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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Predictors of Mortality for Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2: A Prospective Cohort Study</title><author><name sortKey="Du, Rong Hui" sort="Du, Rong Hui" uniqKey="Du R" first="Rong-Hui" last="Du">Rong-Hui Du</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3">These authors contributed equally</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liang, Li Rong" sort="Liang, Li Rong" uniqKey="Liang L" first="Li-Rong" last="Liang">Li-Rong Liang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3">These authors contributed equally</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Cheng Qing" sort="Yang, Cheng Qing" uniqKey="Yang C" first="Cheng-Qing" last="Yang">Cheng-Qing Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3">These authors contributed equally</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Wen" sort="Wang, Wen" uniqKey="Wang W" first="Wen" last="Wang">Wen Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3">These authors contributed equally</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cao, Tan Ze" sort="Cao, Tan Ze" uniqKey="Cao T" first="Tan-Ze" last="Cao">Tan-Ze Cao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Ming" sort="Li, Ming" uniqKey="Li M" first="Ming" last="Li">Ming Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Guang Yun" sort="Guo, Guang Yun" uniqKey="Guo G" first="Guang-Yun" last="Guo">Guang-Yun Guo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Du, Juan" sort="Du, Juan" uniqKey="Du J" first="Juan" last="Du">Juan Du</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Chun Lan" sort="Zheng, Chun Lan" uniqKey="Zheng C" first="Chun-Lan" last="Zheng">Chun-Lan Zheng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Qi" sort="Zhu, Qi" uniqKey="Zhu Q" first="Qi" last="Zhu">Qi Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Ming" sort="Hu, Ming" uniqKey="Hu M" first="Ming" last="Hu">Ming Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Xu Yan" sort="Li, Xu Yan" uniqKey="Li X" first="Xu-Yan" last="Li">Xu-Yan Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, Peng" sort="Peng, Peng" uniqKey="Peng P" first="Peng" last="Peng">Peng Peng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Huan Zhong" sort="Shi, Huan Zhong" uniqKey="Shi H" first="Huan-Zhong" last="Shi">Huan-Zhong Shi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32269088</idno><idno type="pmc">7144257</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7144257</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7144257</idno><idno type="doi">10.1183/13993003.00524-2020</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000F96</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000F96</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Predictors of Mortality for Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2: A Prospective Cohort Study</title><author><name sortKey="Du, Rong Hui" sort="Du, Rong Hui" uniqKey="Du R" first="Rong-Hui" last="Du">Rong-Hui Du</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3">These authors contributed equally</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liang, Li Rong" sort="Liang, Li Rong" uniqKey="Liang L" first="Li-Rong" last="Liang">Li-Rong Liang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3">These authors contributed equally</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Cheng Qing" sort="Yang, Cheng Qing" uniqKey="Yang C" first="Cheng-Qing" last="Yang">Cheng-Qing Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3">These authors contributed equally</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Wen" sort="Wang, Wen" uniqKey="Wang W" first="Wen" last="Wang">Wen Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3">These authors contributed equally</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cao, Tan Ze" sort="Cao, Tan Ze" uniqKey="Cao T" first="Tan-Ze" last="Cao">Tan-Ze Cao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Ming" sort="Li, Ming" uniqKey="Li M" first="Ming" last="Li">Ming Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Guang Yun" sort="Guo, Guang Yun" uniqKey="Guo G" first="Guang-Yun" last="Guo">Guang-Yun Guo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Du, Juan" sort="Du, Juan" uniqKey="Du J" first="Juan" last="Du">Juan Du</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Chun Lan" sort="Zheng, Chun Lan" uniqKey="Zheng C" first="Chun-Lan" last="Zheng">Chun-Lan Zheng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Qi" sort="Zhu, Qi" uniqKey="Zhu Q" first="Qi" last="Zhu">Qi Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Ming" sort="Hu, Ming" uniqKey="Hu M" first="Ming" last="Hu">Ming Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Xu Yan" sort="Li, Xu Yan" uniqKey="Li X" first="Xu-Yan" last="Li">Xu-Yan Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, Peng" sort="Peng, Peng" uniqKey="Peng P" first="Peng" last="Peng">Peng Peng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Huan Zhong" sort="Shi, Huan Zhong" uniqKey="Shi H" first="Huan-Zhong" last="Shi">Huan-Zhong Shi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2">Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The European Respiratory Journal</title><idno type="ISSN">0903-1936</idno><idno type="eISSN">1399-3003</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>To identify factors associated with the death for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.</p><p>All clinical and laboratory parameters were collected prospectively from a cohort of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who were hospitalised to Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, between December 25, 2019 and February 7, 2020. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to investigate the relationship between each variable and the risk for death of COVID-19 pneumonia patients.</p><p>A total of 179 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (97 male and 82 female) were included in the present prospective study, of whom 21 died. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age ≥65 years (odd ratio, 3.765; 95% confidence interval, 1.146‒17.394; p=0.023), preexisting concurrent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases (2.464; 0.755‒8.044; p=0.007), CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells ≤75 cell·μL<sup>−1</sup> (3.982; 1.132‒14.006; p<0.001), and cardiac troponin I≥0.05 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup> (4.077; 1.166‒14.253; p<0.001) were associated with an increase in risk of mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia. In the sex‒, age‒, and comorbid illness-matched case study, CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells ≤75 cell·μL<sup>−1</sup> and cardiac troponin I≥0.05 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup> remained to be the predictors for high mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia.</p><p>We identified four risk factors, age ≥65 years, preexisting concurrent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases, CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells ≤75 cell·μL<sup>−1</sup>, and cardiac troponin I≥0.05 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup>, especially the latter two factors, were predictors for mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia patients.