COVID-19 outbreak: an elusive enemy☆
Identifieur interne : 000A61 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000A60; suivant : 000A62COVID-19 outbreak: an elusive enemy☆
Auteurs : Toshiaki KikuchiSource :
- Respiratory Investigation [ 2212-5345 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, officially termed as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2, emerged in Wuhan, China, toward the end of 2019. Just four months later, more than 100,000 people were diagnosed with COVID-19, the resulting disease. The genetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 revealed that this virus is a new
A novel coronavirus — officially named as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 by the authorities — emerged in Wuhan, China, toward the end of 2019 [
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2020.03.006
PubMed: 31628064
PubMed Central: 7164855
Links to Exploration step
PMC:7164855Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">COVID-19 outbreak: an elusive enemy<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="d32e204">☆</xref>
</sup>
</title>
<author><name sortKey="Kikuchi, Toshiaki" sort="Kikuchi, Toshiaki" uniqKey="Kikuchi T" first="Toshiaki" last="Kikuchi">Toshiaki Kikuchi</name>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">31628064</idno>
<idno type="pmc">7164855</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164855</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:7164855</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1016/j.resinv.2020.03.006</idno>
<date when="2020">2020</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000A61</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000A61</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">COVID-19 outbreak: an elusive enemy<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="d32e204">☆</xref>
</sup>
</title>
<author><name sortKey="Kikuchi, Toshiaki" sort="Kikuchi, Toshiaki" uniqKey="Kikuchi T" first="Toshiaki" last="Kikuchi">Toshiaki Kikuchi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Respiratory Investigation</title>
<idno type="ISSN">2212-5345</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">2212-5353</idno>
<imprint><date when="2020">2020</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>A novel coronavirus, officially termed as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2, emerged in Wuhan, China, toward the end of 2019. Just four months later, more than 100,000 people were diagnosed with COVID-19, the resulting disease. The genetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 revealed that this virus is a new <italic>Betacoronavirus</italic>
, closely related to bat-derived SARS-like coronaviruses. Clinical data from hospitals in China have revealed that approximately 10% of the infected patients have severe disease requiring intensive care. Since containment of the outbreak may have partially failed due to asymptomatic transmission, it is imperative to accelerate the development of rapid point-of-care diagnostic tests, vaccines, and therapeutics for the COVID-19 epidemic.</p>
<p>A novel coronavirus — officially named as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 by the authorities — emerged in Wuhan, China, toward the end of 2019 [<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
, <xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
]. Just four months later, more than 100,000 cases have been diagnosed with the resulting disease, COVID-19, in more than 100 countries at the time of writing this paper [<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
]. Not only does mainland China have the most number of reported cases (94.4%), but its case-fatality rate is also relatively higher than that of other countries as of February 28, 2020 (China: 3.5%, 2,791 deaths among 78,961 confirmed cases; other countries: 1.4%, 67 deaths among 4,691 confirmed cases) [<xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
]. In an attempt to restrict the outbreak, China quickly implemented an unprecedented measure of quarantining 35 million people in Wuhan and several other cities, but its impact on slowing the global spread of the virus now seems inadequate. In fact, the number of cases in local human-to-human transmission kept soaring in several countries as of March 25, 2020: Italy 63,927 cases, United States of America 42,164 cases, and Spain 33,089 cases [<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
]. In Japan, 1,128 cases were confirmed based on positive viral nucleic acid test results, and the overall case-fatality rate was 3.7% (i.e., 42 deaths) [<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
].</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Del Rio, C" uniqKey="Del Rio C">C. Del Rio</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Malani, P N" uniqKey="Malani P">P.N. Malani</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Munster, V J" uniqKey="Munster V">V.J. Munster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Koopmans, M" uniqKey="Koopmans M">M. Koopmans</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Doremalen, N" uniqKey="Van Doremalen N">N. van Doremalen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Riel, D" uniqKey="Van Riel D">D. van Riel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Wit, E" uniqKey="De Wit E">E. de Wit</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lu, R" uniqKey="Lu R">R. Lu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhao, X" uniqKey="Zhao X">X. Zhao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, J" uniqKey="Li J">J. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Niu, P" uniqKey="Niu P">P. Niu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, B" uniqKey="Yang B">B. Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, H" uniqKey="Wu H">H. Wu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhu, N" uniqKey="Zhu N">N. Zhu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, D" uniqKey="Zhang D">D. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, W" uniqKey="Wang W">W. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, B" uniqKey="Yang B">B. Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Song, J" uniqKey="Song J">J. Song</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cui, J" uniqKey="Cui J">J. Cui</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, F" uniqKey="Li F">F. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shi, Z L" uniqKey="Shi Z">Z.L. Shi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, Q" uniqKey="Li Q">Q. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guan, X" uniqKey="Guan X">X. Guan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, P" uniqKey="Wu P">P. Wu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, X" uniqKey="Wang X">X. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, L" uniqKey="Zhou L">L. Zhou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tong, Y" uniqKey="Tong Y">Y. Tong</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guan, W J" uniqKey="Guan W">W.J. Guan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ni, Z Y" uniqKey="Ni Z">Z.Y. Ni</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hu, Y" uniqKey="Hu Y">Y. Hu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liang, W H" uniqKey="Liang W">W.H. Liang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ou, C Q" uniqKey="Ou C">C.Q. Ou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="He, J X" uniqKey="He J">J.X. He</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, C" uniqKey="Huang C">C. Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ren, L" uniqKey="Ren L">L. Ren</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhao, J" uniqKey="Zhao J">J. Zhao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hu, Y" uniqKey="Hu Y">Y. Hu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu, Z" uniqKey="Wu Z">Z. Wu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcgoogan, J M" uniqKey="Mcgoogan J">J.M. McGoogan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="editorial"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Respir Investig</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Respir Investig</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Respiratory Investigation</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2212-5345</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2212-5353</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Japanese Respiratory Society.</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31628064</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7164855</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2212-5345(20)30042-3</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.resinv.2020.03.006</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>COVID-19 outbreak: an elusive enemy<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="d32e204">☆</xref>
</sup>
</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au1"><name><surname>Kikuchi</surname>
<given-names>Toshiaki</given-names>
</name>
<email>kikuchi@med.niigata-u.ac.jp</email>
<xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp">∗</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>
PhD. Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachidori, Chuoku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan ; Tel.: +(81) 25 368-9321; fax: +(81) 25 368-9326. <email>kikuchi@med.niigata-u.ac.jp</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>17</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>3</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>25</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>27</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Japanese Respiratory Society.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder></copyright-holder>
<license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract id="abs0010"><p>A novel coronavirus, officially termed as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2, emerged in Wuhan, China, toward the end of 2019. Just four months later, more than 100,000 people were diagnosed with COVID-19, the resulting disease. The genetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 revealed that this virus is a new <italic>Betacoronavirus</italic>
, closely related to bat-derived SARS-like coronaviruses. Clinical data from hospitals in China have revealed that approximately 10% of the infected patients have severe disease requiring intensive care. Since containment of the outbreak may have partially failed due to asymptomatic transmission, it is imperative to accelerate the development of rapid point-of-care diagnostic tests, vaccines, and therapeutics for the COVID-19 epidemic.</p>
<p>A novel coronavirus — officially named as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 by the authorities — emerged in Wuhan, China, toward the end of 2019 [<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
, <xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
]. Just four months later, more than 100,000 cases have been diagnosed with the resulting disease, COVID-19, in more than 100 countries at the time of writing this paper [<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
]. Not only does mainland China have the most number of reported cases (94.4%), but its case-fatality rate is also relatively higher than that of other countries as of February 28, 2020 (China: 3.5%, 2,791 deaths among 78,961 confirmed cases; other countries: 1.4%, 67 deaths among 4,691 confirmed cases) [<xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
]. In an attempt to restrict the outbreak, China quickly implemented an unprecedented measure of quarantining 35 million people in Wuhan and several other cities, but its impact on slowing the global spread of the virus now seems inadequate. In fact, the number of cases in local human-to-human transmission kept soaring in several countries as of March 25, 2020: Italy 63,927 cases, United States of America 42,164 cases, and Spain 33,089 cases [<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
]. In Japan, 1,128 cases were confirmed based on positive viral nucleic acid test results, and the overall case-fatality rate was 3.7% (i.e., 42 deaths) [<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
].</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group id="kwrds0010"><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>coronavirus</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body><p id="p0010">Quite some information about the viral biology of SARS-CoV-2 and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 has been reported in the past few weeks [<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
, <xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
].</p>
<p id="p0015">The genetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 revealed that this virus is a new <italic>Betacoronavirus</italic>
in close proximity to bat-derived SARS-like coronaviruses, and that SARS-CoV-2 has clear zoonotic origins, probably arising through adaptations caused by genetic mutation and recombination between different strains of coronaviruses in pangolins whose scales are used in traditional Chinese medicine [<xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
, <xref rid="bib6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
]. The genomic characterization also showed that SARS-CoV-2 shares angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors with SARS-CoV, which was the <italic>Betacoronavirus</italic>
responsible for the global outbreak in 2002 [<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
, <xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
]. For both coronaviruses, binding to ACE2, which is expressed on ciliated bronchial epithelial cells and type II pneumocytes, may be a critical determinant not only for clinical manifestations (i.e., pulmonary involvement) but also for transmission capacity. In fact, a strain of SARS-CoV with higher affinity for ACE2 was proved to have higher efficiency of infection in human cells and transmission between humans [<xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]. The binding affinity for ACE2 may explain why SARS-CoV-2 is more easily transmissible than SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The basic reproduction number (<italic>R</italic>
<sub>0</sub>
, the expected number of secondary cases produced by one infected case) for SARS-CoV-2 is estimated to be more than 2 [<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
, <xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
].</p>
<p id="p0020">Clinical data from hospitals in China have revealed that 87% COVID-19 patients were aged 30 to 79 years and approximately 10% of the patients had severe disease requiring intensive care. Additionally, such patients with severe clinical manifestation are typically characterized by older adults with comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, or diabetes [<xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref>
, <xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>
, <xref rid="bib11" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>
