Profile of Specific Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2: The First Report
Identifieur interne : 000B03 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000B02; suivant : 000B04Profile of Specific Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2: The First Report
Auteurs : Dr. Ai Tang Xiao ; Dr. Chun Gao ; Dr. Sheng ZhangSource :
- The Journal of Infection [ 0163-4453 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Profile of specific antibodies to virus in blood can assist diagnosis and reflect disease course. The preliminary study explored the dynamic profile of IgM and IgG. Serum IgM to SARS-COV-2 last more than a month indicating the prolonged virus replication in infected patients.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.012
PubMed: 32209385
PubMed Central: 7118534
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Profile of Specific Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2: The First Report</title><author><name sortKey="Xiao, Dr Ai Tang" sort="Xiao, Dr Ai Tang" uniqKey="Xiao D" first="Dr. Ai Tang" last="Xiao">Dr. Ai Tang Xiao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0001">Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, Dr Chun" sort="Gao, Dr Chun" uniqKey="Gao D" first="Dr. Chun" last="Gao">Dr. Chun Gao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0002">Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Dr Sheng" sort="Zhang, Dr Sheng" uniqKey="Zhang D" first="Dr. Sheng" last="Zhang">Dr. Sheng Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jie Fang Ave, No. 1095, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32209385</idno><idno type="pmc">7118534</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7118534</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7118534</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.012</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000B03</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000B03</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Profile of Specific Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2: The First Report</title><author><name sortKey="Xiao, Dr Ai Tang" sort="Xiao, Dr Ai Tang" uniqKey="Xiao D" first="Dr. Ai Tang" last="Xiao">Dr. Ai Tang Xiao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0001">Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, Dr Chun" sort="Gao, Dr Chun" uniqKey="Gao D" first="Dr. Chun" last="Gao">Dr. Chun Gao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0002">Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Dr Sheng" sort="Zhang, Dr Sheng" uniqKey="Zhang D" first="Dr. Sheng" last="Zhang">Dr. Sheng Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jie Fang Ave, No. 1095, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Journal of Infection</title><idno type="ISSN">0163-4453</idno><idno type="eISSN">1532-2742</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Highlights</title><p><list list-type="simple" id="celist0001"><list-item id="celistitem0001"><label>•</label><p id="para0001">Profile of specific antibodies to virus in blood can assist diagnosis and reflect disease course.</p></list-item><list-item id="celistitem0002"><label>•</label><p id="para0002">The preliminary study explored the dynamic profile of IgM and IgG.</p></list-item><list-item id="celistitem0003"><label>•</label><p id="para0003">Serum IgM to SARS-COV-2 last more than a month indicating the prolonged virus replication in infected patients.</p></list-item></list></p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tang, J W" uniqKey="Tang J">J.W. Tang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tambyah, P A" uniqKey="Tambyah P">P.A. TAMbyah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hui, D S" uniqKey="Hui D">D.S. Hui</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zunyou, W" uniqKey="Zunyou W">W. Zunyou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jennifer, M G" uniqKey="Jennifer M">M.G. Jennifer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zou, L" uniqKey="Zou L">L. Zou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruan, F" uniqKey="Ruan F">F. Ruan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, M" uniqKey="Huang M">M. Huang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pan, Y" uniqKey="Pan Y">Y. Pan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, D T" uniqKey="Zhang D">D.T. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, P" uniqKey="Yang P">P. Yang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mo, H Y" uniqKey="Mo H">H.Y. Mo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zeng, G Q" uniqKey="Zeng G">G.Q. Zeng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ren, X L" uniqKey="Ren X">X.L. Ren</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="letter"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Infect</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Infect</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Journal of Infection</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0163-4453</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1532-2742</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The British Infection Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32209385</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7118534</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0163-4453(20)30138-9</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.012</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Profile of Specific Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2: The First Report</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0001"><name><surname>Xiao</surname><given-names>Dr. Ai Tang</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><email>pekjean@126.com</email><xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0002"><name><surname>Gao</surname><given-names>Dr. Chun</given-names></name><degrees>M.D. Ph.D.</degrees><email>gaochun75@hotmail.com</email><xref rid="aff0002" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0003"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Dr. Sheng</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><email>aloof3737@126.com</email><xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref><xref rid="cor0001" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff0001"><label>a</label>Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology</aff><aff id="aff0002"><label>b</label>Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology</aff><aff id="aff0003"><label>c</label>Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jie Fang Ave, No. 1095, Wuhan, China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor0001"><label>⁎</label>Corresponding Author: Dr. Sheng Zhang, MD, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jie Fang Ave, No. 1095, Wuhan, China. Tel: 86-18971201115. <email>aloof3737@126.