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhu, N" uniqKey="Zhu N">N Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, D" uniqKey="Zhang D">D Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, W" uniqKey="Wang W">W Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, Q" uniqKey="Li Q">Q Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guan, X" uniqKey="Guan X">X Guan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, P" uniqKey="Wu P">P Wu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu Jt, Kl" uniqKey="Wu Jt K">KL Wu JT</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, Gm" uniqKey="Leung G">GM Leung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Paules, Ci" uniqKey="Paules C">CI Paules</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marston, Hd" uniqKey="Marston H">HD Marston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fauci, As" uniqKey="Fauci A">AS Fauci</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu, Z" uniqKey="Wu Z">Z Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgoogan, Jm" uniqKey="Mcgoogan J">JM McGoogan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, C" uniqKey="Huang C">C Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Ns" uniqKey="Chen N">NS Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, M" uniqKey="Zhou M">M Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dong, X" uniqKey="Dong X">X Dong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, Dw" uniqKey="Wang D">DW Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, B" uniqKey="Hu B">B Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, C" uniqKey="Hu C">C Hu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guan, Wj" uniqKey="Guan W">WJ Guan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ni, Zy" uniqKey="Ni Z">ZY Ni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Y" uniqKey="Hu Y">Y Hu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Perlman, S" uniqKey="Perlman S">S Perlman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhong, Ns" uniqKey="Zhong N">NS Zhong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Bj" uniqKey="Zheng B">BJ Zheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Ym" uniqKey="Li Y">YM Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Christian, Md" uniqKey="Christian M">MD Christian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poutanen, Sm" uniqKey="Poutanen S">SM Poutanen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loutfy, Mr" uniqKey="Loutfy M">MR Loutfy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arabi, Ym" uniqKey="Arabi Y">YM Arabi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balkhy, Hh" uniqKey="Balkhy H">HH Balkhy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hayden, Fg" uniqKey="Hayden F">FG Hayden</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hui, Ds" uniqKey="Hui D">DS 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Eur Respir J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Eur. Respir. J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ERJ</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">erj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The European Respiratory Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0903-1936</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1399-3003</issn><publisher><publisher-name>European Respiratory Society</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32269088</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7144257</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1183/13993003.00524-2020</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ERJ-00524-2020</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Predictors of Mortality for Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2: A Prospective Cohort Study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Du</surname><given-names>Rong-Hui</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>Li-Rong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Cheng-Qing</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Wen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cao</surname><given-names>Tan-Ze</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Ming</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>Guang-Yun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Du</surname><given-names>Juan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>Chun-Lan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>Qi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>Ming</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Xu-Yan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Peng</surname><given-names>Peng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1154-7920</contrib-id><name><surname>Shi</surname><given-names>Huan-Zhong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1"><label>1</label>Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China</aff><aff id="af2"><label>2</label>Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China</aff><aff id="af3"><label>3</label>These authors contributed equally</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Dr Huan-Zhong Shi, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongti Nanlu, Chao-Yang District, Beijing 100020, China. E-mail: <email>shihuanzhong@sina.com</email> or Dr Peng Peng, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, 28 Baofeng Road, Wuhan 430030, China. E-mail: <email>pengpengwg@126.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>4</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><elocation-id>2000524</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>2</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright ©ERS 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><ali:license_ref specific-use="vor">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ali:license_ref><license-p>This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence 4.0.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>To identify factors associated with the death for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.</p><p>All clinical and laboratory parameters were collected prospectively from a cohort of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who were hospitalised to Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, between December 25, 2019 and February 7, 2020. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to investigate the relationship between each variable and the risk for death of COVID-19 pneumonia patients.</p><p>A total of 179 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (97 male and 82 female) were included in the present prospective study, of whom 21 died. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age ≥65 years (odd ratio, 3.765; 95% confidence interval, 1.146‒17.394; p=0.023), preexisting concurrent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases (2.464; 0.755‒8.044; p=0.007), CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells ≤75 cell·μL<sup>−1</sup> (3.982; 1.132‒14.006; p<0.001), and cardiac troponin I≥0.05 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup> (4.077; 1.166‒14.253; p<0.001) were associated with an increase in risk of mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia. In the sex‒, age‒, and comorbid illness-matched case study, CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells ≤75 cell·μL<sup>−1</sup> and cardiac troponin I≥0.05 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup> remained to be the predictors for high mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia.</p><p>We identified four risk factors, age ≥65 years, preexisting concurrent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases, CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells ≤75 cell·μL<sup>−1</sup>, and cardiac troponin I≥0.05 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup>, especially the latter two factors, were predictors for mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia patients.</p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="short"><p>Our data showed that age ≥65 years, preexisting concurrent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases, CD3+CD8+ T cells ≤75 cell·µL−1, and cardiac troponin I≥0.05 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup> were four risk factors to predict high mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia patients.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group id="funding-1"><funding-source>1351 Talents Program of Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, China