]. Because of the lack of epidemiologic data regarding diagnostic tests for COVID-19 on a population level, this figure may overlook many infected patients with subclinical or mild disease who are unlikely to seek health care, representing just the tip of a possibly large iceberg [<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
, <xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
]. Substantially greater epidemiologic information is the key to get an accurate handle on whether COVID-19 is less alarming than what has been portrayed so far. Moreover, even carriers with no or few symptoms appear to possess transmission potential of COVID-19 infection by shedding the virus [<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
, <xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
]. Owing to the ineffective containment of the outbreak due to such asymptomatic transmission, there is an urgent need to accelerate the development of rapid point-of-care diagnostic tests, vaccines, and therapeutics for COVID-19 that is proving to be an epidemic in the human population.</p>
<sec id="sec1"><title>Conflict of interest</title>
<p id="p0025">Toshiaki Kikuchi received a research grant from AstraZeneca. Toshiaki Kikuchi received lecture fees from Pfizer Japan, Daiichi Sankyo, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, and AstraZeneca. Toshiaki Kikuchi received subsidies from Chugai Pharmaceutical, Eli Lilly Japan, and Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back><ref-list id="cebib0010"><title>References</title>
<ref id="bib1"><label>1</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref1"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Del Rio</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Malani</surname>
<given-names>P.N.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>COVID-19-New Insights on a Rapidly Changing Epidemic</article-title>
<source>JAMA</source>
<year>2020</year>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib2"><label>2</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref2"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Munster</surname>
<given-names>V.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Koopmans</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>van Doremalen</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>van Riel</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>de Wit</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A Novel Coronavirus Emerging in China - Key Questions for Impact Assessment</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<volume>382</volume>
<year>2020</year>
<fpage>692</fpage>
<lpage>694</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31978293</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib3"><label>3</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="other" id="sref3">World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 64, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200324-sitrep-64-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=703b2c40_2" id="intref0010">https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200324-sitrep-64-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=703b2c40_2</ext-link>
; 2020 [accessed 25 March 2020].</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib4"><label>4</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="other" id="sref4">World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 39, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200228-sitrep-39-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=aa1b80a7_2" id="intref0015">https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200228-sitrep-39-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=aa1b80a7_2</ext-link>
; 2020 [accessed 28 February 2020].</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib5"><label>5</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref5"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lu</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Niu</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding</article-title>
<source>Lancet</source>
<volume>395</volume>
<year>2020</year>
<fpage>565</fpage>
<lpage>574</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32007145</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib6"><label>6</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref6"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhu</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Song</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<volume>382</volume>
<year>2020</year>
<fpage>727</fpage>
<lpage>733</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31978945</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib7"><label>7</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref7"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cui</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Shi</surname>
<given-names>Z.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses</article-title>
<source>Nat Rev Microbiol</source>
<volume>17</volume>
<year>2019</year>
<fpage>181</fpage>
<lpage>192</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30531947</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib8"><label>8</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref8"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Guan</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tong</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>2020</year>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib9"><label>9</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref9"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Guan</surname>
<given-names>W.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ni</surname>
<given-names>Z.Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hu</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liang</surname>
<given-names>W.H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ou</surname>
<given-names>C.Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>He</surname>
<given-names>J.X.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>2020</year>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib10"><label>10</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref10"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ren</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hu</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China</article-title>
<source>Lancet</source>
<volume>395</volume>
<year>2020</year>
<fpage>497</fpage>
<lpage>506</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31986264</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib11"><label>11</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref11"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>McGoogan</surname>
<given-names>J.M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention</article-title>
<source>JAMA</source>
<year>2020</year>
</element-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
<fn-group><fn id="d32e204"><label>☆</label>
<p id="ntpara0010"><bold>Taxonomy:</bold>
Pulmonary Infection, Pulmonary Viral Infection, Risk Management</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</pmc>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/SrasV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000A61 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000A61 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Sante |area= SrasV1 |flux= Pmc |étape= Corpus |type= RBID |clé= PMC:7164855 |texte= COVID-19 outbreak: an elusive enemy☆ }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:31628064" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a SrasV1
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. | ![]() |