Medically unexplained symptoms in the times of Covid-19 pandemic: a case-report
Identifieur interne : 000836 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000835; suivant : 000837Medically unexplained symptoms in the times of Covid-19 pandemic: a case-report
Auteurs : Marco Colizzi ; Riccardo Bortoletto ; Marta Silvestri ; Federica Mondini ; Elena Puttini ; Chiara Cainelli ; Rossella Gaudino ; Mirella Ruggeri ; Leonardo ZoccanteSource :
- Brain, Behavior, & Immunity Health [ 2666-3546 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
In early 2020, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) leading to a potentially fatal condition was discovered. Since then, the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread worldwide becoming a pandemic. Beyond the risks strictly related to the infection, concerns have been expressed for the psychological impact that COVID-19 may have, especially on vulnerable individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions. Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is characterized by a dysfunctional preoccupation with physical symptoms leading to excessive and unnecessary healthcare utilization. Despite being quite common, such condition remains underrecognized. We report a detailed clinical case of a 16 years old adolescent, who presented with a history suggestive of COVID-19 infection and associated psychological distress. Despite testing negative for the presence of SARS-CoV-2, his extreme and persisting health preoccupations required an inpatient admission to the Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit. He responded rapidly to a low dose of antipsychotic and an antidepressant. Based on his medical history and current presentation, he received a diagnosis of SSD. When COVID-19-like symptoms occur, we highlight the importance of differentially diagnosing a possible exacerbation of a pre-existing SSD, triggered by fear of being infected. This may help preventing further burden to the healthcare system.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100073
PubMed: NONE
PubMed Central: 7166302
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PMC:7166302Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Medically unexplained symptoms in the times of Covid-19 pandemic: a case-report</title><author><name sortKey="Colizzi, Marco" sort="Colizzi, Marco" uniqKey="Colizzi M" first="Marco" last="Colizzi">Marco Colizzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal-Child Integrated Care Department, Integrated University Hospital of Verona</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bortoletto, Riccardo" sort="Bortoletto, Riccardo" uniqKey="Bortoletto R" first="Riccardo" last="Bortoletto">Riccardo Bortoletto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal-Child Integrated Care Department, Integrated University Hospital of Verona</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silvestri, Marta" sort="Silvestri, Marta" uniqKey="Silvestri M" first="Marta" last="Silvestri">Marta Silvestri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal-Child Integrated Care Department, Integrated University Hospital of Verona</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mondini, Federica" sort="Mondini, Federica" uniqKey="Mondini F" first="Federica" last="Mondini">Federica Mondini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal-Child Integrated Care Department, Integrated University Hospital of Verona</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Puttini, Elena" sort="Puttini, Elena" uniqKey="Puttini E" first="Elena" last="Puttini">Elena Puttini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal-Child Integrated Care Department, Integrated University Hospital of Verona</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cainelli, Chiara" sort="Cainelli, Chiara" uniqKey="Cainelli C" first="Chiara" last="Cainelli">Chiara Cainelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal-Child Integrated Care Department, Integrated University Hospital of Verona</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gaudino, Rossella" sort="Gaudino, Rossella" uniqKey="Gaudino R" first="Rossella" last="Gaudino">Rossella Gaudino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Section of Paediatrics, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruggeri, Mirella" sort="Ruggeri, Mirella" uniqKey="Ruggeri M" first="Mirella" last="Ruggeri">Mirella Ruggeri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zoccante, Leonardo" sort="Zoccante, Leonardo" uniqKey="Zoccante L" first="Leonardo" last="Zoccante">Leonardo Zoccante</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal-Child Integrated Care Department, Integrated University Hospital of Verona</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmc">7166302</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7166302</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7166302</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100073</idno><idno type="pmid">NONE</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000836</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000836</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Medically unexplained symptoms in the times of Covid-19 pandemic: a case-report</title><author><name sortKey="Colizzi, Marco" sort="Colizzi, Marco" uniqKey="Colizzi