addition, some diseases are found only in certain regions of China (<xref rid="tbl1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). Tick-borne encephalitis is found in the north-eastern forests of China. Schistosomiasis is found in focal areas especially in the Yangtze River basin, and Leptospirosis is found mainly in tropical areas. Chikungunya, leishmaniasis, filariasis and plague are found in certain regions of China <xref rid="bib70" ref-type="bibr">[70]</xref>. While these regions are not common destinations for tourist travellers, VFR travellers are more likely than other travellers to visit rural and remote areas where disease risk is higher. Strongyloidiasis, an intestinal parasitic infection spread mainly by larvae penetrating the skin and mucous membranes, is also an emerging problem in China, with rising incidence rates <xref rid="bib80" ref-type="bibr">[80]</xref>. Immunocompromised patients are most often affected <xref rid="bib81" ref-type="bibr">[81]</xref>. Infection can be prevented by not walking barefoot and washing fruit and vegetables thoroughly <xref rid="bib80" ref-type="bibr">[80]</xref>.<table-wrap position="float" id="tbl1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Potential infectious disease risks for travellers to China <xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref>, <xref rid="bib64" ref-type="bibr">[64]</xref>, <xref rid="bib70" ref-type="bibr">[70]</xref>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td><bold>Relevant for all travellers</bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td>Influenza (including Avian influenza)</td></tr><tr><td>Measles</td></tr><tr><td>Hepatitis A and B</td></tr><tr><td>Tuberculosis</td></tr><tr><td><bold>Relevant for travellers visiting certain regions only</bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td>Japanese encephalitis</td></tr><tr><td>Hand, foot and mouth disease</td></tr><tr><td>Typhoid</td></tr><tr><td>Rabies</td></tr><tr><td>Malaria</td></tr><tr><td>Tick-borne encephalitis</td></tr><tr><td>Schistosomiasis</td></tr><tr><td>Leptospirosis</td></tr><tr><td>Dengue Fever</td></tr><tr><td>Chikungunya</td></tr><tr><td>Leishmaniasis</td></tr><tr><td>Filariasis</td></tr><tr><td>Plague</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="sec4.7"><label>4.7</label><title>Vaccination recommendations</title><p id="p0145">In addition to the routine vaccines recommended in developed countries, including MMR and DTP, travellers to China should also consider hepatitis A vaccination, as it is highly endemic in China. In addition, typhoid vaccination should be considered for those travelling outside major cities, inactivated poliovirus vaccine is recommended for those who will visit Xinjiang province, and Japanese encephalitis vaccination should be considered for those staying in rural areas for extended periods during June to September <xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref>. The CDC also recommends hepatitis B vaccination for all travellers, and rabies vaccination for those who are planning outdoor activities especially in rural areas <xref rid="bib70" ref-type="bibr">[70]</xref> and for those who will have contact with bats in Hong Kong <xref rid="bib82" ref-type="bibr">[82]</xref>.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec5"><label>5</label><title>Conclusion</title><p id="p0150">Travel to and from China including VFR travel amongst migrant ethnic Chinese populations in countries outside of China, is of considerable volume <xref rid="bib18" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>, <xref rid="bib19" ref-type="bibr">[19]</xref>. Moreover, China has been the source of many global epidemics, as the world was reminded recently with the H7N9 outbreak. Research on Chinese VFR travellers and their travel behaviours and infectious disease risk perceptions is lacking. There have been no studies on travel patterns and traveller behaviour in this population. A greater understanding of Chinese VFR traveller risk perceptions and behaviours are required to inform the control of travel-associated infectious diseases. Travellers play a significant role in the spread of infectious diseases across international borders and responsible travel through preventative practices and behaviour modification is crucial to the comprehensive control of infectious diseases on a global scale. Research can inform preventive strategies to effectively target Chinese VFR travellers to address their infectious disease risks, reduce the risk of pandemics and the spread of diseases, and improve their travel health outcomes.</p></sec><sec id="sec6"><title>Conflicts of interest</title><p id="p0155">TEM has no conflict of interest to declare. AEH has received funding to conduct investigator-driven research from GSK and Sanofi Pasteur. CRM receives funding from vaccine manufacturers GSK and CSL Biotherapies for investigator-driven research.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list id="cebib0010"><title>References</title><ref id="bib1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref1"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Q.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China</article-title><source>N. Engl J Med</source><volume>370</volume><issue>6</issue><year>2014</year><fpage>520</fpage><lpage>532</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23614499</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref2"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Christian</surname><given-names>M.D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Poutanen</surname><given-names>S.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Loutfy</surname><given-names>M.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Muller</surname><given-names>M.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Low</surname><given-names>D.E.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Severe acute respiratory syndrome</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><volume>38</volume><issue>10</issue><year>2004</year><fpage>1420</fpage><lpage>1427</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15156481</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref3"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Van Herck</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Van Damme</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Castelli</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zuckerman</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nothdurft</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dahlgren</surname><given-names>A.L.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Knowledge, attitudes and practices in travel-related infectious diseases: the European airport survey</article-title><source>J Travel Med</source><volume>11</volume><issue>1</issue><year>2004</year><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14769280</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref4"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Breiman</surname><given-names>R.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Evans</surname><given-names>M.