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>21</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><history><date date-type="accepted"><day>11</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 The British Infection Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder></copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract abstract-type="author-highlights" id="abs0001"><title>Highlights</title><p><list list-type="simple" id="celist0001"><list-item id="celistitem0001"><label>•</label><p id="para0001">Profile of specific antibodies to virus in blood can assist diagnosis and reflect disease course.</p></list-item><list-item id="celistitem0002"><label>•</label><p id="para0002">The preliminary study explored the dynamic profile of IgM and IgG.</p></list-item><list-item id="celistitem0003"><label>•</label><p id="para0003">Serum IgM to SARS-COV-2 last more than a month indicating the prolonged virus replication in infected patients.</p></list-item></list></p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><p content-type="salutation">Dear editors,</p><p id="para0005">A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic threatens the world.<xref rid="bib0001" ref-type="bibr"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="bib0002" ref-type="bibr"><sup>2</sup></xref> Before this study, some studies reported cases of viral detection by RT-PCR at different timepoints throughout the disease course.<xref rid="bib0003" ref-type="bibr"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="bib0004" ref-type="bibr"><sup>4</sup></xref> However, these reports monitored SARS-CoV-2 in the acute phase of infection. Currently no study reported the profile of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Profile of specific antibodies in patients’ blood can assist diagnosis and reflect the disease course. Here, we first studied the profile of IgM and IgG for SARS-CoV-2 from 34 COVID-19 patients.</p><p id="para0006">A total of 34 hospitalized patients (admission date from Feb 1<sup>st</sup> to Feb 29<sup>th</sup>, 2020) with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included in this study. All enrolled patients were confirmed diagnosed of COVID-19 according to the diagnosis and treatment guideline for SARS-CoV-2 from Chinese National Health Committee (Version 5) and the interim guidance from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.<xref rid="bib0005" ref-type="bibr"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="bib0006" ref-type="bibr"><sup>6</sup></xref> Blood samples were obtained at different date after onset of symptoms to detect the specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. IgM and IgG were analyzed by chemiluminescent immunoassay according to the manufacturer's protocol (Shenzhen Yahuilong Biotechnology Co., Ltd). All data (test dates and results of IgM and IgG) were collected up to the final follow-up date (March 3<sup>rd</sup>, 2020).</p><p id="para0007">Details of demographic characteristics and test dates and results of IgM and IgG were list in <xref rid="tbl0001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. Except for two patients (2 days and 3 days after symptoms onset), all included patients had IgM and IgG tests after 2 weeks from symptoms onset. We categorized patients by weeks according to the date of antibodies test after symptoms onset. In week 3 after symptoms onset, all patients were tested positive for IgM and IgG, with the mean value of 322.80AU/ml and 112.40AU/ml (Reference:<10AU/ml) respectively. In week 4, all the results were still positive for IgM and IgG. IgM declined while IgG continued to go up, with the mean value of 147.92AU/ml and 157.01AU/ml respectively. In week 5, however, all patients were positive for IgG, while 2 patients (16.7%) got negative results for IgM. IgM level kept going down to 78.03AU/ml and IgG continued up to 163.56AU/ml. At the end of observation (7 weeks), 2 patients (33.3%) got negative results for IgM, while all patients positive for IgG, with the mean value of 21.83AU/ml and 167.16AU/ml respectively. (<xref rid="fig0001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>)<table-wrap position="float" id="tbl0001"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Characteristics of demographic and specific antibodies in COVID-19 patients (N=34).</p></caption><alt-text id="alt0002">Table 1</alt-text><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top">Patients</th><th valign="top">Age</th><th valign="top">Gender</th><th valign="top">IgM AU/ml</th><th valign="top">IgG AU/ml</th><th valign="top">Test days, after onset</th><th align="left" valign="top">Week</th><th align="left" valign="top">Mean IgM AU/ml</th><th align="left" valign="top">SEM</th><th align="left" valign="top">Mean IgG AU/ml</th><th align="left" valign="top">SEM</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top">Patient1</td><td valign="top">82</td><td valign="top">Female</td><td valign="top">3.56</td><td valign="top">2.48</td><td valign="top">2</td><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">1</td><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">2.24</td><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">1.33</td><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">1.96</td><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">0.53</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient2</td><td valign="top">87</td><td valign="top">Female</td><td valign="top">0.91</td><td valign="top">1.43</td><td valign="top">3</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient3</td><td valign="top">59</td><td valign="top">Female</td><td valign="top">122.73</td><td valign="top">163.85</td><td valign="top">14</td><td rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">3</td><td rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">322.80</td><td rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">127.65</td><td rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">112.40</td><td rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">21.43</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient4</td><td