M" first="Marco" last="Colizzi">Marco Colizzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal-Child Integrated Care Department, Integrated University Hospital of Verona</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bortoletto, Riccardo" sort="Bortoletto, Riccardo" uniqKey="Bortoletto R" first="Riccardo" last="Bortoletto">Riccardo Bortoletto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal-Child Integrated Care Department, Integrated University Hospital of Verona</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silvestri, Marta" sort="Silvestri, Marta" uniqKey="Silvestri M" first="Marta" last="Silvestri">Marta Silvestri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal-Child Integrated Care Department, Integrated University Hospital of Verona</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mondini, Federica" sort="Mondini, Federica" uniqKey="Mondini F" first="Federica" last="Mondini">Federica Mondini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal-Child Integrated Care Department, Integrated University Hospital of Verona</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Puttini, Elena" sort="Puttini, Elena" uniqKey="Puttini E" first="Elena" last="Puttini">Elena Puttini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal-Child Integrated Care Department, Integrated University Hospital of Verona</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cainelli, Chiara" sort="Cainelli, Chiara" uniqKey="Cainelli C" first="Chiara" last="Cainelli">Chiara Cainelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal-Child Integrated Care Department, Integrated University Hospital of Verona</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gaudino, Rossella" sort="Gaudino, Rossella" uniqKey="Gaudino R" first="Rossella" last="Gaudino">Rossella Gaudino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Section of Paediatrics, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruggeri, Mirella" sort="Ruggeri, Mirella" uniqKey="Ruggeri M" first="Mirella" last="Ruggeri">Mirella Ruggeri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zoccante, Leonardo" sort="Zoccante, Leonardo" uniqKey="Zoccante L" first="Leonardo" last="Zoccante">Leonardo Zoccante</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal-Child Integrated Care Department, Integrated University Hospital of Verona</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Brain, Behavior, & Immunity Health</title><idno type="eISSN">2666-3546</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In early 2020, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) leading to a potentially fatal condition was discovered. Since then, the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread worldwide becoming a pandemic. Beyond the risks strictly related to the infection, concerns have been expressed for the psychological impact that COVID-19 may have, especially on vulnerable individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions. Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is characterized by a dysfunctional preoccupation with physical symptoms leading to excessive and unnecessary healthcare utilization. Despite being quite common, such condition remains underrecognized. We report a detailed clinical case of a 16 years old adolescent, who presented with a history suggestive of COVID-19 infection and associated psychological distress. Despite testing negative for the presence of SARS-CoV-2, his extreme and persisting health preoccupations required an inpatient admission to the Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit. He responded rapidly to a low dose of antipsychotic and an antidepressant. Based on his medical history and current presentation, he received a diagnosis of SSD. When COVID-19-like symptoms occur, we highlight the importance of differentially diagnosing a possible exacerbation of a pre-existing SSD, triggered by fear of being infected. This may help preventing further burden to the healthcare system.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baranowska, B" uniqKey="Baranowska B">B. Baranowska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kochanowski, J" uniqKey="Kochanowski J">J. Kochanowski</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barsky, A J" uniqKey="Barsky A">A.J. Barsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orav, E J" uniqKey="Orav E">E.J. Orav</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bates, D W" uniqKey="Bates D">D.W. Bates</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bedard Thomas, K K" uniqKey="Bedard Thomas K">K.K. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Brain Behav Immun Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Brain Behav Immun Health</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Brain, Behavior, & Immunity Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2666-3546</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7166302</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2666-3546(20)30038-7</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100073</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">100073</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Medically unexplained symptoms in the times of Covid-19 pandemic: a case-report</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au1"><name><surname>Colizzi</surname><given-names>Marco</given-names></name><degrees>M.D., Ph.D.