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Preiser</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Maguire</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schnur</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Role of China in the quest to define and control severe acute respiratory syndrome</article-title><source>Emerg Infect Dis</source><volume>9</volume><issue>9</issue><year>2003</year><fpage>1037</fpage><lpage>1041</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14519236</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref5"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shortridge</surname><given-names>K.F.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Severe acute respiratory syndrome and influenza: virus incursions from southern China</article-title><source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source><volume>168</volume><issue>12</issue><year>2003</year><fpage>1416</fpage><lpage>1420</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14668255</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib6"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref6"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>United Nations World Travel Organization</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>UNWTO world tourism highlights</chapter-title><year>2013</year><comment>Edition 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 23]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights13_en_lr_0.pdf" id="intref0010">http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights13_en_lr_0.pdf</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib7"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref7"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Leder</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tong</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Weld</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kain</surname><given-names>K.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wilder-Smith</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>von Sonnenburg</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Illness in travelers visiting friends and relatives: a review of the GeoSentinel surveillance network</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><volume>43</volume><issue>9</issue><year>2006</year><fpage>1185</fpage><lpage>1193</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17029140</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib8"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref8"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Boggild</surname><given-names>A.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Castelli</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gautret</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Torresi</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>von Sonnenburg</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Barnett</surname><given-names>E.D.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Vaccine preventable diseases in returned international travelers: results from the GeoSentinel surveillance network</article-title><source>Vaccine</source><volume>28</volume><issue>46</issue><year>2010</year><fpage>7389</fpage><lpage>7395</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20851081</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib9"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref9"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Leder</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Black</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>O'Brien</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Greenwood</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kain</surname><given-names>K.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schwartz</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Malaria in travelers: a review of the GeoSentinel surveillance network</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><volume>39</volume><issue>8</issue><year>2004</year><fpage>1104</fpage><lpage>1112</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15486832</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib10"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref10"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Monge-Maillo</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Norman</surname><given-names>F.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Perez-Molina</surname><given-names>J.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Navarro</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Diaz-Menendez</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lopez-Velez</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Travelers visiting friends and relatives (VFR) and imported infectious disease: travelers, immigrants or both? A comparative analysis</article-title><source>Travel Med Infect Dis</source><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><year>2014</year><fpage>88</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23907026</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib11"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref11"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Angell</surname><given-names>S.Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cetron</surname><given-names>M.S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Health disparities among travelers visiting friends and relatives abroad</article-title><source>Ann Intern Med</source><volume>142</volume><issue>1</issue><year>2005</year><fpage>67</fpage><lpage>72</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15630110</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib12"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref12"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Barnett</surname><given-names>E.D.</given-names></name><name><surname>MacPherson</surname><given-names>D.W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stauffer</surname><given-names>W.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Loutan</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hatz</surname><given-names>C.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Matteelli</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The visiting friends or relatives traveler in the 21st century: time for a new definition</article-title><source>J Travel Med</source><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><year>2010</year><fpage>163</fpage><lpage>170</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20536884</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib13"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref13"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Center for Disease Control and Prevention</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Chapter 8: Advising travelers with specific needs</chapter-title><source>CDC Health Information for International Travel 2014 [Internet]</source><year>2014</year><publisher-name>CDC</publisher-name><publisher-loc>USA</publisher-loc><comment>Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-8-advising-travelers-with-specific-needs/immigrants-returning-home-to-visit-friends-and-relatives-vfrs" id="intref0015">http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-8-advising-travelers-with-specific-needs/immigrants-returning-home-to-visit-friends-and-relatives-vfrs</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib14"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref14"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wilder-Smith</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Khairullah</surname><given-names>N.