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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Substantial differences in preparedness for emergency infection control measures among major hospitals in Japan: lessons from SARS</title><author><name sortKey="Imai, Teppei" sort="Imai, Teppei" uniqKey="Imai T" first="Teppei" last="Imai">Teppei Imai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Takahashi, Ken" sort="Takahashi, Ken" uniqKey="Takahashi K" first="Ken" last="Takahashi">Ken Takahashi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoshuyama, Tsutomu" sort="Hoshuyama, Tsutomu" uniqKey="Hoshuyama T" first="Tsutomu" last="Hoshuyama">Tsutomu Hoshuyama</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">16826344</idno><idno type="pmc">7087705</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087705</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7087705</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s10156-006-0436-0</idno><date when="2006">2006</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001161</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001161</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Substantial differences in preparedness for emergency infection control measures among major hospitals in Japan: lessons from SARS</title><author><name sortKey="Imai, Teppei" sort="Imai, Teppei" uniqKey="Imai T" first="Teppei" last="Imai">Teppei Imai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Takahashi, Ken" sort="Takahashi, Ken" uniqKey="Takahashi K" first="Ken" last="Takahashi">Ken Takahashi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoshuyama, Tsutomu" sort="Hoshuyama, Tsutomu" uniqKey="Hoshuyama T" first="Tsutomu" last="Hoshuyama">Tsutomu Hoshuyama</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy</title><idno type="ISSN">1341-321X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1437-7780</idno><imprint><date when="2006">2006</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Emergency infection control measures are essential in hospitals. Although Japan was spared from the 2003 epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), hospitals were placed on high alert. The actual preparedness level of hospitals can be determined by examining individual perceptions among the hospital healthcare workers (HCWs). The objective of this study was to assess the level of preparedness of emergency infection control measures in Japan and to quantify the differences in preparedness across institutions and disciplines. From July to September 2003, a questionnaire survey concerning the perceptions of risks and countermeasures and knowledge about SARS was distributed at seven tertiary hospitals. Disciplines were categorized as emergency room (ER)/intensive care unit (ICU), surgical, medical, and “others”. Of the 9978 questionnaires administered, 6929 valid responses were received and analyzed. After adjusting for age, sex, and job category, specific institutional measures (I-scores) were found to be more indicative of the level of preparedness across institutions and disciplines than were measures of overall effectiveness (E-scores) or knowledge of preventive measures (K-scores). In particular, the difference in I-scores was much more substantial across institutions than across disciplines. Across disciplines, surgical ranked lower than ER/ICU or medical. In conclusion, substantial differences in emergency infection control measures, as perceived by HCWs, exists among hospitals in Japan, with the differences across institutions exceeding those across disciplines. To achieve a higher level of preparedness for infectious diseases, institutions should designate and implement effective emergency infection control measures.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Svoboda, T" uniqKey="Svoboda T">T. Svoboda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Henry, B" uniqKey="Henry B">B. Henry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shulman, L" uniqKey="Shulman L">L. Shulman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kennedy, E" uniqKey="Kennedy E">E. Kennedy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rea, E" uniqKey="Rea E">E. Rea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ng, W" uniqKey="Ng W">W. Ng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Watts, J" uniqKey="Watts J">J. Watts</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pang, X" uniqKey="Pang X">X. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Infect Chemother</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Infect. Chemother</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1341-321X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1437-7780</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">16826344</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7087705</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1341-321X(06)70935-7</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10156-006-0436-0</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Substantial differences in preparedness for emergency infection control measures among major hospitals in Japan: lessons from SARS</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0005"><name><surname>Imai</surname><given-names>Teppei</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0010"><name><surname>Takahashi</surname><given-names>Ken</given-names></name><email>ktaka@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp</email><xref rid="cor0005" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0015"><name><surname>Hoshuyama</surname><given-names>Tsutomu</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff0005">Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan</aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0020"><name><surname>Hasegawa</surname><given-names>Naoki</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff0010">School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan</aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0025"><name><surname>Chia</surname><given-names>Sin Eng</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0030"><name><surname>Koh</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff0015">Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor0005"><label>*</label>Tel.: +81-93-691-7401; Fax: +81-93-601-7324. <email>ktaka@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>17</day><month>3</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2006</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>3</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>124</fpage><lpage>131</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2005</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>3</day><month>3</month><year>2006</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2006 Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2006</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases</copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="abs0005"><p>Emergency infection control measures are essential in hospitals. Although Japan was spared from the 2003 epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), hospitals were placed on high alert. The actual preparedness level of hospitals can be determined by examining individual perceptions among the hospital healthcare workers (HCWs). The objective of this study was to assess the level of preparedness of emergency infection control measures in Japan and to quantify the differences in preparedness across institutions and disciplines. From July to September 2003, a questionnaire survey concerning the perceptions of risks and countermeasures and knowledge about SARS was distributed at seven tertiary hospitals. Disciplines were categorized as emergency room (ER)/intensive care unit (ICU), surgical, medical, and “others”. Of the 9978 questionnaires administered, 6929 valid responses were received and analyzed. After adjusting for age, sex, and job category, specific institutional measures (I-scores) were found to be more indicative of the level of preparedness across institutions and disciplines than were measures of overall effectiveness (E-scores) or knowledge of preventive measures (K-scores). In particular, the difference in I-scores was much more substantial across institutions than across disciplines. Across disciplines, surgical ranked lower than ER/ICU or medical. In conclusion, substantial differences in emergency infection control measures, as perceived by HCWs, exists among hospitals in Japan, with the differences across institutions exceeding those across disciplines. To achieve a higher level of preparedness for infectious diseases, institutions should designate and implement effective emergency infection control measures.</p></abstract><kwd-group id="kwd0005"><title>Key words</title><kwd>Infection control</kwd><kwd>Occupational health</kwd><kwd>SARS</kwd><kwd>Questionnaires</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list id="bibl0005"><title>References</title><ref id="bib0005"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" id="oref0005">WHO. 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