</degrees><email>marco.colizzi@univr.it</email><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref><xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref><xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref><xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp">∗</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au2"><name><surname>Bortoletto</surname><given-names>Riccardo</given-names></name><degrees>M.D.</degrees><xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au3"><name><surname>Silvestri</surname><given-names>Marta</given-names></name><degrees>M.D.</degrees><xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au4"><name><surname>Mondini</surname><given-names>Federica</given-names></name><degrees>M.D.</degrees><xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au5"><name><surname>Puttini</surname><given-names>Elena</given-names></name><degrees>Psy.D.</degrees><xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au6"><name><surname>Cainelli</surname><given-names>Chiara</given-names></name><degrees>Psy.D.</degrees><xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au7"><name><surname>Gaudino</surname><given-names>Rossella</given-names></name><degrees>M.D.</degrees><xref rid="aff4" ref-type="aff">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au8"><name><surname>Ruggeri</surname><given-names>Mirella</given-names></name><degrees>M.D., Ph.D.</degrees><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au9"><name><surname>Zoccante</surname><given-names>Leonardo</given-names></name><degrees>M.D.</degrees><xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal-Child Integrated Care Department, Integrated University Hospital of Verona</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>Section of Paediatrics, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Correspondiing author. Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy. Telephone number: +39 045 812 6832. <email>marco.colizzi@univr.it</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>19</day><month>4</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>4</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><elocation-id>100073</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>9</day><month>4</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>4</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 The Author(s)</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="abs0010"><p>In early 2020, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) leading to a potentially fatal condition was discovered. Since then, the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread worldwide becoming a pandemic. Beyond the risks strictly related to the infection, concerns have been expressed for the psychological impact that COVID-19 may have, especially on vulnerable individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions. Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is characterized by a dysfunctional preoccupation with physical symptoms leading to excessive and unnecessary healthcare utilization. Despite being quite common, such condition remains underrecognized. We report a detailed clinical case of a 16 years old adolescent, who presented with a history suggestive of COVID-19 infection and associated psychological distress. Despite testing negative for the presence of SARS-CoV-2, his extreme and persisting health preoccupations required an inpatient admission to the Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit. He responded rapidly to a low dose of antipsychotic and an antidepressant. Based on his medical history and current presentation, he received a diagnosis of SSD. When COVID-19-like symptoms occur, we highlight the importance of differentially diagnosing a possible exacerbation of a pre-existing SSD, triggered by fear of being infected. This may help preventing further burden to the healthcare system.</p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="author-highlights" id="abs0015"><title>Highlights</title><p><list list-type="simple" id="ulist0010"><list-item id="u0010"><label>•</label><p id="p0010">COVID-19 may have a substantial psychological impact, independent of getting the infection</p></list-item><list-item id="u0015"><label>•</label><p id="p0015">Fear to get COVID-19 may exacerbate pre-existing mental health disorders</p></list-item><list-item id="u0020"><label>•</label><p id="p0020">Extreme anxiety reactions to COVID-19 may elicit unexplained medical symptoms in predisposed individuals</p></list-item></list></p></abstract><kwd-group id="kwrds0010"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Coronavirus</kwd><kwd>2019-nCoV</kwd><kwd>Somatic Symptom Disorder</kwd><kwd>Anxiety</kwd><kwd>Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms</kwd><kwd>Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec1"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><p id="p0025">In December 2019, increasing pneumonia cases of unknown etiology were reported in Wuhan (<xref rid="bib15" ref-type="bibr">Li et al., 2020</xref>), the largest city in Central China with an estimated population of over 10 million people. Cases were traced back to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market with the hypothesis that patients