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Song</surname><given-names>J.-H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>C.-Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Torresi</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Travel health knowledge, attitudes and practices among Australasian travelers</article-title><source>J Travel Med</source><volume>11</volume><issue>1</issue><year>2004</year><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14769281</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib15"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref15"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>V.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wilder-Smith</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Travel characteristics and health practices among travellers at the travellers' health and vaccination clinic in Singapore</article-title><source>Ann Acad Med Singap</source><volume>35</volume><issue>10</issue><year>2006</year><fpage>667</fpage><lpage>673</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17102888</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib16"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref16"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Heywood</surname><given-names>A.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Watkins</surname><given-names>R.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Iamsirithaworn</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nilvarangkul</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>MacIntyre</surname><given-names>C.R.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A cross-sectional study of pre-travel health-seeking practices among travelers departing Sydney and Bangkok airports</article-title><source>BMC Public Health</source><volume>12</volume><year>2012</year><fpage>321</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22550996</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib17"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref17"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Angell</surname><given-names>S.Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Behrens</surname><given-names>R.H.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Risk assessment and disease prevention in travelers visiting friends and relatives</article-title><source>Infect Dis Clin North Am</source><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><year>2005</year><fpage>49</fpage><lpage>65</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15701546</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib18"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref18"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Office of Travel and Tourism Industries</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Profile of U.S. Resident travelers visiting overseas destinations</chapter-title><comment>Outbound</comment><year>2011</year><publisher-name>Department of Commerce International Trade Administration Office of Travel and Tourism Industries</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Washington, D.C., USA: U.S</publisher-loc><comment>[cited 2014 Jan 24]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://travel.trade.gov/outreachpages/download_data_table/2011_Outbound_Profile.pdf" id="intref0020">http://travel.trade.gov/outreachpages/download_data_table/2011_Outbound_Profile.pdf</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib19"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref19"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Australian Bureau of Statistics</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>International movements - 2012: Australian Bureau of statistics</chapter-title><year>2013</year><comment>[updated 2013 August 1; cited 2013 November 5]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/featurearticlesbytitle/E41076BD57BF7A50CA257BBA00154571?OpenDocument" id="intref0025">http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/featurearticlesbytitle/E41076BD57BF7A50CA257BBA00154571?OpenDocument</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib20"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref20"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Department of Immigration and Citizenship (Australian Government)</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Fact sheet 2 – key facts about immigration</chapter-title><year>2014</year><comment>[updated 2014 Jun 2]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/02key.htm" id="intref0030">http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/02key.htm</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib21"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref21"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Statistics Canada</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories</chapter-title><year>2008</year><comment>[updated 2010 Oct 6; cited 2013 November 4]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E%26Geo=PR%26Code=01%26Table=2%26Data=Count%26StartRec=1%26Sort=3%26Display=All%26CSDFilter=5000" id="intref0035">http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib22"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref22"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gibson</surname><given-names>C.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kay</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Historical census statistics on population totals by race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: Population Division, U. S. Census Bureau</chapter-title><year>2002</year><comment>[updated 2013 January 2; cited 2013 November 2]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html" id="intref0040">http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib23"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref23"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>OECD</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>International migration outlook 2011</chapter-title><year>2011</year><publisher-name>OECD</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib24"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref24"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Australian Bureau of Statistics</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Feature article: International movements - 2010</chapter-title><year>2010</year><comment>[cited 2014 Mar 5]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/3401.0Feature%20Article1Dec%202010?opendocument%26tabname=Summary%26prodno=3401.0%26issue=Dec%202010%26num=%26view=" id="intref0045">http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/3401.0Feature%20Article1Dec%202010?