The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—An emerging global health threat
Identifieur interne : 000900 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000899; suivant : 000901The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—An emerging global health threat
Auteurs : Shajeea Arshad Ali ; Mariam Baloch ; Naseem Ahmed ; Asadullah Arshad Ali ; Ayman IqbalSource :
- Journal of Infection and Public Health [ 1876-0341 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Through this report we wish to highlight the ongoing novel coronavirus outbreak, that took place in China. The importance of this deadly pathogen, originating from a viral family, having a history of pandemic is highlighted. The symptoms of this disease with the treatment and preventive measures are outlined. We have briefly mentioned the situation in the past and have compared it with the recent statistics. The initiatives taken in order to prevent any further progression of this disease are also touched upon briefly.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.02.033
PubMed: 32199792
PubMed Central: 7102664
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—An emerging global health threat</title><author><name sortKey="Arshad Ali, Shajeea" sort="Arshad Ali, Shajeea" uniqKey="Arshad Ali S" first="Shajeea" last="Arshad Ali">Shajeea Arshad Ali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baloch, Mariam" sort="Baloch, Mariam" uniqKey="Baloch M" first="Mariam" last="Baloch">Mariam Baloch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Naseem" sort="Ahmed, Naseem" uniqKey="Ahmed N" first="Naseem" last="Ahmed">Naseem Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arshad Ali, Asadullah" sort="Arshad Ali, Asadullah" uniqKey="Arshad Ali A" first="Asadullah" last="Arshad Ali">Asadullah Arshad Ali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iqbal, Ayman" sort="Iqbal, Ayman" uniqKey="Iqbal A" first="Ayman" last="Iqbal">Ayman Iqbal</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32199792</idno><idno type="pmc">7102664</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102664</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7102664</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.jiph.2020.02.033</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000900</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000900</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—An emerging global health threat</title><author><name sortKey="Arshad Ali, Shajeea" sort="Arshad Ali, Shajeea" uniqKey="Arshad Ali S" first="Shajeea" last="Arshad Ali">Shajeea Arshad Ali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baloch, Mariam" sort="Baloch, Mariam" uniqKey="Baloch M" first="Mariam" last="Baloch">Mariam Baloch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Naseem" sort="Ahmed, Naseem" uniqKey="Ahmed N" first="Naseem" last="Ahmed">Naseem Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arshad Ali, Asadullah" sort="Arshad Ali, Asadullah" uniqKey="Arshad Ali A" first="Asadullah" last="Arshad Ali">Asadullah Arshad Ali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iqbal, Ayman" sort="Iqbal, Ayman" uniqKey="Iqbal A" first="Ayman" last="Iqbal">Ayman Iqbal</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Infection and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1876-0341</idno><idno type="eISSN">1876-035X</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Highlights</title><p><list list-type="simple" id="lis0005"><list-item id="lsti0005"><label>•</label><p id="par0005">Through this report we wish to highlight the ongoing novel coronavirus outbreak, that took place in China.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0010"><label>•</label><p id="par0010">The importance of this deadly pathogen, originating from a viral family, having a history of pandemic is highlighted.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0015"><label>•</label><p id="par0015">The symptoms of this disease with the treatment and preventive measures are outlined.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0020"><label>•</label><p id="par0020">We have briefly mentioned the situation in the past and have compared it with the recent statistics.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0025"><label>•</label><p id="par0025">The initiatives taken in order to prevent any further progression of this disease are also touched upon briefly.</p></list-item></list></p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="The Ncov Outbreak Joint Field Epidemiology Investigation Team" uniqKey="The Ncov Outbreak Joint Field Epidemiology Investigation Team">The 2019-nCoV Outbreak Joint Field Epidemiology Investigation Team</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qun Li" uniqKey="Qun Li">Qun Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Battegay, M" uniqKey="Battegay M">M. Battegay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuehl, R" uniqKey="Kuehl R">R. Kuehl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tschudin Sutter, S" uniqKey="Tschudin Sutter S">S. Tschudin-Sutter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hirsch, H H" uniqKey="Hirsch H">H.H. Hirsch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Widmer, A F" uniqKey="Widmer A">A.F. Widmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neher, R A" uniqKey="Neher R">R.A. Neher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Y" uniqKey="Chen Y">Y. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Q" uniqKey="Liu Q">Q. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, D" uniqKey="Guo D">D. Guo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Paules, C I" uniqKey="Paules C">C.I. Paules</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marston, H D" uniqKey="Marston H">H.D. Marston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fauci, A S" uniqKey="Fauci A">A.S. Fauci</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu, J T" uniqKey="Wu J">J.T. Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, K" uniqKey="Leung K">K. Leung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, G M" uniqKey="Leung G">G.M. Leung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, C" uniqKey="Huang C">C. Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ren, L" uniqKey="Ren L">L. Ren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, J" uniqKey="Zhao J">J. Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Y" uniqKey="Hu Y">Y. Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, L" uniqKey="Zhang L">L. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, G" uniqKey="Fan G">G. Fan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, J" uniqKey="Xu J">J. Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gu, X" uniqKey="Gu X">X. Gu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Z" uniqKey="Cheng Z">Z. Cheng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Raboresearch Economic Research" uniqKey="Raboresearch Economic Research">RaboResearch - Economic Research</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="You, Chong" uniqKey="You C">Chong You</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Qiushi" uniqKey="Lin Q">Qiushi Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Xiao Hua" uniqKey="Zhou X">Xiao-hua Zhou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, J" uniqKey="Li J">J. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, J J" uniqKey="Li J">J.J. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, X" uniqKey="Xie X">X. Xie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cai, X" uniqKey="Cai X">X. Cai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, J" uniqKey="Huang J">J. Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tian, X" uniqKey="Tian X">X. Tian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, H" uniqKey="Zhu H">H. Zhu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="World Health Organization" uniqKey="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="brief-report"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Infect Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Infect Public Health</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Infection and Public Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1876-0341</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1876-035X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32199792</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7102664</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1876-0341(20)30365-8</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jiph.2020.02.033</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—An emerging global health threat</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0005"><name><surname>Arshad Ali</surname><given-names>Shajeea</given-names></name><email>shajeeaarshadali@gmail.com</email><xref rid="cor0005" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0010"><name><surname>Baloch</surname><given-names>Mariam</given-names></name><email>mariamismailbaloch@hotmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0015"><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>Naseem</given-names></name><email>drnasim@hotmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0020"><name><surname>Arshad Ali</surname><given-names>Asadullah</given-names></name><email>asadullaharshadali97@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0025"><name><surname>Iqbal</surname><given-names>Ayman</given-names></name><email>aymaniqbal786@gmail.com</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff0005">Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor0005"><label>⁎</label>Corresponding author at: Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan. <email>shajeeaarshadali@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>19</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>644</fpage><lpage>646</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>31</day><month>1</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>18</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 The Authors</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract abstract-type="author-highlights" id="abs0005"><title>Highlights</title><p><list list-type="simple" id="lis0005"><list-item id="lsti0005"><label>•</label><p id="par0005">Through this report we wish to highlight the ongoing novel coronavirus outbreak, that took place in China.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0010"><label>•</label><p id="par0010">The importance of this deadly pathogen, originating from a viral family, having a history of pandemic is highlighted.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0015"><label>•</label><p id="par0015">The symptoms of this disease with the treatment and preventive measures are outlined.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0020"><label>•</label><p id="par0020">We have briefly mentioned the situation in the past and have compared it with the recent statistics.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0025"><label>•</label><p id="par0025">The initiatives taken in order to prevent any further progression of this disease are also touched upon briefly.</p></list-item></list></p></abstract><abstract id="abs0010"><p>The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) causing novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia (NCIP), has affected the lives of 71,429 people globally. Originating in China, the disease has a rapid progression to other countries. Research suggests remarkable genomic resemblance of 2019-nCoV with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) which has a history of a pandemic in 2002. With evidence of nosocomial spread, a number of diligent measures are being employed to constrain its propagation. Hence, the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) has been established by the World Health Organization (WHO) with strategic objectives for public health to curtail its impact on global health and economy.