</funding-source><award-id>WXZXZ-2017-01</award-id></award-group><award-group id="funding-2"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution>Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals
</institution><institution-id institution-id-type="open-funder-registry">10.13039/501100009601</institution-id></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>SML20150301</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>In December 2019, a new contagious named COVID-19 pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, Hubei, China, and now spreads across international borders [<xref rid="C1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>–<xref rid="C3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. Up to the date of February 12, 2020, 189 medical teams consisting of 21 569 doctors and nurses from 29 provinces of China were sent to Hubei to deal with COVID-19 pneumonia [<xref rid="C4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. The ongoing COVID-19 pneumonia pandemic is currently not under control, with a high risk of spread in China and globally. As of March 22, 2020, a total of 307 297 confirmed cases had been reported in at least 169 countries [<xref rid="C5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. Unfortunately, the effect of the outbreak of COVID-19 pneumonia and ultimate scope is unclear so far as the situation is rapidly evolving [<xref rid="C6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>, <xref rid="C7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]. As a matter of fact, the fear of ongoing COVID-19 epidemic was and is playing a major role in the economic and social consequences.</p><p>In the first published cohort of 41 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia from Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, six (14.6%) patients worsened in a short period of time and died of multiple organ failure [<xref rid="C8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]; when the cohort size expanded to 99 cases, 11 (11.1%) patients died [<xref rid="C9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. In another Wuhan cohort of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, the overall mortality was 4.3% (6/138) [<xref rid="C10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]. The findings from these three previous studies suggested that older age and underlying comorbidities was associated with disease severity or death of COVID-19 pneumonia patients [<xref rid="C8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>–<xref rid="C10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]. Between December 25, 2019 and February 7, 2020, a total of 179 adult patients with COVID-19 pneumonia were hospitalised to Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, a special hospital for isolating and treating patients with infectious diseases. As of March 24, 2020, 158 patients had been discharged and the remaining 21 had died. In the present study, we sought to identify the clinical and laboratory parameters associated with mortality of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods" id="s2"><title>Methods</title><sec id="s2a"><title>Patients</title><p>This study was conducted in accordance with the approved guidelines of the Institutional Review Board of Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan city, Hubei Province, China (wufeilunli-2020-02). The written informed consent from each patient was waived since we prospectively collected and analysed all data from each patient according to the policy for public health outbreak investigation of emerging infectious diseases issued by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China.</p><p>Between December 25, 2019 and February 7, 2020, a single-center case cohort of the 179 consecutive patients with confirmed and probable COVID-19 pneumonia were hospitalised to Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, and they were all included in the present study. The probable and definite diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia was established according to the case definition established by WHO interim guidance [<xref rid="C11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="s2b"><title>Data collection and analysis</title><p>The information of all patients including demographic data, clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters, and outcomes were collected prospectively. Two researchers independently reviewed the data collection forms to double check the collected data.</p><p>Descriptive statistics included frequency analysis (percentages) for categorical variables and means±standard deviations (<sc>sd</sc>) or medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs) for continuous variables. Comparisons were determined by Student's <italic>t</italic>-test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables as appropriate and by the use of the χ<sup>2</sup> test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to explore the association of clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters and the risk for death. The backward conditional method was used to select imaging variables entering the scoring system. The statistical significance level was set at 0.05 (two-tailed). All analyses were conducted with MedCalc and SPSS version 23.0 statistical software.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="s3"><title>Results</title><sec id="s3a"><title>Clinical data</title><p>This report describes a COVID-19 pneumonia cohort of 179 patients who were hospitalised to Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital between December 25, 2019 and February 7, 2020, of whom 136 (76%) were diagnosed definitely as having COVID-19 pneumonia with positive SARS-CoV-2 test result and the remaining 43 (24%) were diagnosed clinically. The mean time between onset of symptoms and hospitalisation was 9.7 days (<sc>sd</sc>, 4.3 days). The mean age was 57.6 years (<sc>sd</sc>, 13.7 years; range, 18‒87 years), and 97 (54.2%) were men (<xref rid="TB1" ref-type="table">table 1</xref>). Of 179 patients, 21 (11.7%) worsened in a short period of time and died of multiple organ failure, especially respiratory failure and heart failure, and the mean duration from admission to death was 13.7 days (<sc>sd</sc>, 8.3 day; rang, 3‒33 days) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://erj.ersjournals.com/lookup/doi/10.1183/13993003.00524-2020.figures-only#fig-data-supplementary-materials">Supplementary Table 1</ext-link>).