valign="top">72</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">924</td><td valign="top">187.4</td><td valign="top">14</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient5</td><td valign="top">32</td><td valign="top">Female</td><td valign="top">111.78</td><td valign="top">110.17</td><td valign="top">16</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient6</td><td valign="top">63</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">207.39</td><td valign="top">55.43</td><td valign="top">17</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient7</td><td valign="top">69</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">401.19</td><td valign="top">78.71</td><td valign="top">17</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient8</td><td valign="top">64</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">169.72</td><td valign="top">78.82</td><td valign="top">21</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient9</td><td valign="top">65</td><td valign="top">Female</td><td valign="top">104.77</td><td valign="top">187.94</td><td valign="top">22</td><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="top">4</td><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="top">147.92</td><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="top">94.50</td><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="top">157.01</td><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="top">12.40</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient10</td><td valign="top">39</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">16.63</td><td valign="top">152.88</td><td valign="top">23</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient11</td><td valign="top">52</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">89.31</td><td valign="top">179.18</td><td valign="top">23</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient12</td><td valign="top">49</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">41.55</td><td valign="top">128.75</td><td valign="top">24</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient13</td><td valign="top">35</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">62.5</td><td valign="top">103.89</td><td valign="top">27</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient14</td><td valign="top">31</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">11.26</td><td valign="top">193.83</td><td valign="top">28</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient15</td><td valign="top">58</td><td valign="top">Female</td><td valign="top">709.39</td><td valign="top">152.57</td><td valign="top">28</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient16</td><td valign="top">44</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">36.57</td><td valign="top">190.85</td><td valign="top">30</td><td rowspan="12" align="left" valign="top">5</td><td rowspan="12" align="left" valign="top">78.03</td><td rowspan="12" align="left" valign="top">33.55</td><td rowspan="12" align="left" valign="top">163.56</td><td rowspan="12" align="left" valign="top">15.95</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient17</td><td valign="top">26</td><td valign="top">Female</td><td valign="top">14.37</td><td valign="top">277.91</td><td valign="top">30</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient18</td><td valign="top">57</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">1.65</td><td valign="top">76.85</td><td valign="top">30</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient19</td><td valign="top">45</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">35.44</td><td valign="top">165.27</td><td valign="top">30</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient20</td><td valign="top">62</td><td valign="top">Female</td><td valign="top">3.38</td><td valign="top">200.95</td><td valign="top">31</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient21</td><td valign="top">65</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">119.35</td><td valign="top">155.29</td><td valign="top">32</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient22</td><td valign="top">83</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">18.95</td><td valign="top">158.32</td><td valign="top">33</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient23</td><td valign="top">43</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">48.88</td><td valign="top">73.64</td><td valign="top">33</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient24</td><td valign="top">53</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">134.24</td><td valign="top">135.54</td><td valign="top">33</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient25</td><td valign="top">33</td><td valign="top">Female</td><td valign="top">54.39</td><td valign="top">162.01</td><td valign="top">33</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient26</td><td valign="top">64</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">422.78</td><td valign="top">159.38</td><td valign="top">34</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient27</td><td valign="top">60</td><td valign="top">Female</td><td valign="top">46.34</td><td valign="top">206.7</td><td valign="top">34</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient28</td><td valign="top">73</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">5.27</td><td valign="top">134.94</td><td valign="top">36</td><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="top">6-7</td><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="top">21.83</td><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="top">5.72</td><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="top">167.16</td><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="top">12.24</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient29</td><td valign="top">25</td><td valign="top">Female</td><td valign="top">15.11</td><td valign="top">179.23</td><td valign="top">36</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient30</td><td valign="top">71</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">36.11</td><td valign="top">184.56</td><td valign="top">37</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient31</td><td valign="top">56</td><td valign="top">Female</td><td valign="top">34.07</td><td valign="top">121.08</td><td valign="top">37</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient32</td><td valign="top">54</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">42.28</td><td valign="top">216.96</td><td valign="top">38</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient33</td><td valign="top">47</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">11.2</td><td valign="top">176.73</td><td valign="top">38</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Patient34</td><td valign="top">54</td><td valign="top">Male</td><td valign="top">8.75</td><td valign="top">156.59</td><td valign="top">49</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Abbreviations: SEM, standard error of mean. *Reference of IgG and IgM are 10AU/ml.