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3401.0&issue=Dec%202010&num=&view=</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib25"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref25"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Australian Bureau of Statistics</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Overseas arrivals and departures. Customised data report. Short-term residents departing country of stay by reason for journey</chapter-title><comment>[data available on request]</comment><year>2010</year><comment>[cited 2011 December]</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib26"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref26"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Keystone</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group><chapter-title>Immigrants returning home to visit friends & relatives (VFRs)</chapter-title><year>2013</year><comment>2015 March 12 [cited 2015 March 12]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-8-advising-travelers-with-specific-needs/immigrants-returning-home-to-visit-friends-and-relatives-vfrs" id="intref0050">http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-8-advising-travelers-with-specific-needs/immigrants-returning-home-to-visit-friends-and-relatives-vfrs</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib27"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref27"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Center for Disease Control and Prevention</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Health information for travelers to China - clinician view: Center for disease control and prevention</chapter-title><year>2014</year><comment>[updated 2014 July 25; cited 2015 February 27]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/clinician/none/china" id="intref0055">http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/clinician/none/china</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib28"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref28"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>WHO China</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Guidelines for immunization for international travellers to China to participate in or attend the Beijing olympics</chapter-title><year>2008</year><comment>[cited 2012 December 8]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www2.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/CF5FACEC-30FE-433C-B6CB-C8CEE0E5F903/0/BOVC801.pdf" id="intref0060">http://www2.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/CF5FACEC-30FE-433C-B6CB-C8CEE0E5F903/0/BOVC801.pdf</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib29"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref29"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lam</surname><given-names>W.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhong</surname><given-names>N.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>W.C.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Overview on SARS in Asia and the world</article-title><source>Respirology</source><volume>8</volume><issue>Suppl</issue><year>2003</year><fpage>S2</fpage><lpage>S5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15018125</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib30"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref30"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mak</surname><given-names>P.W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jayawardena</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Poon</surname><given-names>L.L.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The evolving threat of influenza viruses of animal origin and the challenges in developing appropriate diagnostics</article-title><source>Clin Chem</source><volume>58</volume><issue>11</issue><year>2012</year><fpage>1527</fpage><lpage>1533</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22968105</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib31"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref31"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abdullah</surname><given-names>A.S.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tomlinson</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cockram</surname><given-names>C.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>G.N.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Lessons from the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Hong Kong</article-title><source>Emerg Infect Dis</source><volume>9</volume><issue>9</issue><year>2003</year><fpage>1042</fpage><lpage>1045</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14519237</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib32"><label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" id="oref1">World Health Organization. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003 [cited 2013 November 12]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/" id="intref0065">http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/</ext-link>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="bib33"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref32"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wilder-Smith</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Paton</surname><given-names>N.I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Goh</surname><given-names>K.T.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Experience of severe acute respiratory syndrome in singapore: importation of cases, and defense strategies at the airport</article-title><source>J Travel Med</source><volume>10</volume><issue>5</issue><year>2003</year><fpage>259</fpage><lpage>262</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14531977</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib34"><label>34</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref33"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Varia</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sarwal</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>McGeer</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gournis</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Galanis</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Toronto, Canada</article-title><source>Can Med Assoc J</source><volume>169</volume><issue>4</issue><year>2003</year><fpage>285</fpage><lpage>292</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12925421</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib35"><label>35</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref34"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>AFP</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>China 'downgrades' H7N9 bird flu description</chapter-title><year>2014</year><publisher-name>AFP</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib36"><label>36</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref35"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dai</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jiang</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Understanding H7N9 avian flu</article-title><source>Bmj</source><volume>346</volume><year>2013</year><fpage>f2755</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23645899</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib37"><label>37</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref36"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ranst</surname><given-names>M.V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lemey</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Genesis of avian-origin H7N9 influenza A viruses</article-title><source>Lancet</source><volume>381</volume><issue>9881</issue><year>2013</year><fpage>1883</fpage><lpage>1885</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23643449</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib38"><label>38</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref37"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Parry</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>H7N9 