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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Catalytic inactivation of SARS coronavirus, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> and yeast on solid surface</title><author><name sortKey="He, Hong" sort="He, Hong" uniqKey="He H" first="Hong" last="He">Hong He</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dong, Xiaoping" sort="Dong, Xiaoping" uniqKey="Dong X" first="Xiaoping" last="Dong">Xiaoping Dong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Institute of Virology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Preventive, Beijing 100052, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Min" sort="Yang, Min" uniqKey="Yang M" first="Min" last="Yang">Min Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Qingxiang" sort="Yang, Qingxiang" uniqKey="Yang Q" first="Qingxiang" last="Yang">Qingxiang Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duan, Shumin" sort="Duan, Shumin" uniqKey="Duan S" first="Shumin" last="Duan">Shumin Duan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Institute of Virology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Preventive, Beijing 100052, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Yunbo" sort="Yu, Yunbo" uniqKey="Yu Y" first="Yunbo" last="Yu">Yunbo Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Jun" sort="Han, Jun" uniqKey="Han J" first="Jun" last="Han">Jun Han</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Institute of Virology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Preventive, Beijing 100052, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Changbin" sort="Zhang, Changbin" uniqKey="Zhang C" first="Changbin" last="Zhang">Changbin Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Lan" sort="Chen, Lan" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Lan" last="Chen">Lan Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Institute of Virology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Preventive, Beijing 100052, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Xin" sort="Yang, Xin" uniqKey="Yang X" first="Xin" last="Yang">Xin Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmc">7129964</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7129964</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7129964</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.catcom.2003.12.009</idno><idno type="pmid">NONE</idno><date when="2004">2004</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000837</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000837</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Catalytic inactivation of SARS coronavirus, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> and yeast on solid surface</title><author><name sortKey="He, Hong" sort="He, Hong" uniqKey="He H" first="Hong" last="He">Hong He</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dong, Xiaoping" sort="Dong, Xiaoping" uniqKey="Dong X" first="Xiaoping" last="Dong">Xiaoping Dong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Institute of Virology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Preventive, Beijing 100052, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Min" sort="Yang, Min" uniqKey="Yang M" first="Min" last="Yang">Min Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Qingxiang" sort="Yang, Qingxiang" uniqKey="Yang Q" first="Qingxiang" last="Yang">Qingxiang Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duan, Shumin" sort="Duan, Shumin" uniqKey="Duan S" first="Shumin" last="Duan">Shumin Duan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Institute of Virology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Preventive, Beijing 100052, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Yunbo" sort="Yu, Yunbo" uniqKey="Yu Y" first="Yunbo" last="Yu">Yunbo Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Jun" sort="Han, Jun" uniqKey="Han J" first="Jun" last="Han">Jun Han</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Institute of Virology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Preventive, Beijing 100052, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Changbin" sort="Zhang, Changbin" uniqKey="Zhang C" first="Changbin" last="Zhang">Changbin Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Lan" sort="Chen, Lan" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Lan" last="Chen">Lan Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Institute of Virology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Preventive, Beijing 100052, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Xin" sort="Yang, Xin" uniqKey="Yang X" first="Xin" last="Yang">Xin Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Catalysis Communications</title><idno type="ISSN">1566-7367</idno><idno type="eISSN">1566-7367</idno><imprint><date when="2004">2004</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Catalytic oxidation is a potential way to disinfect air through a air-condition system. We find that the SARS coronavirus, bacteria and yeast are completely inactivated in 5 min on Ag catalyst surface and in 20 min on Cu catalyst surface at room temperature in air. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that the yeast cells are dramatically destructed on the Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> surfaces, which indicates that the inactivation is caused by catalytic oxidation rather than by toxicity of heavy metals.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sokmen, M" uniqKey="Sokmen M">M. Sökmen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candan, F" uniqKey="Candan F">F. Candan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sumer, Z" uniqKey="Sumer Z">Z. Sümer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ara A, J" uniqKey="Ara A J">J. Araña</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, K" uniqKey="Tanaka K">K. Tanaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okawa, Y" uniqKey="Okawa Y">Y. Okawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matsumoto, Y" uniqKey="Matsumoto Y">Y. Matsumoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fujita, T" uniqKey="Fujita T">T. Fujita</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rocca, M" uniqKey="Rocca M">M. Rocca</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Costello, C K" uniqKey="Costello C">C.K. Costello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kung, M C" uniqKey="Kung M">M.C. Kung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, H S" uniqKey="Oh H">H.S. Oh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kung, H H" uniqKey="Kung H">H.H. Kung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Okumura, M" uniqKey="Okumura M">M. Okumura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Masuyama, N" uniqKey="Masuyama N">N. Masuyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Konishi, E" uniqKey="Konishi E">E. Konishi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ichikawa, S" uniqKey="Ichikawa S">S. Ichikawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akita, T" uniqKey="Akita T">T. Akita</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Minic, S" uniqKey="Minic S">S. Minicò</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scire, S" uniqKey="Scire S">S. Scirè</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crisafulli, C" uniqKey="Crisafulli C">C. Crisafulli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maggiore, R" uniqKey="Maggiore R">R. Maggiore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galvagno, S" uniqKey="Galvagno S">S. Galvagno</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, F P" uniqKey="Zhang F">F.P. Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="brief-report"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Catal Commun</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Catal Commun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Catalysis Communications</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1566-7367</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1566-7367</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier B.V.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7129964</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1566-7367(04)00003-2</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.catcom.2003.12.009</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Catalytic inactivation of SARS coronavirus, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> and yeast on solid surface</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>He</surname><given-names>Hong</given-names></name><email>honghe@mail.rcees.ac.cn</email><xref rid="AFF1" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="COR1" ref-type="corresp">∗</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dong</surname><given-names>Xiaoping</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF2" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Min</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF1" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Qingxiang</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF1" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Duan</surname><given-names>Shumin</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF2" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>Yunbo</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF1" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>Jun</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF2" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Changbin</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF1" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Lan</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF2" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Xin</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF1" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="AFF1"><label>a</label>Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China</aff><aff id="AFF2"><label>b</label>Institute of Virology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Preventive, Beijing 100052, China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="COR1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author. Tel.: +861062849123; fax: +861062849123 <email>honghe@mail.rcees.ac.cn</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>3</day><month>2</month><year>2004</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>3</month><year>2004</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>3</day><month>2</month><year>2004</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>170</fpage><lpage>172</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>7</day><month>7</month><year>2003</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2003</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2004</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Elsevier B.V.</copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Catalytic oxidation is a potential way to disinfect air through a air-condition system. We find that the SARS coronavirus, bacteria and yeast are completely inactivated in 5 min on Ag catalyst surface and in 20 min on Cu catalyst surface at room temperature in air. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that the yeast cells are dramatically destructed on the Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> surfaces, which indicates that the inactivation is caused by catalytic oxidation rather than by toxicity of heavy metals.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><sec><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><p>Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in south of China was recognized at the end of February 2003, a large amount of chemical disinfectors have been used in epidemic area, which has caused public concern on human health and environment. And further, the safety of using air-condition in SARS lazarettos has become an urgent problem with the coming of summer. Photo catalysis by titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) is an alternative to conventional chemical disinfectors <xref rid="BIB1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>, <xref rid="BIB2" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref>. However, this technology can only work with ultraviolet light and requires a relatively complex device. On the other hand, surface science and catalysis studies show that oxygen molecules can adsorb and dissociate into active oxygen atoms on some metal surfaces <xref rid="BIB3" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>, <xref rid="BIB4" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref>, and the oxidation of CO and volatile chemical compounds occurs over some supported metal catalysts at room temperature <xref rid="BIB5" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>, <xref rid="BIB6" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref>, <xref rid="BIB7" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>. These facts strongly suggest that those catalysts are very promising to be used in air-condition systems for air disinfection. Here, we report the inactivation efficiency of Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to SARS coronavirus, bacteria and yeast.</p></sec><sec><label>2</label><title>Experimental</title><p>The supported catalysts, Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (Ag 5 wt%) and Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (Cu 10 wt%) were prepared by an impregnation method. The wet sample was dried at 393 K for 12 h, and then calcined in air at 873 K for 3 h. Before using, the Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and A1<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> powders were pressed into wafers of ca. 20 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>.</p></sec><sec><label>3</label><title>Results and discussion</title><p>To address inactivation efficiency of Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> and <italic>D. polymorphus</italic> suspensions (10<sup>6</sup> CFU/ml) were dropped onto the prepared wafers and stayed at room temperature for 5,10 and 20 min. <italic>E. coli</italic> and <italic>D. polymorphus</italic> were then washed with 500 μl PBS and spread onto LB and YPD agar plates, respectively. Both bacteria and yeast cultures of 48 h revealed no colony after treatment with Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> for 5 min, but 16–19 yeast colonies were found using Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. On the other hand, 10<sup>5</sup>–10<sup>6</sup> colonies of <italic>E. coli</italic> and <italic>D. polymorphus</italic> were, respectively, detected in control tests with Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> wafers and filter papers. The inactivation of <italic>D. polymorphus</italic> by the two catalysts was supported by light-microscopy observation. When the viability stain method with trypan blue was applied to catalytically inactivated yeast cells, a large number of strongly coloured cells appeared after treated for 5 min using Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and 10 min using Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in contrast to the control.