</p><table-wrap id="TB1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>TABLE 1</label><caption><p>Demography and Clinical Presentation in Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia<sup>#</sup></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="char" char="(" span="1"></col><col align="char" char="(" span="1"></col><col align="char" char="(" span="1"></col><col align="char" char="." span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Characteristic</bold></td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Total (n=179)</bold></td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Deceased (n=21)</bold></td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Survivors (n=158)</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>p value</bold></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age, years</bold></td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.6±13.7</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.2±7.7</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.0±13.5</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sex, n (%)</bold></td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.642</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97 (54.2)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (47.6)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87 (55.1)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82 (45.8)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (52.4)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71 (44.9)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Underlying diseases, n (%)</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hypertension</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58 (32.4)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (61.9)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (28.5)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (16.2)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (57.1)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (10.8)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Diabetes</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (18.4)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (28.6)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (17.1)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.231</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Chronic digestive disorders</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (11.7)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (19.0)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (10.8)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.279</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tuberculosis</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (4.5)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (5.1)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.599</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Chronic hepatic or renal insufficiency</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (2.2)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (9.5)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.3)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.068</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Peripheral vascular disease</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (2.2)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (9.5)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.3)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.068</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Malignancy</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (2.2)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (4.8)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (1.9)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.396</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Symptom, n (%)</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fever</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">177 (98.9)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (100)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">156 (98.7)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Dry Cough</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">146 (81.6)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (66.7)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">132 (83.5)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.074</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Dyspnea</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89 (49.7)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (85.7)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71 (44.9)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fatigue</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71 (39.7)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (61.9)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58 (36.7)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.033</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sputum production</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (30.7)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (57.1)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43 (27.2)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.010</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Gastrointestinal symptoms</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39 (21.8)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (38.1)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (19.6)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.087</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Myalgia</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34 (19.0)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (33.3)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (17.1)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.083</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Headache</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (9.5)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (23.8)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (7.6)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.033</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hemoptysis</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (5.6)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (6.3)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.609</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Systolic blood pressure, mmHg</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not available</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">122.4±18.6</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not available</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.9±10.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Temperature, ℃, n (%)</bold></td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.156</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <37.3</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109 (60.9)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (76.2)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93 (58.9)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥37.3</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 (39.1)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (23.8)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 (41.1)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Respiratory rate, breath·min<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.0 (20.0‒21.0)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.0 (20.0‒34.5)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.0 (20.0‒21.0)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.016</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Heart rate, beat·min<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.0 (78.0‒100)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.0 (78.0‒109.5)</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.5 (78.0‒99.3)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.150</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><sup>#</sup>Data are reported as Mean±<sc>sd</sc>, median interquartile (IQR), or n (%) as appropriate.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>As shown in <xref rid="TB1" ref-type="table">table 1</xref>, the patients in deceased group were much older than those in survivor group (70.2±7.7 years <italic>versus</italic> 56.0±13.5 years, p<0.001). We noted that more patients in deceased group had hypertension (61.9% <italic>versus</italic> 28.5%, p=0.005) and cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases (57.1% <italic>versus</italic> 10.8%, p<0.001), and that there was no difference in the incidence of diabetes, chronic digestive disorders, tuberculosis, chronic hepatic or renal insufficiency, peripheral vascular disease, and malignancy between the two groups (all p>0.05).</p><p>Very similar to the findings reported in the previous studies [<xref rid="C8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>–<xref rid="C10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>, <xref rid="C12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>], we noted that the top five common symptoms included fever (98.9% of the patients), dry cough (81.6%), dyspnea (49.7%), fatigue (39.1%), and sputum production (30.7%), etc. on admission among the total population (<xref rid="TB1" ref-type="table">table 1</xref>). Except for dyspnea, fatigue, sputum production and headache that were more frequently present in deceased group than survivor group (85.7% <italic>versus</italic> 44.9%, p<0.001; 61.9% <italic>versus</italic> 36.7%, p=0.033; 57.1% <italic>versus</italic> 27.2%, p=0.010; 23.8% <italic>versus</italic> 7.6%, p=0.033), other kinds of symptoms were similar in the two groups. Patients in deceased group had higher respiratory rate than survivor group (p=0.016), there was no difference in heart rate.</p></sec><sec id="s3b"><title>Laboratory findings</title><p>Might be due to the presence of secondary bacterial infection as suggested by higher concentrations of C-response protein and procalcitonin, the deceased had more white blood cells and neutrophils than the survivors did (<xref rid="TB2" ref-type="table">table 2</xref>). Actually, lung secondary bacterial infection were documented at late stage of disease in 10 of 21 deceased patients, and the etiological spectrum included <italic>Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter Baumannii,</italic> and <italic>Escherichia Coli,</italic> etc. As expected, the deceased had reduced lymphocytes as compared to the survivors. One remarkable finding was that absolute numbers of CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, but not CD3<sup>+</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells, were significantly reduced in deceased as compared to survivors.