</p></abstract><kwd-group id="kwd0005"><title>Abbreviations</title><kwd>ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome</kwd><kwd>CDC, Center for Disease Control</kwd><kwd>COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019</kwd><kwd>HCoVs, human coronaviruses</kwd><kwd>MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome</kwd><kwd>MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus</kwd><kwd>2019-nCoV, novel coronavirus</kwd><kwd>NCIP, novel corona-virus infected pneumonia</kwd><kwd>PHEIC, Public Health Emergency of International Concern</kwd><kwd>SARS, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus</kwd><kwd>VPUE, Viral Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology</kwd><kwd>WHO, World Health Organization</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group id="kwd0010"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Novel coronavirus</kwd><kwd>Public health</kwd><kwd>Infectious disease</kwd><kwd>Pandemic</kwd><kwd>Zoonotic transmission</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><p id="par0030">A number of cases with Viral Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology (VPUE) were admitted in Wuhan hospital, on 29th December 2019. These cases were reported to the China Center for Disease Control (CDC). Investigators found that the patients had previously worked in the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, a selling hub of animals. The samples drawn from these individuals were sent for laboratory analyses. Later, the etiology was confirmed to be a novel β-genus coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The disease was, hence, termed novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia (NCIP) [<xref rid="bib0005" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>].</p><p id="par0035">According to WHO Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report of 17 February 2020, 71,429 cases have been documented globally [<xref rid="bib0010" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. Out of these, the number of cases from China is 70,635 and the rest 794 cases are from twenty-four different countries including Japan, Republic of Korea, Vietnam, Singapore, Australia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Philippines, Thailand, Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, United States of America, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Russian Federation, Belgium, Finland, Spain, Sweden, and the United Arab Emirates. The disease has claimed 1775 victims so far, the fatality rate is 2.8% [<xref rid="bib0010" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="bib0015" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>].</p><p id="par0040">Coronavirus belongs to the family of Coronavirinae, order Nidovirales [<xref rid="bib0020" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. They are large, positive-sense RNA viruses comprising of four genera: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma [<xref rid="bib0025" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. Until 2019, only six human coronaviruses (HCoVs) were known that could be held responsible for respiratory diseases. Out of these, four (HCoV–229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1) are endemic globally and are the causative agents for 10%–30% of the upper respiratory infections [<xref rid="bib0020" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="bib0025" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. The other two, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), are known to infect the lower respiratory tract [<xref rid="bib0020" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. These viruses possess the ability to propagate at an alarming rate, thereby resulting in disease clusters from a single index patient [<xref rid="bib0030" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>].</p><p id="par0045">In 2002, a pandemic of SARS occurred endangering the lives of 8098 individuals with a mortality of 774 patients [<xref rid="bib0025" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. The epicenter of the disease was Guangdong, China, from where it spread internationally to more than twelve countries. It was assumed that bats were the natural hosts. Mechanical ventilation support was given to 20%–30% of the infected patients and the fatality rate was 10%. The human-to-human airborne transmission was perceived, and the pandemic was culminated by employing strict public health measures [<xref rid="bib0025" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. In 2012, a rapid-spreading infection, MERS, caused by MERS-CoV, emerged in Saudi Arabia. Bats were considered to be the natural hosts and the intermediate host was dromedary camels. A total of 2494 cases with 858 deaths were reported to be caused by expeditious nosocomial transmission. MERS demonstrated clinical features similar to SARS with prominent gastrointestinal symptoms and acute kidney failure. Mechanical ventilation was given to 50%–89% of patients, associated with a mortality rate of 36% [<xref rid="bib0025" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>].</p><p id="par0050">An epidemiological investigation of 198 early cases revealed that only 22% of patients had direct exposure to the marketplace, 32% were in contact with the suspected cases and 51% had no contact with either of the source [<xref rid="bib0005" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. However, the virus was capable of efficient human-to-human transmission and similar to MERS, reports of nosocomial propagation were also documented [<xref rid="bib0005" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. This situation necessitated the need for the implementation of measures to abstain transmissions such as fit-tested N95 respirator and other personal protective equipment. Furthermore, respiratory samples should be immediately sent for analysis, if a diagnosis is suspected, serum antibodies should be examined before and after exposure to 2019-nCoV [<xref rid="bib0035" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>].</p><p id="par0055">A study conducted in a cluster of recent pneumonia cases in Jin Yin-tan hospital, Wuhan, portrayed the common symptoms were fever, cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia with findings of bilateral ground-glass appearance on chest CT scans [<xref rid="bib0035" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]. These symptoms were consistent with those of SARS and MERS. The complications of the illness included acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), RNAaemia, acute cardiac injury, and secondary infection. During the study, 32% of the patients were admitted in ICU and 15% died, indicating a significant association with high mortality [<xref rid="bib0035" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>].