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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Is SARS-CoV-2 originated from laboratory? A rebuttal to the claim of formation via laboratory recombination</title><author><name sortKey="Hao, Pei" sort="Hao, Pei" uniqKey="Hao P" first="Pei" last="Hao">Pei Hao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Shanghai,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhong, Wu" sort="Zhong, Wu" uniqKey="Zhong W" first="Wu" last="Zhong">Wu Zhong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF2"><institution>National Engineering Research Center For the Emergence Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology</institution>, Beijing,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Song, Shiyang" sort="Song, Shiyang" uniqKey="Song S" first="Shiyang" last="Song">Shiyang Song</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Shanghai,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, Shiyong" sort="Fan, Shiyong" uniqKey="Fan S" first="Shiyong" last="Fan">Shiyong Fan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF2"><institution>National Engineering Research Center For the Emergence Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology</institution>, Beijing,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Xuan" sort="Li, Xuan" uniqKey="Li X" first="Xuan" last="Li">Xuan Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF3"><institution>Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Shanghai,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32148173</idno><idno type="pmc">7144200</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7144200</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7144200</idno><idno type="doi">10.1080/22221751.2020.1738279</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000787</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000787</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Is SARS-CoV-2 originated from laboratory? A rebuttal to the claim of formation via laboratory recombination</title><author><name sortKey="Hao, Pei" sort="Hao, Pei" uniqKey="Hao P" first="Pei" last="Hao">Pei Hao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Shanghai,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhong, Wu" sort="Zhong, Wu" uniqKey="Zhong W" first="Wu" last="Zhong">Wu Zhong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF2"><institution>National Engineering Research Center For the Emergence Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology</institution>, Beijing,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Song, Shiyang" sort="Song, Shiyang" uniqKey="Song S" first="Shiyang" last="Song">Shiyang Song</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Shanghai,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, Shiyong" sort="Fan, Shiyong" uniqKey="Fan S" first="Shiyong" last="Fan">Shiyong Fan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF2"><institution>National Engineering Research Center For the Emergence Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology</institution>, Beijing,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Xuan" sort="Li, Xuan" uniqKey="Li X" first="Xuan" last="Li">Xuan Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF3"><institution>Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Shanghai,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Emerging Microbes & Infections</title><idno type="eISSN">2222-1751</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, Ry" uniqKey="Liu R">RY Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Lz" uniqKey="Wu L">LZ Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Bj" uniqKey="Huang B">BJ Huang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="article-commentary"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Emerg Microbes Infect</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Emerg Microbes Infect</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">TEMI</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">temi20</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Emerging Microbes & Infections</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2222-1751</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Taylor & Francis</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32148173</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7144200</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1738279</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/22221751.2020.1738279</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Comment</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Is SARS-CoV-2 originated from laboratory? A rebuttal to the claim of formation via laboratory recombination</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-title">Emerging Microbes & Infections</alt-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-authors">P. Hao et al.</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hao</surname><given-names>Pei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>CONTACT</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhong</surname><given-names>Wu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Song</surname><given-names>Shiyang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4216-8226</contrib-id><name><surname>Fan</surname><given-names>Shiyong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Xuan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="AF1"><label>a</label><institution>Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Shanghai,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></aff><aff id="AF2"><label>b</label><institution>National Engineering Research Center For the Emergence Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology</institution>, Beijing,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></aff><aff id="AF3"><label>c</label><institution>Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Shanghai,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>CONTACT</label> Wu Zhong <email xlink:href="zhongwu@bmi.ac.cn">zhongwu@bmi.ac.cn</email><institution>National Engineering Research Center For the Emergence Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology</institution>, Beijing 100850, <country>People’s Republic of China</country></corresp><corresp id="cor2">Pei Hao <email xlink:href="phao@ips.ac.cn">phao@ips.ac.cn</email><institution>Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Shanghai 200031, <country>People’s Republic of China</country></corresp><fn><p>Supplemental data for this article can be accessed at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1738279">https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1738279</ext-link>.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage seq="60">545</fpage><lpage>547</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>19</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>26</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group, on behalf of Shanghai Shangyixun Cultural Communication Co., Ltd</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Author(s)</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="TEMI_9_1738279.pdf"></self-uri><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><named-content content-type="funder-name">National Science and Technology</named-content></funding-source><award-id>2018ZX09711003</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>This work was supported by research grant from the National Science and Technology Major Project for “Major New Drugs Innovation and Development” [2018ZX09711003] of China.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="1"></fig-count><table-count count="0"></table-count><equation-count count="0"></equation-count><ref-count count="2"></ref-count><page-count count="3"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front><body><p>Dr James Lyons-Weiler, the CEO of the “Institute for Pure and Applied Knowledge,” made an appalling online statement on 3 February 2020, which claimed the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic was most likely constructed via laboratory recombination [<xref rid="CIT0001" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. In the results, he showed SARS-CoV-2 had a unique inserted sequence (1378 bp) located in the middle of its spike glycoprotein gene that had no match in other coronaviruses (Supplementary Figure 1). Furthermore, he claimed this unique sequence was similar to some sequence in pShuttle-SN (Supplementary Figure 2), a common expression vector used in research laboratory.</p><p>To check on his claim, we ran a thorough analysis on his results, and found some serious mistakes in his distorted analysis. Thus, we drew an opposite conclusion that there was no evidence to support the theory for the formation of SARS-CoV-2 in a laboratory.</p><p>First of all, this unique sequence is not specific to SARS-CoV-2. By aligning several coronaviruses discovered from natural sources, our result showed that this “unique” sequence (1378 bp) from SARS-CoV-2 was also found in other coronavirus (<xref rid="F0001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>), with a high sequence identity. This indicated that this particular fragment in SARS-CoV-2 spike gene was widely spread in naturally existing coronaviruses and was not from laboratory.