virus is more transmissible and harder to detect than H5N1, say experts</article-title><source>Bmj</source><volume>346</volume><year>2013</year><fpage>f2568</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23610381</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib39"><label>39</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref38"><article-title>Emerging epidemiology of H7N9 avian flu</article-title><source>Bmj</source><volume>346</volume><year>2013</year><fpage>f2717</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23637153</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib40"><label>40</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref39"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ding</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Epidemiological characteristics of cases for influenza A (H7N9) virus infections in China</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><volume>57</volume><issue>4</issue><year>2013</year><fpage>619</fpage><lpage>620</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib41"><label>41</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref40"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>World Health Organization</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Frequently asked questions on human infection caused by the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus</chapter-title><year>2013</year><publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name><comment>[updated 2013 April 30; cited 2013 November 11]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/faq_H7N9/en/" id="intref0070">http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/faq_H7N9/en/</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib42"><label>42</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref41"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>CCTV</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Chinese researchers develop H7N9 flu vaccine</chapter-title><year>2013</year><comment>[cited 2013 November 12]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://english.cntv.cn/20131026/103669.shtml" id="intref0075">http://english.cntv.cn/20131026/103669.shtml</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib43"><label>43</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref42"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Poovorawan</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pyungporn</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prachayangprecha</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Makkoch</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Global alert to avian influenza virus infection: from H5N1 to H7N9</article-title><source>Pathogens Glob Health</source><volume>107</volume><issue>5</issue><year>2013</year><fpage>217</fpage><lpage>223</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib44"><label>44</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref43"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>World Health Organization</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Cumulative number of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO, 2003-2013</chapter-title><year>2013</year><publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name><comment>[updated 2013 December 10; cited 2013 December 20]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/EN_GIP_20131210CumulativeNumberH5N1cases.pdf?ua=1" id="intref0080">http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/EN_GIP_20131210CumulativeNumberH5N1cases.pdf?ua=1</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib45"><label>45</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref44"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>H5N1 avian influenza in China</article-title><source>Sci China C Life Sci</source><volume>52</volume><issue>5</issue><year>2009</year><fpage>419</fpage><lpage>427</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19471864</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib46"><label>46</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref45"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Su</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Avian influenza: should China be alarmed?</article-title><source>Yonsei Med J</source><volume>48</volume><issue>4</issue><year>2007</year><fpage>586</fpage><lpage>594</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17722229</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib47"><label>47</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref46"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>P.K.S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A review on human influenza A H5N1 infections in Hong Kong</article-title><source>Sci China C Life Sci</source><volume>52</volume><issue>5</issue><year>2009</year><fpage>412</fpage><lpage>418</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19471863</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib48"><label>48</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref47"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Neumann</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gao</surname><given-names>G.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shu</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kawaoka</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>H5N1 influenza viruses: outbreaks and biological properties</article-title><source>Cell Res</source><volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue><year>2010</year><fpage>51</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19884910</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib49"><label>49</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref48"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hatta</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kawaoka</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The continued pandemic threat posed by avian influenza viruses in Hong Kong</article-title><source>Trends Microbiol</source><volume>10</volume><issue>7</issue><year>2002</year><fpage>340</fpage><lpage>344</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12110213</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib50"><label>50</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref49"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bui</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bethmont</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chughtai</surname><given-names>A.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gardner</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sarkar</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hassan</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A systematic review of the comparative epidemiology of avian and human influenza a H5N1 and H7N9-lessons and unanswered questions</article-title><source>Transbound Emerg Dis</source><year>2015</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib51"><label>51</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref50"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Adisasmito</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>P.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Oner</surname><given-names>A.