</p><p id="par0060">Confounding similarities are obtained between 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV. Prominent amino acid homology is shown between the two by genomic sequence analyses [<xref rid="bib0025" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. The clinical manifestations of both viruses were comparable too, with ARDS being developed and oxygen therapy required in both illnesses [<xref rid="bib0035" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]. This depicts the potential of 2019-nCoV to cause a pandemic similar to SARS which has a history of taxing the global economy $30 to $100 billion.<sup>5</sup> Based on this experience, the economic burden of this virus is temporarily estimated to be 1%–2% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product). However, more than 20% of the world GDP now is contributed by China, as compared to 7.5% in 2013 with having substantial proportion in global value chains [<xref rid="bib0040" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>].</p><p id="par0065">In 2017, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were added by WHO on its Priority Pathogen list. The diagnostic tests available were rapidly updated to identify 2019-nCoV, allowing early recognition and detection of the cases.<sup>5</sup> Preclinical investigations recognize the potent efficacy of Remdesivir against MERS and SARS, which can also be used against 2019-nCoV. Randomized controlled trials are being conducted to evaluate the potential of a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir which showed promising effect against MERS-CoV to treat infected 2019-nCoV patients [<xref rid="bib0035" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]. Similarly, vaccines are also being developed for SARS and MERS. The nucleic acid vaccine approach is being utilized by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Vaccine Research Center. Research is being conducted to target the messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine technology and assembling viral vectors to develop a vaccine [<xref rid="bib0025" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>].</p><p id="par0070">The epidemic increases by twofold in 6.4 days [<xref rid="bib0030" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]. The lengthy incubation period makes the isolation of suspected cases difficult. Therefore, counter-measures like school shutdown, exit screenings, and dissolution of mass gatherings are necessary [<xref rid="bib0005" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="bib0045" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. SARS pandemic ended by employing stringent public health measures. WHO has developed strategic objectives for this response such as limiting human-to-human transmission and zoonotic transmission, early detection and management of victims, gathering data to identify unknown clinical aspects of this disease, sharing event information to all communities, minimizing social and economic impact via multisectoral partnerships and two online courses on an open learning platform to provide real-time knowledge [<xref rid="bib0010" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="bib0025" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>].</p><p id="par0075">The source of zoonotic infection has not been identified. However, pangolins, a delicacy in Chinese cuisine are suspected, contributing to a ban of game consumption by Chinese government [<xref rid="bib0050" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]. Under the International Health Regulations 2005, an emergency committee on 2019-nCoV has put Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) into effect [<xref rid="bib0055" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. For the states with weaker health systems, a US$675 million preparedness and response plan has been launched for the period of February-April 2020 [<xref rid="bib0060" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]. A disease commodity package has been prepared for patients with necessary biomedical equipment [<xref rid="bib0010" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. The impact of the outbreak, on a global scale, remains to be seen.</p><sec id="sec0005"><title>Contributors’ statement</title><p id="par0080">Dr. Ali drafted the initial manuscript.</p><p id="par0085">Dr. Baloch reviewed the manuscript and edited it.</p><p id="par0090">Dr. Ahmed supervised the execution of the entire project.</p><p id="par0095">Dr. Ali conceptualized the idea and contributed in the initial draft.</p><p id="par0100">Dr. Iqbal performed the literature search and gathered all the relevant data.</p><p id="par0105">All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.</p></sec><sec id="sec0010"><title>Funding</title><p id="par0110">No funding sources.</p></sec><sec id="sec0015"><title>Competing interests</title><p id="par0115">None declared.</p></sec><sec id="sec0020"><title>Ethical approval</title><p id="par0120">Not required.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list id="bibl0005"><title>References</title><ref id="bib0005"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0005"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>The 2019-nCoV Outbreak Joint Field Epidemiology Investigation Team</surname></name><name><surname>Qun Li</surname></name></person-group><article-title>An outbreak of NCIP (2019-nCoV) infection in China — Wuhan, Hubei Province, 2019−2020</article-title><source>China CDC Wkly</source><volume>2</volume><issue>5</issue><year>2020</year><fpage>790</fpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0010"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" id="oref0010">World Health Organization. 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[Accessed 10 February 2020].</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list><ack id="ack0005"><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>None.</p></ack></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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