<fig id="F0001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>The 1378 bp fragment of SARS-CoV-2 spike gene (claimed by James Lyons-Weiler to be unique in SARS-CoV-2 and similar to some sequence in pShuttle-SN) is aligned with sequences from natural sources. Wuhan-1/1378bp, the SARS-CoV-2 spike gene fragment (1378 bp) claimed by James Lyons-Weiler; RaTG13_bat and RsSHC014_bat, bat coronavirus sequences; SARS_Tor2, SARS-CoV spike gene sequence. (Note: Alignment of the 1378 bp fragment of SARS-CoV-2 spike gene to the sequence in pShuttle-SN is shown in Supplementary Figure 2).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TEMI_A_1738279_F0001_OB"></graphic></fig></p><p>Second, how should we explain the sequence similarity between this SARS-CoV-2 spike gene fragment and the sequence in pShuttle-SN? This is indeed another misleading statement from James Lyons-Weiler, who described pShuttle-SN as a vector. We carefully analysed the source of pShuttle-SN, and realized that pShuttle-SN was built in 2005 as an expression plasmid carrying sequence of spike gene from SARS-CoV, the coronavirus responsible for 2003 SARS epidemic [<xref rid="CIT0002" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. The pShuttle-SN should not be called as a vector but a plasmid generated from Adeno-X<sup>TM</sup> to study SARS-CoV. The real empty vector was Adeno-X<sup>TM</sup> expression system (Clontech Laboratories, Inc.), which had no significant homology to any part of the genome of SARS-CoV-2. Since pShuttle-SN had a fragment of the spike gene from SARS-CoV, which was similar to that from SARS-CoV-2, it was no wonder the SARS-CoV-2 spike gene fragment (1378 bp) was found to match with some sequence in pShuttle-SN. On an added note, our results indicated its sequence similarity to the pShuttle-SN fragment (Supplementary Figure 2) was lower than to the natural coronaviral sequences (<xref rid="F0001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>).</p><p>In conclusion, we found the so-called unique sequence (1387 bp) in the SARS-CoV-2 spike gene was widely available in coronavirus from natural source, opposite to what James Lyons-Weiler had claimed. The pShuttle-SN plasmid contained a fragment from the spike gene of SARS-nCoV, which caused the similarity match between it and the SARS-CoV-2 spike gene sequence. We call upon Dr James Lyons-Weiler to take his responsibility to make a public correction to his un-supported claim.</p><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="SM5849"><caption><title>Supplemental Material</title></caption><media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="zip" xlink:href="TEMI_A_1738279_SM5849.zip" orientation="portrait" id="d37e158" position="anchor"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><sec id="S002"><title>Disclosure statement</title><p>No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).</p></sec><sec id="S003"><title>ORCID</title><p><italic>Shiyong Fan</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4216-8226">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4216-8226</ext-link></p></sec><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="CIT0001"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="standard"><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://jameslyonsweiler.com/2020/02/02/moderately-strong-confirmation-of-a-laboratory-origin-of-2019-ncov/">https://jameslyonsweiler.com/2020/02/02/moderately-strong-confirmation-of-a-laboratory-origin-of-2019-ncov/</ext-link>.</comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0002"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>RY</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>LZ</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>BJ</given-names></name>, <etal>et al.</etal></person-group><article-title>Adenoviral expression of a truncated S1 subunit of SARS-CoV spike protein results in specific humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV in rats</article-title>. <source>Virus Res</source>. <year>2005</year>;<volume>112</volume>:<fpage>24</fpage>–<lpage>31</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.virusres.2005.02.009</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16022898</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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