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><fig id="fig0001"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Timeline of IgM and IgG Antibodies level to SARS-CoV-2 from the Onset of Symptoms.</p></caption><alt-text id="alt0001">Figure 1</alt-text><graphic xlink:href="gr1_lrg"></graphic></fig></p><p id="para0008">Genomic studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 shared around 80% identity sequencing with SARS-CoV, which caused a global epidemic with 8096 confirmed cases worldwide in 2002-2003.<xref rid="bib0007" ref-type="bibr"><sup>7</sup></xref> Study of case series suggested the viral nucleic acid shedding pattern of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 is different from SARS-CoV.<xref rid="bib0003" ref-type="bibr"><sup>3</sup></xref> For SARS-CoV, studies revealed that IgM reached the highest point within 4 weeks and was not detectable on 3 months after onset of symptoms. IgG were persistently detectable up to 24 months.<xref rid="bib0008" ref-type="bibr"><sup>8</sup></xref></p><p id="para0009">Our results suggested that the profile of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is similar to SARS-CoV. Detectable and continuous high level of IgM indicated the acute phase of infection. Furthermore, IgM last more than a month indicating the prolonged virus replication in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. IgG responded later than IgM and persisted high in our study, indicating the humoral immune reaction to protect the body against SARS-CoV-2 virus.</p><p id="para0010">The detection and profile of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 will provide valuable information for rapid screening of suspects, assist diagnosis and evaluate the disease course. Furthermore, concentrated IgG antibody may be informative in vaccine development and treatment for SARS-CoV-2.</p><sec sec-type="COI-statement"><title>Declaration of Competing Interest</title><p id="para0013">All authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list id="cebibl1"><title>Reference</title><ref id="bib0001"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0001"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tang</surname><given-names>J.W.</given-names></name><name><surname>TAMbyah</surname><given-names>P.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hui</surname><given-names>D.S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Emergence of a novel coronavirus causing respiratory illness from Wuhan, China</article-title><source>Journal of Infection</source><year>2020</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jinf.2020.01.014</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0002"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0002"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zunyou</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jennifer</surname><given-names>M.G.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention</article-title><source>JAMA</source><year>2020</year><comment>Published online February 24</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0003"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0003"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zou</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ruan</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients</article-title><source>N Engl J Med.</source><year>2020</year><comment>Published online February 19</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0004"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0004"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pan</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>D.T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples</article-title><source>Lancet Infect Dis.</source><year>2020</year><comment>Published Online February 24</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30113-4</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0005"><label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" id="othref0001">Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) or Persons Under Investigation for COVID-19 in Healthcare Settings. 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Published February 8Accessed March 3, 2020</comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202002/d4b895337e19445f8d728fcaf1e3e13a/files/ab6bec7f93e64e7f998d802991203cd6.pdf" id="interref0004">http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202002/d4b895337e19445f8d728fcaf1e3e13a/files/ab6bec7f93e64e7f998d802991203cd6.pdf</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0007"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="book" id="sbref0006"><chapter-title>Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003</chapter-title><year>2004</year><publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/" id="interref0005">https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0008"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0007"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mo</surname><given-names>H.Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zeng</surname><given-names>G.Q.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ren</surname><given-names>X.L.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Longitudinal profile of antibodies against SARS-coronavirus in SARS patients and their clinical significance</article-title><source>Respirology</source><volume>11</volume><year>2006</year><fpage>49</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16423201</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list><ack id="ack0001"><sec id="sec0001"><title>Funding</title><p id="para0011">No funding resources to declare for this study.</p></sec><sec id="sec0002"><title>Informed consent</title><p id="para0012">Oral consent was obtained from patients involved before enrollment when data were collected retrospectively.</p></sec></ack></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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