had been infected by a pathogen transmitted by live animals. In early January 2020, a novel coronavirus, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified as the cause from the analysis of the bronchoalveolar washing fluid of a Wuhan patient (<xref rid="bib17" ref-type="bibr">Lu et al., 2020</xref>). On 11 February 2020, the World Health Organization named the SARS-CoV-2-induced illness as the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Due to its person-to-person transmission, COVID-19 has rapidly spread worldwide (<xref rid="bib20" ref-type="bibr">Rothe et al., 2020</xref>), becoming a public health emergency of international concern requiring an urgent, high-level and coordinated effort to control the outbreak (<xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">Cucinotta and Vanelli, 2020</xref>). As of 9 April 2020, over 1.5 million COVID-19 cases have been reported across all continents, resulting in a pandemic, with northern Italy becoming Europe’s epicenter, with over 140,000 reported cases (<xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">Gagliano et al., 2020</xref>).</p><p id="p0030">While increasing global attention has been given to infected patients and the risk for infection of frontline healthcare professionals (<xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr">Berger et al., 2020</xref>), a parallel concern has been expressed for the psychological impact that the COVID-19 pandemic may have in terms of anxious and depressive reactions among the general population (<xref rid="bib16" ref-type="bibr">Lima et al., 2020</xref>). As evidence suggests a particularly unfavorable mental health outcome in COVID-19 frontline responders (<xref rid="bib13" ref-type="bibr">Lai et al., 2020</xref>), we register the second case of suicide among female nurses leading the fight against COVID-19 in Northern Italy. Further, due to the emotional impact of COVID-19 pandemic, we may reasonably speculate a higher risk or relapse among people suffering from a pre-existing mental health condition (<xref rid="bib25" ref-type="bibr">Yao et al., 2020</xref>). Patients with a psychiatric disorder are also vulnerable for a number of other reasons. First, having a psychiatric disorder has been associated with a higher likelihood of getting an infection (<xref rid="bib22" ref-type="bibr">Seminog and Goldacre, 2013</xref>), possibly due to being cognitively impaired, underestimating the health risk, adopting less stringent self-protection, and having prolonged hospital admissions (<xref rid="bib25" ref-type="bibr">Yao et al., 2020</xref>). Testing positive for COVID-19 would definitely amplify the fears associated with the infection. Second, access to medical care, which may <italic>per se</italic> be delayed because of the pandemic overloading the health care system, could be particularly difficult for people with mental health problems as a further consequence of discrimination (<xref rid="bib14" ref-type="bibr">Li et al., 2018</xref>) or challenging clinical presentation (<xref rid="bib21" ref-type="bibr">Sartorious, 2013</xref>). Third, the nationwide adoption of regulations progressively restricting people movement and introducing quarantine may result in psychiatric appointments being more difficult to attend, deemed unurgent, or rescheduled following a risk-benefit-based decision.</p><p id="p0035">Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 are unclear and an established treatment protocol is missing (<xref rid="bib12" ref-type="bibr">Huang et al., 2020</xref>). Among pediatric populations, the infection seems to result in less critical cases (5.9%) compared to infected adults (18.5%) (<xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">Dong et al., 2020</xref>). However, caution is called as the pandemic in ongoing and rapidly evolving, and the available evidence scarce. It is worth mentioning that adolescence is a critical period for the manifestation of mental health difficulties (<xref rid="bib6" ref-type="bibr">Colizzi et al., 2020</xref>). Altogether, evidence suggests that COVID-19 presentation among adolescents with comorbid mental health problems may be challenging in terms of management and require complex care.</p></sec><sec id="sec2"><label>2</label><title>Case report</title><p id="p0040">On 13 March 2020, a 16-year-old adolescent of White/Caucasian ethnicity, known since January 2020 for psychological treatment of an emerging eating disorder, entered the Accident & Emergency (A&E) Department of the Integrated University Hospital of Verona with referred (i) fever up to 38.7 °C lasting longer than 3 days, (ii) heart rate up to 130 beats per minute (bpm), (iii) likely development of delirium with progressively reduced lucid intervals, (iv) general malaise, (v) breathing difficulties, and (vi) altered olfactory and gustatory sensitivity. He was not taking any medication and there were no known allergies of any type. The first basic assessment in A&E found body temperature of 38 °C, borderline pulse oxygen unsaturation (SpO2: 97%) in patient with normal haemoglobin (AA), blood pressure of 135/70 mmHg, and heart rate of 100 bpm. A brief history collection of events leading to A&E admission revealed contact with a person potentially infected by COVID-19. In particular, about 10 days prior to A&E admission, before the full restriction of people movement all over Italy, the patient and his family had dinner at home with a host who was having a severe cough and other flu symptoms not better specified. The patient’s mother expressed concerns for the risk that such host had COVID-19, exposing the patient to the infection. COVID-19 triage was immediately started, remarkably 8 minutes after the patient’s A&E registration.