</p><table-wrap id="TB2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>TABLE 2</label><caption><p>Laboratory findings in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia<sup>#</sup></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="char" char="±" span="1"></col><col align="char" char="±" span="1"></col><col align="char" char="±" span="1"></col><col align="char" char="." span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Characteristic</bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Total (n=179)</bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Deceased (n=21)</bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Survivors (n=158)</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>p value</bold></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>White blood cell counts,×10<sup>9</sup>/L</bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.3 (3.9‒7.8)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.9 (4.8‒13.1)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.1 (3.8‒7.3)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Neutrophils,×10<sup>9</sup>/L</bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0 (2.7‒6.6)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.7 (3.0‒11.5)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.9 (2.6‒6.1)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.007</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lymphocytes,×10<sup>9</sup>/L</bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.6‒1.1)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.5‒0.8)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.6‒1.1)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.046</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>T cell subsets</bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> CD3<sup>+</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells, cell·μL<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114.3 (62.9‒195.3)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.0 (55.1‒148.8)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">128.3 (73.5‒201.7)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.066</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, cell·μL<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.5 (45.5‒125.0)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.9 (25.4‒73.8)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104.5 (58.5‒142.7)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>C-reactive protein, mg·L<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.8 (20.6‒97.8)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.4 (37.9‒105.5)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.0 (19.3‒91.0)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.012</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Procalcitonin, ng·mL<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1 (0.0‒0.2)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1 (0.1‒0.5)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1 (0.0‒0.2)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.013</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cardiac troponin I, ng·mL<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 (0.0‒0.1)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1 (0.0‒0.8)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 (0.0‒0.0)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Myoglobin, ng·mL<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.9 (18.4‒124.0)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">162.0 (48.5‒342.8)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.3 (15.5‒60.3)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Brain natriuretic peptide, pg·mL<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">645.0 (110.0‒1504.0)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">970.0 (620.5–3531.0)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390.0 (58.0–1118.5)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Albumin, g·L<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.2 (30.7‒36.4)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.2 (31.2‒35.6)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.0 (30.6‒38.1)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.764</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Total bilirubin, μmol·L<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.9 (6.6‒12.5)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.6 (8.3‒16.3)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.7 (6.5‒12.3)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.146</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Direct bilirubin, μmol·L<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5 (1.8‒3.9)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1 (2.3‒6.1)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4 (1.8‒3.8)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.101</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Alanine aminotransferase, U·L<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.0 (15.0‒40.0)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.0 (20.0‒37.0)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.0 (14.0‒40.5)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.233</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Aspartate aminotransferase, U·L<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0 (19.0‒43.0)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0 (27.0‒61.5)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.5 (19.0‒42.0)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.010</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase, U·L<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.0 (17.0‒52.5)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.0 (16.5‒42.0)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.0 (17.0‒54.5)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.518</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Creatinine, μmol·L<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.5 (55.8‒82.0)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.0 (63.0‒112.0)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.0 (55.0‒80.0)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>D-dimer, mg·L<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.3‒1.7)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.4‒10.5)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.3‒1.2)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.011</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Prothrombin time, s</bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.7 (12.4‒15.4)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.9 (12.3‒16.3)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.7 (12.4‒15.2)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.758</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Activated partial thromboplastin time, s</bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.6 (31.0‒39.4)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.8 (30.8‒41.5)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.3 (30.9‒39.1)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.383</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>PaO<sub>2</sub>, mmHg</bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.0 (57.0‒ 88.0)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.0 (49.0 ‒71.0)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.5 (59.0‒92.0)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>PaCO<sub>2</sub>, mmHg</bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.0 (33.0‒ 41.0)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.0 (29.0‒41.0)</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.0 (34.0‒41.0)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.068</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>PaO<sub>2</sub>:F<sub>I</sub>O<sub>2,</sub> mmHg</bold></td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">249.6±106.1</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">185.5±64.8</td><td align="char" char="±" rowspan="1" colspan="1">261.5±108.2</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>PaO<sub>2</sub>: arterial partial pressure of oxygen; PaCO<sub>2</sub>: arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide; F<sub>I</sub>O<sub>2</sub>: fraction of inspiration O<sub>2</sub>.</p><p><sup>#</sup>Data are reported as median interquartile (IQR).</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Compared to the patients in survivor group, those in deceased group underwent more frequently and more severe heart injury, as all laboratory parameters reflecting heart function, including cardiac troponin I, myoglobin, and brain natriuretic peptide, were all significantly elevated in the deceased (<xref rid="TB2" ref-type="table">tables 2</xref> and <xref rid="TB3" ref-type="table">3</xref>). The deceased were more susceptible to hepatic or renal insufficiency, and respiratory failure, indicated by the elevation of aspartate aminotransferase or creatinine, and the reduction of arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO<sub>2</sub>) and a ratio of PaO<sub>2</sub> to fraction of inspiration O<sub>2</sub> (F<sub>I</sub>O<sub>2</sub>).