</p><p><xref rid="FIG1" ref-type="fig">Figs. 1(a) and (b)</xref>show the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of yeast cells adsorbed on Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> at room temperature in air for 5 min. The cell surfaces were densely covered with nanograde granules. Some of cells collapsed and led to release of inclusions (<xref rid="FIG1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1(b)</xref>). These SEM images show that the yeast cells are dramatically destructed on the Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> surface, which indicates that the inactivation is caused by chemical reaction and decomposition. However, <xref rid="FIG1" ref-type="fig">Figs. 1(c) and (d)</xref> SEM images show that the cell surfaces were quite smooth on the Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> wafer even though most of them were inactivated.<fig id="FIG1"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>SEM photograph of <italic>D. polymorphus</italic> on Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> wafers treated for 5 min. (a) 10,000× on Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. (b) 20,000× on Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. (c) 3000× on Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. (d) 12,000× on Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. 20 μl of 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/ml yeast cell was loaded on the surfaces of the wafers at room temperature in air. After 5 min, the wafers were fixed with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, drained with ethanol/water in increasing concentrations of ethanol. The absolute ethanol was replaced by dimethoxymethane, and the samples underwent critical point drying with CO<sub>2</sub>. The wafers were glued onto stages with conductive silver and metallized with gold. The samples were microscoped and photographed with a scanning electron microscope (Fei QUANTA 200).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr1"></graphic></fig></p><p>To see the eradication effect on SARS coronavirus, 10<sup>6</sup> PFU/ml TCID<sub>50</sub> viruses (100 μl) were loaded onto the wafers of Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and the viral infectivity was measured in Vero cells. The eluted solutions of all the tested wafers after treatment for 5 and 20 min did not show detectable cytopathic effect (CPE) in Vero cells 48 h postinfection, whereas the eluted solution of the filter paper used as a control induced typical CPE.</p><p>In order to confirm the killing capacity to DNA viruses, 100 μl of 10<sup>6</sup> PFU/ml recombinant baculoviruses that express hamster PrP protein <xref rid="BIB8" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref> in insect cell Sf9 were loaded onto the Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> wafer. No distinct CPE could be found in Sf9 cells using the elution of Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> wafer treated for 5 and 20 min, respectively. Western blot assays with PrP specific monoclonal antibody revealed that the recombinant virus treated with Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> wafer could not produce any detectable PrP protein. However, the elution of the control filter revealed the expected band. The results of inactivation to the three microbes are summarized in <xref rid="TBL1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. In conclusion, the SARS coronavirus, bacteria and yeast are completely inactivated in 5 min on Ag catalyst surface and in 20 min on Cu catalyst surface at room temperature in air.<table-wrap position="float" id="TBL1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Inactivation efficiencies of different materials to various microorganisms</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Materials</th><th>SARS coronavirus</th><th>Baculovirus</th><th><italic>E. coli</italic></th><th><italic>D. polymorphus</italic></th></tr><tr><th>(CPE)</th><th>(CPE)</th><th>(CFU/ml)</th><th>(CFU/ml)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td>Undetectable<xref rid="TBLFN1" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></td><td>Undetectable<xref rid="TBLFN1" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></td><td>Undetectable<xref rid="TBLFN1" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></td><td>Undetectable<xref rid="TBLFN1" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td>Undetectable<xref rid="TBLFN3" ref-type="table-fn">c</xref></td><td>Undetectable<xref rid="TBLFN3" ref-type="table-fn">c</xref></td><td>Undetectable<xref rid="TBLFN3" ref-type="table-fn">c</xref></td><td>10<sup>2</sup><xref rid="TBLFN2" ref-type="table-fn">b</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>10<sup>5</sup><xref rid="TBLFN2" ref-type="table-fn">b</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Filter paper</td><td>Typical<xref rid="TBLFN3" ref-type="table-fn">c</xref></td><td>Typical<xref rid="TBLFN3" ref-type="table-fn">c</xref></td><td>10<sup>6</sup><xref rid="TBLFN3" ref-type="table-fn">c</xref></td><td>10<sup>5</sup><xref rid="TBLFN2" ref-type="table-fn">b</xref></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>“–”, not available. The dosage used is 100 μl of 10<sup>6</sup> CPE/ml for SARS coronavirus and Baculovirus, 20 μl of 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/ml for <italic>E. coli</italic> and <italic>D. polymorphus</italic>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TBLFN1"><label>a</label><p>5 min treatment.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TBLFN2"><label>b</label><p>10 min treatment.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TBLFN3"><label>c</label><p>20 min treatment.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p><p>The mechanism of inactivation for these microbes on Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> surfaces is still not clear, but we can exclude the factor of dehydration, because Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> have a similar capability of water adsorption. One can also note that the remains of yeast cells on Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> are quite different, though they are all inactivated, indicating different mechanisms for the two catalysts. It is worth while to point out that both Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> surfaces did not show any disinfection for bacteria and yeast in a close environment without oxygen, which strongly indicates that the inactivation is caused by catalytic oxidation rather than by toxicity of heavy metals.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="BIB1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sökmen</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Candan</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sümer</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name></person-group><source>J. Photochem. Photobiol. 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