</p><sec id="sec2.1"><label>2.1</label><title>COVID-19 triage</title><p id="p0045">A nasopharyngeal swab was performed to test for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequence through a multiplex-PCR-based method (Simplexa<sup>TM</sup>). While waiting for results, a physician conducted a physical examination which did not observe any frank cardiovascular, pulmonary, abdominal, or neurological alteration. The patient appeared only partially cooperative and intermittently agitated. Loss of sphincter control was also observed, with both urinary and faecal incontinence. Blood and urine tests were performed, especially to investigate inflammatory markers. No specific alterations were observed, with C-reactive Protein and White Blood Count within normal range. Only an increase in total and direct bilirubin was noted, potentially suggesting the presence of Gilbert's syndrome (<xref rid="appsec1" ref-type="sec">Supplementary Table 1</xref>). Through the day, a peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) was used to administer 0.9% saline (sodium chloride (NaCl)) solution for a total of 2000 ml as well as paracetamol for a total of 2000 mg (10mg/ml, 100 ml bis in die (bid)). Brain Computed Tomography (CT) scan, chest X-ray, and urinalysis were unremarkable. At some point, due to increasing preoccupation for his health status, the patient was so agitated that ran outside of the A&E. With support from healthcare staff, he came back to the COVID-19 Triage Unit and was relocated to a single-bed patient room. Despite reassurances, the patient appeared only slightly more relaxed and covered his face with bed sheets. He was observed lying in bed in fetal position.</p><p id="p0050">About 4 hours after the beginning of the COVID-19 triage, the nasopharyngeal swab result indicated the absence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the patient’s sample. Further assessments of the temperature performed until the end of the day resulted in values ≤ 37 °C. During the night, the patient presented with marked agitation and aggressivity towards his mother and broke her glasses. According to the patient’s mother, such behavior was very unusual for him. A neuropsychiatric evaluation was requested. A small temperature raise was also observed, with a borderline value of 37.5 °C.</p></sec><sec id="sec2.2"><label>2.2</label><title>Neuropsychiatric evaluation in the COVID-19 Triage Unit</title><p id="p0055">The subsequent morning, a senior neuropsychiatrist reached the patient in the COVID-19 Triage Unit to assess him. The patient was casually dressed in a tracksuit and his personal hygiene was good. He was partially cooperative but sufficiently able to provide an adequate history with the support of his mother. His mood was slightly depressed. His affect tended to be dysphoric but remained congruous with the thought content. Severe anxiety evolving in mental confusion and loss of control was also observed, with the patient expressing an unmodulated and misdirected discharge of tension and emotions without concern about consequences. The patient showed a mildly disorganized process of thinking and the thought content revealed worries about his health status tending to a delusional intensity, in the absence of suicide ideas. No hallucinatory behavior was observed. He did not appear grossly impaired on a cognitive basis, with both recent and remote memory preserved. While orientation in space and person was intact, orientation in time was partially compromised, especially with reference to the last few days. The patient showed poor insight and judgment regarding his condition and need for help. The patient’s clinical status was reported to have worsened in the few days before the A&E admission also in relation to the need to rearrange his psychology appointments for eating disorder as telephone/video-conference sessions in order not to expose him to unnecessary risk of SARS-CoV-2 contagion. The neuropsychiatrist advised for admission to the inpatient Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit for further evaluation, after medical clearance. The antipsychotic Olanzapine was prescribed at the dosage of 2.5 mg bid as provisional treatment plan. On the evening of the same day, the patient was transferred. This was his first presentation to a psychiatric ward.</p></sec><sec id="sec2.3"><label>2.3</label><title>Inpatient stay at the Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit</title><sec id="sec2.3.1"><label>2.3.1</label><title>Medical history</title><p id="p0060">A detailed medical history was obtained from the patient and his mother. He lived at home with his parents, his only sibling – a sister -, and the paternal grandmother. Family history of eating disorder and depression was reported, in particular for the patient’s sister (receiving psychological treatment and psychopharmacological treatment with the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) Paroxetine) and grandmother, uncle and second cousin on the maternal side. Also, the paternal step-uncle was reported suffering from depression and social phobia.