</p><table-wrap id="TB3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>TABLE 3</label><caption><p>Univariate Analysis of Mortality Risk Factors for Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia<sup>#</sup></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="char" char="." span="1"></col><col align="char" char="." span="1"></col><col align="char" char="(" span="1"></col><col align="char" char="." span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Characteristic</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Deceased (n=21)</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Survivors (n=158)</bold></td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>OR (95%CI)</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>p value</bold></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Age group, %</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0‒49 years</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.0</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000 (0.000‒)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.997</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 50–64 years</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.6</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.673(0.859‒8.318)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.090</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥65 years</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.4</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.740 (3.113‒30.476)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Underlying diseases, %</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hypertension</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.9</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.5</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.081 (1.584‒10.510)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.8</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.059 (4.068‒30.063)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Symptom, %</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Dyspnea</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.7</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.9</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.352 (2.082‒25.966)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fatigue</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.9</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.7</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.802(1.096‒7.160)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.031</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sputum production</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.2</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.566 (1.403‒9.061)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Headache</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.8</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.6</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.802 (1.187‒12.177)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Respiratory rate >20 breath·min<sup>−1</sup>, %</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.6</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.0</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.022(0.806‒5.076)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.134</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>White blood cell counts, %</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >10×10<sup>9</sup>/L</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.7</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.450 (1.242‒9.580)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4‒10×10<sup>9</sup>/L</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.4</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.1</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.371 (0.550‒3.418)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.499</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <4×10<sup>9</sup>/L</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.2</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.446 (0.125‒1.590)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.213</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Neutrophil counts, %</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >6.3×10<sup>9</sup>/L</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.7</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.068 (1.594‒10.382)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.8‒6.3×10<sup>9</sup>/L</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.2</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.267 (0.102‒0.700)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.071</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <1.8×10<sup>9</sup>/L</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.5</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.1</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.934 (0.199‒4.384)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.931</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lymphocyte counts <1.1× 10<sup>9</sup>/L, %</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.5</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.2</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.667(0.820–16.400)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.089</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells ≤75 cell·μL<sup>−1</sup>, %</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.9</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.625 (1.664–19.013)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>C-response protein ≥10 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, %</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.2</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.3</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.901 (0.368‒22.878)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.312</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Procalcitonin ≥0.5 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup>, %</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.9</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.438 (0.631‒9.414)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.196</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cardiac troponin I≥0.05 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup>, %</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.5</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.9</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.314 (1.832‒29.210)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Myoglobin >100 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup>, %</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.4</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.000 (2.157‒29.671)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Brain natriuretic peptide >100 pg·mL<sup>−1</sup>, %</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.6</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.680 (0.909‒64.906)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.061</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Aspartate aminotransferase >40 U·L<sup>−1</sup>, %</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.6</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.9</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.134 (0.848‒5.373)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.108</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Creatinine ≥133 μmol·L<sup>−1</sup>, %</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.137 (2.296‒54.028)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>D-dimer ≥0.5 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, %</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.2</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.9</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.474 (1.152‒10.481)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.027</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>PaO<sub>2</sub>, %</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥80 mmHg</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.7</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.233 (0.065‒0.840)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.026</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 60‒79 mmHg</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.6</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.4</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.834 (0.298‒2.334)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.730</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <60 mmHg</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.9</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.810 (1.451‒10.004)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.007</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> PaO<sub>2</sub>:F<sub>I</sub>O<sub>2</sub><200 mmHg</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.6</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.2</td><td align="char" char="(" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.204 (0.854‒5.684)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.102</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>CI: confidence interval; OR: odd ratio; PaO<sub>2</sub>: Arterial partial pressure of oxygen; F<sub>I</sub>O<sub>2</sub>: fraction of inspiration O<sub>2</sub>.</p><p><sup>#</sup>Data are reported as median interquartile (IQR).</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec><sec id="s3c"><title>Predictors of mortality</title><p>For all demographic data, clinical presentation, and laboratory findings presented in <xref rid="TB1" ref-type="table">tables 1</xref> and <xref rid="TB2" ref-type="table">2</xref>, we initially evaluated each variable that displayed statistical significance with p<0.05 in difference between non-survivors and survivors using univariate analysis. Our analysis revealed that age ≥65 years, hypertension, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases, dyspnea, fatigue, sputum production, headache, white blood cell counts >10× 10<sup>9</sup>/L, neutrophils >6.3×10<sup>9</sup>/L, CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells ≤75 cell·μL<sup>−1</sup>, cardiac troponin I≥0.05 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup>, myoglobin >100 ng·L<sup>−1</sup>, creatinine ≥133 μmol·L<sup>−1</sup>, D-dimer ≥0.5 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, and <60 mmHg was associated with the death of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (<xref rid="TB3" ref-type="table">table 3</xref>). In all studied variables, PaO<sub>2</sub>≥80 mmHg was the only one factor that was associated with patients' survival (odd ratio, 0.233 [95% CI, 0.065‒0.840]; p=0.026). The above 16 variables were further processed using a multivariable logistic regression model which selected four variables that were predictive of mortality, including age group ≥65 years, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases, CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells ≤75 cell·μL<sup>−1</sup>, and cardiac troponin I≥0.05 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup> (<xref rid="TB4" ref-type="table">table 4</xref>).