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gasimov</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Aghayev</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Effectiveness of antiviral treatment in human influenza A(H5N1) infections: analysis of a global patient registry</article-title><source>J Infect Dis</source><volume>202</volume><issue>8</issue><year>2010</year><fpage>1154</fpage><lpage>1160</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20831384</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib52"><label>52</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref51"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Oner</surname><given-names>A.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dogan</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gasimov</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Adisasmito</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Coker</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>P.K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>H5N1 avian influenza in children</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><volume>55</volume><issue>1</issue><year>2012</year><fpage>26</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22423125</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib53"><label>53</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref52"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Feng</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gao</surname><given-names>G.F.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Avian influenza virus, Streptococcus suis serotype 2, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and beyond: molecular epidemiology, ecology and the situation in China</article-title><source>Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci</source><volume>364</volume><issue>1530</issue><year>2009</year><fpage>2725</fpage><lpage>2737</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19687041</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib54"><label>54</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref53"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bi</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tian</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Human infection with influenza virus A(H10N8) from live poultry markets, China, 2014</article-title><source>Emerg Infect Dis</source><volume>20</volume><issue>12</issue><year>2014</year><fpage>2076</fpage><lpage>2079</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25425075</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib55"><label>55</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref54"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fuller</surname><given-names>T.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gilbert</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cappelle</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hosseini</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Njabo</surname><given-names>K.Y.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Predicting hotspots for influenza virus reassortment</article-title><source>Emerg Infect Dis</source><volume>19</volume><issue>4</issue><year>2013</year><fpage>581</fpage><lpage>588</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23628436</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib56"><label>56</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref55"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Horby</surname><given-names>P.W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pfeiffer</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Oshitani</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prospects for emerging infections in East and southeast Asia 10 years after severe acute respiratory syndrome</article-title><source>Emerg Infect Dis</source><volume>19</volume><issue>6</issue><year>2013</year><fpage>853</fpage><lpage>860</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23738977</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib57"><label>57</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref56"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yuan</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tang</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Enhanced disinfection and regular closure of wet markets reduced the risk of avian influenza a virus transmission</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><volume>58</volume><issue>7</issue><year>2014</year><fpage>1037</fpage><lpage>1038</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24368621</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib58"><label>58</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref57"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Webster</surname><given-names>R.G.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Wet markets–a continuing source of severe acute respiratory syndrome and influenza?</article-title><source>Lancet</source><volume>363</volume><issue>9404</issue><year>2004</year><fpage>234</fpage><lpage>236</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14738798</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib59"><label>59</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref58"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Griwkowsky</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group><chapter-title>Illegal Chinese poultry market could be cause of H5N1 death Toronto, Canada</chapter-title><year>2014</year><comment>[updated 2014 Feb 11; cited 2014 Mar 29]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.torontosun.com/2014/02/11/illegal-chinese-poultry-market-could-be-cause-of-h5n1-death" id="intref0085">http://www.torontosun.com/2014/02/11/illegal-chinese-poultry-market-could-be-cause-of-h5n1-death</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib60"><label>60</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref59"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Woo</surname><given-names>P.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lau</surname><given-names>S.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yuen</surname><given-names>K.-Y.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Infectious diseases emerging from Chinese wet-markets: zoonotic origins of severe respiratory viral infections</article-title><source>Curr Opin Infect Dis</source><volume>19</volume><issue>5</issue><year>2006</year><fpage>401</fpage><lpage>407</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16940861</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib61"><label>61</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref60"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wan</surname><given-names>X.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dong</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lan</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Long</surname><given-names>L.