</p><p id="p0065">An extensive assessment of the patient’s neurodevelopment history was unremarkable. The premorbid behavior was described as characterized by a certain degree of rigidity and occasional irritability when forced to change routine. The school performance was described as good and a few episodes of bullying were reported.</p><p id="p0070">During primary school, two significant events were reported that affected the patient’s eating habits. First, an episode of choking with a fishbone was described, leading the patient to avoiding eating fish for a few years, in the absence of a previous selective diet. Second, an episode of encopresis happened during a school class leading the patient to avoiding having breakfast in an attempt to prevent the recurrence of the incident.</p><p id="p0075">In 2015, due to financial problems, the patient’s mother alone moved from the south to the north of Italy (Tuscany and then Veneto region) to take a new job. The separation was reported not to be particularly stressful. In the autumn of 2018, the patient reached his mother in Northern Italy with the rest of the family. During the incoming second year of high school, the patient had a moment of significant pubertal growth spurt and presented with increasing anxiety, distress, and unhealthy eating behavior. In February 2019, he developed a paraparesis of unknown origin lasting for 3 months and requiring psychomotor rehabilitation. An extensive clinical and instrumental diagnostic process concluded for a functional neurological disorder. Due to his reduced performance, the patient failed the school year and decided to repeat it in a different school.</p><p id="p0080">The patient’s eating disorder frank onset was reported in June 2019, with progressive restricting behaviors justified by gastrointestinal discomfort, in the absence of compensatory behaviors such as vomiting or excessive sporting activities. Starting from a weight of 46 kg, he reached 38 kg and then recovered to the current weight of 42.5 kg (Body Mass Index of 15 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> at 3th percentile for age). According to the mother, the two aforementioned episodes during primary school may have predisposed the patient to the development of an eating disorder. At the time of the hospital admission, he seemed to have increased preoccupations for the effect of food on his health.</p></sec><sec id="sec2.3.2"><label>2.3.2</label><title>Clinical course, diagnostic conclusions, and outpatient follow-up</title><p id="p0085">Two more clinicians reassessed the patient daily and discussed the case with the senior neuropsychiatrist. Since the first day of admission, the patient reported preoccupations for the somatic symptoms he had experienced until then. Such thoughts no longer reached a delusional intensity. However, despite reassurances that the nasopharyngeal swab was negative for SARS-CoV-2, they were still interfering with his feelings and behavior. While taking into account that the patient could have contracted another infection, less serious than COVID-19 and self-resolving, his thoughts about the seriousness of his symptoms still appeared excessive and disproportionate. After observing clinically relevant anxiety reactions and mood fluctuations towards a depressive state, Paroxetine, which had been successful for the patient’s sister, was initiated at the dosage of 20 mg. Over the following week there was a progressive improvement of his clinical state with a significant attenuation of the patient’s health concerns and impact on wellbeing.</p><p id="p0090">From the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) (<xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr">First et al., 2015</xref>), it also clearly emerged that he had experienced similar health concerns in February 2019 regarding the neurological symptoms that had led to the paraparesis, leading to the hypothesis that he had suffered from an acute episode of Conversion Disorder with weakness/paralysis. A further exploration of his eating disorder revealed alleged gastrointestinal symptoms and fear for some foods considered unhealthy (e.g. dressings), risky or unpleasant (e.g. meat), forcing him to change his dietary habits. As such failure to gain weight was not related to a distorted body image, an Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder was also hypothesized.</p><p id="p0095">Additional blood tests were not particularly informative apart from detecting hyperprolactinemia and a reduction of Follicle-stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone values (<xref rid="appsec1" ref-type="sec">Supplementary Table 1</xref>), possibly as a consequence of a protracted restrictive eating behavior (<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">Baranowska and Kochanowski, 2018</xref>), and vitamin D deficiency. Neurocognitive and psychometric assessments were performed using the Wechsler intelligence scale for children-fourth edition (WISC-IV) (<xref rid="bib23" ref-type="bibr">Wechsler, 2003</xref>) and Self-Administrated Psychiatric Scales for Children and Adolescents (SAFA) (<xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">Cianchetti and Sannio