</p><table-wrap id="TB4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>TABLE 4</label><caption><p>Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Mortality Risk Factors for Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Variables</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>OR (95% CI)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>p value</bold></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age ≥65 years</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.765 (1.146‒17.394)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.023</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.464 (0.755‒8.044)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.007</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells ≤75 cell·μL<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.982 (1.132‒14.006)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cardiac troponin I≥0.05 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup></bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.077 (1.166‒14.253)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>CI: confidence interval; OR: odd ratio.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>To further understand the factors that can affect the survival of COVID-19 pneumonia patients with similar age and underlying diseases, we selected sex‒, age‒, and underlying disease‒matched 42 patients from survivors to perform a case-control study at a ratio of 2 : 1. As shown in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://erj.ersjournals.com/lookup/doi/10.1183/13993003.00524-2020.figures-only#fig-data-supplementary-materials">Appendix Table 2</ext-link>, there was no difference in all parameters of demography and clinical presentation between deceased and the matched case-control survivors. Given that many survivors were younger people, two survivors whose age was the same or±1 year were matched to each one deceased. As compared to survivors, deceased had significant increased concentrations of procalcitonin, cardiac troponin I, myoglobin, and creatinine and significant reduced numbers of CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://erj.ersjournals.com/lookup/doi/10.1183/13993003.00524-2020.figures-only#fig-data-supplementary-materials">Appendix Table 3</ext-link>). After excluded the impact of age and underlying diseases on mortality, univariate analysis indicated that CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells ≤75 cell·μL<sup>−1</sup> and cardiac troponin I≥0.05 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup> were the only two variables that could be predictors of mortality of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (<xref rid="TB5" ref-type="table">table 5</xref>).
</p><table-wrap id="TB5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>TABLE 5</label><caption><p>Univariate Analysis of Mortality Risk Factors for Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia in Matched Case-Control Study</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Variables</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Deceased (n=21)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Survivors (n=42)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>OR (95% CI)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>p value</bold></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells ≤75 cell·μL<sup>−1</sup>, %</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.000 (1.319‒18.960)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.018</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cardiac troponin I≥0.05 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup>, %</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.200 (1.518‒34.139)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.013</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Myoglobin >100 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup>, %</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.750 (0.924‒15.226)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.064</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Procalcitonin ≥0.5 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup>, %</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.667 (0.528‒13.477)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.235</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Creatinine ≥133 μmol·L<sup>−1</sup>, %</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.706 (0.786‒28.178)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.090</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>CI: confidence interval; OR: odd ratio.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="s4"><title>Discussion</title><p>The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 epidemic was a third time that a zoonotic coronavirus has crossed species to infect human populations during the past 18 years [<xref rid="C13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]. In November, 2002, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS-CoV were first found in Guangdong province, China, and the number of SARS cases increased substantially in the next year in China and later spread globally [<xref rid="C14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>], infecting 8098 people in 26 countries and killing 774 of them [<xref rid="C15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. Between September 2012 and January 20, 2017, the outbreak of 1879 laboratory-confirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) caused by MERS-CoV in 27 countries, resulting in at least 659 related deaths [<xref rid="C16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]. As of the midnight of March 24, 2020, numbers of Chinese confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia cases and death were 81 218 and 3281, respectively, indicating that the overall death rate of COVID-19 pneumonia was 4% [<xref rid="C17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>].</p><p>In Wuhan city, two large-scale special hospitals, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, provide medical service for patients with infectious diseases. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 pneumonia, all patients in the two hospitals have been being COVID-19 pneumonia cases. Usually, only those patients with severe disease from general hospitals were transferred in the especial hospitals for quarantine and treatment. This was why the overall mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia in the special hospitals (11.1% in the cohort of Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital [<xref rid="C9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] and 11.7% [95% CI, 7.0‒16.5%] in our current cohort) seemed to be higher than that in the cohort of a general hospital (4.3%) [<xref rid="C10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]. Unfortunately, no anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs were available for treating patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Although none of antibiotic, antifungal drug, corticosteroid, or immune globulin is routinely recommended to be administered for COVID-19 pneumonia, a combination consisting of two or more of the above drugs was given to all critical ill patients in the present study.</p><p>It has been documented that although there are some similarities in the clinical features between SARS and MERS, MERS progresses to respiratory failure much more rapidly with much higher mortality than SARS, and that older age and underlying illness is likely related to the mortality of MERS [<xref rid="C18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]. In the present study, patients in deceased group were much older than survivors, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed age ≥65 years as a strong predictor for death of COVID-19 pneumonia. Actually, in the whole cohort of 179 COVID-19 pneumonia patients, no one died who was younger than 50 years whereas 17 (81%) of deceased patients were older than 65 years. As expected, our analysis also revealed that underlying cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases contributed to high mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia.</p><p>It has been demonstrated that inactivated SARS-CoV elicits an antigen-specific recall cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of recovered SARS patients, but not in the patients with critical SARS or died of SARS, suggesting that the latter apparently cannot generate sufficient protective immunity to eliminate SARS-CoV; their immune responses to this pathogen may have in fact exacerbated their illness [<xref rid="C19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]. In case of MERS, several inflammatory mediators, including inducible protein-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and interleukin-6 concentrations, are strongly associated with mortality [<xref rid="C20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]. Given that COVID-19 pneumonia is an emerging infectious disease, the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 causes severe illness and fatal outcomes in humans are unknown. More recently, CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells have been reported to be significantly decreased in peripheral blood in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia [<xref rid="C21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]. It has been shown that several cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin-2, interleukin-7, interleukin-10, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, inducible protein-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations were higher in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia than in those with mild disease, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection damages human immune system and results in systematic inflammatory response [<xref rid="C8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]. One important finding in our study was that CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, but not CD3<sup>+</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells, in circulation were tremendously reduced in deceased patients compared to either the total survived population or those sex‒, age‒, and comorbid illness-matched controls. More importantly, CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells ≤75 cell·μL<sup>−1</sup>, was a reliable predictor for mortality of patient with COVID-19 pneumonia. These data indicated that progressive immune-associated injury and inadequate adaptive immune responses could be possible mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 causes severe illness and fatal outcomes.</p><p>On March 24, 2020, China had 4287 current cases with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia, and 1399 (32.6%) of them were very severe cases [<xref rid="C17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. As above mentioned, the overall death rate of COVID-19 pneumonia was 4% [<xref rid="C17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>], and most deceased patients were older people with underlying illness [<xref rid="C8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>–<xref rid="C10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]. For a younger cohort of 1716 Chinese medical staff whose age was always <65 years all over the country, 6 (0.3%) died [<xref rid="C22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]. These data suggest that the majority of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia would recover from the disease, especially younger people. Our current data demonstrated that patients in deceased group were susceptible to undergo multiple organ failure, especially heart failure and respiratory failure. One of the best laboratory parameters inflecting heart injury for predicting mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia was cardiac troponin I, and this parameter remained to be valid in the sex‒, age‒, and underlying illness‒matched control analysis. Our findings suggest that in the care of critical ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, protection strategy of vital organs should be emphasised for their survival. It should be noted that the elevation of cardiac troponin I in COVID-19 patients was just indicative of myocardial injury that was probably secondary to severe hypoxemia. For patients with positive cardiac troponin I result, what we could do was choosing appropriate respiratory support strategy to improve oxygenation and waiting for the recovery of myocardial damage.</p><p>In conclusions, we identified four predictors, age ≥65 years, preexisting concurrent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases, CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells ≤75 cell·μL<sup>−1</sup>, and cardiac troponin I≥0.05 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup>, for high mortality among the overall population of COVID-19 pneumonia patients. In the sex‒, age‒, and comorbid illness-matched case-control study, we further found CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells ≤75 cell·μL<sup>−1</sup> and cardiac troponin I≥0.05 ng·mL<sup>−1</sup> remained to be the predictors for high mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia patients with similar age and underlying diseases.</p></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Contributors:</bold> H.Z.S. and P.P. conceived the idea, designed and supervised the study, had full access to all data and took responsibility for the integrity of the data. R.H.D, C.Q.Y., T.Z.C., M.L., G.Y.G., J.D., C.L.Z., Q.Z., M.H., X.Y.L. were responsible for the diagnosis and treatment patients, and collected the clinical and laboratory data. L.R.L. and W.W. analysed data and performed statistical analysis. All authors reviewed and approved the final version.</p></fn><fn fn-type="financial-disclosure"><p><bold>Support statement:</bold> This work was supported by Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals' Mission Plan, China (SML20150301), and 1351 Talents Program of Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, China (WXZXZ-2017-01). 1351 Talents Program of Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, China; Grant: WXZXZ-2017-01; Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009601; Grant: SML20150301.</p></fn><fn fn-type="supplementary-material"><p>This article has supplementary material available from <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="erj.ersjournals.com">erj.ersjournals.com</ext-link></p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Conflict of interest: Dr. Du has nothing to disclose.</p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Conflict of interest: Dr. Liang has nothing to disclose.</p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Conflict of interest: Dr. Yang has nothing to disclose.</p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Conflict of interest: Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose.</p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Conflict of interest: Dr. Cao has nothing to disclose.</p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Conflict of interest: Dr. Li has nothing to disclose.</p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Conflict of interest: Dr. Guo has nothing to disclose.</p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Conflict of interest: Dr. Du has nothing to disclose.</p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Conflict of interest: Dr. Zheng has nothing to disclose.</p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Conflict of interest: Dr. Zhu has nothing to disclose.</p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Conflict of interest: Dr. Hu has nothing to disclose.</p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Conflict of interest: Dr. Li has nothing to disclose.</p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Conflict of interest: Dr. Peng has nothing to disclose.</p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Conflict of interest: Dr. Shi has nothing to disclose.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="C1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>, <etal>et al.</etal></person-group><article-title>A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019</article-title>. <source>N Engl J Med</source><year>2020</year>; <volume>382</volume>: <fpage>727</fpage>–<lpage>733</lpage>. doi:<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2001017</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31978945</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="C2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Q</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Guan</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <etal>et al.</etal></person-group><article-title>Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia</article-title>. <source>N Engl J Med</source><year>2020</year>; <volume>382</volume>: <fpage>1199</fpage>–<lpage>1207</lpage>. doi:<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2001316</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31995857</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="C3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wu JT</surname><given-names>KL</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Leung</surname><given-names>GM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source><year>2020</year>; <volume>395</volume>: <fpage>689</fpage>–<lpage>697</lpage>. doi:<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32014114</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="C4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="standard"><comment>National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. 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