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zou</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Indications that live poultry markets are a major source of human H5N1 influenza virus infection in China</article-title><source>J Virol</source><volume>85</volume><issue>24</issue><year>2011</year><fpage>13432</fpage><lpage>13438</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21976646</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib62"><label>62</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref61"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>World Health Organization</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Measles country profile: China</chapter-title><year>2012</year><comment>[cited 2013 November 12]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.wpro.who.int/immunization/documents/measles_country_profile_apr2012_CHN.pdf" id="intref0090">http://www.wpro.who.int/immunization/documents/measles_country_profile_apr2012_CHN.pdf</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib63"><label>63</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref62"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cao</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Song</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Meng</surname><given-names>Q.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sheng</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bian</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Hepatitis A outbreaks in China during 2006: application of molecular epidemiology</article-title><source>Hepatol Int</source><volume>3</volume><issue>2</issue><year>2009</year><fpage>356</fpage><lpage>363</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19669361</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib64"><label>64</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref63"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Travel advice: China</chapter-title><year>2012</year><publisher-name>Australian Government</publisher-name><comment>[updated 2012 August 23; cited 2012 December 2]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.smartraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/advice/china" id="intref0095">http://www.smartraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/advice/china</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib65"><label>65</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref64"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bui</surname><given-names>Y.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Trepanier</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Milord</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Blackburn</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Provost</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gagnon</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cases of malaria, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever among VFRs, Quebec (Canada)</article-title><source>J Travel Med</source><volume>18</volume><issue>6</issue><year>2011</year><fpage>373</fpage><lpage>378</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22017712</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib66"><label>66</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref65"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jia</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yi</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cao</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tian</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in China: results from the third national viral hepatitis prevalence survey, 2005-2006</article-title><source>PLoS One</source><volume>9</volume><issue>10</issue><year>2014</year><fpage>e110837</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25360522</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib67"><label>67</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref66"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>World Health Organization</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Hepatitis E</chapter-title><year>2014</year><comment>[updated 2014 Jun; cited 2015 Mar 31]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs280/en/" id="intref0100">http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs280/en/</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib68"><label>68</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref67"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>NSW Health</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Tuberculosis</chapter-title><year>2014</year><publisher-name>NSW Government</publisher-name><publisher-loc>NSW, Australia</publisher-loc></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib69"><label>69</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref68"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gibney</surname><given-names>K.B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Brass</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hume</surname><given-names>S.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Leder</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Educating international students about tuberculosis and infections associated with travel to visit friends and relatives (VFR-travel)</article-title><source>Travel Med Infect Dis</source><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><year>2014</year><fpage>274</fpage><lpage>282</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24100199</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib70"><label>70</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref69"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Center for Disease Control and Prevention</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Health information for travelers to China</chapter-title><year>2012</year><publisher-name>Center for Disease Control and Prevention</publisher-name><comment>[updated 2012 November 27; cited 2012 November 29]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/china.htm" id="intref0105">http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/china.htm</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib71"><label>71</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref70"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shi</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>X.N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xia</surname><given-names>Z.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bergquist</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jiang</surname><given-names>Q.W.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Elimination of malaria due to plasmodium vivax in central part of the People's Republic of China: analysis and prediction based on modelling</article-title><source>Geospatial Health</source><volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue><year>2014</year><fpage>169</fpage><lpage>177</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25545934</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib72"><label>72</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref71"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Center for Disease Control and Prevention</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Travel vaccines & malaria information, by country</chapter-title><year>2013</year><publisher-name>Center for Disease Control and Prevention</publisher-name><comment>[updated 2014 July 25; cited 2015 February 27]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/travel-vaccines-and-malaria-information-by-country/china#seldyfm533" id="intref0110">http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/travel-vaccines-and-malaria-information-by-country/china#seldyfm533</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib73"><label>73</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref72"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Davis</surname><given-names>X.