Fancello, 2001</xref>). While the patient’s full-scale IQ was is in the average range as for normative data (FSIQ=105), a highly heterogeneous profile emerged, with ‘Perceptual Reasoning’ and ‘Working Memory’ falling in the high average range, ‘Verbal Comprehension’ in the average range though consisting of discrepant subtest scores, and ‘Processing Speed’ in the extremely low range. Such WISC-IV profile may be difficult to interpret and worth reassessing in the long-term once the patient is clinically stable. Also, SAFA subscales suggesting pathological symptoms (scores > 69) were ‘Anxiety’, ‘Somatic Symptoms and Hypochondria’, and ‘Obsessive and Compulsive Symptoms’, with borderline ‘Depression’, and ‘Psychogenic Eating Disorder’ falling short of pathological cut-off (<xref rid="appsec1" ref-type="sec">Supplementary Table 1</xref>).</p><p id="p0100">The patient received a diagnosis of Severe and Persistent Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD), according to DSM-5 (<xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr">First et al., 2015</xref>), and was discharged on 20 March 2020, with the indication to continue the treatment with Olanzapine and Paroxetine. Two post-discharge assessments performed 1 and 3 weeks later as well as an intermediate telephone follow-up found the patient clinically stable and subjectively well. Only minimal somatic symptoms were reported. At the time of writing, in accordance with the patient and his family, the healthcare pathway includes dietary counseling, psychological support, and Olanzapine decalage in a view of discontinuing the antipsychotic in the mid-long term.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="sec3"><label>3</label><title>Discussion</title><p id="p0105">Outbreaks of emerging infections such as COVID-19 can elicit strong fear reactions in the general population. In particular, the rapid evolution into a pandemic (<xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">Cucinotta and Vanelli, 2020</xref>), the obligation to quarantine (<xref rid="bib24" ref-type="bibr">Wilder-Smith and Freedman, 2020</xref>) and the evidence of a possible fatal outcome (<xref rid="bib18" ref-type="bibr">Onder et al., 2020</xref>) as well as the repeated exposure to media reports of unprecedented circumstances requiring new medical strategies (<xref rid="bib11" ref-type="bibr">Garfin et al., 2020</xref>) may lead to unintended societal overconcerns. Evidence suggests that such preoccupations may degenerate in heightened anxiety and stress responses with downstream effects on health, on turn resulting in misplaced health-protective and help-seeking behaviors (<xref rid="bib11" ref-type="bibr">Garfin et al., 2020</xref>).</p><p id="p0110">Here, we report a case of symptom exacerbation of a Severe and Persistent Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD), triggered by the fear of having COVID-19 (<xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>). Considering the patient’s background and after excluding COVID-19, there were two initial diagnostic possibilities that is the presence of dysfunctional preoccupation with physical symptoms, with or without an underlying infection. According to DSM-5, a known medical condition explaining the somatic symptoms does not preclude the diagnosis of SSD if, as in our case, the patient’s distress is in excess of what would be expected (<xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr">First et al., 2015</xref>). However, we were not able to identify any underlying medical condition.<fig id="fig1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Developmental cascade towards the manifestation of an acute episode of Somatic Symptom Disorder in a patient worried about having COVID-19</p></caption><alt-text id="alttext0010">Figure 1</alt-text><graphic xlink:href="gr1"></graphic></fig></p><p id="p0115">Given the presence of somatic symptoms, patients with SSD are subject to medical evaluations other than psychiatric, in an attempt to medically explain the unexplainable. Even though evidence suggests that SSD is quite common, such condition remains underrecognized, even in psychiatric settings, leading to considerable strain on healthcare resources through increased primary, specialist, and emergency visits as well as diagnostic investigations and hospital admissions (<xref rid="bib19" ref-type="bibr">Rosic et al., 2016</xref>). Increased healthcare utilization is a significant concern in SSD (<xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">Barsky et al., 2005</xref>), also in light of evidence of limited response to psychopharmacological treatment and use of psychological interventions (<xref rid="bib19" ref-type="bibr">Rosic et al., 2016</xref>). Nowadays, this is particularly relevant as such conditions can overload the already affected health care systems. Due to an unexpected relevant world life event and depending on perception of its impact (<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">Bedard-Thomas et al., 2018</xref>), even people not getting the COVID-19 infection, though not life-threatened, may be severely affected by it. When COVID-19-like symptoms occur, clinicians may have to differentially diagnose a possible exacerbation of a pre-existing SSD, triggered by fear of being infected. 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