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>MacDonald</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Borwein</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Freedman</surname><given-names>D.O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kozarsky</surname><given-names>P.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>von Sonnenburg</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Health risks in travelers to China: the GeoSentinel experience and implications for the 2008 Beijing Olympics</article-title><source>Am J Trop Med Hyg</source><volume>79</volume><issue>1</issue><year>2008</year><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18606756</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib74"><label>74</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref73"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>J.-Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lun</surname><given-names>Z.-R.</given-names></name><name><surname>James</surname><given-names>A.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>X.-G.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Dengue fever in mainland China</article-title><source>Am J Trop Med Hyg</source><volume>83</volume><issue>3</issue><year>2010</year><fpage>664</fpage><lpage>671</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20810836</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib75"><label>75</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref74"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gao</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nasci</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The neglected arboviral infections in mainland China</article-title><source>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</source><volume>4</volume><issue>4</issue><year>2010</year><fpage>e624</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20436960</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib76"><label>76</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref75"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dong</surname><given-names>B.Q.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>X.Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gong</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>von Seidlein</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>M.L.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Trends and disease burden of enteric fever in Guangxi province, China, 1994-2004</article-title><source>Bull World Health Organ</source><volume>88</volume><issue>9</issue><year>2010</year><fpage>689</fpage><lpage>696</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20865074</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib77"><label>77</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref76"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ochiai</surname><given-names>R.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Acosta</surname><given-names>C.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Danovaro-Holliday</surname><given-names>M.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Baiqing</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhattacharya</surname><given-names>S.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Agtini</surname><given-names>M.D.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls</article-title><source>Bull World Health Organ</source><volume>86</volume><issue>4</issue><year>2008</year><fpage>260</fpage><lpage>268</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18438514</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib78"><label>78</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref77"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Crump</surname><given-names>J.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Luby</surname><given-names>S.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mintz</surname><given-names>E.D.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The global burden of typhoid fever</article-title><source>Bull World Health Organ</source><volume>82</volume><issue>5</issue><year>2004</year><fpage>346</fpage><lpage>353</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15298225</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib79"><label>79</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref79"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Si</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>Z.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hao</surname><given-names>Y.T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Y.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>D.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rao</surname><given-names>S.Q.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Rabies trend in China (1990–2007) and post-exposure prophylaxis in the Guangdong province</article-title><source>BMC Infect Dis</source><volume>8</volume><year>2008</year><fpage>113</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18717989</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib80"><label>80</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref80"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yan</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>James</surname><given-names>A.A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Strongyloidiasis: an emerging infectious disease in China</article-title><source>Am J Trop Med Hyg</source><volume>88</volume><issue>3</issue><year>2013</year><fpage>420</fpage><lpage>425</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23468357</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib81"><label>81</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref81"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Puthiyakunnon</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Boddu</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Strongyloidiasis–an insight into its global prevalence and management</article-title><source>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</source><volume>8</volume><issue>8</issue><year>2014</year><fpage>e3018</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25121962</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib82"><label>82</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref82"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Center for Disease Control and Prevention</surname></name></person-group><chapter-title>Health information for travelers to Hong Kong SAR (China)</chapter-title><year>2012</year><publisher-name>Center for Disease Control and Prevention</publisher-name><comment>[updated 2012 November 27; cited 2012 November 29]. Available from:</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/hong-kong-sar.htm" id="intref0120">http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/hong-kong-sar.htm</ext-link></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/SrasV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001514 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 001514 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= SrasV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |